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Research Article
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna
unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties to Inoculum (Mesorhizobium
loti) under Different Watering Regimes
*1OYEWUSI, Isaac Kayode, 2AGELE, Samuel Ohikhene, 3THOMAS, Oladele Victor
1Department of Agricultural Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, PMB 5351, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
2Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
3Department of Horticultural Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, PMB 5351, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
The experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop, Soil & Pest
Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The experimental layout was a 5
x 3 x 2 factorial combination with 3 replications given a total of 90 treatments. Seeds of five
cowpea varieties namely: IT98K-205-8, Ife Brown, Oloyin Brown, IT98K-573-2-1 and IT96D-610
were sown in Plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity and were perforated at the bottom to allow for
drainage and filled with top soil. Watering regimes of (500ml, 700ml and 900ml) were imposed and
water was applied twice a week while cowpea plants were inoculated with 5g each of Rhizobia
strain (Mesorhizobia loti) at seedling stage. Control set was maintained without inoculation. The
effect of watering regimes on legume species was significant on nodulation, growth and yield
characters of cowpea varieties evaluated. The results revealed marked varietal differences in
plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components. IT98K-573-2-1 and Oloyin Brown generally
expressed superior performance in most measured parameters. Mesorhizobia inoculation
significantly (p≤0.05) increased plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components of cowpea.
The interaction effect of variety, Mesorhizobia loti and watering regimes caused significant
variations in the number of nodules, leaf area, number of seeds/pod and seed yield. The nitrogen
and crude protein content in the leaf differed among the cowpea varieties evaluated. Application
of mesorhizobium strain significantly increased seed yield of cowpea and caused substantial
increase in nodulation and this subsequently affected the Nitrogen fixation potential of cowpea
under varying soil moisture regimes.
Key words: Mesorhizobia inoculation, Watering regime, Cowpea varieties Nodulation, Seed yield
INTRODUCTION
Cowpea production like most other crop is limited by species, making it suitable for cultivation in semiarid areas
factors such as poor yielding varieties and nutrition, (Hall, 2004; Tekle, 2014). Despite its role in improving soil
absence of the right strain of rhizobia, among other factors fertility and serving as a food security crop, little efforts are
of production (Chiezey et al., 1990). They complement made to know the response of cowpea varieties to
staple low-protein cereal crops as a source of protein and Mesorhizobia inoculation in Nigeria. Inoculation of
minerals (Gharti et al., 2014). Cowpeas are also valued for legumes with rhizobia strains is a common agricultural
their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil and play practice intended to promote nodule development and
an important role as a rotation crop with cereals and
vegetable crops (Jensen et al., 2012; Biswas and *Corresponding Author: OYEWUSI, Isaac Kayode;
Gresshoff, 2014; Stagnari et al., 2017). They also serve as Department of Agricultural Technology, The Federal
a feed crop in many farming systems and are also grown Polytechnic, PMB 5351, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
to supplement farmers’ income (Muli and Saha, 2002; Email: kayoyewusi@gmail.com
Voisin et al., 2013). Cowpea has considerable adaptation Co-Author 2Email: ohiagele@yahoo.com
to high temperatures and drought compared to other crop 3
Email: owoyemioladelevictor@gmail.com
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties to Inoculum (Mesorhizobium loti) under Different Watering Regimes
Oyewusi et al. 678
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties to Inoculum (Mesorhizobium loti) under Different Watering Regimes
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 679
Seed weight: This was done by weighing the seeds on Statistical analysis
weighing balance. The date to 50% flowering: This was
determined when the plants produces maximum flowers Data collected on plant and soil parameters were
during the growth stage. (Allito et al., 2015, Chatterjee and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and treatment
Bandyopadhjay, 2017, Dew and Singh, 2014). means were separated using Least Significant Difference
(LSD) at 5% level of probability and Duncan Multiple
Determination of Selected Soil Physical and Chemical Range Test (DMRT).
Properties
The soil was air-dried to reduce the moisture content after RESULTS
which it was taken to the laboratory where the soil textural
class was determined as sandy-loam as defined according Pre-experiment Soil Chemical Properties
to FAO/USDA soil classification system. Soil pH was
determined by using 1:1 water suspension and adding 10 The physio-chemical characteristics of the experimental
ml distilled water to 10 g of soil. Organic carbon was soil in Table 1 show the soil has pH of 6.9. Organic matter,
determined by modified Walkley–Black wet oxidation 4.01%, Nitrogen, 0.07 g/kg, Available P, 1.73 mg/kg, K,
method. Soil organic matter of the soil sample was 0.02 cmol/kg, Na 0.02 cmol/kg, Ca 1.47cmol/kg and Mg,
calculated by multiplying the organic carbon by a Van 4.20 cmol/kg.
