Protection PDF

Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Generator Protections
Basic Information & Recommendations
Part-I
Kamin Dave
Senior Application Engineer
DOBLE ENGINEERING COMPANY
¾ Stator Protections
¾ Rotor Protections
¾ Exciter Protections
¾ Backup Protections
for Energy Delivery
¾ Stator Protections:-
1. Generator differential Protection (87G)
2. Generator Split Phase differential Prot(50D)
3. Over Voltage Protection (59)
4. Over all Generator-Transformer differential
Protection (87GT)
5. 0 – 95% Stator E/F & 100% Stator E/F
Protection (59N/27TN)
6. Protection against Stator winding over
Heating & over loading (51O/L)
for Energy Delivery
¾ Rotor Protections:-
1. 1st & 2nd Rotor E/F Protection (64F1/64F2)
2. Stator Unbalanced current Protection (NPS-46)
3. Loss of Excitation Protection (LOF-40G)
for Energy Delivery
¾ Abnormal Operating Conditions:-

1. Reverse Power Protection (32R)
2. Low forward Power Protection (37L/32L))
3. Under Frequency Protection (81U/F)
4. Over Frequency Protection (81O/F)
5. Out of Step or Pole-Slip Protection (78)
6. Generator Over Speeding Protection
for Energy Delivery
¾ Other Miscellaneous Protections:-

1. Generator – Transformer Over fluxing
Protection (24)
2. Restricted E/F Protection if it required
3. Back up Impedance Protection or Back up
Protection using Voltage Dependent (Voltage
restrain / Voltage controlled) over current
unit (21/51V)
4. Breaker Flash over Protection
5. Voltage Balance Scheme (LOP-60)
for Energy Delivery
Protection schemes are recommended for
Generator Prot based on Size:-
PROTECTION ANSI SMALL MEDIUM LARGE REMARKS
CODE (Up to 10MW) (Up to 10MW) (Above 10MW)
Stator Over heat 51 O/L Yes Yes Yes Only for alarm
Voltage 51V Yes Yes Yes

dependent
O/C
Under Impedance 21 - Optional either Yes Required above
or Back up 21 or 51V 50MW & GT
Impedance unit
Over voltage or 59 or 24 (99) - Yes Yes

Over fluxing
Under Voltage 27 - Yes Yes Only for alarm
Over frequency 81O - Yes Yes
Under frequency 81U Yes Yes Yes
Generator 87G Yes Yes Yes Less than 1MW

differential optional
for Energy Delivery
Generator- 87GT - Yes Yes
Transformer
combined
differential
Negative Phase 46 - Yes Yes

sequence
Restricted earth 64R Optional either - -

fault 87G or 64R
Stator E/F 0-95% 51N & 27N & Yes Yes Yes
& 100% 59GN
Rotor E/F-1st & 2nd 64F1 & 64F2 - Yes Yes Stage-1 for alarm
& Stage-2
for Trip
Reverse Power 32 Yes Yes Yes
Low forward 37 - Yes Yes

Power
for Energy Delivery
Field failure 40 - Yes Yes
Pole slipping 78 - - Yes Above 50MW

single unit
Over speed 12 Yes Yes Yes
Turn to Turn 50/51 - - Yes Above 250MW

fault in single unit
stator
for Energy Delivery
ROTOR AND BEARING PROTECTION:
PROTECTION ANSI CODE SMALL (UP MEDIUM (UP LARGE REMARKS

TO 1MW) TO 10MW) (ABOVE
10MW)
Vibration Indicator - Yes Yes Yes
Bearing 26 or 38 Yes Yes Yes

temperature &
alarm trip
Bearing Insulation 26 or 38 Yes Yes Yes
for Energy Delivery
REQUIRED ALARMS:
ABNORMAL AIR COOLED HYDROGEN REMARKS
CONDITION COOLED
Bearing Oil pressure Yes Yes
low
Bearing temperature Yes Yes

high
Stator winding Yes Yes

temperature high
Lubricating oil Yes Yes Sp. For diesel

temperature low generator
Governor oil pressure Yes Yes Sp. For STG

low
Cooling water inlet Yes Yes

pressure low
Battery voltage low Yes Yes Sp. For battery

starting engine
for Energy Delivery
Tripping Criteria:
¾ Class-A Tripping:
Turbine Trip + GCB Trip + Field Breaker
Trip
¾ Class-B Tripping:
Turbine & Boiler Trip
¾ Class-C Tripping:
GCB Trip only or GCB & FB Trip
¾ GCB = Generator Circuit Breaker
¾ FB = Field Breaker
for Energy Delivery
Tripping Criteria
TRIP TYPE: TT GCB FB

¾ DIFFRENTIAL
¾ STATOR EARTH
¾ ROTOR EARTH
¾ OVERVOLTAGE
¾ OVERCURRENT
¾ UNBALANCE
¾ UNDERFREQUENCY
ACA - PROT - 2 / 45 for Energy Delivery
Tripping Criteria
TRIP TYPE TT GCB FB

¾ UNDEREXCITATION
W / O LOSS OF FIELD
WITH LOSS OF FIELD
¾ REVERSE POWER
LONG TIME (STAGE-1)
SHORT TIME (STAGE-2)
(OPERATES ONLY AT TT)
ACA - PROT - 3 / 45 for Energy Delivery
Technical Specification: Generator
¾ 588 MVA, 16.2 kA, 21 kV, 0.85 PF

¾ Hydrogen gas pressure : 3.5 bar
¾ Excitation : 340 V, 4040 A
¾ Critical speeds : 864, 1806
(exciter), 2388 rpm
¾ Short circuit ratio : 0.52
¾ Sub-transient reactance Xd” : 7.2 %
¾ Negative Sequence reactance(XG2) : 8%
¾ Transient reactance Xd’ : 24.1 %
¾ Synchronous reactance Xd : 231 % (1/0.52)
for Energy Delivery
¾ Zero Sequence Reactance (X0) : 13%
¾ Time (Td”) short circuit : 0.032s
¾ Time (Td’) short circuit : 0.75s
¾ Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) : 0.52
¾ Capacitance between Stator Winding & Ground : 0.385 microF
¾ Surge Capacitance betn Step-up Tr & GCB : 0.25 microF/Phase
¾ Capacitance bewn TR winding & Ground : 0.2 microF/Phase
NB:
¾ Sub-transient reactance Xd” is used for Breaker rating calculations.
¾ Transient reactance Xd’ is used for O/C & E/F relay co-ordination &
motor starting studies.
¾ Higher SCR, lower the reactance, higher the machine size & higher the
cost. Lower the SCR, higher the reactance, low the machine size & lower
the cost
for Energy Delivery
¾ Unity PF lag capability: 433 MVA

