Mechanical Systems

Technical Document
Version 0 – June 2019

R AFFLES \ ORIENT EXPRESS \ BANYAN TREE \ DEL ANO \ SOFITEL LEGEND \ FAIRMONT \ SL S \ SO \ SOFITEL \ THE ORIGINAL S

RIXOS \ MANTIS \ MGALLERY \ 21C \ ART  SERIES \ MONDRIAN \ PULLMAN \ SWISSÔTEL \ ANGSANA \ 2 5HOURS HOTEL S

H Y D E \ M ÖV EN P I C K \ G R A N D M ER C U R E \ P EP P ER S \ T H E S EB EL \ M A N T R A \ N OVOT EL \ M ER C U R E \ A DAG I O

MAMA SHELTER \ TRIBE \ BRE AKFREE \ IBIS \ IBIS S T YLES \ IBIS BUDGE T \ JO& JOE \ HOTELF 1
 Mechanical Systems | Technical Document
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General Requirements
Although it is understood that local codes will govern, the following internationally
recognised codes: IBC, ASHRAE, NFPA, CIBSE and EN, French Regulations
(Règlement de Sécurité) must form the basis of design and must be followed.
Work shall be completed in accordance with the latest version of standards
published by the following list of authorities ANSI/ASHRAE, NFPA, SMACNA
and UL/CUL.
If the project is located in a warm climate and many of the public areas are located
in large covered open areas, provide spot air-conditioning in locations where guests
or staff will spend lengths of time (i.e. registration desks, dining).
Energy efficient appliances must be used as applicable for guest use areas or
residential style amenities.

All heating and cooling calculations are to be made using the ASHRAE or CIBSE Refer to MEP Checklist in the D&TS Library.
standards and a recognised energy analysis computer program. The design is
to consider both latent heat gain and dehumidification performance of the air
conditioning system. Humidification is required in cold climates; de-humidification
is required in hot/humid climates.

Special attention must be given to the aesthetics of all public area devices,
grilles and access panels. Special attention must also be given to space planning
requirements for service and replacement of major equipment and individual fan
coil units.

All spaces within the building except for some of the service spaces (mechanical
and electrical rooms) and underground parking facilities shall be air-conditioned,
unless required by specific regions / climates. This includes: Lobby, Public Spaces,
Guestrooms, Residential Units, Restaurants, Spa and Fitness, Heart-of-House areas,
Offices, Kitchen and Laundry.

Positive pressurisation of the entire building is required to be positive pressure

relative to outdoor temperatures.

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 Mechanical Systems | Technical Document
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1. Air Conditioning Systems
A centralised water-cooled chiller plant is the preferred option as it best addresses
the concerns of noise, unsightly view of rooftop condensing units, reliability and life
cycle operating costs for a favourable initial capital cost.
Where individual residences or villas are provided, there is an option to provide
localised decentralised split systems within the footprint of each residence or villa
providing the cost; acoustical requirements and appearance can be adequately
addressed. This option consists of separate air-cooled variable refrigerant volume
(VRV/ VRF) heat pump systems for each residence to provide heating and cooling.
The project consultant is to evaluate the total cost of equipment, installation and
energy usage to determine if sufficient capital savings justifies this system in lieu of
a centralised water-cooled system for residences/villas.
Periodic and routine maintenance must be provided to all rotating equipment.
1.1 Centralised Chiller Plant
The equipment shall be designed to operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Multiple
units with sufficient spare capacity (i.e. redundancy), is required to maintain guest
comfort in the event one chiller is taken out of service based on 2 x 67% or 3 x 33%
of the total load serving the hotel.
The chiller capacity and selection will be determined by space requirements and
cooling tower selection. The project consultant will verify if screw type chillers are
preferred over centrifugal chillers.
Each refrigeration machine shall be provided with a constant volume chilled water
pump and a constant volume condenser water pump. The pumps shall be piped to
allow cross use. The chiller refrigerant shall be a non-ozone depleting refrigerant.
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Refrigerant leak detection and leak evacuation/exhaust system are to be provided
for the chiller plant room.
1.2 Cooling Towers
The consultant will select the cooling tower based on reliability, service, noise,
cost and the available space. The cooling towers shall be arranged in a multi-cell
configuration (one cell for each refrigeration machine) allowing each cell to be
operated independently of the others. Chemical treatment shall be provided for
the condenser water circuit. If cooling towers for the air conditioning plant do not
operate year round, then cell capacity and arrangement shall be selected so that
critical cooling loads (i.e. refrigeration racks, critical electrical rooms, computer
room, etc.) have been accounted for in the design solution.
The project acoustical consultant shall work closely with the design team to achieve
a cost-effective solution. Cooling tower vibration arises from low-frequency vibration
of the relatively slow-turning propeller type fans as well as high-frequency impact
noise from falling water, therefore appropriate mechanical isolation is mandatory.
Whenever possible, vibration isolation system should be located near columns or
above load-bearing walls to achieve better structural support.
When it is not be possible to rigidly support the motor, drive shaft, gear reducer, and
propeller while having the support element isolated from the tower, large-deflection
steel springs and ribbed neoprene mounts are suggested. In cold climate locations,
the design should use methods and materials to winterise and protect plumbing
systems. In tropical and salt air environments, cooling towers are to be constructed
of rust resistant stainless steel. Fibreglass structures are not permitted.
In locations where water is a premium, alternatives to evaporative cooling towers
may be considered, including grey water collection, seawater cooling, ground source
cooling, or dry coolers.
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1.3 Chilled Water Distribution
Primary-secondary-tertiary pumping shall be utilised to distribute the chilled water
throughout the hotel and outlying buildings.
Secondary and tertiary chilled water loops should be provided with VFD operation
for energy conservation.
Large pumps are to be horizontally split case, double suction type.
Smaller pumps are to be vertically spit case, end suction type.
static deflection of 12mm (0.5”) should be initially selected. For pumps supported on
floors above grade, steel spring isolators with 25mm (1”) static deflection should be
initially selected.
The project acoustical consultant shall verify all mounting conditions and advise the
design team on the appropriate mounting system on a case-by- case basis.
1.4 Special Systems
Computer, PBX and similar rooms shall be provided with independent air
conditioning systems on emergency power. Allow for 100% system redundancy.