Bemmelen factor of 1.724. Potassium and sodium in the
soil extract were determined by flame photometry. Flame Table 1: Pre soil chemical properties at experimental site
photometer readings for the standard solutions were Chemical Properties Values
determined and a standard curve constructed. Potassium
Ph (water) 6.90
and sodium concentrations in the soil extract were read
Nitrogen (g/kg) 0.07
from the standard curve. Available P was determined
Available Phosphorus (mg/kg) 1.73
using the Bray P1 method. The exchangeable magnesium
Exchangeable Na(cmol/kg) 0.02
alone was calculated by subtracting the value obtained
Exchangeable K (cmol/kg) 0.02
from the calcium + magnesium value.
Exchangeable Ca (cmol/kg) 1.47
Exchangeable Mg (cmol/kg) 4.20
Extraction and Determination of Leaf Chlorophyll
Soil Organic matter (%) 4.01
The two uppermost leaves of cowpea varieties from each
treatment were harvested. One gram of the fresh plant Effects of Variety on Growth, Yield and Yield
samples were cut into pieces and smashed in a mortar. Components of Cowpea
The samples were put in a test tube and its chlorophyll
content was repeatedly extracted with successive volume The result indicates that there was no significant difference
of 100 ml acetone/water (80:20 v/v) until no traces of green in the number of branches, number of nodules, size and
colour were noticed (residue became white). While adding length of nodules among the tested cowpea varieties.
the solvent (acetone), the test tubes containing the Shoot weight was highest for IT98K-573-2-1 (114 g). The
samples were kept boiling in hot water bath. The total result also indicates that there was a significant difference
volume of the extract was also recorded at the end of the in the leaf area of the tested cowpea varieties. Leaf area
extraction. Three millimeter (3 ml) of the extract was taken was highest for Oloyin Brown (377.8 cm 3). Days to 50%
and the absorbance was determined with a flowering were shortest for IT98K-205-8 (39 days). There
spectrophotometer (Spectronic 20) at two wave lengths of was no significant difference in the number of peduncles,
663nm and 645 nm that corresponds to maximum number of pods and number of seeds among the tested
absorption of chlorophyll “a” and “b” respectively. The total varieties. Highest seed yield was recorded for Oloyin
chlorophyll content was calculated as follows: Brown (13.5 kg/ha) while the percentage crude protein
was highest for Ife Brown (26.9%) as indicated in Table 2.
Total chlorophyll content (mg/100 g tissue) = (20.2A645 +
8.02A663) (V/10 w) Effect of Watering Regime (WR) on Growth, Yield and
Where, A645 = absorbance at 645 nm wavelength; Yield Components of Cowpea Varieties
A663 = absorbance at 663 nm wavelength,
V = final volume (cm3) of chlorophyll extract in 80% More vine length was produced under 500ml of water in
acetone cowpea plant compared with the 700ml and 900ml. Table
W = fresh weight (g) of tissue extracted (Dey et al., 2016) 3. This is attributed to the physiological stress occasioned
by the limited water supply. Plants growing under limiting
Determination of crude protein water condition tend to grow taller in an effort to scramble
for nutrients around the soil. Watering regimes under
Crude protein was determined by multiplying the result of
900ml significantly increased vigor and seed yield.
the total Nitrogen obtained by 6.25.
Cowpea varieties under 900ml of water recorded the
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties to Inoculum (Mesorhizobium loti) under Different Watering Regimes
Oyewusi et al. 680
highest number of leaves and branches for all tested number of peduncles, number of pods, seed yield and
varieties except IT98K-205-8. Significant difference was crude protein levels were significantly affected by rhizobial
however observed on nodule number under 900ml of inoculation. The highest seed yield was recorded for
water which had the highest value. There was no IT98K-573-2-1 under rhizobial inoculation (23.9 kg/ha).
significant difference among the parameters for number of
branches, number of nodules, length and size of nodules, Interaction Effects of Variety, Rhizobial Inoculation
number of peduncles, 100 seed weight, harvest index and and Watering Regime on Growth and Yield of Cowpea
chlorophyll concentration based on the watering regimes
imposed. Highest seed yield was recorded for Ife Brown The interaction effect shows that significant differences
(9.52 kg/ha) under the 900ml of water while there was no were obtained for vine length, number of nodules, number
significant difference between the result obtained for seed of leaves and branches, leaf area, number of pods and
yield for Oloyin Brown and IT98K-573-2-1 under 900ml peduncles, number of seed and seed yield while there
and 700ml of water. were no significant difference for size and length of
nodules, days to 50% flowering, 100 seed weight, and
Effects of Rhizobial Inoculation (RI) on Growth, Yield chlorophyll concentration in the cowpea varieties
and Yield Components of Cowpea Varieties evaluated. The highest seed yield was recorded for Oloyin
Brown (13.5 kg/ha) Table 7.
