EE328 Power Electronics: Course Books

EE328 Power Electronics
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mutlu BOZTEPE

Ege University, Dept. of E&E
http://www.mutluboztepe.com
Course Books
“Power Electronics”  “Power Electronics Circuits,

Daniel W. Hart Devices and Applications”,
McGraw-Hill, 2011 Muhammed H. Rashid
Prentice Hall, 2003
EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017
1
Course content
 Introduction to power electronics concept, electronic
switches, circuit simulation
EE328 POWER ELECTRONICS
 Power computations, energy recovery, effective (RMS) value,
power computations for non-sinusoidal waveforms
 AC/DC rectifier
– Diodes and uncontrolled rectifiers, half and full wave, single
phase and three phase rectifiers
– Thyristors and controlled rectifiers, half and full wave, single and
three phase controlled rectifiers
 DC/DC converters; Buck, boost, buck-boost and cuk
converters
 DC/AC inverters; single and three phase full bridge PWM
inverters, multilevel inverters
 AC/AC converters, single and three phase AC voltage
controllers, cycloconverter.
Course web page

 https://sites.google.com/site/mutluboztepe/ee328
2
Grading policy
 All reports and assignments must be submitted before due date.
Late submissions will not be accepted.
 Please carefully read the document of “E.Ü. Ölçme ve
Değerlendirme Esasları Yönergesi” at Ege University website.
 Success in laboratory is essential to pass the course.
 Repeat takers must repeat all the activities of the course; i.e.
laboratory section, design project must be repeated.
 Students have to attend at least 70% of classes. Repeat takers are
not liable, provided they have fulfilled this condition before.
 Assessment of the course
Midterm exam (75%)
Midterm&Project score (40%) Design Project (25%)
Lab. score (15%)
Final exam score (45%)
Final grade (100%)
LABORATORY
 8 experiments in total
 You will need a breadboard
for building circuits in
laboratory
 Each student in a group
should study the lab
manual and prepare a
preliminary design report
before coming to laboratory.
 Each group should
prepare an experiment
report until next week.
 Grading:
Preliminary report %25
Practical works %25
Experiment reports %25
Final exam %25
3
Design project
 Objective: The objective of this project is to design,
simulate, build and test a power electronics converter.
 Problem Statement: Design a fully digital
adjustable 0-15V / 2 A DC power supply
based on buck, buck-boost or sepic converter.
– It must have short-circuit protection and
overload protection.
– The power supply should have a display
which indicates, voltage, current and power at the output terminals.
– The output voltage must be digitally adjustable
– Bonus: Adjustable output current limit.
– Bonus: Supervising remotely from a PC or mobile device.
– Test the converter and make sure it fullfills all the design specifications.
 See course website for detailed information about the project.
 The project proposals due date: 07.03.2019.
 Project final report due date: 02.05.2019.
Control of power supply
4
Design project of 2018
 Design a LED stroboscobe Stroboscope
Demo #1
 Selected project video
Demo #2

 Design a USB mobile charger energizing from the car lighter socket
 Sample video #1
 Sample video #2
5
 "Power conditioner design for wind power generator"
Some photos from 2014 year projects

M. BALLI, I.S. UNALMIS, M.GULECYUZ, A.K. COSTU, F.AKKESEN
6
Significant figures (S.F.)
 The significant figures of a number are the number of digits that
make a contribution to its precision.
– All non-zero digits are considered significant. (Ex. 91 has two S.F.)
– Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero digits are significant.
(Ex. 101.1203 has 7 S.F.)
– Leading zeros are not significant. (Ex. 0.00052 has 2 S.F.)
– Trailing zeros in a number containing a decimal point are significant. (ex.
12.2300 has 6 S.F.)
Number S.F.
3 S.F. 0.00342 342 340
3.42 x 10-3 3
2 S.F. 0.00012 0.14 x 102
3.42 x 102 3
5 S.F. 103.45 012.230 101.12
3.40 x 102 3
6 S.F. 0.000122300 12.2300
3.4 x 102 2
In exponential form, the multiplicand has all the precision, the exponent
not!. Therefore the exponent is not considered as S.F.
Calculations with S.F.