All pumps shall have shut off valves and strainers in the suction side and check Water-cooled kitchen refrigeration equipment shall be served from either the
valves and throttling valves on the discharge side. The design pressure for each chilled water or refrigeration plant condenser water systems and shall be on
pump must be at least equal to 1.5 times their working pressure. emergency power.

Widespread use of VFDs on pumps and fans is required. VFDs should be utilised for
the cooling tower fans, the condenser water pumps, the chilled water secondary
pumps on the air-handling units.
Do not use PVC-based insulation wrap; specify aluminium or similar product.
Separate distribution loops shall be provided to supply, isolate and meter the hotel
from the residences (if applicable). For campus style layouts consider separate loops
for guest rooms and the main building.
Ice machines shall be served from the return loop of the chilled water system.
Speciality areas such as wine cellar coolers, chocolate prep rooms, pastry shops,
recycling and trash rooms etc. will have independent refrigeration systems specified
by the food service consultant.
Provide manual domestic cold water by-pass for water-cooled condensers in the
event of chilled water/condenser water failure.

The distribution piping shall be insulated steel piping within the building with a
vapour barrier. Distribution piping outside the main building shall be underground,
prefabricated insulated piping with joints and prefabricated fittings.

Field fabricated fittings are not allowed.

Chilled water shall be available year round. Chilled water piping systems are to be
designed with balancing capability. All chiller pumps shall be mounted on inertia
bases on vibration isolators. For pumps on floors or grade, neoprene mounts with a

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 Mechanical Systems | Technical Document
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2. Steam And Hot Water Boiler Plants
2.1 Centralised Boiler Plant
Direct fired hot water boilers are the preferred choice of equipment and system for
meeting the hotel heating water requirements. The hotel boiler plant equipment is
to be designed to meet the specific requirements based on the following criteria:
— Boiler plant expansion tanks
— Chemical treatment for water
— Dependability and quality of local fuel supply
— Daily and seasonal variations of the load
— Operator skill, hours and license requirements
— The need for winter heating and utilisation of steam during cooling season and
air conditioning refrigeration plant.
The boilers are to be sized to meet the anticipated peak load and must be selected
to provide sufficient excess capacity to permit one unit to be removed from service
for repairs and maintenance without seriously affecting the operations of the hotel.
Centralised boiler plants are to be based on either 2 x 67% or 3 x 33% of the total
load serving the hotel. Boilers are to be insulated to reduce heat loss and must have
their own circulating pump.
Where steam is required for the laundry and kitchens, separate steam boilers
should be located as close to the operating areas as possible. The steam boiler
plant is to be based on 2x100% of the total load required. In cold climates or where
humidification is required, the steam boiler plant may be used to distribute steam
to the air-handling units.
The project acoustical consultant shall verify boundary conditions and selected
equipment to advise the design team on the appropriate airborne and structure-
borne noise isolation measures.
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All equipment must be acoustically treated and vibration insulated to meet industry
standards (45NC, STC-55).
If boilers are to be oil fired, then the capacity should be based on the delivery
service of fuel with a minimum of five days. In cold climates, the fuel storage
facilities shall be designed to accommodate a two-week supply.
Steam pressure reducing valve stations are to be provided wherever high-pressure
steam needs to be reduced to a lower pressure. The reducing valves may be
either self-contained or air pressure operated, designed for the highest steam
inlet pressure. The station should consist of two reducing valves in parallel, one sized
at 1/3 the total capacity and one sized at 2/3 the total capacity. Provide a manual
by-pass valve, inlet strainers, safety relief valve and pressure gauges with alarm
contacts.
Where properties consist of buildings scattered around the site, partially
decentralised boiler plants may be considered. This approach involves a centralised
boiler plant for the hotel and smaller boiler plants serving a cluster of buildings such
as guest rooms, fractional units and residences. Boiler plants serving the clusters
would be integrated near service spaces such as housekeeping/service rooms
where the guests experience will not be impacted due to aesthetics and noise.
The decentralised option such as a centralised boiler plant for the hotel and
fractional with VRV heat pumps to private residences/villas is preferred. The
VRV heat pump unit selection in the decentralised approach requires further
investigation by the Project Consultant to ensure satisfactory heating for outdoor
winter design conditions and a complete cost benefit analysis of the total capital
and operating costs.
Boiler plant shall be properly ventilated, well-lit and provided with building
automation and alarm devices, as required.
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2.2 Hot Water Distribution
Primary-secondary pumping shall be utilised to distribute heating water throughout
the hotel building. Separate distribution loops shall be provided for hotel air handling
units, hotel guest room fan coil units, fractional, residences and estates, as applicable.
The distribution piping shall be insulated steel piping within the building with
a vapour barrier. Distribution piping outside the main building shall be
underground, prefabricated, insulated steel piping with welded joints for high
temperature distribution.
Heating water for the hotel shall be available year round. Testing and balancing
units should be provided as required to ensure a properly balanced heating system.
Provide VFD on secondary heat pumps.
2.3 Steam Boiler Plant Laundry
A high-pressure steam plant shall supply steam to the laundry and possibly to the
hotel air handling unit’s humidifiers. The design of the steam plant should be sized
with fire tube or water tube type steam boilers and 100% standby.
The boiler plant shall include a condensate receiver and pump set, de-aerator, feed
water pump set, flash tank and blow down tank.
A water softener shall be provided to supply the feed water system.
Laundry and valet equipment, unless otherwise specified by the equipment
manufacturer is to be supplied with a steam pressure of 150 psi (10.34 Bar). Pressure
reducing valves (PRV) will be required for equipment using lower steam pressure.
Kitchen
If steam is used for the kitchen and dishwashing equipment, unless otherwise
specified by the equipment manufacturer is to be supplied with a minimum
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pressure of 12 psi (0.8 Bar) and a maximum of 30 psi (2.06 Bar). The kitchen
consultant shall review electric versus steam in this equipment.
2.4 Humidification
The project consultant is to evaluate if humidification is required to maintain 30%
relative humidity. Humidification control is essential for comfort and to protect
interior finishes.
Gas fired steam humidification is recommended. Where multiple air handing units
are located, a decentralised steam boiler is recommended.
2.5 Central Air-Compressor Plant
The plant will consist of at least two compressors, a receiver, water cooler, moisture
and oil elimination and reducing station. Discharge air pressure is to be a minimum
of 100 psi (7 kgf/cm2). A separate air compressor is to be designed and installed for
the laundry and valet shop.
2.6 Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers are to be either shell and tube type or plate and frame depending
on the system operating conditions. Heat exchangers are to be mounted on
concrete pads where possible.
2.7 Water-side Economiser
Utilise plate and frame heat exchangers for water-side economiser and/or all other
required applications.
Consider a fouling factor of 0.001 for the selection of the heat exchanger. Provide
glycol heat exchangers and fill stations in cold weather locations.
 Mechanical Systems | Technical Document
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3. HVAC Guidelines

