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List of Contents
List of Contents
1. Introduction
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1-Introduction
Power supply:- is an electrical device that supplies electric
power to an electrical load. The primary function of a
power supply is to convert electric current from a source
to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power
the load. As a result, power supplies are sometimes
referred to as electric power converters. Some power
supplies are separate standalone pieces of equipment,
while others are built into the load appliances that they
power. Examples of the latter include power supplies
found in desktop computers and consumer electronics
devices. Other functions that power supplies may
perform include limiting the current drawn by the load to
safe levels, shutting off the current in the event of an
electrical fault, power conditioning to prevent electronic
noise or voltage surges on the input from reaching the
load, power-factor correction, and storing energy so it
can continue to power the load in the event of a
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AC-to-DC supply
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4-Ammeter
A-An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a measuring
instrument used to measure the current in a circuit.
Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the
name. Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in
the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as
milliammeters or microammeters. Early ammeters were
laboratory instruments which relied on the Earth's
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Fig(4-1)
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Fig(4-2)
The resistance of the ammeter is kept low because of the
two reasons. The whole measurand current passes
through the ammeter. The low voltage drop occurs
across the ammeter. Types of Ammeter The classification
of the ammeter depends on their design and the type of
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Fig(4-3)
If the large measurand current passes through the circuit,
the major portion of the current passes through the
shunt resistance. The shunt resistance will not affect the
working of the ammeter, i.e., the movement of the coil
remains same.
Effect of Temperature in Ammeter
The ammeter is a sensitive device which is easily affected
by the surrounding temperature. The variation in
temperature causes the error in the reading. This can
reduce by swamping resistance. The resistance having
zero temperature coefficient is known as the swamping
resistance. It connects in series with the ammeter. The
swamping resistance reduces the effect of temperature
on the meter.
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Fig(4-4)
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Fig(4-5):- Ammeter
5-voltmeter
The ammeter has the inbuilt fuse which protects the
ammeter from the heavy current. If substantial current
flows through the ammeter, the fuse will break. The
ammeter is not able to measure the current until the new
one does not replace the fuse.
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6-ohmmeter
An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures
electrical resistance, the opposition to an electric current.
Micro-ohmmeters (microhmmeter or microohmmeter)
make low resistance measurements. Megohmmeters
(also a trademarked device Megger) measure large
values of resistance. The unit of measurement for
resistance is ohms (Ω).
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