 Addition and subtraction: The number of places after a decimal point in
the answer is less than or equal to the smallest number of decimal places of
terms.
 Multiplication and division: The number of S.F. of the result is equal to

smallest S.F. of the terms.
7
Be careful!
 Use at least 3 significant figures for all calculations in the exams.
10 mV
----------- = 3.3  = 3.33 
3 mA Wrong! Correct
 An example to emphasize the importance of S.F..

A student calculation in exam It should be
12 12
Duty  1   0.6 1S.F. !!! Duty  1   0.666 3S.F. !!!
36 36
D(1  D) 2 R D(1  D) 2 R
L L
2f 2f
Error 29.3%
0.6(1  0.6) 210 0.666(1  0.666) 210
 
2.100000 2.100000
 4.8uH  Terribly wrong!  3.71uH  Correct
Be careful!
A student calculation in exam (2018-2019 Fall semester, EES 433)
 Wrong 2 SF!!
 30 
8.15  8.63  I S  e1.848  1
 
8
 I S  4.276 x10
It should be Error 46%

 Correct 3 SF!!
 30.7

8.15  8.63  I S  e 1.848
 1
 
 I S  2.928 x108
8
Outline of lecture
 What is power electronics?

EE328 POWER ELECTRONICS Areas of applications
 Conversion classifications
 Multistep conversion
 Power electronics concept
 Linear or switching operation?
 Electronics switches
– Diodes
– Thyristors, GTOs, MCTs, Triacs
– BJT, MOSFETs, IGBTs
 History of Power electronics
 Switch selection
 Cooling requirements
 Introduction to PSIM simulation
What is power electronics?

 Power electronics is a branch of engineering that combines the
generation, transformation and distribution of electric energy through
electronic means. (Kevin Bai)
 Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics for the
control and conversion of electric power. (Wikipedia)
 In broad terms, the task of power electronics is to process and
control the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and currents
in the form that is optimally suited for user loads. (Mohan et.al.)
 Power electronics combine power, electronics and control.
(M.Rashid)
 Power electronics is the application of static converters to process
and control the electric energy. (Hacı Bodur)
 Power electronics circuits convert electric power from one form to
another using electronic devices. Conversion is done using
electronic switches, capacitors, magnetics, and control systems
(Daniel Hart)
9
Interdisciplinary nature of power electronics
Circuit theory
Control Solid-state
theory physics
Signal
processings
Simulation and
computing
Power
Electronics
Electronics
Electric
machines
Power
Electromagnetics systems
Scope of power electronics

 Applications of power electronics range from high-power conversion
equipment such as dc power transmission to everyday appliances,
such as cordless screwdrivers, power supplies for computers, cell
phone chargers, and hybrid automobiles.
Power Level Example System

miliWatt
0.1-10 W Battery operated equipment

10-100 W Satellite power systems, Offline flyback power supply
100-1 kW Computer power supply, Blender
1-10 kW Electronic welding machine
10-100 kW Electric car, Eddy current braking
100kW-1 MW Micro-SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage)
GigaWatt
10MW-100 MW Magnetic aircraft lunch, Big locomotives, Power distribution

100MW-1 GW Power plant
>1 GW High Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC)
10
Areas of applications (1)
 High frequency power conversion
– DC/DC converters, DC/AC inverters
 Low frequency power conversion
– AC/DC Line rectifiers
 Distributed power systems
 Power devices
 Power transmission
– HVDC
– HVAC
 Power quality
– Power factor correction
– Harmonic reduction
• Passive filtering
• Active filtering
Worlds smallest power converter, Murata Inc.
Areas of applications (2)