¾ Unity PF lead capability: 250 MVA
¾ Total losses 6920 kW;
Break up:
• Iron: 600kW;
• Short circuit: 2800kW
• Excitation: 1390kW; Windage: 1680kW
• Bearing and shaft seals: 450 kW
for Energy Delivery
Technical Specification: PMG-Pilot
Exciter
¾ Low excitation power-400 HZ permanent magnet
generator is provided as pilot exciter with
brushless exciters.
¾ The PMG ELP 50/42-30/16 is rated : 65 KVA,
220 V, 3 Ph, 91 A and 158 A for field forcing.
¾ Frame has laminated core with 3ph wdg. Rotor has
mounted poles. Permanent magnets are screwed
to poles.
for Energy Delivery
Technical Specification: Brushless
Exciter for 500MW-BE70/90-30/6-20
¾ Rating: 3840 kW, 6300 A, 600 V
¾ 10 seconds output: 7050 kW
Current & voltage: 8600 A, 820 V.
¾ Nominal current : 4030 Amp.
¾ Response ratio: >2
¾ 60 diodes per wheel (20 per arm)
¾ Current per diode: 67 A, and
with 6 out of 20 diodes failed: 96 A
¾ Armature dia: 70 cm; Length 90 cm
for Energy Delivery
Technical Specification: Generator Capability Curve
450 0.4 0.7
400 MAX 0.85
RATED
LAG 300 0.9
200 0.95
100
MVAR
100 200 300 400 500 1.0
0
MW 588
100
LEAD 0.95
200
250 Knowledge Is Power SM
0.85 P.F
A. C. ARON Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
99 07 31 for Energy Delivery
Technical Specification: 500MW
Generator Efficiency
99
η % 98.5
98
97.5
97
0 25% 50% 75% 100%
LOAD IN MW : % FULL LOAD
for Energy Delivery
¾Flux density stator & rotor : 2 - 2.5 Tesla

¾H2 coolers heat load : 4424 kW
¾Continuous unbalanced load :8%
¾Short time negative sequence I2t : 10s
for Energy Delivery
Unbalanced Load – Time Curve
10
6
2
I2 t = 10 sec
1
I2
PU
0.1
0.08
t in Seconds
0.03
0.3 1 10 100 1000
for Energy Delivery
Stator Over Current Limit: 3-Phase
Balanced Load
2.2 Stator O/C Curve of 500MW

I 2.0 Machine
PU
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
10 20 40 60 100 200
t in Seconds
for Energy Delivery
Stator Over Current Limit: 3-Phase
Balanced Load
Stator O/C Curve Limit as per

ANSI C50.13-1989
for Energy Delivery
PERMISSIBLE LOADING
RATED MVA min: 1 2 5 10

+5%
SHORT TIME
RATED MVA
-10% -5% 0 +5%

FREQ. DEVIATION VOLTS
2
CONTINUOUS1
3 RATED MVA - 5%
%MVA 90 95 97 100 -5% SPEED +3%
PF=RATED
for Energy Delivery
Basic Generator Data for Relay Setup
¾IRating = 16200 Ampere

¾CTR = 20000/5A
¾IRating on secondary = (IRating)/ (CTR)
= (16200) / (4000)
= 4.05A
¾VRated = 21000V
¾PTR = 21/0.110kV
for Energy Delivery
Basic Generator Data for Relay Setup
¾VRating on secondary = (VRating)/ (PTR)

= (21000) / (190.90)
= 110V (L-L)
¾VRating on secondary = (VRating)/ (PTR*1.7325)

= (21000) / (190.90*1.7325)
= 63.5V (L-N)
for Energy Delivery
Basic Connection: PT Input “Line to Line
Voltage”
VL-L = 21000V
VNOMINAL = 110VL-L
VAB
VBC Relay
VCA
for Energy Delivery
Basic Connection: PT Input “Line to Line
Voltage”
for Energy Delivery
Basic Connection: PT Input “Line to
Ground Volatge-3 wire”
VL-L = 21000V
VNOMINAL = 110VL-L
VAB
VBC
Relay
VCA
for Energy Delivery
Ground Voltage”
VL-L = 21000V
VL-N = 21000V/1.7325
VNOMINAL = 63.5VL-N
VAN
VBN
Relay
VCN
for Energy Delivery
Ground Voltage”
for Energy Delivery
Stator Overheating Protection
(51O/L)
for Energy Delivery
Stator Overheating Protection (51O/L)
¾ Causes:
Over Loading of Generator
Stator Over Current
Short-circuited laminations
Failure of core bolt insulation
Failure of Ventilation
Coolant circuit failure
¾ Setting Criteria: Based on Generator O/L
Curve (Say: 115% for 30s)
¾ RTD or PT100 is required to sense over
temp.
for Energy Delivery
¾What is the difference between Stator

Over Load & Over Current???
¾Stator Over Load:
Power Output of Machine (KVA or KW)
exceeds it’s maximum continuous over
load power limit
PMAX(KW) = 1.7325*VL-L*ILOAD*COS (Ang)
Machine voltage is not much reduce during
over load condition (i.e. 85-95% of VRated)
Phenomenon is much harmful for Prime
over (i.e. Turbine/Engine)
for Energy Delivery
¾What is the difference between Stator

Over Load & Over Current???
¾Stator Over Current:
Stator current exceeds it’s maximum limit
during faults
Machine voltage collapse & reduced below
30% (Depends on Faults & Location)
PMAX(KW) = 1.7325*VL-L*ILOAD*COS (Ang)
Phenomenon is much harmful for Stator
winding (Slide22 shows; ANSI limit)
for Energy Delivery
+VE 2.5s – 25s

-VE
51O/L-Timer
51O/L-1
R
3 R 51O/L 51O/L-Timer-1
75-200%
Annunciation ckt.
DC Circuit
G
Power Circuit
for Energy Delivery
Stator Overvoltage Protection
(59)
for Energy Delivery
Stator Over Voltage Protection (59)
¾Causes:
Transient Over Voltages
• Surge Voltages mainly originate in
Transmission System because of
Lightning Strokes
Power Frequency Over Voltages
• Defective operation of AVR
• Sudden Load thrown off
¾Protection is normally offered by other
relays like over fluxing relay
for Energy Delivery
¾ Setting Criteria: Based on Generator Open
circuit voltage characteristic Curve.
¾ Normally, Inverse Characteristic element is
used for Stage-1 for Alarm/Trip (Say: 105%
to 110% of Un for 45s to 50s)
¾ Definite Time element is used for Stage-2
for Tripping (115% to 125% for 500ms to
3000ms). Stage-2 must e set below the
maximum stator voltage possible, taking in to
account magnetic core saturation.
for Energy Delivery
¾Advisable to provide surge diverters