3.1 General Air Handling Units and HVAC Criteria
The hotel building shall be generally maintained under positive pressure to
prevent infiltration.
Ductwork (excluding kitchen exhaust ductwork) shall be provided in accordance
with SMACNA– Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association.
Kitchen exhaust ductwork must be NFPA 96 or equivalent compliant. Ductwork
outside of the kitchen shall be enclosed in a fire enclosure or if approved by the
Authority, provided with a 2-hour fire rated, UL listed or approved 2-hour rated duct
assembly and labelled wrap. If approved by the Authority, ductwork downstream of
the ecology unit may be HVAC grade ductwork.
All visible ductwork in display kitchens or guest visible areas shall be stainless
steel.Unless advised on the contrary by the project acoustical consultant, sound
attenuators (silencers) shall be provided on supply and return air ductwork to air
handling units and on dedicated exhaust system ductwork. Return air ductwork
shall be extended to within 15m (50 feet) of the furthest return air grill, when
the ceiling spaces are used as a return air plenum. Grilles shall be ducted in
smoking areas.
— Provide flexible couplings at suction and discharge pipe connections to pumps
and chillers.
— Electrical connections to mechanical equipment shall use flexible electrical cables.
— Wall and floor penetrations shall be isolated from the building structure to
prevent transmission of vibration, and to prevent leakage of sound through
cracks around the penetrations.
— Provide thrust restraints on vane-axial fans with TSP greater than 9cm (3.5 in)
— All roof-mounted equipment subject to wind loading may require special
vibration isolation mounts. The lateral and vertical anchored restraints must
be selected carefully and installed so that the vibration isolation system is not
short- circuited
— The project acoustical consultant shall develop parametric specifications for
acoustical requirements and isolation systems as necessary to meet local
industry standards.
Dehumidification process and controls shall be provided to ensure that the humidity
level with the building does not exceed these standards.

The following vibration isolation criteria shall apply to all HVAC equipment and Pumps or glycol heating coils are required to circulate water to prevent a chance of
associated ductwork and piping: coil freezing in cold weather climate.
— Vibration isolators with static deflection shall support
Consider using multiple supply fan arrangements (duplex/fan wall) for possible
— Ductwork and piping and type equal to those used for the associated equipment
energy efficiency and redundancy.
for the first three support points either side of the equipment. Beyond this,
provide vibration isolators with static deflection equal to one-half the first three
Mechanical rooms shall be located as close as possible to the areas that are being
support points for a minimum of 12m (40 feet).
served to avoid long duct runs, shafts and lowered ceilings.
— Provide 5cm flexible canvas connectors (2 inches long minimum) between
fans/air handler units and ductwork.