 Heating and lighting control
 Induction heating
 Fluorescent lamp ballast
 Motor driver
 Battery chargers
 Electric vehicles, regenerative breaking
 Switching power supplies
 Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
 Electric power transmission
 Automotive electronics (Ignition, alternators)
 Energy storage (Flywheel, super conductor, super capacitor)
 Power conditioning for alternative power sources: Solar cells, Fuel
cells, Wind turbines)
11
PC ATX power supply
Induction heating
12
Induction stoves
Microprocessor voltage regulator
13
Maglev Train
Maglev train video
Electric car
14
Wireless charging of EVs
 Project Title: Design and Optimization
of a Contactless Charging System
for Electric Vehicles
 Supported by Tübitak
 Nominal power: 2 kW
Renewable energy
15
Smart grid
 Electricity grid involves more and more power electronics.
 Penetration rate of non-stable renewable power sources into future
grid can be increased only with smart control strategies by using
suitable power electronics equipments.
Conversion clasification
 According to power conversion type:

– AC input - DC output (rectifier)
• Full wave rectifier
– DC input - AC output (inverter)
• 220VAC/50Hz inverter with battery input
– DC input - DC output (converter)
• Voltage regulator
– AC input - AC output (converter, cycloconverter)
• Dimmer, speed control of induction machine
 According to the power flow direction
– Unidirectional
– Bidirectional
16
AC-DC bidirectional converter
 The instantaneous power flow through the converter can be forward
or backward direction at any instant of time.
 Rectifier operation: The power flows from AC source to the DC
source in forward direction.
 Inverter operation: The power flows from DC source to the AC
source in backward direction.
Multistep conversion
 Power conversion can be a multistep process involving more than
one type of converter.
 For example, an ac-dc-ac conversion can be used to modify an ac
source by first converting it to direct current and then converting the
dc signal to an ac signal that has an amplitude and frequency
different from those of the original ac source
AC DC AC
AC-DC DC-AC
AC-AC converter
17
Power conversion concept (1)
 The purpose is to supply 3 V to a load resistance.
 One simple solution is to use a voltage divider.
 Problem 1 (regulation): if the value of the load resistance changes,
the output voltage will change unless the 2RL resistance changes
proportionally.
 Problem 2 (efficiency): the power absorbed by the 2RL resistor is
twice as much as delivered to the load and is lost as heat, making
the circuit only 33.3% efficient.

 One another solution is using pass transistor.
 The pass transistor behaves as a variable resistor.
 Problem 1 (regulation) can be solved by using a control system.
 The control system acts on the transistor to obtain fixed output voltage
by varying the effective resistance of the pass transistor.
 This type of regulator is known as Linear Regulators.
Pass transistor
 But problem 2 (low efficiency) is still exist !!!!
18
 More desirable design solution is using an electronic switch instead
of pass transistor
 The switch is opened and closed perodically.
 This type of regulator is known as Switching Regulator.
 If the switch is closed for one-third of the period, the average value
of vx(t) (denoted as Vx) is one-third of the source voltage.

What about the efficiency?
 Instantaneous power absorbed by the switch is the product of its
voltage and current.
 When the switch is open, power absorbed by it is zero because the

current in it is zero.
 When the switch is closed, power absorbed by it is zero because the
voltage across it is zero.
 Since power absorbed by the switch is zero for both open and
closed conditions, all power supplied by the 9V source is delivered
to RL, making the circuit 100% efficient.
19
 But there is a serious problem: the output voltage waveform is
not pure DC!
 However, the voltage waveform vx(t) can be expressed as a Fourier
series
Low Pass
Filter

 To create a 3 Vdc voltage, vx(t) is applied to a low-pass filter.
 An ideal low-pass filter allows the dc component of voltage to pass
through to the output while removing the ac terms, thus creating the
desired dc output.
20
What about the output voltage regulation?
 The power conversion process usually involves system control.
 Converter output quantities such as voltage and current are
measured, and operating parameters are adjusted to maintain the
desired output.
 In our example, a feedback control system would detect if the output
voltage were not 3 V and adjust the closing and opening of the
switch accordingly

