1

demokratia, ganaTleba da multikulturalizmi

moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebuli dilemebi globalur

samyaroSi

karlos alberto toresi

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.

Lanham Boulder New York Oxford

ამ მასალის მომზადება შესაძლებელი გახდა ამერიკელი ხალხის კეთილი ნებითა და აშშ საერთაშორისო
განვითარების სააგენტოს მხარდაჭერით. მასალის შინაარსზე პასუხისმგებელია კემონიკს ინთერნეშენალი ინკ. და
ლოს ანჯელესის უნივერსიტეტი კალიფორნიაში, და იგი არ წარმოადგენს აშშ საერთაშორისო განვითარების
სააგენტოსა ან აშშ მთავრობის აზრს. ეს მასალა ითარგმნა და დაიბეჭდა აშშ საერთაშორისო განვითარების სააგენტოს
განათლების მართვის პროექტის ფარგლებში, რომელიც ხორციელდება საქართველოს განათლების და მეცნიერების
სამინისტროსა და ილია ჭავჭავაძის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტთან ერთად.

2
 gamoqveynebulia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.-is mier
4720 Boston Way, Lanham, Maryland 20706

12 Hid’s Copse Road

Cumnor Hill, Oxford OX2 9JJ, England

saavtoro ufleba © 1998 karlos alberto toresis

yvela ufleba daculia. gamomcemlis winaswari nebarTvis gareSe

dauSvebelia winamdebare publikaciis ama Tu im nawilis Tavidan gamocema,
informaciis saZiebo sistemaSi Senaxva an raime formiT _ eleqtronuli,
meqanikuri, fotoasliT, firze CaweriT da a.S. _ gavrceleba.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

toresi, karlos alberto.

demokratia, ganaTleba, da multikulturizmi: moqalaqeobasTan
dakavSirebuli dilemebi globalur samyaroSi / karlos alberto
toresi.
p.cm.

wignSi Sesulia bibliografiuli cnobebi da indeqsi.

ISBN 0-8476-8534-9 (cloth: alk. paper). – ISBN 0-8476-8535-7 (paper: alk. paper)
1. kritikuli pedagogika. 2. ganaTleba da saxelmwifo. 3.
multikulturuli ganaTleba. 4. moqalaqeoba. 1. saTauri
LC196.T65 1998
370.11’5 –dc21
98-4047
CIP
daibeWda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

winamdebare publikaciaSi gamoyenebuli qaRaldi Seesabameba im

minimalur moTxovnebs, romelsac amerikuli saxelmwifo standarti
sainformacio sistemis mimarT ayenebs – Permanence of Paper for Printed
Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.

ISBN 978-9941-0-4482-3

3
wignis pirvel qarTulenovan gamocemaze muSaobdnen:
gamocemis redaqtorebi:

nino CubiniZe nchubinidze@gem.ge

medea kakaCia mkakachia@usaid.gov

mTargmnelebi:

maka TevdoraZe makatevd1@gmail.com

naTia amiriZe natia1998@yahoo.com

Targmanis redatorebi:

manana dumbaZe manandumbadze@gmail.com

nino Caduneli nchaduneli@yahoo.com

Sinaarsis redaqtori:

nino javaxiSvili nino@sdpdd.ge

grafikuli dizaini da formatireba:

giorgi aleqsiZe georgealeksidze@hotmail.com

nino esebua nino.esebua.1@iliauni.edu.ge

4
Sinaarsi

avtorisagan..............................................................................................................................................................................................9

1. wesrigis saidumlo Tavgadasavlebi: Sesavali ............................................................................................12

saxelmwifo, Zalaufleba da ganaTleba...........................................................................................................12

moqalaqeobrioba, demokratia da multikulturalizmi: Teoriuli problema ......... 14

Tezisi, romelic winamdebare wignSi wina planzea wamoweuli ................................................. 16

wignis struqtura ......................................................................................................................................................................18

2. saxelmwifo da ganaTleba ............................................................................................................................................... 22

saxelmwifo: cnebis gansazRvrebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi........................................ 23

ganaTleba da saxelmwifo ................................................................................................................................................ 29

saxelmwifos koncefcia .......................................................................................................................................................31

kapitalisturi saxelmwifo demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, Tu demokratiuli

saxelmwifo kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi?................................................................................................. 41

klasikuri Teoriebi saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb: liberalizmidan

marqsizmamde....................................................................................................................................................................................44

Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo Teoriebi da kapitalisturi saxelmwifo ...................... 53

liberaluri saxelmwifo da ganaTleba ....................................................................................................... 53

neokonservatiuli saxelmwifo da ganaTleba: arCevani da kulturuli

pluralizmi ............................................................................................................................................................................... 62

neoliberaluri saxelmwifo da ganaTleba: avtonomiis sakiTxi .........................................71

paralelisturi Teoriebi da codna saxelmwifos Sesaxeb: nekonservatizmis da

neoliberalizmis kritika ........................................................................................................................................... 76

socialuri regulireba, saxelmwifo sfero, da saxelmwifos intervencia:

ostmodernistuli Tvalsazrisi saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebaze ........................................ 83

patriarqaluri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg galaSqreba? feminizmi da saxelmwifos

Seferiloba ................................................................................................................................................................................ 89

Sejameba ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 96

3. globalizacia ........................................................................................................................................................................... 104

5
 globalizaciis fenomeni ................................................................................................................................................ 104

Okapitalizmis globalizacia da ekonomikis restruqturizacia 107

globalizacia da moqalaqeoba: suvereniteti, bazrebi da adamianis uflebebi...... 111

moqalaqeebi da bazrebi................................................................................................................................................ 112

moqalaqeebi, saxelmwifo suvereniteti da adamianTa universaluri uflebebi ...... 119

globalizacia da multikulturuli moqalaqeoba: postmodernizmis Svilebi? ... 123

globalizacia, moqalaqeoba da solidaroba ............................................................................................ 127

A aris Tu ara kosmopolituri demokratiebi gamosavali? .......................................................... 136