for TG also - to be connected
between phases & earth. Design value
(1.2 - 1.4)*Un allows 50 Hz over voltage
on load rejections.
¾Surge diverters to be explosion proof
or other constructional measures be
taken to avoid danger to persons or
near by components in case of over
voltages.
for Energy Delivery
Generator-Transformer
Overfluxing Protection (24)
for Energy Delivery
Generator-Transformer Over Fluxing
Protection (24)
¾Causes:
Generator Regulator Problem
• AVR or Voltage Regulator Fails
• Operating Error during off line manual
regulator operation
• Loss of VT supply of AVR
System Problem
• Unit Load Rejection: Full Load or –
Partial Load
• Power System Islanding during Major
disturbances in Grid
for Energy Delivery
Protection (24)
¾Fundamental Voltage & Flux relation:
EAVE = N*Flux*Frequency
But, Foam Factor (ERMS/EAVE) is 1.11;
ERMS = 1.11*N*Flux*Frequency
Flux = (ERMS) / (1.11*N*Frequency)
for Energy Delivery
Protection (24)
¾ Flux = (VN / FN)---Æ (Volts/Hz)
Flux increases when System voltage rises
at Rated Frequency
Flux increases when System Frequency
fall at Rated Voltage
¾ Saturation of Magnetic Core of the GT due to
exceeded the V/Hz ratios
¾ Serious Over heating will occur in bolts &
support structure of machine which destroys
their own insulation as well as coil insulation
if the phenomenon persist for longer duration
for Energy Delivery
Protection (24)
¾Specific Over Fluxing Protection is not
Mandatory & It is generally offered as
an optional by other Protection like
Over Voltage. Protection should be in
circuit whenever field CB is closed
¾IEEE C50.13 Generator should
continuous withstand 105% of rated
excitation at full load
¾Normally Inverse & DMT type relays
are used for application
for Energy Delivery
Protection (24)
¾Setting Criteria: Based on Generator
V/Hz with stand capability Curve (Say:
1.05 V/Hz or 1.1 V/Hz of Un/Fn)
¾Normally, Inverse Characteristic
element is used for Stage-1 (1.05 to
1.1 V/Hz for Alarm/Trip for 45-50s)
¾Definite Time element is used for
Stage-2 for Tripping (1.15 to 1.25
V/Hz for 2s - 6s)
for Energy Delivery
Protection (24)
Setting Criteria for Inverse Time Over Fluxing relay
for Energy Delivery
Generator Under Frequency
Protection (81)
for Energy Delivery
Generator Under Frequency Protection (81)
¾ Causes:
Demand of Active Power suddenly Increases in
Power Grid
Islanded system, inadequate input quantity and
quality of fuel (i.e. Problem occur in Steam valve
in Steam Turbine or Fuel Pump in Diesel
Engine/Gas Engine etc.)
Islanded system, Two or more Machines are
running in parallel on more than 70% load &
outage of machine due to machine fault, increases
load on another machine to create under freq. on
running machine
for Energy Delivery
¾It’s a Prime-mover Protection. Each

turbine is having critical speed.
Operation of machine at a speed which
is close to critical speed would causes
excessive vibration in Primemover &
also it produces mechanical stress in
turbine blades
¾Prolonged operation at under
frequency would result in to damage of
Primemover
for Energy Delivery
¾As per IEC, BS and ANSI standards,

limits of voltage & frequency variation
within which the generator can operate
at full load without exceeding specified
temperature by more than 10 degree
¾A typical example of Under freq
withstanding capability of ABB
generator as shown below slide;
for Energy Delivery
Frequenc Rated P.F.=1.0, P.F.=0.8, No Load

y in % Voltage P = PN P = PN P=0
100% 100% Cont. Cont. Cont.
96% 100% Cont. Cont. Cont.
95% 100% Cont. 30Min. Cont.
92.5% 100% 30Min. 2 Min. Cont.
90% 100% 2 Min. - Cont.
87.5% 100% - - 30Min.
85% 100% - - 2 Min.
for Energy Delivery
¾ Setting Criteria: Based on Generator

Permissible Loading Curve (Say: 48.5Hz for
50Hz)
¾ Normally, Stage-1 is the delayed tripping
(Say: 48.5Hz for 3s-10s)
¾ Stage-2 element is also delayed but
operating is lesser than Stage-1 element
(Say: 48Hz for 0.5s - 5s)
¾ Operation at Frequency below 47.5Hz
allowed only for 2-hours in entire life of set
(Turbine)
for Energy Delivery
Generator Over Frequency
Protection (81)
for Energy Delivery
Generator Over Frequency Protection (81)
¾ Causes:
Full or Partial Load Rejection (Load
thrown off)
Overshedding of Load during a major
system disturbance
¾ Condition is not a serious problem since
control system or operator action can be
used to quickly restore generator speed but,
if it is not then Machine may pull out of step
condition & it is required to trip on over freq.
protection
for Energy Delivery
Generator Over Frequency Protection (81)
¾Setting Criteria: Based on Transient

Stability (Say: 50.5Hz for 50Hz)
¾Normally, Stage-1 is the delayed
tripping (Say: 50.5Hz for 3s-10s)
¾Stage-2 element is also delayed but
operating is lesser than Stage-1
element (Say: 51Hz for 0.5s - 5s)
¾Operation at Frequency above 51.5Hz
allowed only for 2-hours in entire life
of set (Turbine)
for Energy Delivery
Generator Under/Over Frequency Protection
(81)
+VE 0.5s – 5s
-VE
2/81-Timer
52 81G-1
T
0.5s – 5s
2/81-Timer
81G-2
T
Reverse active clutch & Time Motor

86F-2 81G-2
TM
DC Circuit
for Energy Delivery
Generator Under/Over Frequency Protection
(81)
+VE -VE
86F
TM-1 2/81-1 86F-2
R
86F-3
Annunciation ckt.
86F-1
Trip ckt.
DC Circuit
for Energy Delivery
Reverse Power Protection
(32R)
for Energy Delivery
Reverse Power Protection (32R)
MVAR MW
FMachine < FSystem G D Y
MVAR
-MW MW
Relay setting Threshold

-MVAR
Machine Act as a Synchronous Motor
for Energy Delivery
MVAR MW
VMachine < VSystem
FMachine < FSystem G D Y
MVAR
-MW MW

-MVAR
Machine Act as a Induction Motor
for Energy Delivery
¾ Causes:
Two or more machines are running in
parallel & Prime-mover of one of the
machine fails. Turbine has Problems;
exhaust hood temperature on steam
turbines
Sometimes the condition appear during
synchronization of machine, if incoming
machine frequency is lesser than bus
frequency
for Energy Delivery
¾ Protection against the motoring action of the

generator while the generator looses it’s
Prime-mover input
¾ Protection is applied for Prime-mover
¾ Normally, Protection is applied only when
machines are operating in parallel with each
other as well as Power Grid
¾ Generator unaffected by reverse power, but
act as a Synchronous Motor (Exporting
Reactive Power & Importing Active Power)
for Energy Delivery
¾ Effect:
Steam Turbine:-
• Steam turbine tends to overheat, when steam
supply is cut off and the turbine still rotates as
the generator runs as motor. Steam turbine, act
as a pump and the steam is trapped. The
turbulence losses in the trapped steam may
then built up a high temperature in low-
pressure stage. Hence, the turbine blades are
overheated due to windage or air friction.
However, the heat caused by turbulence of the
trapped steam can de-temper turbine runner.
for Energy Delivery
¾ Effect:
Hydro Turbine:-
• In case of hydro turbine, the flow of water
starts reducing or complete cut off and hence
bubbles are formed causing cavitations in the
turbine resulting to damage turbine runner.
Diesel Engine:-
• In case of diesel driven set, loss of motive
power is likely to be cause by some
mechanical failure, such as bearing over
heating leading to closure of fuel valves, and
continued running is likely to cause several
damages in engine.
for Energy Delivery
Reverse Power Protection (32R): Allowable
limit
Prime Mover Allowable limit of %P of
Reverse Power
Diesel (Two cycle-2 25% of rated power
stroke) stroke)
Diesel (Four cycle-4 15% of rated power
Gas turbine (Single shaft) 100% of rated power
Gas turbine (Double shaft) 10% to 15% of rated power
Steam turbine 0.5% to 7.5% of rated power
Hydro turbine 1% to 3% of rated power

