Assignment 1

Submission date: 10.3.2020

Student ID: 201620060411 Name:HuXingxin
Question 1: Write the differences between vacuum tube & transistor.
Ans:

Here we compared transistor and vacuum tubes. Transistor and vacuum tube both are almost
same in conceptually. Transistors are used in small integrated circuits which require low voltage
supply and Vacuum tubes are used in high power applications. In the manner of size, the
transistor is smaller than vacuum tubes. Vacuum tubes are really big and very hot. It uses lots of
electricity. Transistor and vacuum tubes both have some advantages and disadvantages, we have
to choose as per applications which we have to use in that manner.
Question 2: What are the different types of memory devices? Write the differences between
RAM & ROM.
Ans:
The difference between RAM and RAM is as follows:

1, RAM(random access memory) is meant for temporary storage where as ROM(read only
memory) is meant for permanent storage.
2, RAM chip is volatile,means once the power is turned off , it losses the previously holding
information ,where as ROM is non-volatile it doesn't losses any information even though power
is turned off.
3, RAM chip is used in the normal operations of computer,where as ROM chip is used mainly
for startup process of computer.
4, Writing the data to a RAM is more faster than ROM
The below figure shows what the RAM and ROM chips are look like

Question 3: Explain transducer, signal conditioner & op-amp.

Ans:
A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. Usually a transducer
converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.
A signal conditioner is a device that converts one type of electronic signal into a another type of
signal. Its primary use is to convert a signal that may be difficult to read by conventional
instrumentation into a more easily read format. In performing this conversion a number of
functions may take place.
An operational amplifier (often op-amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic
voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.[1] In this
configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically
hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals.
Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to perform
mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear, and frequency-dependent circuits.
Question 4: Explain second order low pass filter with block diagram.
Ans:

This second order low pass filter circuit has two RC networks, R1 – C1 and R2 – C2 which
give the filter its frequency response properties. The filter design is based around a non-inverting
op-amp configuration so the filters gain, A will always be greater than 1. Also the op-amp has a
high input impedance which means that it can be easily cascaded with other active filter circuits
to give more complex filter designs.
The normalised frequency response of the second order low pass filter is fixed by
the RC network and is generally identical to that of the first order type. The main difference
between a 1st and 2nd order low pass filter is that the stop band roll-off will be twice the 1st
order filters at 40dB/decade (12dB/octave) as the operating frequency increases above the cut-off
frequency ƒc, point as shown.
Question 5: Draw the block diagram of flash ADC & sigma delta converter.
Ans:

The block diagram of flash ADC

The block diagram of sigma delta converter