Rhizobium inoculation enhanced number of leaves (Table
4). More leaves were found in inoculated plant compared
with the non-inoculated. Rhizobium inoculation of cowpea DISCUSSION
seedlings significantly increased vigor and seed yield. Effects of Watering Regimes on Growth and Yield
Cowpea varieties inoculated with Rhizobium recorded the Parameters of Cowpea
highest shoot biomass as compared with the non-
inoculated. Most of the agronomic characters of growth The results of this study showed that the measured growth
and yield components were improved by rhizobium variables differed among cowpea varieties in response to
inoculation and performed better over the non-inoculated. the watering regimes imposed. The enhancement of vines,
The result shows that rhizobial inoculation did not number of leaves, and seed yield by heavier watering (may
significantly improve nodule number, nodule size and be attributed to higher moisture content in the crop root
nodule length among the cowpea varieties evaluated. zone). This observation is consistent with reports of
Henson et al., (2007), Majumder (2010) and Agele et al.,
Interaction Effect of Variety and Watering Regime on (2012), which stated that when adequate water is
Growth and Yield of Cowpea available, plant cells remain turgid and plants retain their
form, structure and function. In addition, Khalil and El-
The interaction effect shows significant difference among Noemani (2012) and Bahreininejad et al., (2013) stated
all the measured parameters. There were no significant that, water stress reduces plant growth through inhibition
difference in size and length of nodules, days to 50% of various physiological and biochemical processes such
flowering, harvest index and chlorophyll concentration as photosynthesis, respiration, translocation, ion uptake,
among the tested cowpea varieties evaluated. The result carbohydrates, nutrient metabolism and hormones. This is
also shows that Ife Brown performed better under 900ml also supported by Ullah et al., (2020) who stated that Algal
of water while Oloyin Brown and IT98K-573-2-1 performed biochar had a pronounced effect on Rhizobacteria which
significantly better under the 900ml and 700ml of water. promoted growth and yield of maize under limiting water
conditions. The cowpea varieties that were watered
Interaction Effect of Variety and Rhizobia Inoculation heavily with 900ml produced higher vine length, number of
on Growth and Yield of Cowpea leaves, shoot weights and gave higher seed yields when
compared with the 700ml and 500ml of water. This result
Rhizobium inoculation significantly increased vigor and further confirms how essential water is to growth and
seed yield of cowpea. Higher number of leaves shoot development of cowpea, a crop sensitive to water deficit
biomass, leaf area and seed yield were obtained from (Henson et al., 2007, Majumder, 2010, Agele et al., 2012).
rhizobial inoculation (Table 6). The result shows that
rhizobial inoculation did not significantly improve number Effects of rhizobial inoculation on growth characters
of nodules, size of nodules and length of nodules among of cowpea
cowpea varieties evaluated. There was no significant
difference on rhizobia inoculation for vine length on Ife The cowpea varieties responded differently to rhizobial
Brown, IT98K-573-2-1 and IT98K-610 while the inoculation. The rhizobial inoculated plants had enhanced
application of rhizobia inoculation did not have any positive growth compared with the non – inoculated. These results
effect on size of nodules, length of nodules, days to 50% agree with the findings of Sakthivel and Soremi, (1987),
flowering, 100 seed weight, harvex index and chlorophyll Ashrafuzzaman et al., (2009), and Isahak et al., (2012)
concentration for all the tested cowpea varieties. who stated that bio-fertilizers significantly improved crop
Conversely, the number of leaves and branches, the growth by increasing fixation (nitrogen) and uptake (P) of
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties to Inoculum (Mesorhizobium loti) under Different Watering Regimes
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 681
soil nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus which stress. Graham (2002) stated that mild water stress and
influenced plant growth and significantly enhanced plant rhizobium inoculation enhanced growth than the non-
height and photosynthetic rate. Similarly, Chi et al., (2005) inoculated. This was consistent with the work of Osunubi
obtained up to 23-63% increases in plant height of and Mulongong, (1992) who reported that rhizobial
inoculated rice over the non – inoculated. The authors inoculation enhanced leaf development. Some of the
argued that indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin measured growth parameters of cowpea seedlings in this
production were the key mechanisms for the observed study were promoted by rhizobium inoculation. The
growth improvement. Furthermore, the results of this study highest number of pods/plant, number of seeds per pod
also agrees with the findings of Dar and Bali, (2007) who and number of nodule was obtained from inoculated
stated that application of bio fertilizer improved leaf species which was significantly higher than the non-
development in crops. With respect to plant biomass, inoculated crops. This result is in agreement with Shu-Jie
cowpea plants inoculated exhibited significant et al., (2007) and Agele et al (2017) who reported that the
performance over the non- inoculated. The beneficial number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and
effect on host plant by rhizobium inoculation may be seed yield were significantly increased by rhizobia
associated with improved plant nutrition. Furthermore, inoculation .This may be attributed to the symbiotic
Hussain et al., (2020) opined that maize production can be relationship between rhizobia and crop root zone (bacteria
increased by the addition of bio-activated organic fertilizer and root system of legumes). The nodule contained in
enriched with zinc solibilizing bacteria. roots fix atmospheric nitrogen into the roots which
improves crop yield .This is in agreement with Dashti et al.,
Accordingly, these authors Ditta et al., (2018 & 2015), Ditta (1995), Ditta et al., (2018 & 2015), Ditta &Khalid, (2016)
& Khalid, (2016), who worked on rock phosphate opined who reported that phosphorus and rhizobium inoculation
that enriched organic fertilizer with phosphate solibilizing has a pronounced effect on yield and that number of pods
micro-organisms improved nodulation, growth and yield of per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed yield were
legume crops. Their combined work was supported by Zeb significantly increased by different levels of rhizobia
et al., (2018) who stressed that bacteria improved yield inoculation. In this study, there were significant (P < 0.05)
and Zn-fortification in flooded rice. Findings from this study interactions of rhizobial inoculation and watering regime on
showed that rhizobia inoculation did not significantly growth characteristics which includes leaf area, number of
improve nodule length and size among cowpea varieties. nodules and shoot weight on yield of inoculated cowpea.