for Energy Delivery
¾ Sequential Tripping:
Used on Steam Turbine Generator to Prevent
Overspeed
This trip mode only used for boiler/reactor or
turbine mechanical problems
for Energy Delivery
Step 1:
• Abnormal Turbine/Boiler/Reactor condition is
detected
Step 2:
• Turbine Valves closed; Generator allowed to
briefly “Motor” (i.e. Importing Active Power
from Grid)
Step 3:
• A Reverse Power relay in Series with Turbine
Valves position switches confirms all Valves
have closed
for Energy Delivery
Step 4:
• Generator is required to Isolate from Power
System
G D Y
MW
GCB
MVARs
Consider
• Export High MVARs
• Import Low MW
for Energy Delivery
Sequential Tripping Logic:
for Energy Delivery
¾ Setting Criteria: As the overheating of the
turbine blade does not occur
instantaneously while the generator starts
motoring, so it is not required to trip
instantaneously.
Set Point 1:
• -P<0.5% for Steam Turbine Generator
• Operating Time 10s
Set Point 2:
• -P<0.5% for Steam Turbine Generator
• Operating Time 2s
for Energy Delivery
Low Forward Power
Protection (37L)
for Energy Delivery
Low Forward Power Protection (37L)
MVAR MW
G D Y
MVAR
-MW MW
-MVAR
for Energy Delivery
Generator Phase Differential
Protection (87G)
for Energy Delivery
Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G)
¾ Protection Against Internal Faults in Machine
¾ Operating Criteria: Differential protection
relay operate when the current at two ends
of feeder differ or mismatch by more than
threshold value of relay (Idiff>Idiffset)
NGR CT1 CT2

G Y D
GCB
E I1 F1 I2
R
Idiff = (I1 – I2)
for Energy Delivery
(87G)
¾ Protection Against Internal Faults
I1 I2
NGR CT1 CT2
G1 D Y
3
3
GCB
E F1
I1 I1 I2
R
I2 Idiff = I1+I2
NGR
G2 D Y
GCB
E
for Energy Delivery
(87G)
¾ Protection Against Internal Faults
I1 L
NGR CT1 CT2
G1 Y D
O
3
3
A
GCB
F1
D
E
I1 I1 R
Idiff = I1
Note: I2 is very less compared to I1 so it will be neglected
for Energy Delivery
(87G)
¾ Stable for External Faults
I1 I2
NGR CT1 CT2
G1 D Y
3
3
GCB
I2 F2
E
I2
I1
R
I1 Idiff = I1+I2 = 0
NGR
G2 D Y
GCB
E
for Energy Delivery
(87G)
¾ Mainly Two Types of Differential
Schemes;
High Impedance Differential Protection
Schemes
Low Impedance Differential Protection
Schemes
for Energy Delivery
(87G): High Impedance Scheme
3 3 3
3 3 3
G
Pickup Setting:
5%-25% of IFLC
R Y B
Metrosil &
Stabilizing Resistor
for Energy Delivery
Distorted CT output &

Low resistance Path
Stabilizing resistor provide stability: Negligible

Current flows through relay coil
External fault & one of the CT Saturated

for Energy Delivery
(87G)
¾ High Impedance Differential Scheme;
Simple & Low cost Scheme
Only Pickup setting & Easy to set it
Stabilizing resister Increases stability of relay
against high through fault current
Operating on current balance principal
Non-linear resistor or Metrosil is required for surge
voltage absorb during internal & through fault
condition
Special PS class CTs (With low turn ratio errors) of
identical ratio & ratings required for scheme
CAG34, MFAC34, MCAG34, etc. relays are used as
high impedance differential relays.
Much suitable for Generator/Motor
for Energy Delivery
(87G)
¾ Essential Requirement for High Impedance
Differential Scheme are;
Equal CT Ratio
Low CT secondary winding resistance
Adequate knee-point voltage output from CTs
Low lead burdens
¾ Harmonic Settings are not available, so
scheme is difficult to applied for
Transformer
¾ Three Winding differential protection scheme
become a more complex than low impedance
scheme
for Energy Delivery
¾Setting Criteria: Typical Recommended
setting is 10% or 20%
¾Relay Operating Time should be less
than 50ms.
¾Ensure through fault stability by
adjusting proper value of stabilizing
resistor
for Energy Delivery
(87G)
¾ Low Impedance Differential Scheme;
Complex & Higher cost Scheme compared to High
impedance scheme
Settings are more complex & %Slope Characteristics
settings are differ from manufacturer’s to manufacturer’s
The scheme is also called as a percentage differential
scheme
For External faults-----Æ High restraint current
For internal faults-----Æ Low restraint current
High sensitivity during internal faults
Chance of mal-operation of relay during high through fault
current
7UT62/MICOMP632/DUOBIAS/SPAD346 etc. relays are
used as low impedance differential relays
Much suitable for Transformer
for Energy Delivery
(87G)
¾ Low Impedance Differential Scheme;
Normally, Single Slope Characteristic is sufficient
if the Protection is applied for Generator/Motor
because both the CTs are on same voltage level,
so we can minimize %CT error during an external
fault
Dual Slope Characteristic is required if the
Protection is applied for Transformer
for Energy Delivery
Generator Phase Differential Protection (87G):
Low Impedance Differential Protection in MICOM P345 Relay
Slope is not start from origin & depends on “IS2”

setting. Turn point for slope is easy to set
for Energy Delivery
Low Impedance Differential Protection in 7UM62 Relay
IBias = I1 + I2
First slope is always starts from origin & 2nd slope is depends on
Base Point2 setting. Turn point for 2nd slope is set in following way;
For example; Base point2 = 2.5A then 2nd slope starts after 5A
for Energy Delivery
Low Impedance Differential Protection in REG316 Relay
Slope is starts from origin & cut of point is depends on

“b” setting
for Energy Delivery
Negative Phase Sequence
Protection (46)
for Energy Delivery
Negative Sequence Protection (46)
¾ Unbalance phase currents create Negative

Sequence current in Generator Stator
¾ Negative Sequence current interacts with

normal positive sequence current to induce
a double freq. (120Hz) current in Rotor
winding & it causes surface heating
for Energy Delivery
¾ Generator withstand capacity;