 Regarding the switching regulators in practice:
 In practice, the filter will have some losses and will absorb some
power.
 Additionally, the electronic device used for the switch will not be
perfect and will have losses.
 However, the efficiency of the converter can still be quite high (more
than 90 percent).
Loss
Loss
21
Electronic Switches
 An electronic switch is characterized by having two states:
– ON state: ideally short circuit,
– OFF state: ideally open circuit
 If the switch is ideal, either switch current or switch voltage is zero,
making the power absorbed by it is zero.
 However, real devices absorb some power,
– when it is ON state,
– when making transition between the ON and OFF states.
 The behaviour of circuit is not affected significantly by non-ideal
switches, if the voltage drop across the conducting switch are small
compared to other circuit voltages.
 Therefore semiconductor switches usually is modeled as ideal
switch.
Diode
 Simplest electronic switch
 Uncontrollable
 ON and OFF conditions are determined by voltages and currents in
the circuit.
22
Reverse recovery effect
 An important dynamic characteristic of a non-ideal diode is reverse
recovery current.
 When a diode turns off, the current in it decreases and momentarily
becomes negative before becoming zero.
 The time trr is the reverse recovery time, which is usually less than
1s.
 Silicon carbide (SiC) and schottky diodes have very little reverse
recovery effect.
Diodes
23
Thyristor (SCR) and GTO
 Controllable diode with three terminal
 SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)
 GTO (Gate turnoff thyristor)
Triacs and MCT

– Triac: Two back-to-back thyristor
– MCT (Mos controlled thyristor)
24
Thyristors
Transistors
 Three terminal device
 Unlike the diode, turn-on and turnoff of a transistor are controllable.
 Types:
– MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)
– BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)
– IGBT (Isolated Gated Bipolar Transistor)
25
MOSFETS
 The MOSFET is a voltage-controlled device. A sufficiently large
gate-to-source voltage will turn the device on, resulting in a small
drain-to-source on-state voltage.
 The on-state resistance is called RDS(on)
 MOSFET construction produces a parasitic (body) diode which can
sometimes be used to an advantage in power electronics circuits.
 Power MOSFETs are of the enhancement type rather than the
depletion type.
BJT
 The on state for a power BJT is achieved by providing sufficient
current to the Base.
 The collector-emitter saturation voltage is typically 1 to 2 V for a
power BJT.
 Zero base current causes to turn off the transistor.
 Power BJTs typically have low hFE values, sometimes lower than 20.
 Darlington connection increases the effective hFE , which reduces
the base current driver requirements.
26
IGBT
 IGBT is an integrated connection of a MOSFET and a BJT.
 The drive circuit for the IGBT is like that of the MOSFET, while the
on-state characteristics are like those of the BJT.
 IGBTs have replaced BJTs in many applications.
Transistor
SOT 227
TO 247
27
Power semiconductors
EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu

Boztepe, Ege University, 2017
28
History of power electronics
Invention of
Invention of Power MOSFET and Invention of
Thyristor Power BJT IGBT
GTO
Power MOSFET IGBT
Mercury arc rectifier Power MOSFET
Power diode Power BJT
Vacuum-tube rectifier Thyristor
Tyristor Thyristor
Thyratron (DSP)
(microprocessor)
1900 1957 mid 1970s late 1980s
Pre-history 1st phase 2nd phase 3rd phase
Switch selection
 The selection of a power device for a particular application depends
not only on the required voltage and current levels but also on its
switching characteristics.
– Transistors and GTOs provide control of both turn-on and turnoff
– SCRs of turn-on but not turnoff
– and diodes of neither.
 Switching speeds and the associated power losses are very
important in power electronics circuits.
 The BJT is a minority carrier device have minority carrier storage
delays.
 The MOSFET is a majority carrier device that does not have
minority carrier storage delays
 Therefore, MOSFET has advantage in switching speeds. Generally
has lower switching losses and is preferred over the BJT.
29
Example 1-1
 The switch S1 connects the voltage source (Vs=24V) to the current
source (Io=2A). Switching frequency is 200 kHz.
 When S1 is opened, S2 must be close in order to provide current
path.
 Similarly, when S2 is opened, S1 is closed.
 Select the switching devices for S1 and S2.
Switch S1 selection
 The current of S1 is always in positive direction;
i1>0
 The voltage of S1 is always in positive direction;
v1>0
 The steady-state operating points for S1 are;
– (v1,i1)=(0,I0) for closed condition
– (v1,i1)=(Vs,0) for opened condition
 S1 must turn off when I1>0 and