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Specifications for acoustical requirements and isolation pads must be developed by
qualified consultants and included in the project scope. Provide vibration isolation
as required to meet North American or European industry standards (depending on
hotel location).
Linear diffusers shall be provided in all public spaces and shall be carefully
coordinated with the interior designer. All mechanical devices such as variable air
volume boxes, drainage cleanouts and isolation valves shall be provided with access
that has been coordinated with the interior designer. Individual temperature control
shall be provided for all areas with varying usage profile or exposure.
Unless otherwise advised by the project acoustical consultant, there shall be no
rotary equipment located in the ceiling spaces or on the roof above any function
room (Ballrooms, Meeting Rooms, Boardrooms, etc.).
Variable air volume systems shall be provided with variable speed drives (VSD) and
VSD duty fan motors. Utilise premium efficiency or ECM motors, if feasible. Where
power quality is a concern, a full voltage bypass shall be provided.
Cartridge type filters shall be provided for VAV systems.
Multi-zone dampers shall be low leakage type, double skin air foil type complete with
jamb seals and blade edge seals, maintenance free bearings and internal linkage.
All air-handling units shall be provided with economiser features to provide airside
free cooling when the outdoor air enthalpy is lower than the indoor air enthalpy.
Incorporate air-side economiser on all air handling units or as required based on
climatic conditions.
Air handlers shall be factory-assembled units of G90 galvanised steel panels with
factory applied rigid insulation on the interior and a rigid steel frame. Coils shall
be corrosion resistant aluminium fin, copper tube construction suitable for both
normal and salty conditions. Coils shall be designed with corrosion resistant finish
fans and should be a DWSI backward inclined air foil blade type. Filter sections
shall be complete with filter racks, 30% efficient pre-filters and 85% efficient
cartridge type filters. Adequate maintenance access shall be provided for air
handling unit servicing.
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Return and exhaust fans shall be SWSI centrifugal or tubular type with backward
inclined air foil type wheels and complete with 200,000 hour L50 rated bearings
with extended grease lines, high efficiency electric motor and adjustable v-belt
drive secured to a structural steel base on a spring type vibration isolators selected
by project acoustical engineer.
Consider using direct drive plug/plenum fans instead of belt-drive forward curved/air
foil fans for reduced noise, reduced cabinet size and improved system performance.
Consider using multiple supply fan arrangements (duplex/fan wall) for possible
energy efficiency and redundancy.
Central air conditioning systems shall have high efficiency; high capacity bag type
filters with pre-filters. Use MERV 13 filters on all air handling equipment.
Ventilation systems serving utility areas are to have disposable filters. Where
disposable or replaceable type filters are used, one set of spare filters is to be
provided in addition to the new filter being installed.
Fusible link fire, combination fire and smoke, or smoke dampers shall be provided
where ductwork passes through fire rated construction. The position of the fusible
link must be visible to clearly show the position of the damper. Access doors shall
be provided immediately upstream or downstream of each smoke and fire damper.
Dampers and access doors shall be built to meet local code requirements or the
above detail - whichever is stricter.
Public washrooms shall be provided with air conditioning in addition to exhaust.
A minimum of 10.11 l/s/m2 (2 cfm per square foot) shall be exhausted. An exhaust grille
shall be provided for each full height stall within public washrooms. High-rise hotels to
be provided with toilet exhaust remote or centralized fans. Consideration to be given
to limiting the speed or shutting off fans during midday and night-time periods
A separate exhaust system for a paint booth(s) shall be provided in the maintenance
area (NFPA compliance or equivalent requirement).
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3.2 Miscellaneous Operating Equipment Criteria The following areas must be air conditioned when outside design criteria for
summer is above 75° dry bulb and 65° wet bulb:

The following criteria shall apply to all circulating pumps: — Kitchen shall have a required temperature of 27° C (80° F) dry bulb at 60%

— Motor driven, centrifugal type — Bake shop, pastry shop, laundry and valet shall have a required operational
maximum temperature of 27° C (80° F)
— Large pumps shall be horizontally split case, double suction type
— Garde Manger, chocolate shop, butcher shop and beverage stores to have a
— Smaller pumps shall be vertically split case, end suction type
required temperature of 18° C (65° F)
— All pumps s hall have shut off valves and strainers in the suction side and check
— Computer room shall have a required temperature of 22° C (72° F)
valves and throttling valves on the discharge side
— Telephone equipment room (Server Room) shall have a required temperature of
— The design pressure for each pump shall be at least equal to 1.5 times their
21°C (69° F) 50% RH.
working pressure

— Pumps shall be installed on spring-isolated concrete inertia blocks, etc, to ensure
that noise and vibration are not be transmitted to the building structure
— Chilled water and condenser water pumps shall have factory mechanical
seals installed
— Each chiller shall have a minimum of one chilled water pump and one condenser
water pump and shall be piped to allow cross-use
— Each boiler shall have one circular pump.
— Provide flexible couplings at suction and discharge pipe connections to all
pumps.
— All pumps shall be mounted on inertia bases on vibration isolators.
— For pumps on floors on grade, neoprene mounts with a static deflection of
1.25cm (0.5 inch) shall be initially selected.
For pumps supported on floors above grade, steel spring isolators with 2.5cm (1
inch) static deflection should be initially selected. The project acoustical consultant
shall verify all mounting conditions and advise the design team on the appropriate
mounting system on a case-by-case basis.
The VAV systems are to be designed using the following criteria:
— Maintain absolute minimum total system static
— Maintain minimum duct velocities in accordance with applicable codes industry
standards. These services as per guidelines must be verified by the mechanical
consultant - for the hotel bedroom and general offices – 5.08 mps (1000 FPM);
Boardrooms – 6.1mps (1200 FPM)
— Meeting rooms, ballrooms and pre-function areas – 4mps (800 FPM);
Restaurants – 7.62mps (1500 FPM); Spa and Fitness – 6.1mps (1200 FPM)
— Unless otherwise advised by the project acoustical consultant, ducting layout
shall avoid components such as mitred elbows, conventional and acoustical
turning valves, bullhead tees, etc. in order to ensure that noise is kept to a
minimum.
— The air distribution ductwork shall be sized on the basis of the Static Regain
Method (SRM)
— Pressure-independent low-pressure VAV regulators shall be selected to serve
each occupied space