I22t = K
Where;
K = Constant (Large Generator has smaller
“K” value) & It’s differ Manufacturer’s to
Manufacturer’s
I2 = Negative Sequence current
Table-I shows unbalance withstand capacity
of machine as per ANSI C50.13-1989
for Energy Delivery
Type of Generator Permissible NPS current
(I2) Percentage of stator
winding
Salient Pole
With connected amortisseur windings 10
Without connected amortisseur 5
windings
Cylindrical Rotor
Indirectly Cooled 10
Directly Cooled to 960MVA 8
961 to 1200 MVA 6
1201 to 1500 MVA 5
for Energy Delivery
Type of Generator Permissible I22t
Salient Pole Generator 40

Synchronous Condenser 30
Cylindrical Rotor Generators
Indirectly Cooled 30
Directly Cooled up to 800MVA 10
Directly Cooled (801 to 1600 MVA) See curve in
Slide 82
for Energy Delivery
for Energy Delivery
¾Adjust Definite Time Tmax & Tmin

in relay shown in below slides
for Energy Delivery
Tmin is
the Generator Withstand Curve
Definite
Time
Relay Characteristic Inverse
to be set below
Generator Cont.
Withstand capacity
for Energy Delivery
Tmax (Definite Time)
for Energy Delivery
¾Back up Protection: Relay Operation

reqd. to co-ordinate for HV fault as
well as Auxiliaries
500MVA/21KV GT
F1
for Energy Delivery
Xd” = 7.2%
XG2 = 8%
XT = 9.5%
I1 = I2 = 100 / (Xd” + XG2 + 2XT)

I1 = I2 = 100 / (7.2 + 8 + 2*9.5)
I1 = I2 = 2.92 P.U.
Relay operating time is required to co-ordinate
on HV faults.
for Energy Delivery
Loss of Excitation Protection
(40)
for Energy Delivery
Loss of Excitation Protection (40G):
¾Loss of Excitation Magnetic Coupling

between Stator MMF & Rotor Field
Lost
¾Prime Mover still driving unit
¾Large slip frequency current induced in
rotor
for Energy Delivery
Basic Diagram
for Energy Delivery
Basic Diagram of Brushless Excitation
Auto
BALANCING Manual
R Y B M GEN VOLT INSTMT.
SET POINT
DV M SET POINT
VT MEASURING
CIRCUIT GEN VOLT
COMPENSATE CONTROLLER CONTROLER
CT
FOLLOW UP
CONTROL
G GATE GATE
CONTROL CONTROL
DE-EXCITN AUTO-
MANUAL
CONTROL SELECTOR
EXC
THYR.
PMG
FB
for Energy Delivery
Basic Diagram of 210MW Static Exciter
RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER
2500 KVA 15.75 KV/575V DYN 5
TY1
AVR ~
=
TY2
AUTO
FCB CEX 3000 MANU
TY3
1200V 3000A ~
=
COIL 220V DC
TY4
NO LOAD 917A, 95 V
FULL LOAD 2500A, 300 V
5 KVA 415 / 35V
220 V BATTERY
for Energy Delivery
Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)
¾How Excitation System Works???

Start
Output Terminal Voltage (VG) of Machine Detected
Reactive Current (IQ) of Machine Detected
Reference Voltage (VGREF) of Output Terminal of Machine is

Set according to Reactive Current (IQ), Reference Voltage VHREF
Of High Voltage side of Transformer & Transfer function FH of
Phase Compensation
for Energy Delivery
¾How Excitation System Works???
Output Terminal Voltage (VG) is subtracted from reference

VGREF of output terminal of Machine
A timing signal is produced according to difference signal

Output from subtracting unit
Field Current is supplied to Field Winding according to

Timing signal
End
for Energy Delivery
How Excitation Fails???
If it Open!!!
for Energy Delivery
If it Fails!!!
for Energy Delivery
If it Fails!!!
for Energy Delivery
If it Shorts or Open!!!
for Energy Delivery
¾ Causes:
Field Open Circuit (Field current is zero)
Field Short Circuit (Field current is too high)
AVR Control Failure
Accidental Tripping of field breaker
¾ Momentary; It will Import Reactive & Real
Power (Motoring Action)
¾ After Motoring Action; Importing Reactive
Power & Exporting Real Power
¾ Synchronous Generator Becomes Induction
Generator
for Energy Delivery
Loss of Excitation Protection (40G)
MVAR MVAR
G D Y
MW
-MW MW
-MVAR
Machine Act an Induction Generator
for Energy Delivery
Loss of Excitation Protection (40G)
MVAR MVAR
G D Y
MW
-MW MW
-MVAR
Machine Act an Induction Motor
for Energy Delivery
¾ Slip Induced Eddy Currents Heat Rotor
Surface
¾ System Voltage Collapse due to Reactive
Power demand Increasing in Power System
¾ Reactive power is drawn from grid
proportional to short circuit ratio. Power
factor is low, end zone heating increases.
¾ Partial loss of excitation may cause pole
slipping-highly detrimental to the machine.
¾ During failure of field, field suppression
shall be cut off from circuit and active
load decreased to 60% rated within 30 sec
and to 40% in next 1.5 minutes.
for Energy Delivery
¾ THW -210 can operate at 40% rated load for a

total period of 15 minutes. Set to be tripped
there after.
¾ Excitation to be removed when speed is 2000 rpm,
to prevent rotor overheating.
¾ Problem more severe for Steam Turbine
¾ Problem less severe for hydro turbine (Salient Pole)
for Energy Delivery
How to set Relay????
for Energy Delivery
Rotor Limit
Over Excited
Stator Limit
PF=0.85
Under Excited
Generator Capability Curve

for Energy Delivery

for Energy Delivery
X Rotor Limit
Over Excited
Stator Limit
PF=0.85
Under Excited
-R R
-X Z = (KV2/MVA)*(CTR/PTR)
Generator Capability Curve: R-X Plot

for Energy Delivery

for Energy Delivery
Initially it’s a Motoring Stator Limit

Action when excitation fails
Xd
Rotor Limit
for Energy Delivery
After Motoring Action Stator Limit

Machine start to work as
An Induction Generator
Xd
Rotor Limit
for Energy Delivery
¾ ZPU = (MVABase*ZOhms)/(KVBase2)
¾ ZOhms = ((KVBase2)*(ZPU)/(MVABase)
¾ Xd’Ohms = (21)2*(0.241)/(588)
¾ Xd’Ohms = 0.18075 Ohms-Æ Primary side
for Energy Delivery
¾ Xd’Ohms = 0.18075*(CTR/PTR)
¾ Xd’Ohms = 0.18075*(4000/190.90)
¾ Xd’Ohms = 3.7871 Ohms-Æ Secondary side
for Energy Delivery
¾ Xd Ohms = (21)2*(2.31)/(588)
¾ Xd Ohms = 1.7325 Ohms
for Energy Delivery
¾ Xd Ohms = 1.7325*(CTR/PTR)
¾ Xd Ohms = 1.7325*(4000/190.90)
¾ Xd Ohms = 36.3 Ohms-Æ Secondary side
for Energy Delivery
¾Offset Setting;
¾ (Xd’Ohms )/2= 1.893 Ohms-Æ Secondary side
¾Circle Diameter Setting;
for Energy Delivery
¾Modern Numerical Relay have Dual

