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BallTank Foundation Design Guide Using AFES 21p PDF
BallTank Foundation Design Guide Using AFES 21p PDF
PURPOSE
This practice establishes guidelines and recommended procedures for the design of Spherical Vessel
foundations using AFES(=Automatic Foundation Engineering System). AFES can design Spherical Vessel
foundations as either soil- or pile-supported footings.
CONTENTS
This practice comprises the following:
There is a need to gather all necessary data from responsible disciplines such as load data of
machine or equipment from Mechanical group, etc. before proceeding to modeling. You can input
loads directly to AFES through the “Load Case/Combination” feature or import superstructure
analysis result files for foundation analysis and design.
Below figures are foundation types commonly used for Spherical vessel equipment supports.
DESIGN DATA
The first step is to enter project specific items. These items include general data, client data and Job data
about a project. General data includes project No. Project Name, Client Name, Site Name, any more. The
client data includes your client manager name, e-mail, number of telephone and fax, address. Job data
includes assigned engineer, supervisor, duration of project, project rate that values the program needs to use
for the specific project.
The Project Number and Structure Name entered in Project Information will display as a menu header
Note: General Data should be input. This data needs to use for the specific project.
To open the existing project, or create a new project, Click on the “New/Open Project” from Top toolbar
menu
Or
1.2 Open Existing Project
Setting of constants options include design information that AFES needs in order to design a foundation.
This includes a number of parameters such as design code, safety factor, bearing capacity of soil, capacity of
pile, material and unit weight, clear cover, allowable increase of soil, allowable increase of pile, strength
reduction factors, supports and anchor bolt options.
In case of New project, set all design parameters from the “Setting of Constant” form.
2.1 Set “Bearing Capacity of Soil” from the “Setting of Constant” command.
a) Click “Setting of Constant” button.
b) Select “Bearing Capacity of Soil” tab.
Every input and output data can be saved in AFES Data Base according to projects, which provide work
efficiency in control over project information. An engineer is able to create a file for a new project, reuse
data from projects conducted previously, or eliminate old and useless data for the user’s own sake.
This function enables us create nodes and its coordinates. It can be set in circular or rectangular arrays for
regular layouts or irregular arrangement through input in the coordinate boxes.
This function enables us to export load combination data that was saved in text file in AFES program. After
exporting the file, it will be available for import in this program.
5.1. Export Load Combination before assigning group otherwise they will be deleted.
The Assign Foundation Grouping command is used for assigning group for models with multi-foundations.
This is very important because it eliminates repetitions of commands. Foundations with the same load
combinations are recommended to join in one group.
The foundation modules in red box shown in above figure are normally used for Spherical Vessel equipment.
At the end of this step, we will create the structure as shown below.
6.1 Click “Assign Foundation Grouping” button.
The Feature Data (Dimension) command is used to define the dimensions and other parameters necessary for
the foundation and piers.
Typically, the foundations for small spheres will be octagonal in shape, while larger spheres will be an
annular or ring type foundation due to economics. Individual footings also may be used based on number and
spacing of vessel columns.
Plan footing dimensions should be in even 2 inch(=50 mm) increments. The footing thickness shall be 12
inches(=300 mm) minimum and thickened in 4 inch(=100 mm) increments. Size for both footings should
normally be the same.
It may be necessary to assume a trial size for the purpose of analysis. Pier sizes are determined from column
base plate dimensions and minimum edge distances for anchor bolts. Footing sizes are estimated from the
pier circle plus the width of the pier plus the desired edge distance.
The footing thickness should be adequate to ensure sufficient rigidity for distributing soil bearing pressures
in a uniform manner. Preliminary footing thickness for a ring type foundation may be determined from the
following criteria, using the largest of the conditions:
t = 1'−0"
or
t = (x − b)/3
where:
t = Footing thickness, feet
x = Maximum projected distance between adjacent pier centerlines, feet
b = Width of concrete pier parallel with X, feet
<Pier tab>
d) Enter values as shown in the “Feature” form for “Footing” and “Pier”.
e) Click “Save” button.
<Footing tab>
<Pier tab>
d) Enter values as shown in the “Feature” form for “Footing” and “Pier”.
e) Click “Save” button.
<Pier tab>
d) Enter values as shown in the “Feature” form for “Footing” and “Pier”.
e) Click “Save” button.