4. moqalaqeoba .................................................................................................................................................................................. 143

moqalaqe ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 143

ganmanaTlebloba, rogorc moqalaqeobis safuZveli ......................................................................... 145

moqalaqeoba, saxelmwifo da demokratia: T. h. marSalis wvlili ....................................... 147

neokonservatorebi da moqalaqeoba ...................................................................................................................... 150

ganaTleba, moqalaqeoba, momxmareblebi da bazari: jeof vitis kritika ...................... 153

feminizmis, postkolonializmis, rasis kritikuli Teoriisa da socialuri

moZraobebis gamowvevebi .................................................................................................................................................... 156

feminizmi ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 156

postkolonializmi ........................................................................................................................................................... 166

rasis kritikuli Teoria ............................................................................................................................................ 170

axali socialuri moZraobebi da moqalaqeoba .................................................................................... 174

Sejameba ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 183

postskriptumi: siRaribe da moqalaqeobis dualizacia .................................................................. 184

ormagi moqalaqeoba.......................................................................................................................................................... 185

dualuri moqalaqeoba da siRaribe ................................................................................................................. 189

5. demokratia ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 197

demokratiis Teoriebi ........................................................................................................................................................ 197

demokratia da saxelmwifo ........................................................................................................................................... 201

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 liberaluri demokratiis triumfi ......................................................................................................................203

liberaluri demokratia da socialuri kapitali ...............................................................................208

liberaluri demokratiis krizisi da ganaTlebis roli.............................................................. 213

demokratiuli ganaTlebis moTxovna .................................................................................................................. 217

politikuri gamowveva: saganmanaTleblo utopia da demokratiuli politika ......220

demokratia da ganaTleba ...............................................................................................................................................223

postskriptumi: demokratia da socializmi .................................................................................................227

6. multikulturalizmi .........................................................................................................................................................232

multikulturalizmi, rogorc socialuri moZraoba, rogorc multikulturuli

ganaTleba da rogorc moqalaqeTa ganaTleba: TeTrkanianobis sakiTxi ........................ 232

multikulturalizmi, rogorc socialuri moZraoba da rogorc Teoriuli

midgoma ...............................................................................................................................................................................................236

demokratia, multikulturalizmi da samoqalaqo ganaTleba: jeims benqsis

Tvalsazrisi ................................................................................................................................................................................. 241

liberaluri kritika ...........................................................................................................................................................244

multikulturalizmi, rogorc laSqroba: neokonservatiuli kritika ...........................250

klasi, rasa da ganmanaTlebloba: kritika memarcxeneTa mxridan ......................................... 263

identobisa da multikulturalizmis kritikulad sadavo sakiTxebi: daskvna .......279

7. demokratiuli mულტიკულტუruli moqalaqeobis Teoriisken ..................................................292

los anJelesidan bostonisaken: Canaxati ........................................................................................................292

demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis gamowvevebi ....................................................295

saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb TeoriaTa Sedegebi: ratom unda iazrovnon

ganaTlebis mkvlevrebma politikurad ganaTlebis Sesaxeb? ......................................................296

problemuri dasawyisi ...................................................................................................................................................296

gadaudebeli sakiTxebi .................................................................................................................................................297

argumenti 1: klasikosebi ............................................................................................................................................298

argumenti 2: metanarativi...........................................................................................................................................298

argumenti 3: Zalaufleba ............................................................................................................................................300

argumenti 4: axali sawyisebi .................................................................................................................................. 301

7
 argumenti 5: niuansirebuli istoriuli mniSvneloba an depolitizacia ................ 302

winaaRmdegobebi, dilemebi da gamowvevebi ..................................................................................................... 303

gamowvevebi................................................................................................................................................................................. 303

winaaRmdegobebi da dilemebi .................................................................................................................................304

demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoria ............................................................... 307

politikuri gamowveva: saganmanaTleblo utopia da demokratiuli politika ...... 313

mravalferovnebis winaaRmdegobebi da gamowvevebi: multikulturalizmi,

moqalaqeoba da demokratia ganaTlebaSi ....................................................................................................... 315

kanoni da kultura................................................................................................................................................................ 323

samoqalaqo Rirebulebebi da multikulturuli demokratiuli moqalaqeoba ....... 331

epilogi.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 336

biblografia 342

avtoris Sesaxeb .............................................................................................................................................................................365

8
avtorisagan

weris procesi inteleqtualuri mogzaurobaa, savse aRmoCenebiTa da

dialogebiT. am wignze muSaobisas udidesi samsaxuri gamiwies Cemma
megobrebma da kolegebma, romlebic ukanaskneli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
moTminebiT ekidebodnen im akviatebul interess, romelsac saxelmwifos,
ganaTlebis, moqalaqeobis, demokratiis da multikulturalizmis
urTierTobebze msjelobisas viCendi. am diskusiebs araerTxel Seewira
Cveni musaifi da mSvenieri vaxSamic ki.

madloba minda gadavuxado maikl v. efls, robert arnovs, atilio

alberto borons, sol koens, aw gansvenebul paulo reglus neves freirs,
moakir gadotis, valter garsias, zelda groeners, jon havkinss, pet
makdonous, ted mitCels, marsela moliss, pilar o’kadizs, raj panus,
reimond paredess, devid planks, tomas s. popkeviCs, adriana puigross, xose
eustaqio romaos, daniel Sugurenskis da uelford (baz) uilmss.
zogierTi Cemi kolega da megobari xelnawerSi gaecno Cems naSroms
an mis garkveul nawils da erTob sagulisxmo SeniSvnebi da siRrmiseuli
rCevebi momawoda. gansakuTrebuli madloba minda gadavuxado nik
burbuliss, rei rokos, dag kelners, tod gitlins da gloria ledson-
bilingss. raimond alen moroum, romelTanac bolo aTi weli mWidrod
vTanamSromlobdi sociologiuri Teoriis da ganaTlebis sakiTxebze,
rogorc yovelTvis, didi daxmareba gamiwia Tavisi SorsmWvreti kritikuli
SeniSvnebiT.

xelnawerTan dakavSirebiT ukiduresad sasargeblo rCevebi miviRe

ramdenime magistrantisganac, rac Cemi azriT, kidev erTxel adasturebs,
rom moswavle maswavlebelia, maswavlebeli ki _ moswavle. studentebTan
urTierTobis procesSi, SesaZloa ver SevZeli maTi niWis srulad
gamovlena, magram minda vaRiaro, rom maT metad saintereso winadadebebi
SemomTavazes. aseve, madlobas vuxdi maria beatris santanas, oqtavio
peskadors, saul duartes, ali jumas, karmen laura toress, piter kips,
jenifer jafnoskis, qsoCitl perezs, gabino aguires, devid viqtorins, karen
makklafertis, juli tompsons da anali haros.). madloba Cems megobar din
birkenkamps profesionalizmisaTvis, gaRebuli siTbosa da
solidarobisaTvis, aseve, sagamomcemlo saqmis mimarT gaweuli
RvawlisaTvis _ igi Rowman & Littlefield –is aRmsrulebeli redaqtoria da
gansakuTrebiT zrunavs demokratiuli socialuri garemos
CamoyalibebisTvis.