Characteristics
for Energy Delivery
Machine Operating
Limit in Leading PF
Zone 2 setting crosses

Steady state Stability
Limit
Setting Criteria: 1 for Dual Characteristics

for Energy Delivery
¾ OFFSET Setting:
¾ Xd’Ohms = (21)2*(0.241)/(588)
¾ Xd’Ohms = 0.18075 Ohms-Æ Primary side
for Energy Delivery
¾ OFFSET Setting:
¾ Xd’Ohms = 0.18075*(CTR/PTR)
¾ Xd’Ohms = 0.18075*(4000/190.90)
¾ Xd’Ohms = 3.7871 Ohms-Æ Secondary side
for Energy Delivery
¾ ZONE 1 Setting:
¾ Xd Ohms = (21)2*(1)/(588)
for Energy Delivery
¾ ZONE 1 Setting:
¾ Xd Ohms = 1.7325*(4000/190.90)
for Energy Delivery
¾ ZONE 2 Setting:
¾ Xd Ohms = (21)2*(2.31)/(588)
for Energy Delivery
¾ ZONE 2 Setting:
¾ Xd Ohms = 1.7325*(4000/190.90)
for Energy Delivery
¾Offset Setting;
¾ (Xd’Ohms )/2= 1.893 Ohms-Æ Secondary side
¾Circle Diameter Setting;

¾ZONE 1
¾ZONE 2
for Energy Delivery

for Energy Delivery
Loss Of Excitation Protection (40):
MICOM P345 Relay

for Energy Delivery
0-95% Stator Ground Fault
Protection (59GN)
for Energy Delivery
Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN)
¾ It provides a protection for stator ground

faults on generator which are high
impedance grounded (NGT through NGR or
NGR etc.)
¾ Protection function normally applicable for
unit connected generators
¾ Ground current can be limited up to about 3A
to 25A on primary side
for Energy Delivery
Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Resistor Ground
IF
VLN = 21000/1.7325
IF PTR = 21000/240V
100 Ohms, 10s
CTR = 20/1A
Maximum Ground Fault Amps = (Line to Neutral Voltage)

-----------------------
(NGR Resistance)
for Energy Delivery
Resistor Ground
IF VLN = 21000/1.7325
a
PTR = 21000/240V
100 Ohms, 10s
CTR = 20/1A
Ground Fault Amps at fault location = (Maximum Ground Fault

current * %A)/100
Where; %A = (100 – Fault at location of stator winding)
for Energy Delivery
Resistor Ground
VLN = 21000/1.7325
PTR = 21000/240V
100 Ohms, 10s
CTR = 20/1A
Maximum Ground Fault Volts = (Line to Neutral Voltage*PT secondary volts)

-------------------------------------
(PT Primary Volts)
for Energy Delivery
Resistor Ground
VLN = 21000/1.7325
PTR = 21000/240V
100 Ohms, 10s
CTR = 20/1A
Ground Fault Volts = (Ground fault Amps*PT secondary volts*NGR Resistance)

---------------------------------------------
(PT Primary Volts)
for Energy Delivery
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
PTR = 21000/240V
NGR Value = 100 Ohms
59GN Relay Range = 5.4V to 20V

-----------------------
(NGR Resistance)
IF-Max = (12121.21)
-------------------------
100
IF-Max = 121.21 Amps
for Energy Delivery
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
PTR = 21000/240V
Fault at 90% location of Stator Winding from Phase
Terminal
%A = (100 – 90) = 10%
Ground Fault Amps at fault location = (Maximum Ground Fault current * %A)/100
IF at location “A” = (121.21*10)/100
IF at location “A” = 12.12 Amps
for Energy Delivery
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
PTR = 21000/240V
Fault at 90% Location of Stator Winding from Phase
terminal
Ground Fault Volts = (Ground fault Amps*PT secondary volts*NGR Resistance)
---------------------------------------------
(PT Primary Volts)
Ground Fault Volts = (12.12*138.52*100)

---------------------------
12121.21
Ground Fault Volts = 13.85 Volts
for Energy Delivery
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
59GN Relay Setting = 5.4V & TMS = 0.3
Relay Setting % Location “A” Fault Voltage Operating of
from Neutral Magnitude on Relay
relay terminals
5.4V 5% 6.92V
5.4V 25% 34.63V
5.4V 50% 69.264V
5.4V 75% 103.89V
for Energy Delivery
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
59GN Relay Setting = 5.4V & TMS = 0.3
Relay Setting % Location “A” Fault Voltage Operating of
from Neutral Magnitude on Relay
relay terminals
5.4V 1% 1.38V Not Operate
for Energy Delivery
Stator Ground Fault Protection (50G):
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
PTR = 21000/240V
50G Relay Range = 0.1A to 0.4A
CTR = 20/1A
-----------------------
(NGR Resistance)
IF-Max = (12121.21)
-------------------------
100
IF-Max = 121.21 Amps
for Energy Delivery
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
50G Relay Setting = 0.1A
Relay Setting % Location “A” Fault Current on Fault Current on
from Neutral Primary side secondary side
0.1A 5% 6.06A 0.3A
0.1A 25% 34.63A 1.51A
0.1A 50% 69.264A 3.03A
0.1A 75% 103.89A 4.54A
for Energy Delivery
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
50G Relay Setting = 0.1A
Relay Setting % Location “A” Fault Current on Fault Current on
from Neutral Primary side secondary side
0.1A 1% 1.21A 0.06A
0.1A 2% 2.42A 0.121A
0.1A 3% 3.63A 0.181A
0.1A 4% 4.84A 0.242A
for Energy Delivery
Impedance Ground (NGT)
V
Grounding Transformer
for Energy Delivery
IF
VLN = 21000/1.7325
KVPri = 21kV
KVSec = 0.240kV
KVA = 70KVA
R = 0.913 Ohms
Full Load current in Primary wdg = 3.33A
Ground Fault Impedance = 3640.004 Ohms
for Energy Delivery
IF
a
VLN = 21000/1.7325
Assume; Fault is just 10% from Neutral
Ground Fault Volts = (Ground fault Amps*NGTX Impedance)

= (0.333 * 3640.306)
= 1212.12 Volts in Primary
for Energy Delivery
IF
a
VLN = 21000/1.7325
Ratio = 21000/240
= 87.5
Assume; Fault is just 10% from Neutral

Ground Fault Volts = (1212.12) / (87.5) = 13.85V in Secondary
for Energy Delivery
¾Setting Criteria: Typical Recommended
setting for IDMTL 59GN relay is 5.4V &
TMS is 0.3
¾Typical Recommended setting for
Definite Time 59GN relay is 5V & 2s for
Stage-I and 15V & 1s is for Stage-II.
¾Neutral Grounding Resistor value should
not be more than Rn = 106/2*3.14*C to
avoid harmful transient over voltage
because of the Ferro-resonance
for Energy Delivery
100% Stator Ground Fault
Protection (27TN)
for Energy Delivery
Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN)
¾Two Measuring Methods to Detect

