Cryogenic Potential of

Non-metallic Materials

Bilim Atli-Veltin

Project Manager
Structural Dynamics

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 CONTENT
• Overview of TNO

• Small scale LNG

• Focus to two selected applications

• Composite LNG transfer hoses
• LNG Fuel tanks.

• Overview of cryogenically proven non-metallics

• Conclusive remarks

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 TNO
• Applied research institute.
• Mission: “to create the link between knowledge Groningen

and innovation for the well-being of the society

in a sustainable way”
• Technology development
• Consulting
• Contract research

• Established by law in 1932.

Zeist
Delft
Utrecht

• 2900 professionals in multidisciplinary expertise

groups. The Hague
Helmond

• Not-for-profit, Independent. Eindhoven

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THEMES & ROADMAPS

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 EXPERTISE GROUPS
Technical sciences Earth, Life and Social
Sciences
Nanotechnology
Human & Operational
Optics
Opto-Mechatronics
ICT Modelling
Nano-instrumentation
Monitoring & Control Services
Equipment for Additive Manufacturing
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Life
Space Systems Engineering
Thin film Technology Data Science
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Holst Center
Embedded Systems Innovations
Urban Mobility &
Material Solutions
Environment
Solid & Fluid Mechanics
Geoscience
Process & Instrumentation Development Observation, Weapon &
Heat Transfer & Fluid Dynamics
Structural Dynamics Protection Systems
Innovation Center Buildings
Acoustics & Sonar
Integrated Vehicle Safety
Distributed Sensor Systems
Power Trains
Electronic Defence
Structural Reliability
Intelligent Imaging
Radar Technology
CBRN Protection
Energetic Materials
Explosions, Ballistics & Protection
Weapons Systems
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WHAT IS LNG?
• Liquefied Natural Gas.
• Cleanest burning fossil fuel.
• Large natural sources available, but mostly in remote locations.
• Transporting with pipeline becomes unpractical and costly.

• Solution Liquefy the gas by cooling it.

• Easier and more economic transportation by ship.

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SMALL SCALE LNG

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 TRACK RECORD

LNG RESEARCH
AT STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, TNO

• Ship-to-ship LNG transfer

• Safety of LNG fuel tanks

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 LNG SHIP-TO-SHIP TRANSFER
QUALIFICATION
• Gutteling, a manufacturer of composite hose (polyamide fabrics, SS wire),
• Exmar, a Belgium based shipping company.

• Question : Can we justify the safe and reliable operation of a hose system
for offshore LNG transfer?

• Role of TNO: Full

• Define qualification program, scale
• Execute the tests, Large
assemblies
• Develop models for prediction.
Small hose parts

Composing materials

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LNG SHIP-TO-SHIP TRANSFER
QUALIFICATION

CRUSH STRENGTH

FULL SCALE TEST

10
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR
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 SAFETY OF LNG BUNKER FUEL
TANKS
• System Suppliers: Cryovat, Chart Ferox, Cofely
• Class: DNV-GL, LR, BV
• Shipping Companies: Deen Shipping, Peters shipyard, Meyer Werf, Japan
Marine United Corporation, Bodewes Millingen, Peters Shipyard

• Question : How does an LNG fuel tank behave in a crash scenario?

• Role of TNO:
• Experimentally and numerically show the crashworthiness of LNG
tanks.

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 LNG FUEL TANK

Insulation space Inner tank

Outer tank

Inner wall Outer wall Insulation layer

Always at cryogenic Main purpose is to create Very low thermal

temperatures encapsulation to insulation conductivity
Compatible with LNG Secondary purpose is Usually at vacuum
impact resistance conditions
Subjected to thermal Fire resistant Perlite, MLI, Aerogel
cycling
Moderate pressures (5-10 Main failure mode is shell Should accommodate
bar)12
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 Drop mass Clamp (right)
Specimen

Drop tower table

CRYOGENIC MATERIAL TEST

Stainless, cryogenic

Stainless, ambient

DROP TOWER
Normal, ambient

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 Pressure
sensor

EXPERIMENT
Pressure
sensor

Pressure relief valve

SMALL SCALE IMPACT

EXPERIMENT
FEA
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 FEASIBILITY OF USING COMPOSITE
MATERIALS FOR SMALL SCALE LNG
APPLICATIONS

• Question: Can we use non-metallic materials at the cryogenic

temperatures of LNG?

• Goal: Reduced costs, reduced weight, design flexibility,…

• Role of TNO:
• List the requirements,
• Execute the relevant selected tests,
• Evaluate the results

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REQUIREMENTS FOR LNG APPLICATIONS
Mechanical
Ultimate tensile strength, Fracture strain, Young’s modulus, Density, fracture
toughness, Shear strength,…

Thermal
Conductivity, Coefficient of thermal expansion, Thermal aging,…

Performance:
Cost, Environmental effects, Permeability, Flammability, Ease of production,
LNG compatibility

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LITERATURE SURVEY:
Examples of non-metallic materials with good performance at cryogenic temperatures

Carbon fibers IM7 (Hexcel), AS4 (Hexcel), T1000 (Toray), M40 (Toray)

Synthetic fibers Aramids

UHMWPE
Liquid crystal polymer (LCP)
Fluoroethylenes, fluorinated ethylene propylene (DuPont)

M5 fibre (poly{diimidazo pyridinylene (dihydroxy) phenylene})

Resins PETI-5

HEI 535 (HyPerComp)

Epon 828 (Hexion) (bisphenol A/epichlorohydrin derived liquid epoxy

resin)

Source: Atli-Veltin, B.; “Identification of Suitable Materials for LNG Fuel Tanks”, TNO 2015 R10173
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CRYOGENIC
TEST Hydraulics /
SETUP load cell

Test chamber

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FUTURE

Technology is ready.
Classification societies, standards, guidelines are applicable.

Next phase is to investigate more application oriented concept

Hybrid tanks?
Linerless?
Load carrying insulation concepts?

Qualification level testing.

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 SUMMARY
TNO creates the link between knowledge and innovation for the well-being of the
society in a sustainable way.

We believe in the transition towards sustainable energy supplies.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) are the best
options in order to make vehicle transportation more sustainable.

Aim is to help the industry for providing a wider LNG bunkering / fuelling
network with maximized safety and minimized costs.

20

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 CONCLUSIONS
There are several non-metallic materials that perform well at cryogenic
temperatures.
In the space industry mostly carbon based systems are used.

New concepts can be developed, tested and qualification programs can be

performed.

Full composite cryogenic tanks for commercial use are not far away!

21

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Thank you

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