9
 sanam sabolood davazustebdi wignTan dakavSirebul detalebs,
mudmivad miwevda mogzauroba meqsikaSi, braziliaSi da argentinaSi. is
Sinagani sisufTave da gulCviloba, aseve, siyvarulisa da mzrunvelobis
gamoxatvis niWi, rac ase moWarbebiT axasiaTebT Cems meqsikel, braziliel
da argentinel megobrebs, mudam maxsenebda laTinur gamoTqmas “ad fontes”
_ yovelTvis movuxme humanurobas, TanagrZnobas da siyvaruls –
inteleqtualuri STagonebis WeSmarit wyaros.

am wigns vuZRvni Cems dedas, romelic Tavisi adamianurobiT

yovelTvis mimaniSnebda imaze, rom TanagrZnobas ara aqvs sazRvari, rom
siyvaruli aRemateba adamianis bunebasa da qcevas, da rom demokratiis
principebiT cxovreba gmirobad ar unda iTvlebodes.

am wigns, aseve, vuZRvni Cems qaliSvils laura silvinas, romelic

ganuwyvetliv STamagonebs, rom cnobismoyvare, moazrovne gonebas,
mosiyvarule xasiaTsa da dialogis dauokebel wyurvils samyaros Secvla
ZaluZs, yovel SemTxvevaSi im adamianebisTvis, vinc bedma masTan
urTierTobiT daajildova. lauras ganswavlulobam Tanamedrove
sociologiuri Teoriis sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT eTnikurobisa da genderul
sakiTxebSi, didad ganapiroba am TemiT Cemi gataceba da misi ukeT gageba.
Cemma vaJma, pablo sebastianma, romelic misTvis Cveuli cnobismoyvareobis
gamo, nawilobriv gaecno naSromis xelnawers, mTeli Tavisi
maxvilgonierebiTa da filosofiuri gonierebiT iseTi mniSvnelovani,
pirdapiri da, rig SemTxvevaSi, ukiduresad kritikuli SeniSvnebi momca,
rom am wignis miZRvna namdvilad daimsaxura. masTan urTierTobam da misma
simarTlisaken swrafvam bevri ram maswavla. me vuZRvni am wigns Cems ufros
vaJs, karlos albertos, romelsac sam sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sam gansxvavebul
enaze mouxda swavla, da romelic cxovrebaSi ukeT axerxebs
interkulturalizmis xorcSesxmas, vidre me es Teoriulad maqvs
warmodgenili. misma uzado qcevam da cxovrebis pozitiurad Wvretam
maswavla, rom migraciulma gamocdilebam SesaZloa sabolood uxilavi
Rirsebis magvari unari Camoayalibos da es unari karlosis msgavs
adamianebs uSfoTvelad cxovrebaSi exmareba. wigni aseve eZRvneba Cemi
ojaxis axal wevrebs nikol tomas da rosana disalvos. rogorc yovelTvis,
ganskuTrebuli madlierebiT movixsenieb Cems meuRles da Tanamegzurs maria
kristina ponss. Cveni Tanacxovreba ukve ocdaxuT wels iTvlis. misi
mgrZnobiare buneba, inteleqti da momnusxveli Rimili, profesionali
literaturaTmcodnis alRo da mwerluri niWi ufro Sinaarsians xdida
Cems cxovrebas, mexmareboda gamecnobierebina da damefasebina laTinuri
amerikis literaturis umSvenieresi samyaro.

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 dabolos, am wigns vuZRvni Cemi megobrisa da “maestros”, aw
gansvenebuli paulo reglus neves freiris xsovnas, romelic laTinuri
amerikis sindiss ganasaxierebda da romelic gardaicvala maSin, rodesac am
wignze muSaobas vamTavrebdi. SeuZlebelia yvela im sikeTis CamoTvla, rac
am adamians CemTvis gaukeTebia. arasdros miecema daviwyebas misi mdidari
memkvidreoba _ swavlebani da naSromebi, romlebic mudam gagvaxsenebs mis
ukompromiso morals da utopiur azrovnebas, adamianis usazRvro
siyvaruls da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, arasdros dagvaviwydeba, ra
gulmxurvaled gvaswavlida cnobismoyvareobis epistemologias.

11
1

wesrigis saidumlo Tavgadasavlebi: Sesavali

saxelmwifo, Zalaufleba da ganaTleba

“wesrigis srulyofa qaosidan iRebs dasabams.”

-karlos monsivaisi, qaosis tradiciebi

qaotur mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes rogorc politika da

qveyana, ise ganaTlebis sistemac. meqsikeli JamTaaRmwerlis karlos
monsivaisis figuralur nawarmoebSi qaosis tradiciebi socialuri wesrigis
mignebis saxiT SeiZleba iqnes danaxuli. xorxe luis borxesi (1996) wesrigis
saidumlo Tavgadasavlebis Sesaxeb saubrobda. Tu moviSveliebT ori
cnobili laTino-amerikeli avtoris gamonaTqvamebs, borxesi da monsivaisi
TavianTi nawarmoebebiT aCveneben, rom zogjer literatura cdilobs
Cawvdes realobas, Tumca es mcdeloba yovelTvis warmatebiT ar mTavrdeba.
sxva SemTxvevebSi, literaturuli nawarmoebi, romelSic warmosaxviTi
xSirad iseT realobad iqceva, romlis mimarTac ar moqmedebs kanonikuri da
analitikuri moTxovnebi, realobis transformaciis dinamikis iseT gagebas
gvTavazobs, romelic socialuri dargis mecnierebisaTvis miuwvdomelia
maTi erudiciis, Zalisxmevis da maTi daxvewili meTodebis miuxedavad. amis
mizezi realobis transformaciis mrvalwaxnagovani ganzomilebaa. aqedan
gamomdinare, winamdebare Sesavlis saTaurad borxesis STamagonebeli fraza
SevarCie. “wesrigis saidumlo Tavgadasavlebi” mxolod metafora ar aris –
es aris saxelmwifos, Zalauflebasa da ganaTlebas Soris arsebuli arcTu
martivi urTierTobebis originaluri simbolo, romelic ra Tqma unda,
centralur adgils ikavebs iseT dilemaSi, rogoricaa moqalaqeobrioba
multikulturul sazogadoebaSi.