100% SEF Protection Scheme;
(3rd ) Third Harmonic Voltage
Method
• 3rd Harmonic Under Voltage
Method
• 3rd Harmonic Over Voltage Method
• 3rd Harmonic Ratio Method
Sub-harmonic Injection Method
for Energy Delivery
¾ 3rd Harmonic Voltage Method;

1% to 3% 3rd Harmonic (Zero sequence)
Line to Neutral Voltage developed by
Generator during Normal condition
because of the capacitance betn Stator
winding & Ground
3rd Harmonic Voltage generated by
machine are present in the two ends of
Stator Winding, but the magnitude is
different depends on design & loading
Fault very close to neutral; 3rd Harmonic
voltage reduced to zero (3V0 = 0V)
for Energy Delivery
3rd Harmonic
Current circulate
for Energy Delivery
¾ 3rd Harmonic Under Voltage Method;

27H Under voltage relay detect 3rd
harmonic voltage (150Hz for 50Hz &
180Hz for 60Hz).
Fault is close to neutral; 3rd Harmonic
voltage of machine drop down at neutral
end & initiate tripping
for Energy Delivery
Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN):
3RD Harmonic Under Voltage Method
3rd Harmonic
Under voltage relay 3rd harmonic
voltage drop
Because capacitance
Is shorted
IF
IF
3rd Harmonic
Voltage at Neutral End reduced
3rd Harmonic
Voltage at Neutral End reduced
for Energy Delivery
Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN): 3rd
Harmonic Under Voltage Method
3rd Harmonic Present
At normal Load
Condition on both end
3rd Harmonic drop to

Zero at neutral end
if fault is close
To neutral
3rd Harmonic drop to

Zero at terminal end
if fault is close
To terminal
for Energy Delivery
Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN +59GN)
Numerical Relay
3rd harmonic filter

Extract only 3rd
Harmonic voltage
59GN Element
27TN Element
for Energy Delivery
Control circuit
for Energy Delivery
¾ 3rd Harmonic Over Voltage Method;

59TN Over voltage relay detect 3rd
harmonic voltage (150Hz for 50Hz &
180Hz for 60Hz).
Fault is close to neutral; 3rd Harmonic
voltage of machine Increases at Terminal
end & initiate tripping
for Energy Delivery
Stator Ground Fault Protection (59TN):
3RD Harmonic Over Voltage Method
IF
IF
3rd Harmonic
Over voltage relay
for Energy Delivery
Control circuit
for Energy Delivery
Stator Ground Fault Protection
(59TN+27TN)
¾ 3rd Harmonic Ratio Method;
In this method; 3rd Harmonic voltage will
be measured at both sides, at the neutral
(V3N) & at the terminal (V3T) of generator
Normally, Ratio will be constant for
balance load condition
Ratio will be modified when ground fault
occurs
Ground fault will not detected at null point
(Midpoint of winding)
Overlapping scheme (59TN+27TN+59GN)
is reqd. to detect ground fault at null point
for Energy Delivery
Stator Ground Fault Protection: 3rd
Harmonic Ratio Method
Method:1
V3N V3T
Operate: V3T/V3N > Set value
for Energy Delivery
Method:2
V3N V3T
Operate: V3N/(V3N + V3T) < Set value

for Energy Delivery
Control circuit
for Energy Delivery
¾ Limitation for Directly Connected Machines;

Third Harmonic can Circulate between two
Machines
3rd Harmonic Voltage varies on Generator
(G1) based on Loading of G2 & G3
Difficult to apply 3rd Harmonic under
voltage Protection
for Energy Delivery
Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method
¾ Sub-Harmonic Injection Method;
Sub-Harmonic voltage is injected through
an injection transformer between the
grounding element of the generator &
ground
Usually sub-harmonic frequency is 1/4th of
Fundamental frequency. i.e. 12.5 Hz for
50Hz & 15 Hz for 60Hz relay
This scheme provides ground fault
protection with generator energized or
standstill
for Energy Delivery
Injection Method
Fn = 50Hz
Xco = 1
- ---------
2*3.14*Fn*C
IC = (Vn / Xco)
Frequency highÆ Xco value less-Æ High “Ic” current flows
for Energy Delivery
Injection Method
Finj = 12.5Hz
XCo = 1/(2*pi*F*C)
12.5Hz
XL = 2*pi*F*L
for Energy Delivery
Injection Method
During Ground Fault condition; 12.5Hz
current flows through Ground ckt. The
fault resistance appears in parallel with
shunt capacitances to ground. Thus, the
impedance that limits the sub-harmonic
current & this also make the current
change
Capacitive Reactance Increases
Inductive Reactance Decreases
Relay Operates if 12.5Hz Ground fault
current is more than threshold value
for Energy Delivery
Injection Method
Equivalent Circuit
for Energy Delivery
Injection Method
Iinj = (Einj)/ (Zinj + Rn + ZC Total)
Where;
Einj = Injection Voltage
Zinj = Injection TR Leakage Impedance
Zinj = (Rinj + j*Xinj)
Rn = Grounding resistor
ZC = Capacitive impedance of total ckt.
for Energy Delivery
Injection Method
¾ Appendix;
Where;
Einj = 56V
Zinj = (36 + j*125)
Finj = 12.5 Hz
Rn = 1212 Ohms
CTotal = 2.035 microF
ZC = (106) / (2*pi*12.5*2.05)= -j*6214 Ohms
for Energy Delivery
Injection Method
¾ Appendix;
Zinj = (36 + j*125)
Where;
Rinj = 36 Ohms
Xinj = 125 Ohms
Now;
Xinj = (2*pi*50*L)
125 = (2*3.14*50*L)
L = 0.331H
for Energy Delivery
Injection Method
¾ Appendix;
Xinj at Low frequency = (2*pi*12.5*L)
= (2*3.14*12.5*0.331)
= 25.98 Ohms
Now;
Zinj = (36 + j*25.98) Ohms
for Energy Delivery
Injection Method
¾ Appendix;
¾ Relay setting is 20mA
¾ Iinj during Normal load condition is;
= (56) / (36+j*25.98)+1212-(j*6214)
= 0.0088A @ 78.67o
for Energy Delivery
Injection Method
¾ Appendix;
¾ Iinj during Fault condition is;
Iinj = (Einj)/ (Zinj + Rn + Z’C Total)
Where;
Z’C = (ZC * RF) / (ZC + RF)
RF = Fault resistance
for Energy Delivery
Injection Method
¾ Appendix;
¾ Iinj during Fault condition is;
Iinj = (Einj)/ (Zinj + Rn + Z’C Total)
= 0.0258A @ 6.67o
Relay will issue trip command
for Energy Delivery
Injection Transformer & Grounding Resistor
Method:1
Grounding
Resistor
Injection
Transformer
IF
for Energy Delivery
Injection Transformer & Grounding Transformer
Method:2
Grounding
Transformer
Separate Injection
Transformer
for Energy Delivery
Voltage injection through Grounding Resistor
Method:3
Sub-Harmonic
Voltage Injection
Through Grounding
Transformer
for Energy Delivery
Voltage injection Method in 7UM62 Relay
25VAC
Relay Measures;
Rm = (V@20Hz)
---------
(I@20Hz)
IF
Operates;
If Rm < Rset
IF
for Energy Delivery
Voltage injection Method in MICOMP345 Relay
Band pass
Filter range
Is 15 to 25Hz
Or
Low Pass
Filter (Cut of
Freq. 45Hz
for Energy Delivery
Transfer Function of Low Pass Fourier Filter