must turn on when v1>0.
 So, the device used for S1 must provide full
control at both turn-on and turnoff.
 BJT characteristic matches the requirement.
 But a MOSFET would be a good choice because
of the required switching frequency,
simple gate-drive requirements, and relatively low
voltage and current requirement (24 V and 2 A).
30
Switch S2 selection
 The operating points are on the positive current axis and negative
voltage axis.
 Therefore, a positive current in S2 is the requirement to turn S2 on,
 and when a negative voltage exists the S2 must turn off.
 This matches a diode operation and no other control is needed for
the device
 A diode is an appropriate choice for S2.
Switch implementation
 The circuit can be realized by using a mosfet and a diode as follows:
 The maximum current is 2A and maximum voltage in blocking state
is 24V
2A
24 V
31
Alternative switch implementation
 Although a diode is sufficient and appropriate device for S2, a
mosfet would also work in this position.
 The advantage of using mosfet is to obtain a much lower voltage
drop across it when compared to the diode, resulting in low power
loss and higher efficiency.
 The disadvantage is that a more complex control is required.
 This control method is known as syncronous rectification
24 V 2A
Cooling requirements
 The power converters have not 100% efficient due to the power
losses arised in power semiconductors and in other components.
 The power loss is converted into heat, and raises the device
temperature. If the heat is not removed from the device properly, the
temperature can exceed the limit (~150°C) and the device can be
damaged.
 Therefore, the heat must be removed
from the device by using heat transfer
methods, and the temperature
must be kept below the limit.
 A heatsink can be used for power
dissipation into ambient by convection.
 The heat dissipation capacity can be
increased by increasing the volume
which reduces the thermal resistance
between the power device and ambient.
32
Force cooling
 The heat dissipation capacity of
heatsinks under natural convection 1.5°C/W
are limited due to volume of heatsink for infinite heatsink
increases excessively.
 In this situation, the forced
convection cooling can be an option
that increases thermal conductivity
remarkably.
Below 0.5°C/W
with airflow
PC mainboard cooling
Heat pipe contains
heat transfer liquid
circulating naturally
Heatsink
33
Notebook mainboard cooling
 Limited space for cooling.
 Heat pipe is essential technology to obtain low profile and low
volume.
Heatsink
With fan
Heatpipe
Water cooling
Suitable for high power applications;
such as electric cars
hollow
Water
inlet
Water
outlet
34
Computer Simulation
 Computer simulation is a valuable analysis and design tool for
power electronics.
 PSIM - Powersim is a software dedicated to power electronics
simulations. It uses fixed time step solver. (We have free student
licence for the course)
 Spice is a circuit simulation program developed at the university of
California at Berkeley.
 Pspice is a commercially available version of spice developed for
personal computers.
 OrCad Capture from Cadence is a graphical interface program for
Pspice simulations. (Student version is avaliable)
 Ltspice is a freeware software by Linear Technology implementing
Spice simulator for electronic circuits.
 Proteus – Labcenter is a interactive circuit simulation software
which uses similar engine with spice.
PSIM
Check the sample projects and

read the tutorials.
35
PSIM Tutorials
http://powersimtech.com/support/tutorials/
Simulation exercise
 Build and simulate the following circuit using PSIM software.
 Obtain the output voltage and inductor current waveforms as
following.
36

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EE328 Power Electronics

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mutlu BOZTEPE

“Power Electronics”  “Power Electronics Circuits,

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

Course web page

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

Control of power supply

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

Design project of 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

Some photos from 2014 year projects

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

Calculations with S.F.

 Multiplication and division: The number of S.F. of the result is equal to

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

 An example to emphasize the importance of S.F..

It should be Error 46%

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

What is power electronics?

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

Scope of power electronics

Power Level Example System

0.1-10 W Battery operated equipment

10MW-100 MW Magnetic aircraft lunch, Big locomotives, Power distribution

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

Areas of applications (2)

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

Microprocessor voltage regulator

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

 According to power conversion type:

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

Power conversion concept (2)

 But problem 2 (low efficiency) is still exist !!!!

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

Power conversion concept (4)

 When the switch is open, power absorbed by it is zero because the

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

Power conversion concept (6)

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

Power conversion concept (8)

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2017