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— Supply duct connection shall be either galvanized rigid metal or a maximum of
155cm of bonded aluminium flex with no more than a 45° bend. Flex ductwork
shall be avoided wherever possible
— Terminal ceiling diffusers or booted-plenum slots shall be specifically designed
for VAV air distribution from the standpoint of minimum “dumping” action at
reduced air volumes and from the standpoint of sound levels at maximum cfm
delivery shall be selected.
— Unless otherwise approved by the project acoustical consultant, there shall be no
VAV boxes located in the ceiling spaces or on the roof above any function room
(ballrooms, meeting rooms, boardrooms, etc.)
Quiet operating centrifugal fans are to be designed as follows:
— Where temperatures fall below freezing, preheat coils are to have a minimum of
two steam traps
— Each section of preheat coils is to have an individual control
Water-cooling and heating coils are to be designed and specified to meet the
following criteria:
— Water heating and cooling coils are to be of the continuous tube type with
vertical fins, tested to 21.1 kgf/cm2 (300 psi) pneumatic pressure and provided
with positive methods of draining and venting
Electric heating coils are to have finned tubular heating elements and are to be
resistance wire centred in copper plated steel tubes.

— Rated in accordance with AMCA or equivalent procedure and shall bear the — Direct expansion coils are to have fins copper bonded to the tubes by hydraulic
AMCA or equivalent seal expansion of the tubes and tested to 21.1 kgf/cm2 (300 psi) pneumatic pressure.

— Class I, II or III as recommended by AMCA or equivalent based upon both

Electric motors are to be designed and specified to meet the following criteria:
operating pressures and maximum tip speed
— All motors are to be of the quiet operating type and preferably should be from
— Blades continuously welded to hub and inlet rim are to be backward inclined
one manufacturer
from the direction of the rotation for non- overloading power characteristic
— All motors and accessories are to comply in all aspects with NEMA or equivalent
— Bearings are to be precision anti-friction, pillow-block, either ball or roller type
standards, are to include a service factor and to be energy efficient
with an average minimum life of 60,000 full load hours
— Exhaust fans for dishwashers are to be wired so that the fan only works when
— Vibration isolators are to be provided as per the guidelines from the project
the dishwasher is in operation
acoustical consultant

With cabinet type air supply units, design and specify the fans to be centrifugal Ductwork are to be designed and specified to meet the following criteria:
non-overloading silent type with double-inlet, multi-blades. Also, allow for
— Kitchen range hood exhaust ducts are to be manufactured from 16 gauge black
maintenance access.
iron and are to be provided with clean-outs at each bend, every 3.0m (10’ 0” feet)
horizontally and every 6.0m (20’ 0”) vertically and shall be installed to the latest
Steam coils are to be designed and specified to meet the following criteria:
version of NFPA or equivalent standard.
— Coils to be of the steam distributing type, within a tube construction with heated
— Dishwashers and laundry flat ironers are to be manufactured from stainless steel
return headers
for a minimum distance of 7.6m (25 feet) from the equipment
— Coils are to be provided with an outlet for complete drainage of condensation
— For gas operated equipment, verify equipment ducting specification.

