CONNECTORS /LINKERS
CAUSE / REASON
Because/Since/As
(como, porque)
Due to/Because of /Owing to.. (a
causa de, debido a)
As a result of… a consecuencia de
RESULT/ CONSEQUENCE
Therefore (por lo tanto)
As a result /consequence
Consequently (como
resultado/consecuencia)
So (así que)
So (tan)
Such (a/an) (tan)
That’s (the reason) why…
(por eso/esa es la razón por la que…)
OPPOSITION / CONTRAST
Although/Though/Even though
(aunque, )
In spite of/ Despite…
(a pesar de)
However / Nevertheless / Yet
(Sin embargo /No obstante)
In contrast (por el contrario)
On the contrary
In contrast to / Contrary to (al
contrario que)
Unlike ( a diferencia de …)
Whereas (mientras que…)
On the one hand ../on the other
hand …
(por un lado…../ por otro……)
TIME AND SEQUENCE
When / As soon as /Once
(cuando/tan pronto como/una vez
que…)
Before / after / until / by the time
(antes de que, después de que, hasta
para cuando…)
First of all / First(ly) /
Second(ly).. /Next / Then / Finally
(Primero/segundo/A
continuación/Entonces/Finalmente
Later / Then / After that /
Afterwards (Más tarde/Entonces
/Después de eso/Después)
While (mientras)
+ clause (S+ V+ Cs) As/Since it was raining, we didn’t go to the beach
We didn’t go to the beach because/since /as it was r
+ Noun All the flights were cancelled because of / due to/ as
of the thick fog.
You are not following the doctor’s advice. Therefore/As
At the beginning of the consequence/As a result/Consequently, you won’t
sentence, before a better
comma
After a comma It was raining, so we didn’t go to the beach
+ adjective…… that The film was so boring that we all fell asleep.
+ adj + noun ….that It was such a boring film that we all fell asleep.
At the beginning of the It was raining. That’s the reason why we didn’t go to
sentence.
Although/Though/Even though it was raining, we w
+ clause ( S+ V + Cs) the beach.
We went to the beach although/though/even thoug
raining
+ Noun In spite of/Despite the rain, we went to the beach
+-ing ( the same
subject ) In spite of /Despite being tired, we went to the beach
At the beginning of the
sentence, before a It was raining. However/Nevertheless/Yet/, we wen
comma beach
At the beginning of the Mary doesn’t study very hard. In contrast, / On the c
sentence, before a Susan is an excellent student
comma
In contrast to/Contrary to /Unlike Mary, Susan is a
+ Noun excellent student.
+ clause (S+ V+ Cs) Whereas Mary doesn’t study very hard, Susan is an ex
student
At the beginning of the On the one hand, Susan is very messy. On the othe
sentence, before a she is an excellent student
comma
+ clause (S+ V + Cs) I’ll phone you when/as soon as/ once I get home
+ clause ( S+ V+ Cs) I cooked lunch before my children came home from sc
By the time he arrived, we had already had dinner.
+Noun
I watch TV after/before dinner
+ -ing (same subject) After/Before studying, I always watch a bit of televisi
At the beginning of the Peter gets up early because he’s got plenty of things to
sentence, before a Firstly, he has a shower. Secondly, he has breakfast.
comma walks his dog. Then, he takes his children to school and
he goes to work
At the beginning of the I went to the library. Later/Then/After that/Afterw
sentence, before a went back home
comma
+ clause ( S+ V + Cs) While I was having a bath, somebody knocked on the
(past continuous)
ADDITION
Also (además, también) Before the main verb He studies at university and he also works as a waiter at nigh
(after the verb To He studies at university and he is also a waiter at night
be)
Too / As well (además, también) At the end of the He studies at university and he works as a waiter too/as we
sentence
Besides / In addition / At the beginning of a The house is very big. Besides, it’s very comfortable.
furthermore / moreover sentence before a
(además...) comma
As well as ( además de) + Noun As well as studying at university, he works as a waiter at nig
In addition to (además de ) +-ing (same
Besides subjects)
Not only….. but also Inversion (1st part) Not only did he buy me a present but also he invited me to
(No solo..... sino también) dinner.
Apart from ( aparte de) + noun or a gerund While she was on a diet, she ate nothing except for vegetab
Except (for) (excepto) fruit.
What other sports do you practice apart from skiing?

PURPOSE
To / In order (not) to / When the subject
So as (not) to of both sentences We will work all night to /in order to/ so as to finish
(para / para que) is the same time
so that + Clause with We will work all night so that we can/may/will finish o
(para que) modal verb (can / We worked all night so that we could /might/would fi
Con diferentes sujetos could) with time
generalmente different subjects I stayed at home so that my parents could go out
for + Noun / -Ing We use a spade for digging
For things purpo
In case ( por si acaso ) + Clause ( S+ V ) Take your credit card in case you run out of cash

COMPARISON
As though/As if + clause He treats me as though/as if I were as stranger
(Como si….) (subjunctive verb)
Like (como) + Noun He treats me like a stranger
The same as (lo mismo que) +Clause /Noun I told him the same as I had told you before
As….as (Tan…como) +adjective/adverb This book is as interesting as that one.

EXAMPLE
For example /For instance + clause I like all kinds of fruit. For example /instance, I love melon
(Por ejemplo) At the beginning oranges, apples and pineapples
of the sentence,
before a comma
Such as ( tales como, como por + Noun I like all kinds of fruit such as melons, oranges, apples and
ejemplo) pineapples.

GIVING OPINION
In my opinion
As far as I am concerned ( en lo que a
mi respecta..)
Personally I think …
From my point of view….
I (don’t ) agree with … ( (no)estoy
de acuerdo.. )

CONCLUSION / SUMMING UP
In conclusion At the beginning In conclusion/To sum up/Summing up/In short, it’s
(En conclusión) of the sentence, important to tell young people about the risks of alcohol
To sum up/ Summing up Resumiendo before a comma

OTHER EXPRESSIONS
Otherwise ..... ( de lo contrario , si no.....) - At the beginning of a new sentence:
Provided / providing / as long as Con la condición de , con tal de Hurry up. Otherwise, we´ll have to walk.
In case Por si acaso instead of en vez de - + Clause( S+ V+ Cs)
I’ll lend you my car provided / as long as you take c
According to …. ( Según…)
Regarding … (Con respecto a..)
To begin with…. ( Para empezar..)
I’d like to point out that ... : Me gustaría señalar que..
I’d like to add that... : Me gustaría añadir que..
It is said that... / It is believed that... : Se dice /se cree que..