magram, aq Cndeba kiTxva _ aris qaosis tradiciebi socialuri

wesrigis saidumlo Tavgadasavlebis nawili? Tu es asea, maSin
saganmanaTleblo realobis socialuri konstruqcia Tavisi tradiciebis,
qaosis da simboluri wesrigis CaTvliT, socialuri wesrigis reproduqciis
centralur aspeqts unda warmoadgendes (morou da toresi, 1995). es
gardauvalia im zomiT, ra zomiTac SesaZlebelia socialuri realobis
maZieblad miCneuli procesebis: socialuri, materialuri da simboluri
12
wesrigis dayofis praqtikis da socialuri wesrigis rRvevis gamomwvevi
moZraobis xelaxali inkorporacia qaosSi, im moZraobaSi, romelmac Tavad
unda daicvas socialuri wesrigis reproduqcia.

simbolur doneze, socialuri struqturebis reproduqcia im

racionaluri kanonmdeblobis, rutinuli procedurebis da praqtikis
saWiroebaze miuTiTebs, romelic Rrmadaa Canergili socialur brZolaSi,
sajaro ganaTlebis teqnikur da biurokratiul marTvaSi, aseve,
saxelmwifos portretSi da gadamwyvet rols asrulebs socialuri
reproduqciis procesSi. SesaZloa borxesis es lirikulad mdidari fraza
swored socialuri xasiaTis process asaxavs. wesrigis saidumlo
Tavgadasavali Tavisi mowyobiT da daumorCilebeli bunebiT, erTmaneTTan
akavSirebs saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebas. da es swored isaa, rac ganaTlebis
politikisa da praqtikis sferoSi, ganaTlebis sakiTxebze gamarTul
msjelobebsa da diskusiebSi da bolos _ yoveldRiur saklaso procesSi
xdeba. xolo mizezi ki amisa aris is, rom saxelwifo mTavari rgolia,
romelic sajaro da kerZo ganaTlebis sistemebisagan normebis,
kanonmdeblobis, saswavlo programebis da finansuri resursebis dadgenas
da ganaTlebis marTvis procesis Sefasebas iTxovs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
saxelmwifo udides rols asrulebs ganaTlebis sistemis warmatebul
funqcionirebaSi, saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebas Soris arsebuli kavSirebze,
mcire gamonaklisebs Tu ar CavTvliT, analitikuri xasiaTis diskusiebi
TiTqmis ar imarTeba, aRaraferi rom vTqvaT iseTi naSromebis arsebobaze,
romlebic saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis Teoriebs Soris kavSiris Ziebas
mieZRvneboda1. winamdebare wigni swored am mxriv arsebuli danaklisis
Sevsebis mcdelobaa _ analizi, romelic ganaTlebis politikur
sociologias da moqalaqeobriobis da demokratiis formirebas erT
mTlianobaSi ganixilavs.

Ees wigni aris naSromi politikuri filosofiisa da ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, masSi asaxulia adamianebis cxovrebis
simboluri sfero, maT mier racionalurisa da utopiuris kognitiuri da
afeqturi gacnobiereba, im gzebis Ziebis aRqma, romelsac demokratiul da
Tanasworobis principebze agebul sazogadebaSi “adamiani Tavisuflebisa da
bednierebisken mihyavs”.

wigni, Tavisi arsiT, Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, Tumca aqvs imis pretenzia,

rom araspecialistebisTvisac xelmisawvdomi da gasagebia. avtori cdilobs,
wigni Teoriuli koncefciebiT agebul kedelSi CaSenebul kidev erT
agurad ar iqces, romlis gaSifvra mxolod filosofosebs xelewifebaT.
igi cdilobs, analizis gziT ufro cxadi gaxados is sakvanZo dilemebi,
romelTa winaSe ganaTlebis sferos praqtikosi specialistebi,

13
maswavleblebi da Cveni drois mkvlevarebi dganan. Tumca, isic unda, rom
sxvadasxva saswavlo garemos uSualo monawileebi: mSoblebi, ufrosebi,
axalgazrdebi da bavSvebi moqalaqeobriobis, demokratiisa da
multikulturalizmis cnebebs Soris arsebul kavSirSi gaarkvios.

Mgvesmis, rom pasuxi ara gvaqvs bevr iseT SekiTxvaze (Teoriuli Tu

praqtikuli xasiaTis), romelic am wignis gacnobis Sedegad SeiZleba
daibados. mxolod imis imeds gamovTqvamT, rom Teoriul problemasTan
dakavSirebuli yvelaze relevanturi sakiTxebis dadgena SevZeliT.

moqalaqeobrioba, demokratia da multikulturalizmi:

Teoriuli problema

adamianis gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis saukeTeso sazomia misi unari _

gonebaSi erTdroulad atarebdes or urTierTsawinaaRmdego ideas da mainc
inarCunebdes azrovnebis unars. adamians unda SeeZlos uimedo situaciis
realurad Sefaseba, Tumca, mTeli arsebiT unda undodes arsebuli
viTarebis Secvla.
- skot ficjeraldi, “msxvreva” (The Crack-up)

Tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba moqalaqeobriobis da demokratiis

Teoriebis ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba. es rTuli bunebis Teoriebi im
Teoriul da praqtikul gamowvevebs asaxaven, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia
Tanamedrove demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis. moqalaqeobriobis da
demokratiis Teoriebi safuZvlad demokratiul sazogadoebebSi
2
molaparakebebis warmarTvis Zalis dilemasac udevs .

moqalaqeobriobis Teoriebi asaxavs moqalaqeebsa da saxelmwifos,

agreTve, TviT moqalaqeebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis yvela
problemas. demokratiis Teoriebi ki mkafiod warmoaCens im kavSirebs,
romlebic socialuri da politikuri Zalauflebis damkvidrebul formebs,
anu farul da aSkara formebs Soris arsebobs. igi, aseve, warmoaCens
Sexebis wertilebs demokratiuli ganacxadis da Tanamonawileobis
sistemebsa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis politikur-administraciuli
organizaciis sistemebs Soris. saboloo jamSi, demokratiis Teoriebma
saTanado yuradReba unda dauTmon demokratiisa da kapitalizmis mTliani
urTierTqmedebis Seswavlas.

sabolood, multikulturalizmis Teoriebi, romlebic ukanaskneli

oci wlis ganmavlobaSi metad momravlda ganaTlebis sferoSi, exmaureba
ara mxolod pedagogiuri subieqtis mowyobis wess skolebSi, an pedagogiur
da politikur subieqtebs Soris urTierTqmedebas demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi, aramed adgens kidec mravaljeradi identobis (da Sesabamisi
14
narativebis, xmebisa da moqmedebis) daniSnulebas ganaTlebasa da
kulturaSi. mokled, multikulturulobis Teoriebi siRrmiseuladaa
dakavSirebuli kulturisa da ganaTlebis sferos politikasTan3.