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— Horizontal ducts from dishwashers are to pitch toward the equipment at 25mm
per 3m (1 inch per 10 feet)
— Swimming pool supply and exhaust air ducts are to be manufactured from
aluminium.
— Laundry dryer exhaust ducts are to be manufactured from galvanized steel with
watertight joints and the interiors are to be smooth and free from any intrusions
— The inside of supply and return ducts and plenums in public areas are to be
painted matte black for any portion visible through the grille. Any exterior
ducting, if seen through any grilles, shall be painted matte black.
Sound levels due to air conditioning and ventilation equipment, pipes, ducts, etc.
are to be designed to not exceed the following criteria:
— Boardrooms, meeting rooms – NC25~30 or RC25~30 (N)
— Ballrooms, executive offices, massage rooms – NC30~35 or RC30~35 (N)
— Public spaces, pre-function corridors, lobby lounge, main dining and general
offices – NC35~40 or RC35~40 (N)
— Guest rooms, suites and residential units – NC 30 (N) night-time with FCU on
low speed
— Staff cafeteria, swimming pool and health club – NC40~45 or RC40~45 (N)
— Kitchen and laundry – NC 50 or RC40.
Unless otherwise advised by the project acoustical consultant, neoprene or vinyl
coated fibreglass of 0.6kg (1.5 pounds) density acoustic duct lining of at least 25mm
(1”) thickness is to be provided and installed to the following areas:
— Discharge and intake ducts of every low-pressure handling unit for a minimum
distance of 4.6m (15’0”) or provide an acoustic silencer
— Insulating materials shall be provided and installed to all piping, mechanical
equipment, ductwork, etc.
— Fan coil units
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3.3 HVAC for the Guest Unit
Horizontal four-pipe fan coil units (FCU) are required in the guest rooms and
residential units for heating, cooling and air distribution. In tropical environments
where heating is rarely required and energy consumption justifies, a two-pipe
system with electric reheat may be considered.
If vertical FCU’s are considered, the unit will need to be fully ducted sound
dampening and air supply location at the bulkhead over the entry.
For 4-pipe FCU’s, the system will directly control a 3-speed line-voltage fan motor
with rating of up to 0.3 Kw (½ HP). The system will also control two line-voltage
valves that regulate the cold and hot water flow. The system will provide automatic
switchover from heating to cooling operation at each room. Provision shall be made
to prevent the system from switching repeatedly from cooling to heating and back
while attempting to maintain a constant target temperature.
The HVAC Control Strategies are as follows:
Humidity Control
— The system in the room shall have the option to be equipped with a humidity
sensor and logic capable of maintaining a set level of humidity through
activation of the room air conditioning unit on a pre-defined duty cycle.
— Both humidity control and refresh cycle will activate in unoccupied rooms only.
Fan Speed Control
— Fan speed shall be selected automatically by the system to match the heat gain/
loss in the room. Fixed-fan operation shall also be available to the guest.
— Fan coil unit selections shall be based on the fan operating a medium speed
with NC levels of 35 for medium and low speed with NC levels of 30 for night-
time operation.
— The make-up air shall be humidity controlled in balance with the
air-conditioned supply.
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Energy Conservation
The system shall provide optimised energy conservation measures with minimum
inconvenience to the guest.
Consider an option of an “energy mode or eco option” button or environmental
awareness function to allow the guest to activate a variety of hotel defined energy
conservation and eco-friendly practices. The button shall be available on the
thermostat or as a switch in the room connected to the system.
The quantity of make-up air supply must be sufficient to offset the toilet exhaust
while maintaining the guest room and / or residential units at negative pressure
relative to the corridor. The corridors shall be positively pressurised relative to the
guest room and the guest room shall be slightly positive relative to the outdoors.
Outdoor air shall be supplied from the make-up air unit in the immediate vicinity of
each fan coil unit intake for delivery throughout the guest suite. Outdoor air shall
also be supplied into the enclosed corridors.
The supply air diffusers within the guest room and / or residential units shall be
located in the room wall so that the supply air stream is directed away from the bed.
Supply air diffusers shall be double deflection grilles with no visible screws; finish
specified by interior designer. Return air grilles or slots shall be provided. Return air
grilles shall have no visible screws; finish to be specified by interior designer.
Unless otherwise advised by the project acoustical consultant, acoustic lining for a
minimum of 1.5m (5’ 0”) length shall be provided on the discharge ductwork of all
fan coil units.
Access doors for each fan coil unit shall be coordinated with the interior designer.
The unit is to be located over the entry vestibule or in the closet. The location of the
unit must allow for adequate space to access and service filters, pans, drain and
water connections, valves and controls.
Valves and controls must be located directly over the pan. Provide galvanised
condensate pan under FCU with pan extension below chilled water valves and
controls. FCU shall be provided with spring isolation system to de determined by
the project acoustical consultant.
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Guest room bathrooms shall be provided with one exhaust grille for the shower and
one exhaust grille for the water closet. Guest toilet exhaust fans are to be designed
to maintain negative pressure with respect to adjacent rooms and positive pressure
with respect to outside air. Make up air for toilet rooms and other exhaust systems
should be designed to be continuously conditioned air and not filtrating outside air,
or natural ventilation. Toilet exhaust systems for each water closet shall exhaust 75
cfm directly to the outdoors.
The system shall be capable of supporting multi-room suites, where the rooms are
not separated by a door, yet each room has its own FCU. The System shall be able to
link the thermostats and bedside panel in these rooms so that they track.
3.4 Digital Thermostat for Guest rooms
The thermostat controlling the guest room HVAC system shall be a multi-purpose
thermostat with the capability for integration as part of a centrally controlled
“intelligent guest room” with built-in presence detection.
The system shall be a wall-mounted illuminated digital thermostat that will be able
to display the following:
— Current room temperature and target temperature in °C and °F.
— Clear indication of system status with guest operated On / Off button
— Three fan speeds that may be manually adjusted separately from the
temperature control.
— Heat and Cool options
The thermostat should have the capability of humidity monitoring and control.
For acquisition properties and major renovation projects, if (and only if) the
FCU or heating system does not allow for the integration with “intelligent
guest room” technology, provide a thermostat with the minimum features
noted above.
Refer to AccorHotels preferred suppliers for GSRM Systems
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To the extent that the system includes another temperature setting panel
(i.e. bedside controller) in the guest room, changes to the target temperature
made on the other panel shall be displayed on the digital thermostat. Likewise,
changes to target temperature made on the digital thermostat shall be
displayed on the panel.
3.5 Networked Energy Management System
Each guest room system will communicate in real-time with a central
computer interfaced to provide the following minimum functionality:
­— Guest room Un-rented and Staff Occupied:
The thermostat shall allow the temperature to drift up or down within
a programmable setback band to reduce energy consumption when
the guest room is unsold/un-rented. An additional provision shall be
incorporated for a secondary temperature control level for staff cleaning
and maintenance.
­— Guest room Occupied and Unoccupied:
The thermostat shall have an integral occupancy sensor and wired or
wireless magnetic door switch to identify when the guest room is rented
and unoccupied; to allow the temperature to drift within a programmable
set point to reduce energy consumption.
Additional minimum requirements for in-room automation are as follows:
­— Ability to manage the temperature of the room for the benefit of both
the guest as well as cost savings, leveraging the information provided by
the Property Management System and Thermostat in the room as well as
motion sensors and timing logic (in-room occupancy based control).
­— Ability to manage the lighting of the room for the benefit of both the guest
as well as cost savings, leveraging both controls within the room as well as
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motion sensors coupled with timing logic. (Multi-point lighting including
master scene control, welcome light scenes based on PMS check-in)
­— Integrated “Make up Room”, “Do Not Disturb”, and doorbell functions -
both to alert staff and guest in the hall as well/remotely as well as provide
data for reporting.
­— Mini-bar / Mini-Fridge control message reports - detailed daily reports on
which mini-bars are actually opened.
­— Green qualifications to support hotel acquiring “LEED” or other equal
sustainable status.
­— Centralised control system in order to provide not only the room status,
room temperature, light status, capability of upgrade to include (but
not limited to) any of the following integrated room automation options
including Multi-Point Lighting Control, Dimming and Scene Control,
electronic “Do Not Disturb” / “Make up room”, door chime system drape
control. Bedside console control of guest room and interface to the PMS for
reporting (and control) of energy usage and guest trends, (service request
reporting, service request performance tracking alarming), etc.
The system panel shall be easy to use, with 3-dimensional colour graphic
display of room information.
All room-related parameters such as target temperature upon Check-in,
setback temperatures, and the like shall reside in non-volatile memory in
each room and shall be programmable from the central computer.
The application program shall be changeable through the central computer,
without the need to visit the room. The program stored in each room shall not
be affected by the temporary loss of power regardless of the duration of the
power outage.
After a power outage, the system throughout the hotel shall start up automatically
and will be fully operational within 5 minutes after restoration of power.
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In the rooms, all loads controlled by the system will be returned to their designed to handle the entire heating load, while in conditioned spaces they
previous states, including target temperature, selected fan speed operation are sized to operate in conjunction with the air conditioning system. Hot water
and lights, regardless of the duration of the power outage. is preferred as a source of heat.