In this study, plant nodulation was positively correlated In addition, Hamidou et al., (2007) stated that water stress
with biomass production. Furthermore, Rapela and reduces plant growth through inhibition of various
Saxena, (1987) stated that, the nodules of annual plants physiological and biochemical processes, such as
tend to die at flowering and seed set presumably because photosynthesis, respiration, translocation, ion uptake,
at this time, flowers and developing seeds are the major carbohydrates, nutrient metabolism, and hormones. This
sinks of the resources thus causing nodule disintegration. is also supported by (Sarfraz et al., (2019). The results
Poor inoculants viability, inadequate soil mineral nitrogen, further showed that watering regime significantly affected
incompatibility of the inoculants strain with specific cowpea nodule number in all tested varieties. Soil moisture deficit
variety or the presence of highly competitive native stress conditions promote early flowering and maturity in
rhizobia that restricted occupancy of the nodules by the crops. The reduction in leaf area and biomass
inoculants strains are factors which affected legume accumulation, pod and seed yields were obtained under
response to rhizobium inoculation (George et al.,2007). In 500ml water applications.
his work on rhizobacteria, Sarfraz et al., (2019) opined that
growth- promoting Rhizobacteria can enhance carbon The results of this study confirmed that cowpea seedlings
sequestration and boost crop growth. This accounted for cannot withstand soil moisture deficit stress as was
the increased growth in cowpea varieties under rhizobial obtained for seedlings that were watered at 500ml. (Kulac
inoculation. et al., 2012). The 500 ml watering was characterized by
high intensity of soil and air moisture deficits. These
Interaction between Variety, Watering Regime and conditions have implications for survival and
Rhizobium Inoculation on the Performance of Cowpea establishment of seedlings. Plants exposed to soil water
deficit, exhibited a number of physiological responses in
The interaction effect in Table 5 shows that the an effort to survive stress. These include closing of
performance of cowpea was influenced by watering stomata and arresting cellular growth (Kulac et al., 2012).
regime and rhizobial inoculation. Seedling species that If water stress is not alleviated, plants will close stomata
were subjected to 900ml and 700ml of water under and shut down photosynthesis, carbon assimilation, and
rhizobium inoculation had enhanced growth. These normal metabolism (Kulac et al., 2012). These responses
findings supported the observations of Read and Boyd means that plants growing under water stress will end up
(1986) and Shinkafi (2000) who reported that Rhizobium smaller and poorer in vigor. Low soil moisture stress
inoculation increased soil water extraction and root reduces leaf area, number of leaves and branches in
development. Ali et al (2004), stressed that leaf cowpea varieties as reported by (Sarfraz et al., (2019).
emergence rate is the most sensitive parameter to drought
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties to Inoculum (Mesorhizobium loti) under Different Watering Regimes