A amgvarad, multikulturalizmis Teoriebi ukavSirdeba

moqalaqeobriobis Teoriebis mTavar analitikur mizans. rogorc
multikulturis, ise moqalaqeobriobis TeoriebiT, identobis arsisa da
wyaroebis, aseve, erovnuli, regionuli, eTnikuri da religiuri identobis
konkurentuli formebis dadgenas cdiloben. multikulturalizmis
TeoriebSi saTanado yuradReba eTmoba socialuri klasis, rasis, da sqesis
zegavlenas identobis formirebaze, agreTve, saxelmwifos rols am
TvalsazrisiT, rac faqtobrivad ver iqna miRweuli moqalaqeobriobis
farTod gavrcelebul TeoriebSi4. marTalia, specializebul
bibliografiaSi srulad ar ikveTeba identobasa da moqalaqeobriobas
Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSirebi, magram am kavSirebs iseTi praqtikuli
safuZveli aqvT, romelic maT kidev ufro aaxlovebs demokratiis
TeoriebTan. es imiT aixsneba, rom demokratiis Teoriebi ganixilavs ara
mxolod Tanamonawileobis, warmomadgenlobis, urTierTkontrolis da
Zalauflebis dayofis koncefciebs, aramed im gzebsac, romelTa
saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia solidarobis stimulireba identobis
konkretuli formebis an konkretuli interesebis miRma.

moqalaqeobriobis, demokratiis da multikulturalizmis Teoriebi

TavianTi zegavlenis konkretuli sferoebis da praqtikis safuZvelze
gamovlenili traeqtoriT cdiloben gansazRvron ara mxolod identobis
mniSvneloba (iseTi cnebisaTvis, rogoricaa demokratiuli moqalaqe da
multikulturuli politikuri subieqti), misi yvela urTierTsawinaaRmdego
sawyisis CaTvliT, aramed gadaWriT gansazRvron sazogadoebriobis
formebis is SezRudvebi da SesaZleblobebic, romlebic adamians misgan
gansxvavebul adamianebTan erToblivi muSaobisTvis da maTdami
tolerantuli damokidebulebisaTvis saWiro unaris gamomuSavebaSi
daexmareba. metic, aRniSnulma Teoriebma SesaZloa xeli Seuwyon
adamianebSi (an ufro konkretulad, moqalaqeebSi) sazogadoebrivi
keTildReobis da angariSvaldebulebis stimulirebis politikur procesSi
monawileobisTvis saWiro SesaZleblobebisa da survilis Camoyalibebas.
garda amisa, es Teoriebi adamianebis daexmareba, mzad iyvnen TavSekavebis da
personaluri pasuxismgeblobis gamosavlenad sakuTari ekonomikuri
moTxovnebisa da piradi arCevanis TvalsazrisiT, rac, TavisTavad,
zegavlenas axdens sazogadoebis keTildReobaze da sijansaReze, aseve,
garemosa da sazogadoebis formirebis procesze (kimlika da normani, 1994:
152-153). amas adasturebs agreTve habermasis (1992) maqsima, rom

15
“konstituciuri Tavisuflebis institutebis faseuloba mxolod im doziT
ganisazRvreba, ra doziTac maT sargebloba moaqvT mosaxleobisaTvis” (7).

Tezisi, romelic winamdebare wignSi wina planzea wamoweuli

“Tanabari SesaZleblobebi SesaZloa niSnavdes... adamianuri cxovrebis

Tanabar uflebas maTTvis, vinc saTanado Zalisxmevas gaiRebs… ...an maTTvis,
vinc metis mosapoveblad konkurentul brZolaSi CarTvas cdilobs.”
- s.b. makfersoni, demokratiis realuri samyaro

demokratiul, mravalsaxovan, multikulturul sazogadoebaSi

moqalaqeobis dilema, romelic zemoT gakeTebuli analizis dasawyisSi
SemogTavazeT, SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: moqalaqeobriobis Teoriebi
dasavleTis politikuri Teoriis tradiciis stilSi ganaviTares
TeTrkanianma, heteroseqsualma mamakacebma, romlebmac organizebuli
sazogadoebidan homogenuri moqalaqeobriobis identificireba moaxdines
meToduri gamoricxviT da ara sazogadoebaSi CarTvis procesis
gaTvaliswinebiT. anu, qalebi, is socialuri jgufebi, romlebic
eqvemdebarebian identificirebas (mag. ebraelebi, boSebi), muSaTa klasis
warmomadgenlebi, sxvadasxva eTnikuri da rasobrivi jgufebis
warmomadgenlebi an, mokled rom vTqvaT, feradkanianebi da konkretul
SesaZleblobebsa da unarebs (mag. wera-kiTxvis da maTematikis codna)
moklebuli adamianebi, garkveul sazogadoebebSi, faqtobrivad, amoiRes
moqalaqeobis ganmartebidan. Sesabamisad, maTze aRar vrceldeboda `is
ideebi, romlebic erTis mxriv individualur uflebamosilebas da meore
mxriv _ konkretuli sazogadebisaTvis mikuTvnebas” exeba. (kimlika da
normani, 1994:352).