8. Pier and Footing Reinforcement
The Reinforcement Data command is used to assign bar sizes and spacing for piers and footings.
Reinforcement bar sizes depend on the design code designated in the Setting of Constant command. Set of
bar array options are available in the Footing option. The arrangement of footing bars are parallel to the X
and Y axis except for Tank1 and Tank2 Ring type modules which are in radial and longitudinal directions.
reinforcing approaches ρ max, investigate the pier as a column. Size and reinforcement for each pier should
normally be the same. Dowel splices are not required if the vertical pier reinforcing projection is less than 6
feet in height, or the rebar size in feet above the top of the footing. For cases that exceed this limit, use
dowels with minimum projections required for tension splices in accordance with Building Code. Minimum
reinforcing for piers is #5 at 12 inches on each face with #4 ties at 12 inches. Place double ties at top of piers
to protect anchor bolts. All ties should encircle the vertical reinforcement. Pier ties are not normally detailed
as column ties. If longitudinal reinforcing is not required to resist vertical loads, as is normally the case,
through ties are not required.
Size and reinforcement for both columns should normally be the same. Use dowels to transfer the column
loads to the footings. Minimum dowel projection should be that required for a tension splice in accordance
with Building Code.
From the main tool bar, click the “Reinforcement data” button. Reinforcement data form will appear as
shown in below figure.
The Pile Data command is used to layout and assign piles in the foundation. Regular pile arrangements are
available for circular or rectangular arrays.
This function is activated only when the selected type is Pile fdn. in the Assign Foundation Grouping
command. Define pile features first before proceeding to this function in the Setting of Constant command.
8.1 Set Pile Arrangement for foundation group “G2”. (Circular Array)
a) Select “G2” from the “Group” selection” in top menu.
The Tie Girder Data command is used to layout tie girders between two supports. It can be positioned at any
location from top of footing up to pedestal. Its reinforcement information can also be set from this feature.
d) From your mouse, select two supports from foundation group “G2” in the screen. A window
message will appear as below.
The Load Case/Combination command is used to define, add, edit or delete load cases and combinations.
Assigned load cases can be combined with factors in accordance with a few design methods and
specifications. Mainly applied load combinations are Allowable Strength Load Combination and Ultimate
Load Combination. Combinations by Allowable Strength Design are normally applied with 1.0 factored
value.
The purpose of the combinations is to take into account soil bearing capacity, sliding, overturning, uplift
check, and pile capacity check for a pile supported foundation.
Combinations referring to Ultimate Strength Design are used for footing reinforcement, pier design, one way
shear check, and taking different factors for various cases.
Below are load cases and load combinations usually used for vertical vessel footing based from ACI code.
Load cases definitions are also discussed for further information. These are also based from our actual
projects.
DESIGN LOADS
The following design loads shall be considered for design of the foundations.
VERTICAL LOADS
Empty Weight : Fabricated weight of vessel, plus the weight of internals, piping, insulation, and platforms,
generally taken from the vessel drawing. Operating Weight: Empty weight plus weight of operating liquid or
contents; generally taken from the vessel drawing.
Test Weight : Empty weight plus the weight of water required for hydrostatic test; generally taken from the
vessel drawing. It should be determined if hydrostatic testing will actually be done in the field. Generally, it
is desired to design for test as unforeseen circumstances may occur. The above loads will be considered as
Dead Loads when applying load factors.
HORIZONTAL LOADS
Wind Load
Wind loads will be calculated by the Structural Engineer using vessel and platform drawings and the
following criteria:
• Spherical surface wind pressure on the projected area of the insulated vessel applied at the area centroid.
• Flat surface wind pressure on each platform horizontal area times a 0.5 factor applied at the height of each
platform. Wind pressure will be varied with height in accordance with the job specifications. Wind load
calculations shall conform with Company Engineering Guideline: Wind Load Calculations, for wind design
considerations and procedures.
Wind loads calculated by hand methods will be compared to supplier provided load data. If the results
compare favorably, the higher value will be used for foundation design. If the results do not compare
favorably, resolve the discrepancy before proceeding.