Oyewusi et al. 682
Table 2: Effects of Variety on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Cowpea
Varieties Vine Number Number Number Size of Length Shoot Leaf Days No No No 100 Seed Harvex Chlorophyll Crude
length of of of nodules of wt area to of of of Seed Yield Index Conc. protein
(cm) leaves branches Nodules (g) nodules (g) (cm3) 50% ped pods/ seeds/ Wt (kg/ha) (Mg/100g) (%)
(6WAP (6WAP) (6WAP) (cm) Flo plant pod (g)
IT98K- 37.1d 36.1d 5.2a 6.6a 0.8a 0.6a 41.0b 293.9b 39ab 9a 7a 5a 15.3a 5.2b 0.10a 0.50a 22.9b
205-8
Ife Brown 41.4c 52.9b 5.4a 4.2a 1.1a 0.9a 14.3c 273.1b 41ab 9a 6a 6a 15.2a 7.3b 0.50a 0.40a 26.9a
Oloyin 56.5a 42.7c 6.3a 5.6a 1.0a 1.1a 49.4b 377.8a 51a 8a 9a 7a 17.4a 13.5a 0.20a 0.70a 24.5a
Brown
IT98K- 51.9b 53.8b 5.7a 7.7a 0.8a 0.6a 114a 293.4b 43ab 10a 8a 9a 14.6a 11.2a 0.10a 0.50a 20.8b
573-2-1
IT96D- 59.4a 67.6a 4.5a 7.4a 0.9a 0.9a 106a 344.3a 43ab 7a 6a 6a 12.4ab 4.9b 0.04a 0.60a 21.4b
610
Means along the column bearing same superscript are not significantly different DMRT (p<0.05)(WAP) Weeks after planting. (Days to
50% flo) - Days to 50% flowering,(No of Ped) - Number of peduncles. (Chlorophyll conc) - Chlorophyll concentration
Table 3: Effect of Watering Regime (WR) on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Cowpea Varieties
Varieties WR Vine Number Number Number Size of Length Shoot Leaf Days No No No 100 Seed Harvex Chlorophyll Crude
Length of of of nodules of wt area to of of of Seed Yield Index Concen- Protein
(6WAP) leaves branches nodules (g) nodules (g) 3
(cm ) 50% ped pods/ seeds/ Wt (kg/ha) tration (%)
(cm) (6WAP) (6WAP) (cm) Flo plant pod (g) (Mg/100g)
IT98K- 205-8 900 32.9bc 46.7b 5.5a 9.7a 1.2 a 0.8 a b
49.8 313.4 ab 39ab 11a 9a 5a 16.2a 6.79ab 0.133a 0.977a 26.25ab
700 31.0bc 53.0ab 5.3a 7.0a 0.8a 0.6a 47.0b 346.7ab 40ab 10a 7a 7a 16.0a 7.50ab 0.177a 0.150a 22.56ab
500 47.5b 50.7ab 4.9a 3.0ab 0.4a 0.4a 26.2cd 221.8b 37 ab 7 a 4 ab 4 ab a
13.8 2.04 ab a
0.097 0.383 a 19.75b
Ife Brown 900 43.0b 68.0a 6.7a 6.0a 1.3a 1.2a 19.8cd 495.6a 40ab 8a 7a 8a 17.0a 9.52a 0.675a 0.810a 28.27ab
700 39.7bc 50.7ab 4.5a 4.7ab 1.1a 0.8a 11.6cd 325.7b 43 ab 10 6a ab 5 a a
15.8 4.49 ab a
0.413 0.317 a 39.99a
500 40.6b 40.0b 4.9a 2.0ab 1.0a 0.6a 11.5cd 297.9b 41ab 8a 6ab 6a 12.7a 4.13ab 0.376a 0.120a 12.54c
Oloyin Brown 900 48.5b 54.0ab 6.5a 8.7a 1.3a 1.4a b
54.0 399.9 ab 55a 8a 6ab 7a 16.7a 14.2a 0.077a 0.970a 28.62ab
700 51.1ab 41.5b 6.0a 5.0a 1.0a 1.3a b
50.2 415.4 a 50a 9a 9a 7a 17.7a 11.1a 0.263a 0.790a 20.49ab
500 69.8a 32.7bc 6.5a 3.0ab 0.8a 0.6a 44.0b 318.0b 48ab 7a
12a 6a 17.9a 6.98ab 0.178a 0.197a 24.45ab
IT98K- 573-2-1 900 37.8bc 61.0ab 6.0a 9.7a 1.2a 0.8a 96.3ab 382.5a 46ab 11 7a
a 10a 15.8a 12.1a 0.154a 0.717a 23.78ab
700 48.7b 51.7ab 5.5a 8.7a 0.8a 0.5a 145.0a 233.4b 43ab 10a 10a 8a 14.8a 11.4a 0.043a 0.677a 19.12b
500 69.2a 48.7b 5.7a 4.7ab 0.5a 0.6a 102ab 264.3b 40ab 8a 6ab 9a 13.1a 6.84ab 0.072a 0.180a 19.37b
IT96D- 610 900 51.5ab 77.7a 5.5a 8.7a 1.2a 1.2a 96.2ab 447.6a 46ab 9a 6ab 7a 13.0a 5.48ab 0.070a 0.657a 21.83ab
700 59.8ab 68.0a 4.3a 8.7a 1.2a 0.8a 117ab 322.8ab 44ab 7a 6ab 4ab 12.1a 4.45ab 0.053a 0.767a 19.56b
500 67.0a 57.0ab 3.7b 4.7ab 0.5a 0.6a 106ab 262.5b 39ab 4ab 6ab 7a 12.1a 3.8ab 0.017a 0.277a 22.71ab