demokratiis Teoriebma, gaarTves ra Tavi demokratiuli Zalauflebis,

Tanamonawileobis da warmomadgenlobiTobis wyaroebis amocnobas
legitimuri politikuri demokratiis sistemebSi, ver SeZles moqalaqeebis
erTobliobidan garkveuli segmentebis meToduri gamoricxvis Tavidan
acileba5. amdenad, formaluri demokratia radikalurad gansxvavdeba
realuri demokratiisgan. ra Tqma unda, ufro damafiqrebelia is faqti, rom
demokratiis Teoriebma ver SeZles ganesxvavebinaT warmomadgenlobiTi
demokratiis fesvebi (iseT cnebebze dayrdnobiT, rogoricaa Tanabari
warmomadgenloba, samarTlianoba, Tanasworuflebianoba) kapitalisturi
sazogadoebebis Zireuli principebisgan. Tavisi bunebiT kapitalizmi
xelisuflebasa da politikaSi diferencialur warmomadgenlobas iTxovs
da usamarTlobas ierarqiebis sistemebiTa da dapirispirebuli interesebiT
asazrdoebs. araTanasworuflebianobas igi mogebaze orientirebuli
sistemis funqcionirebiT uwyobs xels.
16
 multikulturalizmis Teoriebi efeqturia kulturisa da identobis
politikis, agreTve, identobis konkretul formebSi da am formebs Soris
solidarobis diferencirebuli wyaroebis analizis TvalsazrisiT. es
Teoriebi siRrmiseulad warmoaCenen gansxvavebuli identobebis rTul
bunebas, aseve, gansxvavebuli solidarobebis winaaRmdegobriobas da
ganaTlebis sferoSi sazRvrebis gadalaxvis saWiroebas avlenen. TumcaRa,
aRniSnulma Teoriebma ver SeZles an Segnebulad Tavi aarides
moqalaqeobriobis da demokratiis Teoriebis gamoyenebas, rasac praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiT didi efeqti eqneboda, eTikurad misaRebi, moralurad
mdgradi da politikurad ganxorcielebadi iqneboda kapitalisturi
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis konteqstSi.

Eam wigniT SeuZlebelia im xarvezebis, daudevrobiT daSvebuli

Secdomebis da, zog SemTxvevaSi, dumilis, aseve, iseTi praqtikuli xasiaTis
SezRudvebis srulyofili meToduri analizi da Sefaseba, romelTac
amJRavnebs zemoT aRniSnuli sami Teoria (moqalaqeobriobis, demokratiis
da multikulturalizmis) ganaTlebis sferosTan damokidebulebaSi.
TumcaRa, iyenebs ra fonad demokratiisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebs,
wigni detalurad aanalizebs, sad ikveTebian moqalaqeobriobisa da
multikulturalizmis Teoriebi. am wigniT gvinda dagarwmunoT, rom
multikulturul sazogadoebebSi moqalaqeobriobasTan dakavSirebuli
sakvanZo dilemis safuZvliani Seswavla, multikulturuli moqalaqeobis
Teoriis gamoyenebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

Ddiax, Cven namdvilad gvWirdeba multikulturuli moqalaqeobriobis

Teoria, romelic mTeli seriozulobiT moekideba demokratiis Teoriis
SemuSavebis saWiroebas. is ki, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs iseTi
problemebis mogvarebas (an Zirfesvianad aRmofxvris am problemebs),
romelic gamowveulia socialuri kontrastebiT,
araTanasworuflebianobiTa da usamarTlobiT, riTac gaJRenTilia
kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi. garda aRniSnulisa, demokratiis Teoria
erTis mxriv, ieriSs miitans demokratiasa da kapitalizms Soris arsebul
Sinagan konfliqtze, xolo meore mxriv, saTanado yuradRebas miapyrobs
socialur, politikur da ekonomikur demokratiul formebs. dabolos,
namdvilad gvWirdeba multikulturuli moqalaqeobriobis Teoria, romelic
keTilgonivrul pasuxs gascems neokonservatiuli tipis SeZaxilebs imis
Taobaze, rom kapitalistur sazogadobebSi SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove
demokratiebis marTva6.

17
wignis struqtura

zemoT aRwerili problemebis Seswavlis mizniT, me-2 TavSi

ganxilulia kapitalisturi saxelmwifo demokratiul sazogadoebebSi.
aRniSnuli Tavi asabuTebs imas, rom saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebi, TviT
saxelmwifos buneba da saxelmwifo politikis xasiaTi, gansakuTrebul
rols asruleben ganaTlebisa da saxelmwifo politikis formirebis
politikuri bunebis gagebis TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, im kavSirebis
gacnobierebis kuTxiT, romlebic arsebobs ganaTlebas, moqalaqeobriobas
da multikulturalizms Soris. saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebi, eyrdnobian
ra politikur filosofias, romelmac ganviTarebis piks me-19 saukuneSi
miaRwia, centralur adgils uTmoben saxelmwifos, rogorc eris
Semadgeneli nawilis cnebas. Sesabamisad, swored eris cneba xdeba analizis
mTavari rgoli. aseT SemTxvevaSi ibadeba kiTxva – ra emarTeba saxelmwifos
(Sesabamisad, demokratias, moqalaqeobriobas da ra Tqma unda,
multikulturulobas), Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT ekonomikis, kulturis da
politikis globalizebas? sxva sityvebiT _ kargavs Tu ara saxelmwifo
Zlierebas? swored am sakiTxebs eZRvneba me-3 Tavi. am TavSi globalizaciis
procesi ganxilulia Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis konteqstSi, aseve,
globalizaciis Sedegebi kapitalisturi ekonomikuri reorganizaciis
TvalsazrisiT da globalizaciis procesis SesaZlo zegavlena
moqalaqeobriobis, demokratiisa da multikulturalizmis sakiTxebze.

saxelmwifosa da globalizaciis Sesaxeb Teoriebis safuZvelze, me-4,

me-5 da me-6 TavebSi ganixilaven moqalaqeobriobis, demokratiisa da
multikulturalizmis Teoriebs da politikur-filosofiuri
gadmosaxedidan gvTavazoben am TeoriebTan asocirebuli gaurkvevlobis da
im arcTu ioli situaciebis sistemur Sefasebas, romlebic aRniSnul
TeoriebSi saxelmwifo politikis TvalsazrisiT vlindeba. aRniSnul
TavebSi, aseve, mocemulia TiToeuli mimarTulebis sakvanZo Teoriebisa da
koncefciebis meToduri gansazRvreba.

dabolos, me-7 Tavi _ ”svla demokratiuli, multikulturuli

moqalaqeobriobis Teoriis mimarTulebiT” _ kidev erTxel aanalizebs am
wignSi warmodgenil ZiriTad Teoriul sakiTxebs, sistemurad warmoaCens am
TeoriebTan dakavSirebul winaaRdegobebsa da rTul situaciebs da maT
SesaZlo urTierTSexebas, miuTiTebs danaklisebze da xarvezebze, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, Teoriul “dumilze” da gvTavazobs Temebs, romlebic
namdvilad imsaxureben safuZvlian Seswavlas.

