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2 methods of drying:
1. batch - material put into dryer & drying proceeds for a given period of time
2. continuous - material continously added to dryer & continously removed
3 catagories of drying:
• batch drying
• experimental determination
data : WS = weight of dry solid
W = total weight of wet solid vs time t
To obtain as free moisture content X vs time t:
W WS
total moisture content , Xt = WS
• batch drying
• experimental determination
dX X (0.35 - 0.325)
0.07
dt t (1.68 - 2.04)
X = (0.35 + 0.325)/2 = 0.338
R = -21.5 (-0.07) = 1.493
RATE OF DRYING CURVES
WS
t (X X )
ARC 1 2
where
RC =
constant rate of drying
WS = kg of dry solid used
A = exposed surface area for drying
FALLING-RATE OF DRYING PERIOD
To determine the time required for drying from X1 to X2:
1. Graphical integration
X1
X
W 1
dX W
t
A
S
R A
S
R av
X
2
Most accurate
FALLING-RATE OF DRYING PERIOD
To determine the time required for drying from X1 to X2:
2. Special cases
WS(X1 X2 ) R1
t ln
A(R1 R2 ) R
2
FALLING-RATE OF DRYING PERIOD
To determine the time required for drying from X1 to X2:
2. Special cases
or
WSXC X C
t ln
ARC X
2
and
X
R RC
XC
EXAMPLE 9.7-1
EXAMPLE 9.7-2
p
• Humidity, H - kg of water vapour in 1 kg of dry air H 18.02 A
28.97 PpA
p
• Saturation humidity, HS HS 18.02 AS
28.97 Pp
AS
• Percentage relative humidity, HR HR 100 ppA ( HR HP)
AS
where
pA = partial pressure of water
vapour in air
• Humid heat, cS - amount of heat required to raise the temp. of 1 kg dry air plus
water vapour present by 1K
• Humid volume, H - total volume of 1 kg dry air plus water vapour present at 1
atm & given gas temperature
wet cloth/wick
Air flow
Humidity
0.0115
HUMIDITY CHART
Humidity
is a liquid film
T2 T1
CONSTANT RATE OF DRYING PERIOD
To determine the time required for drying from X1 to X2:
Predicted mass-and-heat coefficients:
Mass transfer of water vapour
Assumptions:
h(T TW )
Rate of drying, RC: RC q k yMB(HW H)
AW W
where
A = exposeddrying area (m2)
T, TW = temp. of gas & surface of solid, respectively (oC)
W = latent heat at TW (J/kg)
MA,MB = molecular weight of water & air, respectively
h = 1.17G0.37
where G = mass velocity =
To determine the time required for drying from X1 to X2:
Example 3
• A granular insoluble solid material wet with water is
being dried in the constant-rate period in a pan 0.61m
x 0.61m and the depth of material is 25.4 mm. The
sides and bottom are insulated. Air flows parallel to
the top drying surface at a velocity of 3.05 m/s and
has a dry bulb temperature of 60oC and a wet bulb
temperature of 29.4oC. The pan contains 11.34 kg of
dry solid having a free moisture content of 0.35 kg
H2O/kg dry solid, and the material is to be dried in the
constant-rate period to 0.22 kg H2O/kg dry solid.
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