Means along the column bearing same superscript are not significantly different DMRT (p<0.05)* significant, ns not significant at (p<0.05) (WR)
-Watering regime (WAP) - Weeks after planting (No of Ped) - No of peduncles. (Days to 50% flo) - Days to 50% flowering
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties to Inoculum (Mesorhizobium loti) under Different Watering Regimes
Int. J. Plant. Breed. Crop Sci. 683
Table 4: Effects of Rhizobial Inoculation (RI) on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Cowpea Varieties
Variety RI Vine length Number Number of Number of Size of Length of Shoot Leaf Days No No of No of 100 Seed Harvex Chloro Crude
(6WAP) of leaves branches nodules nodules nodules weight area to 50% of pods/ Seeds/ Seed Yield Index Conc Protein
(cm) (WAP) (WAP) (g) (cm) (g) (cm3) flo Ped plant Pod Weight (g) (kg/ha) (Mg/100g) (%)
IT98K-205-8 + 37.8a 57.0a 5.0a 6.7a 1.5a 1.5a 30.6a 258.3b 42a 9b 10a 11a 15.8a 19.2a 0.30a 0.70a 35.9a
_ 32.9b 46.7b 5.5a 9.7a 1.2a 0.8a 49.8b 313.4a 39b 11a 9a 5b 16.2a 6.5b 0.13a 0.98a 26.3b
Ife Brown + 39.1a 86.8a 6.0a 6.0a 1.5a 1.8a 36.3a 442.0a 45a 10a 10a 9a 18.9a 17.7a 0.49a 0.94a 42.4a
_ 43.0ab 68.0b 6.7a 6.0a 1.3a 1.2a 19.8b 495.6a 40b 8a 7a 8a 17.0a 13.3b 0.68a 0.81a 28.3b
Oloyin Brown + 51.0a 78.0a 6.5a 7.7a 2.0a 2.5a 61.15a 496.6a 55a 12a 14a 10a 17.8a 10.1b 0.14a 0.66a 26.2a
_ 48.5b 54.0b 6.5a 8.7a 1.3a 1.4a 54.0b 399.9b 55a 8b 6b 7a 16.7a 14.2a 0.07a 0.97a 28.6a
IT98K-573-2-1 + 36.2a 50.7b 7.0a 10.7a 1.6a 1.4a 179.7a 222.9b 46a 13a 13a 12a 19.5a 23.9a 0.13a 0.85a 38.9a
_ 37.8a 61.0a 6.0a 9.7a 1.2a 0.8a 96.3b 382.5a 46a 11b 7b 10a 15.8a 11.8b 0.154a 0.72a 23.8b
IT96D-610 + 53.0a 80.0a 6.5a 6.7a 1.6a 177.8a 1.5a 460.5a 46a 8a 8a 8a 15.4a 9.4a 0.05a 0.65a 41.2a
_ 51.5a 77.7 a 5.5a 8.7a 1.2a 1.2a 96.2b 447.6b 46a 9a 6a 7a 13.0a 6.5b 0.07a 0.66a 21.8b
Means along the column bearing same superscript are not significantly different DMRT (p<0.05) (WAP) - Weeks after planting, (RI) - Rhizobium inoculation.(Days to 50% flow) -
Days to 50% flowering. (No of ped)- No of peduncles. (Chloro Conc) - Chlorophyll concentration
Table 5: Interaction Effects of Variety and Watering Regime on Growth, Yield and Yield Components on Cowpea Performance
Varieties WR Vine Length Number Number of Number of Size of Length of Shoot Leaf Days to No No of No of 100 Seed HI Chloro Crude
(cm) of leaves branches nodules nodules nodules weight area 5o% flo of pods/ Seeds/ Seed Yield Conc protein
(6WAP) (6WAP) (6WAP) (g) (cm) (g) (cm )3 ped plant pod Weight (g) (kg/ha (Mg/100g) (%)
IT98K-205-8 900 32.9bc 46.7b 5.5 9.7a 1.2a 0.8a 49.8b 313.4ab 39ab 11a 9a 5a 16.2a 6.79ab 0.13a 0.97a 26.2ab
700 31.0bc 53.0ab 5.3a 7.0a 0.8a 0.6 a 47.0 b ab
346.7 40 ab 10 a 7a 7a 16.0a 7.50ab 0.17a 0.15a 22.5ab
ab a
500 47.5b 50.7 4.9 3.0ab 0.4a 0.4a 26.2cd 221.8b 37ab 7a 4ab 4ab 13.8a 2.04ab 0.09a 0.38a 19.7b
Ife Brown 900 43.0b 68.0a 6.7a 6.0a 1.3a 1.2 a 19.8 cd a
495.6 40 ab 8a 7a 8a 17.0a 9.52a 0.67a 0.81a 28.2ab
700 39.7bc 50.7ab 4.5a 4.7ab 1.1a 0.8a 11.6cd 325.7b 43ab 10a 6ab 5a 15.8a 4.49ab 0.41a 0.31a 39.9a
b a
500 40.6b 40.0 4.9 2.0ab 1.0a 0.6a 11.5cd 297.9b 41ab 8a 6ab 6a 12.7a 4.13ab 0.37a 0.12a 12.5c
Oloyin Brown 900 48.5b 54.0ab 6.5a 8.7a 1.3a 1.4a 54.0b 399.9ab 55a 8a 6ab 7a 16.7a 14.2a 0.07a 0.97a 28.6ab
