1

KOYA UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department
Production Engineering ,
3rd stage

CHAPTER FOUR:
DRILL STEM TEST (DST)

BSc Petroleum Engineering – Koya University July 2010

MSc Petroleum Engineering- Teesside Uni. United Kingdom October 2013 Sarhad Ahmed
Petroleum Production Engineering Sarhad.ahmed@koya.edu.iq
Member of Society of Petroleum Engineer (SPE), Onepetro access
 Drill stem Test (DST)
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Example: HW
A new oil well produced 123 STB/day for 97.6 hrs; it then was shut-in for a pressure
build-up test, during which the data in table below were recorded. Δt = 12 hrs, 𝑝𝑤𝑓 =
4506 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑷𝐰𝒇 𝐟 psi ∆𝒕𝒇 hr

Determine the following: 4506 0

• Pi 4675 0.5
4705 0.66
• 𝑘𝑜 , 𝜇o =1 cp, 𝐵𝑜 = 1.22 RB/STB, Net Pay thickness = 20 ft
4733 1
• FE
4750 1.5
• 𝑟𝑖 , ∅ = 20%, 𝑐𝑡 =20 × 10−6 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 , 𝑟𝑤 = 0.3 𝑓𝑡. 4757 2
4761 2.5
• ANS: 4763 3
• 1- 4800 psi 4766 4
• 2- 50 md 4770 6

• 3- 0.56 4773 8

• 4- 1134 ft 4775 10
4777 12
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Example 2:
A recorded DST data: 𝑷𝐰𝒇 𝐟 psi ∆𝒕𝒇
Where, thickness of testing formation = 50 ft, Section length of produce
hr
oil = 600 ft (stem testing) and Stem testing assembly consist of :
1. Drill collar pipe 965 5
length = 300 ft,
capacity = 0.0061 bbl/ft 1215 10
2. Drill pipe 1405 15
capacity = 0.0142 bbl/ft
1590 20
Use the following data:
• Oil API = 35, reservoir temperature = 120 ˚F, 1685 25
• Initial shut in;
𝑡𝑝𝑖 = 5 min, ∆𝑡𝑖 = 30 min, 𝑃𝑤𝑠𝑖 = 1910 psi
1725 30
• Final Shut in; 1740 35
𝑡𝑝𝑓 = 60 min, ∆𝑡𝑓 = 45 min, 𝑃𝑤𝑠𝑓 1765 psi
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑓= 350 psi, 1753 40

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Example 2:

Determine the following: 𝑷𝐰𝒇 𝐟 psi ∆𝒕𝒇

• Pi hr
• 𝑞𝑜 965 5
• 𝑘𝑜 , when, 𝜇o =1.5 cp, 𝐵𝑜 = 1.15 RB/STB, Net Pay thickness
= 10 ft 1215 10
• FE 1405 15
• 𝑟𝑖 , when ∅ = 10%, 𝑐𝑡 =8.4 × 10−6 , 𝑟𝑤 = 0.33 𝑓𝑡.
1590 20
1685 25
1725 30
1740 35
1753 40

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Solution:
To solve this, follow the below steps:
𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡
1. Plot 𝑃𝑤𝑠 vs on Simi-log paper, then delineate the straight line from MTR is called the
∆𝑡
𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡
Correct semi-log straight line to intercept it with ∆𝑡 = 1 , to determine Pi = 1910 psi.
2. Total produce oil rise in drilling pipe =600 ft during 65 min flowing time, then;
• Oil volume in drill collar pipe= 300 × 0.0061 = 1.83 bbl.
• Oil volume in drill pipe= 300 × 0.0142 = 4.26 bbl.
• Total oil volume produce = 1.83+4.26 = 6.09 bbl
• Then:
6.09𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑏𝑙
𝑞𝑜 = 65𝑚𝑛 × 1440 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 135 𝑑𝑎𝑦
3. By slope of straight line,
𝑞 𝜇𝑜 𝐵𝑜
𝑘𝑜 = 162.6 𝑜ℎ𝑚
135×1.51.15
𝑘𝑜 = 162.6 = 10.6md
10×356