for Energy Delivery
Operating time of relay

Is faster than Low pass filter
Filter Response of Band Pass Filter

for Energy Delivery
NGR
100% SEF scheme with Primary Earthing resistor arrangement

for Energy Delivery
Rotor Earth Fault Protection
(64R)
for Energy Delivery
Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F)
First Ground Fault will not:

•Affect the operation of generator
•Produce any damaging effects
for Energy Delivery
First Ground Fault will:

• No current Flow
• Establish Ground reference making a
Second ground fault more likely
• Increase stress to ground at other points in
Field winding
for Energy Delivery
Second Ground Fault will:

• Flow of Large Current
• Unsymmetrical Flux distribution
• Air gap flux badly distorted
for Energy Delivery
Second Ground Fault will:

• Short out part of field winding causing unit
vibration can damage to bearing
• Cause Rotor Heating from Unbalance current
• Cause arc damage at point of fault
for Energy Delivery
¾DC Voltage Injection Method

¾Potentiometer Method
¾AC Voltage Injection Method
for Energy Delivery
Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F): DC
Injection Method
Brush is used to ground

Rotor Shaft
for Energy Delivery
Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F): DC
Injection Method
Slip Rings Negative Potential Biasing
IF
IF
for Energy Delivery
Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F):
Potentiometer Method
•Scheme adopted in Older

Machine
•Earth fault on Field Wdg

Produce voltage across
Relay
•Maximum voltage produce

If fault occurs at end of
Wdg
•Overvoltage relay operates
•Blind spot would exist at the centre of field when voltage across the
Wdg & fault would not be detected resistor exceeds 64F’s
•Tapping on Potentiometer could be varied Threshold limit
By using “Push button” to detect fault on
Mid point
for Energy Delivery
Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F):
Potentiometer Method
FCB
FCB
R1
64R
R2
for Energy Delivery
Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F): Low
Frequency Injection Method
LC-filter is the low-pass
Filter to removed high
Frequency Rotor current
IF Low Frequency injection

Source to inject low freq.
Voltage (20Hz/12.5Hz)
Measuring circuit: Relay operates when actual voltage exceeds

Threshold value (U>)
for Energy Delivery
Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F): Low
Frequency Injection Method
Low Frequency voltage output is the
Square wave output
Capacitive coupling blocks normal DC
Field voltage, preventing discharge of
Large current
for Energy Delivery
Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F): AC
Voltage Injection Method in 7UM62
Fundamental Frequency Injection
Rm = UE
----------
IEE
Relay Operates;
If Rm < Rset
36V/45V
for Energy Delivery
Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F): AC
Voltage Injection Method in 7UM62
Generating square wave voltage
Rm = Ug
-------
Ig
Low Frequency AC Voltage Measurement
for Energy Delivery
Generator: Front & Side view
for Energy Delivery
Generator: Front view
for Energy Delivery
DOBLE ENGINEERING PVT. LTD
305-SAKAR, OLD PADRA ROAD,
VADODARA.
PH: (+91)(265) 655 77 15 & Fax: (+91)(265) 235 62 85
Cell: (+91) 94267 47545 / 98980 55956
E-MAIL: kdave@doble.com
infokamindave@yahoo.com
Website: www.doble.com
for Energy Delivery

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Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

¾ Abnormal Operating Conditions:-

¾ Other Miscellaneous Protections:-

Voltage 51V Yes Yes Yes

Over voltage or 59 or 24 (99) - Yes Yes

Under Voltage 27 - Yes Yes Only for alarm

Over frequency 81O - Yes Yes

Under frequency 81U Yes Yes Yes

Generator 87G Yes Yes Yes Less than 1MW

Negative Phase 46 - Yes Yes

Restricted earth 64R Optional either - -

Reverse Power 32 Yes Yes Yes

Low forward 37 - Yes Yes

Pole slipping 78 - - Yes Above 50MW

Over speed 12 Yes Yes Yes

Turn to Turn 50/51 - - Yes Above 250MW

PROTECTION ANSI CODE SMALL (UP MEDIUM (UP LARGE REMARKS

Vibration Indicator - Yes Yes Yes

Bearing 26 or 38 Yes Yes Yes

Bearing Insulation 26 or 38 Yes Yes Yes

Bearing temperature Yes Yes

Stator winding Yes Yes

Lubricating oil Yes Yes Sp. For diesel

Governor oil pressure Yes Yes Sp. For STG

Cooling water inlet Yes Yes

Battery voltage low Yes Yes Sp. For battery

TRIP TYPE: TT GCB FB

TRIP TYPE TT GCB FB

SHORT TIME (STAGE-2)

(OPERATES ONLY AT TT)

¾ 588 MVA, 16.2 kA, 21 kV, 0.85 PF

¾ Unity PF lag capability: 433 MVA

¾Flux density stator & rotor : 2 - 2.5 Tesla

2.2 Stator O/C Curve of 500MW

Stator O/C Curve Limit as per

RATED MVA min: 1 2 5 10

-10% -5% 0 +5%

¾IRating = 16200 Ampere

¾VRating on secondary = (VRating)/ (PTR)

¾VRating on secondary = (VRating)/ (PTR*1.7325)

¾What is the difference between Stator

¾What is the difference between Stator

+VE 2.5s – 25s

¾Advisable to provide surge diverters

But, Foam Factor (ERMS/EAVE) is 1.11;

Flux = (ERMS) / (1.11*N*Frequency)

Setting Criteria for Inverse Time Over Fluxing relay

¾It’s a Prime-mover Protection. Each

¾As per IEC, BS and ANSI standards,

Frequenc Rated P.F.=1.0, P.F.=0.8, No Load

¾ Setting Criteria: Based on Generator

¾Setting Criteria: Based on Transient

Reverse active clutch & Time Motor

FMachine < FSystem G D Y

Relay setting Threshold

Relay setting Threshold

¾ Protection against the motoring action of the

Gas turbine (Single shaft) 100% of rated power

Gas turbine (Double shaft) 10% to 15% of rated power

Steam turbine 0.5% to 7.5% of rated power

Hydro turbine 1% to 3% of rated power

Relay setting Threshold

Flux = (ERMS) / (1.11NFrequency)

Ground Fault Volts = (Ground fault AmpsPT secondary voltsNGR Resistance)

Ground Fault Volts = (12.12138.52100)