The project consultant is to confirm final capacities and equipment selection

3.6 Corridor Air Conditioning and Pressurisation
once lighting design and interior design is complete.

To restrict smoke migration in the event of fire and for odour control, corridor
All public areas shall have tamper-proof temperature sensors placed
airflow is to be positively pressurised with airflow from the corridors into
discreetly in the each zone. The operator from the monitor system shall
guest rooms.
define all set points.

3.7 Public Areas Heating and Cooling 3.8 Spa HVAC

Public spaces, including large volume living rooms, shall be ventilated and air-
The Spa will be conditioned with a centralised VAV air handling system.
conditioned by means of individual air handling units. Conditioning of multiple
Each treatment room will be on its own zone, independently controlled. The
rooms or zones from a common AHU should be equipped with zone dampers
coed lounge and the private lounges will also be on their own zonal control.
and variable fan speed controls. The heating and cooling system for public
Individual design requirements shall apply for heating, cooling, ventilation and
areas shall be connected to the building automation system to allow the units
humidity control for all unique conditions, i.e. wet treatment, sauna, steam, and
to switch to an energy conservation mode based on occupancy and demand.
inhalation and relaxation rooms.
Low-pressure air handling equipment, ducted air distribution systems and
linear diffusers should be used. Perforated false ceilings with a pressurised
The cooling load from the exercise area is to be calculated on a basis of the
plenum above are not accepted.
room being fully occupied with guests doing a vigorous workout.

The amount of outside air ventilation shall be demand-controlled based on

indoor air quality and CO2. Where return air is used, an economizer system
with outside exhaust and return air dampers for free cooling shall be provided.
Centrifugal blower type heaters are to be used at entrances.

Propeller type heaters are to be used at loading docks and equipment rooms.
Base radiators and convectors are to be designed for full height windows in
cold weather environments. Heating units in unconditioned spaces are to be

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3.9 Kitchen HVAC
Kitchens shall have a dedicated make-up air system complete with heating
and cooling to maintain the desired space temperature. Kitchen areas shall be
maintained under a negative pressure to ensure there is no migration of doors
to adjacent areas. Only conditioned outside air shall be supplied at a rate not to
exceed 90% of the exhaust air rate. Supply air should be provided to the space
by means of grilles or linear diffusers on the side opposite the exhaust hoods.
Total airflow depends on input from the food service consultant for heat gain
and exhaust loads.
The kitchen consultant shall provide the design for the stainless steel exhaust
hoods. All exhaust hoods; ducts and ventilation systems shall meet NFPA or
equivalent requirements. The consultant shall determine special requirements
for grease filters, extractors and UV oxidation lamps, as required. Where
exhaust discharge above the roof is not feasible or where doors are a nuisance,
a kitchen ecology unit shall be provided with a high efficiency filter systems
and grease/odour reducing module. Spot cooling shall be provided for hot
cooking areas as required.
A separate, stainless steel exhaust system shall be provided for the
dishwashers.
The project consultant will prepare a cost/ benefit analysis for the addition of
UV hoods to minimize grease accumulation, reduce doors, fire hazard and to
the lower the operational costs for periodic cleaning of the duct and ecology
unit grease filters.
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3.10 Underground Parking / Loading Dock
Underground parking areas shall be ventilated at a rate of 0.043m3/min (1.5
cfm/ft²) in accordance with the requirements of the International Building
Code or local building code requirements. Exhaust fans will be located such
that the arrangement shall provide cross ventilation to the entire area unless
ducting is required per local code. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
concentration monitoring systems shall initiate exhaust fan operations in the
garage to maintain the CO and N2O levels within acceptable limits.
I
f free air movement to remove car exhaust gases is not guaranteed at the
Loading Dock then a separate air system controlled by a carbon monoxide
control system must be provided.
3.11 Mechanical and Service Areas
The boiler room shall be supplied with a sufficient amount of outdoor air to
maintain proper combustion and set point temperature. Transformer and
switchgear rooms shall be adequately ventilated to maintain a maximum
temperature of 30° C (85° F). Carbon Monoxide detectors are to be provided in
all fuel burning locations (Boiler Rooms, Generator rooms etc.)
Elevator machine rooms shall be air conditioned as required to maintain a
maximum temperature of 30°C (85° F).
If air cooled condensers are used for refrigeration, the room shall have a
sufficient amount of air supply and exhaust air movement to dissipate the heat
emitted by machinery. Air-cooled condensers should be installed outside the
building in a location that does not impact the guest.
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3.12 Laundry — Condensing units