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Solution:
4. Determine FE:
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑘𝑡𝑝
𝑠 = 1.151 − log ൘ + 3.23
𝑚 2
∅𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 𝑤
65
1910−350 10.6 ×(60)
𝑠 = 1.151 − log ൗ + 3.23 = -0.35
356 0.1×1.5×0.3332 ×8.4×10−6

135 × 1.5 × 1.15

∆𝑃𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 = 141.2 × −0.35 = −109 𝑝𝑠𝑖
10.6 × 10
1910 − 350 − (−109)
𝐹𝐸 = = 1.07
1910 − 350
5. Radius of investigation 1
𝑘𝑜 𝑡𝑝 2
𝑟𝑖 =
948 ∅𝜇𝑐𝑡
1
10.6 × 65 2
𝑟𝑖 = = 760𝑓𝑡
948 × 0.1 × 1.5 × 8.4 × 10−6

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Solution:
6. Drawing:
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑓 psi ∆𝑡𝑓 hr 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
∆𝑡
965 5 14
1215 10 7.5
1405 15 5.333
1590 20 4.25
1685 25 3.6
1725 30 3.167
1740 35 2.857
1753 40 2.625
1765 45 2.444

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Solution:
6. Drawing:

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Checking Validity and Consistency of Reporting

DST Data

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Checking Validity and Consistency of Reporting DST Data

To check the recorded (DST) data, follow these steps:
1. Calculate the hydrostatic mud pressure and check against the recorded initial and
final hydrostatic mud pressures by using the following equations:
𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝑰𝒃 𝒇𝒕
𝑴𝒖𝒅 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝑮𝑹 = × 𝒎𝒖𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒆𝒈𝒉𝒕
𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 𝒈𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝒇𝒕
𝑯𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐥 𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐡 𝐟𝐭 × 𝑴𝑮𝑹 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝒑𝒔𝒊
2. Check with the reported mud weight;
3. Check accuracy of Pi [estimated from extrapolated MTR line of the second shut-in to
𝒕𝒑 +𝑨𝒕
( = 𝟏)
𝑨𝒕

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Checking Validity and Consistency of Reporting DST Data

To calculate the initial flow rate (DST), follow these steps:

4. Estimation of Average Flow Rate

• Estimate feet of mud, FOM, as
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑡 − 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝐹𝑂𝑀 =
𝑀𝐺𝑅
• Calculate capacity of the drill collar, CDR, as
𝜌 𝑏𝑏𝑙
𝐶𝐷𝑅 = 𝐶𝑆
144 𝑓𝑡
Where:
𝐴𝑤𝑏 (𝑓𝑡 2 )
𝐶𝑠 = 25.65 × = 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜌 (𝐼𝑏ൗ 3 )
𝑓𝑡
2
𝐴𝑤𝑏 (𝑓𝑡 2 ) = 𝜋𝑟 𝑝 𝑓𝑡 2
141.5
𝜌 = fluid density (Ib/𝑓𝑡 3 ) =
131.5+𝐴𝑃𝐼
𝑟𝑝 = 𝐼𝐷 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑡

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 Drill stem Test (DST)
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Estimation of Average Flow Rate

4. Check a recorded flow rate

• Estimate fluid produced from formation, FPF, as:

𝐹𝑃𝐹 = 𝐶𝐷𝑅 × 𝐹𝑂𝑀 (𝑓𝑡)

• Calculate initial flow rate:

𝐹𝑃𝐹 𝑠𝑡𝑏
𝑞𝑖 =
1440𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ( )
𝑑𝑎𝑦

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Example : HW
A DST was conducted on an oil well. The following information was
reported by the DST Company. The pressure buildup data are given in
Tables below in two different period with 370 STB/day, Answer the
following:

• Check validity and consistency of reported DST data

• Determine:
• Formation permeability, k
• Skin factor and pressure drop due to skin
• Initial reservoir pressure
• Flow efficiency
• Radius of investigation
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Example 3:
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Test Type Open holw API 36.87
Hole size 7.88 inches Total Compressibility 8 × 10−6 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1
Pipe length 240 ft Bo 1.215 RB/STB
Diameter of collar 4.5 inch Vu 0.0197 bbl/ft
Reservoir Pressure 2560 psi 𝜌𝑜 52.78 Ib/ft3
P at end of first flow period 371 psi Total well depth 6550 ft
Final shut in pressure 1005 psi 𝜌𝑚 7.5 Ib/gal
Pressure at end of second flow 643 psi First flow period 6 min
Final shut in pressure 1969 psi Second flow period 60 min
Initial shut-in pressure 2660 psi Second shut-in period 120 min
Tp1 6 min 𝜇 1.0 cp ∅ 16%
Tp 2 120 min h 17 ft 𝑟𝑤 0.33 ft
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 Drill stem Test (DST)
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Example 3:
First flow period

∆𝑡, ℎ𝑟 𝑃𝑤𝑠 , 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡

∆𝑡
0.000 371
0.050 665 3.00
0.100 672 2.00
0.150 692 1.67
0.200 737 1.50
0.250 786 1.40
0.300 832 1.33
0.350 874 1.29
0.400 919 1.25
0.450 962 1.22
0.500 1005 1.20

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Second flow period Second flow period

∆𝑡, ℎ𝑟 𝑃𝑤𝑠 , 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡, ℎ𝑟 𝑃𝑤𝑠 , 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
0.050 665 41.00 0.850 1289 3.35
0.100 672 21.00 0.900 1318 3.22
0.150 692 14.33 0.950 1361 3.11
0.200 737 11.00 1.000 1395 3.00
0.250 786 9.00 1.050 1430 2.90
0.300 832 7.67 1.100 1467 2.82
0.350 874 6.71 1.150 1499 2.74
0.400 919 6.00 1.400 1536 2.43
0.450 962 5.44 1.600 1580 2.25
0.500 1005 5.00 2.000 1590 2.00
0.550 1046 4.64 2.500 1600 1.80
0.600 1085 4.33 2.800 1610 1.71
0.650 1128 4.08 3.200 1600 1.63
0.700 1170 3.86
0.750 1208 3.67
0.800 1248 3.50
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Reservoir and fluid

Anomaly indications

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Reservoir and fluid anomaly indications

• Many times the assumptions of Horner build-up equation, homogenous
formation, single phase flow and infinite reservoir, do not hold in actual case.
Therefore; if changes occur within the radius of investigation of the DST, they
can be detected by change in slope of the Horner build-up plot.

Permeability or Viscosity- Examining the Horner slope Equation:

Change of Permeability:
• It will change once the pressure travels toward the well-bore is changed, this may
change due to natural lensing and due to formation damage, see figure below.
f
e
d m1 c
𝑃𝑤𝑓
m2
b
a
𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝑙𝑜𝑔
@Koya Uni 2019-2020 DPTE ∆𝑡
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Reservoir and fluid anomaly indications

Change of Viscosity:
• It will change due to change in fluid phase or type i.e.., gas to oil seeing the gas
liquid contact from up-structure would be difficult due to the normally short
radius of investigation through a gas column , see figure below.

f
e
d m1 c
𝑃𝑤𝑓
m2
b
a
𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝑙𝑜𝑔
∆𝑡

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Reservoir and fluid anomaly indications

Barrier:
A sealing barrier such as fault or permeability pinch-out can cause a change in
Horner plot slope, If the barrier is a straight line as A-A’ , see figure below, then the
build-up slope will change by factor of 2.
𝐴
4

2 2𝑚
𝑤 𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑚
𝑟𝑎 1
3
𝑟𝑖

𝐴′ 10 𝑓
𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝑙𝑜𝑔
∆𝑡
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 Drill stem Test (DST)
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Reservoir and fluid anomaly indications

Distance to anomaly
• The distance to anomaly (fault) (ra) whether it be a barrier or change of permeability ,
or a fluid contact can be calculated by the below equation:
𝟏ൗ
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟖 𝒌 ∆𝒕 𝟐
𝒓𝒂 =
∅ 𝝁 𝒄𝒕
4
𝐴
2 2𝑚
𝑃𝑤𝑠 𝑚
1
𝑤
𝑟𝑎 3

𝑟𝑖
10 𝑓
𝐴′ 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝑙𝑜𝑔
∆𝑡

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END OF LECTURE
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