700 51.1ab 41.5b 6.0a 5.0a 1.0a 1.3a 50.2b 415.4a 50a 9a 9a 7a 17.7a 11.1a 0.26a 0.79a 20.4ab
500 69.8a 32.7bc 6.5a 3.0ab 0.8a 0.6a 44.0b 318.0b 48ab 7a 12a 6a 17.9a 6.89ab 0.17a 0.19a 24.45ab
IT98K-573-2-1 900 37.8bc 61.0ab 6.0a 9.7a 1.2a 0.8a 96.3ab 382.5a 46ab 11a 7a 10a 15.8a 12.1a 0.15a 0.71a 23.7ab
700 48.7b 51.7ab 5.5a 8.7a 0.8a 0.5a 145a 233.4b 43ab 10a 10a 8a 14.8a 11.4a 0.04a 0.67a 19.1b
500 69.2a 48.7b 5.7a 4.7ab 0.5a 0.6a
264.3b 40ab 102ab 8a 6ab 9a 13.1a 6.84ab 0.07a 0.18a 19.3b
IT96D-610 900 51.5ab 77.7a 5.5a 8.7a 1.2a 1.2a 96.2ab 447.6a 46ab 9a 6ab 7a 13.0a 5.48ab 0.07a 0.65a 21.8ab
700 ab a a a a a ab ab ab a ab ab a
59.8 68.0 4.3 8.7 1.2 0.8 117 322.8 44 7 6 4 12.1 4.45ab 0.05a 0.76a 19.5b
Variety (Var) 500 67.0a 57.0ab 3.7b 4.7ab 2.5 0.5a 0.6a 106ab 262.5b 39ab 4ab 6ab 7a 12.1a 3.8ab 0.01a 0.27a 22.7ab
9.30 11.2 8.3 0.4 0.5 16.5 21.4 8.5 3.0 2.2 2.3 4.5 0.11 0.20 0.30 3.5
WR 12.2 8.20 1.3 3.1 0.3 0.3 12.7 36.2 2.3 4.1 3.4 2.1 3.5 2.40 0.09 0.05 8.3
Var x WR * * * * ns ns * * ns * * * ns * ns Ns *
Means along the column bearing same superscript are not significantly different DMRT (p<0.05) (WR) Watering regime. (WAP) Weeks after planting
(No of Ped) - Number of peduncles. (Days to 50% flo)- Days to50% flowering.(HI) - Harvex index. (Chloro conc) - Chlorophyll concentration (*) - significant (ns) - not
significant ns
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties to Inoculum (Mesorhizobium loti) under Different Watering Regimes
Oyewusi et al. 684
Table 6: Interaction Effects of Variety and Rhizobial Inoculation on Growth, Yield and Yield Components on Cowpea Performance
Varieties RI Vine Number Number Number Size of Length Shoot Leaf Days No No of No of 100 Seed Harvest Chlro Crude
length of of of nodules of weight area to 50% of pods/ Seeds/ Seed yield Index Conc Protein
(6WAP) leaves branches nodules (g) nodules (g) (cm3) flo ped plant pod weight (kg/ha) (Mg/100g) (%)
(cm) (6WAP) (6WAP) (cm) (g)
IT98K-205-8 + 37.8a 57.0a 5.0a 6.7a 1.5a 1.5a 30.6a 258.3b 42a 9b 10a 11a 15.8a 19.2a 0.30a 0.70a 35.9a
_ 32.9 b 46.7 b 5.5a 9.7a 1.2 a 0.8a 49.8 b a
313.4 39 b 11 9a a 5 b 16.2 a 6.5b 0.13a 0.98 a 26.3b
Ife Brown + 39.1 ab 86.8 a 6.0a 6.0a 1.5 a 1.8a 36.3 a a
442.0 45 a a
10 10 a 9 a 18.9 a 17.7 a 0.49a 0.94 a 42.4a
_ 43.0 a 68.0 b 6.7a 6.0a 1.3 a 1.2a 19.8 b a
495.6 40 b 8 a 7 a 8 a 17.0 a 13.3 b 0.68a 0.81a 28.3b
Oloyin Brown + 51.0 a 78.0 a 6.5a 7.7a 2.0 a 2.5a 61.1 a a
496.6 55 a a
12 14 a 10 a 17.8 a 10.0 b 0.14a 0.66 a 26.2a
_ 48.5 b 54.0 b 6.5a 8.7a 1.3 a 1.4a 54.0 b b
399.9 55 a 8 b 6 b 7 a 16.7 a 14.2 a a
0.077 0.97 a 28.6a
IT98K-573-2-1 + 36.2 a 50.7 b 7.0a 10.7 a 1.6 a 1.4a a
179.7 222.9 46b a a
13 13 a 12 a 19.5 a 23.9 a 0.13a 0.85 a 38.9a
_ 37.8 a 61.0 a 6.0a 9.7a 1.2 a 0.8a 96.3 b a
382.5 46 a 11 7b b 10 a 15.8 a 11.8 b 0.15a 0.72 a 23.8b
IT96D-610 + 53.0 a 80.0 a 6.5a 6.7a 1.6 a 1.5a a
177.8 460.5 46a a 8 a 8 a 8 a 15.4 a 9.4a 0.05a 0.65 a 41.2a
_ 51.5 a 77.7 a 5.5a 8.7a 1.2 a 1.2a 96.2 b b
447.6 46 a 9 a 6 a 7 a 13.0 a 6.5b 0.07a 0.66 a 21.8b
Variety (Var) 9.30 11.2 8.3 2.5 0.4 0.5 16.5 21.4 8.5 3.0 2.2 2.3 4.5 0.11 0.20 0.30 3.5
RI 9.2 12.0 1.3 1.5 0.3 0.3 11.9 46.2 1.3 2.1 4.4 3.1 2.5 6.40 0.09 0.05 11.3