kornel vestis (1993a) TqmiT, adamianebis cxovrebaSi argumentebi

mTavari ar aris, Tumca SeiZleba isini adamianebze garkveul zemoqmedebas
18
axdenden. vesti ar tyuis, roca amtkicebs, rom adamianTa cxovrebaSi
mTavaria siyvaruli, mzrunveloba, pativiscema da sxva adamianebTan
siaxlove. am wignze muSaobisas Cemze gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina
adamianebis siyvarulma, mzrunvelobam, siaxlovem da imaTma
urTierTpativiscemam. Cemze yovelTvis moqmedebda vestis xatovani
gamonaTqvami _ inteleqtualuri moRvaweobis dros yovelTvis unda
SevinarCunoT “istoriis saTuTi SegrZneba”(19).

vestis naSromi (1993 a) “postmodernistuli xanis winaswarmetyveluri

azrovneba” damexmara, kidev erTxel gameazrebina, ratom vatarebT an ratom
unda CavataroT kvlevebi ganaTlebis sferoSi, ratom unda SevxedoT
seriozulad im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebic arsebobs ganaTlebas,
moqalaqeobriobas da demokratias Soris. rogorc vesti aRniSnavs,
amerikaSi mimdinareobs kulturuli dacemis aSkara procesi da es yvelaze
metad aSinebs mas: “uprecedento kulturuli dacemis qveS vgulisxmob im
sistemis socialur rRevas, romelmac unda aRzardos momavali Taobebi.
bavSvebisaTvis iseTi faseulobebis mniSvnelobis axsnis uunarobas,
rogoricaa mizani, Rirebuleba, Rirseba da keTilSobileba” (16).

MmarTalia vestis gamonaTqvamebi konkretul istoriul periods

miekuTvneba, magram Cemi Rrma rwmeniT isini araerTi tipis sazogadoebas
miesadageba. bavSvebis, axlgazrdebis da mozrdilebis aRzrda da swavleba
swored isaa, rac sajaro ganaTlebas ojaxTan da zogierT sxva
sazogadoebriv institutTan kavSirSi moeTxoveba. anu, ganaTlebis sferos
Seswavlis mTavar sakiTxi unda iyos Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris
arsebuli urRvevi kavSirebis gacnobiereba. es aris kidev erTi praqtikuli
xasiaTis mizezi, romelic gvaiZulebs periodulad gadavsinjoT
saxelmwifos, ganaTlebas, moqalaqeobriobas, demokratiasa da
multikulturalizms Soris arsebuli kavSirebi da romelic gvibiZgebs,
avaSenoT “naklebad uSno, naklebad sastiki da naklebad arahumanuri”
msoflio (paulo freiri). swored am ganwyobam gamiCina survili gavcnobodi
politikur filosofias, raTa ukeT Cavwvdomodi moqalaqeobriobis,
demokratiis, multikulturalizmisa da ganaTlebis sferoebs Soris
arsebuli kavSirebis arss.

SeniSvnebi

1. inglisur enaze, aseve, frangul literaturaSi moipoveba mravali

naSromi. ixileT mag. Michael W.Apple, ed., Cultural and Economic Reproduction in
Education: Essays on Class, Ideology, and the State (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982);
Pierre Bourdieu, La noblesse d’etat: Grandes ecoles et esprit de corps (Paris: Minuit, 1989);
Martin Carnoy and Henry M. Levin, Schooling and Work in the Democratic State (Stanford,
Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1985); Roger Dale, “The Political Sociology of Education,”
19
 British Journal of Sociology of Education 4, no.2 (1983): 185-202; Ron Everman, Lennart G.
Svensson, and Thomas Soderqvist, eds., Intellectuals, Universities, and the State in Western
Modern Societies (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987); Henry A.
Giroux and Peter McLaren, eds., Critical Pedagogy, the State, and Cultural Struggle (Albany:
State University of New York Press, 1989); Liz Gordon, “Beyond Relative Autonomy Theories
in Education,” British Journal of Sociology of Education 10, no.4 (1989): 435-448; Daniel
Morales-Gomez and Carlos Alberto Torres, The State, Corporatist Politics, and Educational
Policy-Making in Mexico (New York: Praeger, 1990); Raymond Morrow and Carlos Alberto
Torres, Social Theory and Education: A Critique of Theories of Social and Cultural
Reproduction (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), gansakuTrebiT is
nawili, romelic exeba ganaTlebas, saxelmwifos da reproduqciis
logikas, 341-447; Claus Offe, “Notes on the Laws of Motion of Reformist State Policies,”
n.d. mimeograph; Michael Pusey, “The Legitimation of State Education Systems,” Australian
and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 16 (July 1980): 45-52; George M. Thomas and John M.
Meyer, “The Expansion of the State,” Annual Review of Sociology 10 (1984): 461-482; Carlos
Alberto Torres, “ State and Education: Marxist Theories,” in International Encyclopedia of
Education: Research and Studies, vol.8, ed. T. Husen and T.N. Postlethwaite (Oxford: Pergamon
Press, 1985), 4793-4798; Gordon W. West, “Education, Moral Reproduction, and the State:
Some Implications of Activistic Interpretations of Recent European State Theories for Canadian
Educational Policy,” Interchange 12, nos. 2-3 (1981): 86-101.
2. winamdebare Tavis winaswari versiis prezentacia Sedga simpoziumze -
“postmodernizmis gamowveva socialur da humanitarul mecnierebebs”,
Universidad Complutense de Madrid-University of California, madridi, 22-25 aprili,
1997.
3. krizisuli pedagogika kritikul modernistul da postmodernistul
poziciebs Soris inteleqtualuri gamdidrebis gzis gasayarzea. misi
yuradReba, ZiriTadad, gamaxvilebulia Zalauflebis centralur adgilze
skolebis muSaobis stilis Sesaxeb damkvidrebul azrSi da im faqtze,
rom kritikulad ganwyobilma Teoretikosebma “Seqmnes naSromi, romelic
yuradRebis centrSi aqcevs saskolo ganaTlebis politikur ekonomias,
saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebas, Temebis /sagnebis reprezentatiulobas,
studentTa subieqtivizmis axsnas”. Peter McLaren, Life in Schools (White Plains,
N.Y.: Longman, 1989), 159. marTlac, metad umniSvnelo Sedegi iqna miRweuli
multikulturalizmis mravalferovani ineterpretaciiT, rac kidev
erTxel asabuTebs imas, rom krizisulma pedagogikam saTanado yuradReba
unda dauTmos moqalaqeobriobis, demokratiis da multikulturalizmis
Teoriebs, maTi urTieTSexebis wertilebs da maT Soris arsebul
winaaRmdegobebs.
4. gansxvavebul da sawinaaRmdego xasiaTis magaliTs warmoadgens kerol
peitmenis klasikuri naSromi, romlis wina planze demokratiis Teoriebis
feministuri perspqetivaa wamoweuli. ixileT, Carole Pateman, The Problem of
Political Obligation: A Critique of Liberal Theory (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1985).
5. devid heldi asabuTebs, rom demokratiam mecxramete da meoce saukuneebSi
gamokveTilad Tanamedrove forma SeiZina da gvevlineba “garkveuli
wesebis, procedurebis da institutebis klasterad, romelic saSualebas
20
 iZleva, moqalaqeTa absoluturi umravlesoba farTod CaerTos ara
uSualod politikur sakiTxebSi, aramed im warmomadgenlebis SerCevaSi,
romlebic damoukideblad SeZleben politikuri gadawyvetilebebis
miRebas. es klasteri moicavs arCeul mTavrobas, Tavisufal da
samarTlian arCevnebs, arCevis universalur uflebas, sindisis
Tavisuflebas, informaciis miRebisa da azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas,
damoukidebeli gaerTianebebis Camoyalibebis uflebas; srulwlovani
moqalaqeebis uflebas, gamoxaton winaaRmdegoba arsebuli mTavrobis
mimarT da daayenon TavianTi kandidatura konkretuli Tanamdebobebis
dasakaveblad.” David Held, “Democracy and the New International Order,”, in
Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order (Cambridge, England: Polity
Press, 1995), 97-98.
6. kapitalizmisa da demokratiis Sexebis wertilebi gaanalizebulia me-5
TavSi. am TemasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT: Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis,
Democracy and Capitalism: The Contradiction of Modern Political Life (New York: Basic
Books, 1986).