Seismic Load
Seismic design considerations and procedures shall be in accordance with job specifications and
DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS
Vertical loads from dead weight are assumed equally distributed to each outer column. Vertical loads due to
overturning moments are assumed to be distributed to each column in proportion to the column distance
from the neutral axis of the column group.
Horizontal loads (wind or seismic) will be distributed to the spheroid vessel columns by tension bracing
spanning between the columns. Both wind and seismic conditions shall be considered. For purposes of
analysis, the sphere is assumed a rigid body with the applied horizontal external load being distributed to
each braced panel in proportion to the stiffness of the panel in the direction of the applied load. The sum of
the component panel shears parallel with the loading must be equal to the applied external load.
Panel Shear (Vp), the shear between columns which is transferred to the pedestals by the tension bracing, can
be calculated as follows:
V p = 2 V x ( 2 cos α) / n
where
V = total horizontal force acting on the vessel and columns
n = number of columns
α = angle between panel and direction of horizontal force
Load Combinations
The following load combinations will be used in the foundation design:
• Empty weight plus wind (or seismic)
• Operating weight plus wind (or seismic)
• Test weight plus reduced wind
Load Combinations shall be calculated in accordance with Job Specification.
The weight of the foundation and of the soil on top of the foundation shall be included as dead load in all of
these load combinations.
You can actually create new load combinations through the Load Combination button but in this example,
we will use Import command.
a) Click Load Combination button.
The Load Combination form will display as shown.
AFES executes Foundation Analysis and Design according to design standards widely accepted. It is
assumed that all external forces are loaded at the center of the piers and the connection between the pier and
the footing is considered to be rigid enough to carry those forces. Strength, stability and sectional design of
components of footing, pier, corbels and tie girders are properly examined.
Either a ring foundation or individual footings may be used depending on the number of supporting columns
and column spacing. Individual footings are typically analyzed by hand. Ring type foundations may be
analyzed by hand using simplified assumptions or by finite analysis methods. Several approaches for
analysis of ring foundations using finite element analysis may be found in Foundation Analysis and Design
or Analytical and Computer Methods in Foundation Engineering by Bowles. Finite element analysis may be
performed using computer programs designated as approved reference systems.
Piers will be designed in accordance with recommended column design procedures outlined in Building
Code. Shear lugs may be utilized at column bases to resist high shear forces, which in turn may allow the use
of smaller anchor bolts and column piers.
The design codes of AFES support ACI318-99, 02, BS 8110, Korean, AIJ-WSD99, CP-65 and IS456(2000).
12.1 Click on the “Foundation Analysis/Design” button to be able to start analysis and design.
For through discussion on setting other functions such as General, Temperature and Shrinkage/Stability, Tank
Design, Detail Report Option and Contents, you may refer to help menu.
12.4 Using “Conventional Rigid Method”.
a) Select “Rigid Method Foundation Design” option.
BOM functions are used for estimate of earthworks including other related items such as excavation, backfill,
disposal, concrete, lean concrete, crushed stone, grout, formworks, protection materials, anchor bolts and
steel reinforcements.
Options for BOM take off for active structure and all structures in a project is supported.
a) From “Design” menu, select “Quantity (BOM) then “Take off BOM 3D”.
a) From “Design” menu, select “Quantity (BOM) then “Take off BOM 3D (All Structure)”.
b) Set parameters from the “Afes – Bill of Material” form.
AFES is a completely integrated software package for automatically producing drawings of reinforcing
details for foundations that have been analyzed and designed using AFES. AFES interfaces with AutoCAD
and MicroStation to create a construction drawing with bar-schedule.
The Export DXF File command is used to export the drawing files made from AFES to other programs such
as AutoCAD and MicroStation. Standard drawings are already set up for various design codes.
The program will create the DWG or DXF file format and display a construction drawing through a viewer.
The drawing report consists of the Standards, Layout and Drawing detail including plan and sections of
foundation with reinforcement schedules. You can set from this command the drawing preferences to be
utilized before exporting to AutoCAD.
Today, plant design works involve many design parts, modeling objects from each part allows other parts to
assess those object on their work process helping streamlining the work process through project completion.
A 3D foundation model of the objects designed by various design parts effectively communicates the
geometric design data. Therefore automating the work process from design to 3D modeling forms an integral
component of reducing overall project cost. With our design to modeling interface from AFES to
Frameworks Plus, you will experience significant productivity.