Var x RI Ns * Ns ns ns ns * * ns * * * ns * ns ns *
Means along the column bearing same superscript are not significantly different DMRT (p<0.05) RI) - Rhizobial inoculation (WAP) - Weeks after
planting. (Days to 50% flo) – Days to 50% flowering. (No of Ped) - Number of peduncles. (Chloro conc) - Chlorophyll concentration (*) - Significant-
(ns) - not significant at (p<0.05)
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties to Inoculum (Mesorhizobium loti) under Different Watering Regimes
Int. J. Plant. Breed. Crop Sci. 685
Table 7: Interaction Effects of Variety, Watering Regime and Rhizobial Inoculation on Cowpea Performance
Varieties VL NOL NOB NON SON LON Shoot Leaf Days to No of No of No of 100 Seed Harvex CC Crude
(6WAP) (6WAP) (6WAP) (g) (g) weight area 50% ped pods Seeds seed yield Index (Mg/100g) protein
(cm) (g) (cm3) Flow weight (g) (kg/ha) (%)
IT98K-205-8 37.1d 36.1d 5.2a 6.6a 0.8a 0.6a 41.0c 293.9b 39ab 9.0a 7.0a 5.0a 15.3a 5.2ab 0.10a 0.50a 22.9ab
Ife Brown Oloyin a
41.4c 52.9b 5.4a 4.2a 1.1a 0.9a 14.3d 273.1b 41ab 51 9.0
a 6.0a 6.0a 15.2a 7.3ab 0.50a 0.40a 26.9a
Brown IT98K-573-2-1
IT96D-610 56.5a 42.7c 6.3a 5.6a 1.0a 1.1a 49.4b 377.8a 43ab 8.0a 9.0a 7.0a 17.4a 13.5a 0.20a 0.70a 24.5a
Watering 900ml 700ml 51.9b 53.8b 5.7a 7.7a a 0.6a 114a 293.4b 43ab 10.0a 8.0a 9.0a 14.6a 11.2a 0.10a 0.50a 20.8ab
500ml a
59.4a 67.6a 4.5a 7.4a 0.9a 106a 344.3a 7.0a 6.0a 6.0a 12.4a 4.9ab 0.04a 0.60a 21.4ab
45a 44a
Rhizobial Non-inocul a
42.7a 61.5a 6.0a 8.6a 1.2 1.2a 63.2b 407.8 a 41ab 9.4a 7.0a 7.4a 15.7a 9.6a 0.22a 0.83a 25.8a
a
Variety (Var) Watering 44.3
a 52.4ab 5.1a 6.8a 1.0 0.8a 74.2ab 328.8b 9.2a 8.0a 6.2a 15.3a 7.8ab 0.19a 0.54a 24.3a
a a 45a
Reg Rhizobial 29.9ab 45.8ab 5.1a 4.4ab 0.6 0.6a 57.9b 272.9 c 47 6.8a 7.0a 6.4a 13.9a 5.7b 0.15a 0.23a 19.8ab
a 45
43.4a 66.7a 6.2a 8.6a 1.6 1.7a 97.1a 376.9b 10a 11a 10a 17.5a 16.1a 0.22a 0.76a 36.9a
a 2.3
42.7a 61.3ab 6.0a 7.6a 1.2 1.1a 63.2b 407.8a 1.3 9.4a 7ab 7.4ab 15.7a 10.5b 0.22a 0.83a 25.8b
34.1 61.5 7.2 8.6 1.2 1.1 63.2 407.8 9.4 7.0 8.2
0.3 15.7 10.5 0.22 0.83 25.8
12.2 8.20 1.3 3.1 0.3 12.7 36.2 4.1 3.4 2.1 3.50 2.40 0.09 0.05 8.30
9.2 12.0 1.3 1.5 0.3 0.3 11.9 46.2 2.1 4.4 3.1 6.40 0.09 0.05 11.3
2.50
Var x WR Var x RHI * ns * * ns * ns ns ns ns ns * * ns ns ns * * * * ns ns ns ns ns * ns ns ns
Var WR x RHI * * * * ns ns * * * * * * ns *
* * * * * * * *
Means along the column bearing same superscript are not significantly different DMRT (P0.05) (WAP) - Weeks after planting.(VL) - Vine length.
(NOB) - Number of branches. (NOL) - Number of leaves. (NON) - Number of nodules. (SON) - Size of nodules. (LON) - Length of nodules. (Days to
flow) - Days to 50% flowering, (No of Ped) - Number of peduncles. (CC) - Chlorophyll concentration. (WR) - Watering Régime. (Non-inocul) - Non-
inoculation
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties to Inoculum (Mesorhizobium loti) under Different Watering Regimes
Oyewusi et al. 686
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Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties to Inoculum (Mesorhizobium loti) under Different Watering Regimes
Oyewusi et al. 688
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties to Inoculum (Mesorhizobium loti) under Different Watering Regimes