— Exhaust and Supply fans

The laundry consultant shall provide requirements for cooling and ventilation.
— Lift stations
Single zone air handling unit for heating and cooling is acceptable. Separate
exhaust ducts must be provided for dryers and ironer. Tumbler exhausts shall — Miscellaneous Alarms
be equipped with efficient lint filters. Careful review of termination location is
— Pool equipment Etc.
required to avoid unfavourable effects to guests and equipment. Untreated
make-up air may be used for dryers. — Air handling units

— Pumping systems
In cold climates provide a booster coil to heat the make-up air. Spot cooling in
— Critical mechanical systems (per consultant’s recommendations)
valet and ironer is required. A separate air compressor is to be designed and
installed for the laundry and valet shop. Vacuum piping is to be provided that — Electrical equipment
will supply the laundry and valet.
— High Voltage Switchboards

3.13 Building Management System (BMS) — ATS

— Main Low voltage panels

The project shall include a building management system to allow the operator
to overview and interface to the entire system including: — Emergency Generators

— Performing energy management functions — UPS

— Printing (immediate) and recording of alarms and reports The system shall include:

— Visualisation of all installation — Distributed data gathering panels located in mechanical room

— Changing set points based on project, client or location requirements — Third party integration devices for connection to manufacturers control panels,

— Maintaining historical trend data — Application specific controllers coupled with a building management server,
graphics packages, printer and web.
The areas to control as a minimum are as follows:
— A Separate network on its own dedicated backbone.
— Guest room HVAC system / intelligent room system; as an integrated
system or a standalone system (refer to section above for specifics)

— Chiller and boiler plants

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3.14 Cold Climate Design

In cold climates, additional provisions must be provided to achieve comfort,

safety and protection of property.

Comfort

— Perimeter heating at exterior façades;

— Radiant floor heating;

— Overhead radiant heating at exterior spaces i.e. Porte Cochere, outdoor

patio seating etc.

Safety

— Snow and Ice melting of public circulation spaces, ramps, roofs, eves etc.

Property

— Heat tracing on all piping systems susceptible to freezing.

— Surface conditioning to all areas susceptible to condensation,

i.e. exterior glazing.

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4. Sustainable Initiatives
The intent of the concepts identified below is to expand the boundaries for
4.2 Hot Water Reheat Heat Recovery
sustainable projects. While we aim to offer comprehensive sustainable design
initiatives into our hotel brand design requirements, we realise that we cannot
Standard chillers reject all heat to cooling towers and gas fired boilers are used to
respond to all of the organisations, methodologies and innovations that will be ever
produce hot water for reheat of dehumidification systems. Install condenser heat
evolving in this ever-changing methods of construction.
recovery bundle on one chiller to produce reheat hot water.

These and other ideas and innovations merit consideration if important to the
Consider that the energy model may show a better payback with more efficient
project vision.
chillers (magnetic drive), in lieu of a less efficient heat recovery chiller.

Many of these different sustainable “best practice” concepts focus or emphasise

4.3 Condensate Recovery
slightly different aspects of the sustainability design including but not limited
to site issues, water, energy, materials, and indoor environmental quality. These
Recover waste water from condensate drains for use as makeup water for cooling
will vary based on project scope and location, climatic variations and local codes;
tower or irrigation.
incorporating these concepts shall be considered on a case-by-case basis.
4.4 Cogeneration
An environmental consultant shall be required if the project proposes to seek these
sustainable design alternatives as part of the accreditation process.
Consider use of waste heat from electricity generation for hot water heating.

4.1 Chiller Plant - Variable Primary Flow (VPF) Plant 4.5 Solar Hot Water Heating
VPF eliminates the constant flow chiller pumps and uses the variable flow pumps to
Prepare cost/benefit analysis to determine whether this is a viable option. Provide
circulate water throughout the entire chilled water loop. The chiller is outfitted with
utility cost information, cost for system and projected cooling loads. There shall also
a variable speed drive that allows for infinite ramping of the chiller based on actual
be an aesthetic consideration if these are on visible roofs.
load conditions.
4.6 Tri-Gen
Special care must be taken to ensure the incorporation of a control system with
fast-acting control valves. This system may not be recommended for some
Where feasible, consider use of Tri-Gen for the simultaneous generation of
regions worldwide.
Electricity, Heating energy and cooling energy.

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4.7 Thermal Comfort

Meet the latest version of ASHRAE 55 2009 or similar equivalent system for
humidification requirements and provide controls. Design ventilation systems and
controls to comply.

4.8 Building Systems Commissioning

Hire Commissioning (Cx) agent before end of Design Development phase.
Incorporate Cx requirements into specs.

Minimum Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Performance: Meet latest version of ASHRAE
6-2009 or similar equivalent system requirements.

4.9 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control

No smoking in hotel and or in any indoor public areas or within 7.6m (25ft) of any
building entrance (also consider International/local smoking policies and customs).

4.10 Indoor Pollutant Source Control

Isolate air and water pollutants. Properly ventilate areas where hazardous gases
or chemicals may be present or used (including conditioned garages and
housekeeping/laundry areas and HOH copy rooms, if any).

4.11 Thermal Ice Storage

Consider the production of ice at night to use for cooling during the day to avoid
energy demand during peak periods. Prepare cost/benefit analysis to determine
whether this is a viable option.

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