21
2

saxelmwifo da ganaTleba

winamdebare Tavi miznad isaxavs imis dasabuTebas, rom saxelmwifos

Sesaxeb Teoriebs, saxelmwifos bunebas da saxelmwifo politikis xasiaTs
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs ganaTlebis, rogorc saxelmwifo politikis
nawilis, politikuri bunebis Sesacnobad da im kavSirebis
gasacnobiereblad, romlebic arsebobs moqalaqeobriobas, demokratias da
multikulturalizms Soris. ganaTlebis sferoSi arsebuli “realuri”
problemebis da yvelaze Sesaferisi (efeqtiani, eTikurad misaRebi da
legitimuri) gadawyvetilebebis gansazRvra didad aris damokidebuli
saxelmwifos Teoriebze, romlebic safuZvels uyrian, asabuTeben da
warmarTaven saganmanaTleblo sferoSi problemebis identificirebis da
maTi daZlevis gzebis SemoTavazebis process. winamdebare Tavi ganixilavs
saxelmwifos mowyobis wessa da ganaTlebas Soris arsebuli
damokidebulebis klasikur Teoriebs, am Teoriebis liberalur,
neokonservatiul da neoliberalur formulirebebs da am formulirebebis
neomarqsistul, poststruqturalistur da postmodernistul kritikas.
saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis Teoriebis analizs amdidrebs feministuri
Teoriebis wvlilis Sefaseba, aseve, im sakiTxis Seswavlis mcdeloba, Tu ra
damokidebuleba arsebobs zemoCamoTvlil Teoriebsa da demokratiis,
moqalaqeobriobisa da multikulturalizmis sakiTxebs Soris. es analizi
ufro vrclad aris warmodgenili wignis me-4, me-5 da me-6 TavebSi.
saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebas Soris arsebuli damokidebulebis nebismieri
saxis analizis dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes am damokidebulebis
rTuli, mravaldoniani da dinamiuri buneba, romelic avlens im arsebiTi
mniSvnelobis konfliqts da winaaRmdegobas, romelic istoriuli da
sazogadoebrivi Zalebis politikur da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebTan
dapirispirebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba.

22
saxelmwifo: cnebis gansazRvrebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

erebs SeiZleba xangrZlivi istoriuli gzis gavla dasWirdeT daniSnulebis

im adgilis misaRwevad, romelsac saxelmwifo hqvia. da mTeli am gzis
manZilze maT SeiZleba garkveuli mimarTulebebiT mniSvnelovnad
ganaviTaron kidec kultura, . . . magram swored saxelmwifoa is cneba,
romelic pirveli rigis ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens da romelic ara
mxolod adaptirebulia istoriis prozaulobasTan, aramed swored Tavisi
arsebobis ganviTarebis gziT, Tavis TavSi, am istoriis Seqmnis process
moicavs.
-- hegeli, leqciebi istoriis filosofiis sakiTxebze

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arss pirvelad Cawvda platoni,

filosofosi, romelic varaudobda, rom adamianebis mcdelobas yovelTvis
Tan axlavs samarTlianobis ganmkargveli, Rrmad gamjdari miTiuri
azrovneba (platoni, 1941:70). saxelmwifo aris wesrigis, erTianobis da
kanonierebis zogadsaxelmZRvanelo principi, rasac mravali saukunis
Semdeg rusom volonté générale, anu “sazogado neba” daarqva. hegelisaTvis,
saxelmwifo istoriis uzenaes da yvelaze cvalebad (ganviTarebad)
realobas warmoadgenda _ “samyaros suls”, ideis namdvil gansaxierebas,
dabolos, istoriis Semqmnels, Semoqmedis msgavsad. amgvarad, politikuri
filosofiis mdidar tradiciaSi, romelic daiwyo platonidan da
ganviTareba hegelis naSromebSi hpova, saxelmwifo aRqmuli iyo koleqtiuri
survilebis xorcSesxmis garantad. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos
Teoriebze msjeloba im qedmaRluri memkvidreobis nawilia, romliTac
gajerebulia moazrovneebisa da filosofosebis, politikuri moRvaweebis
da rigiTi moqalaqeebis im Taobebis goneba, romlebic miznad isaxaven erisa
da saxelmwifos cnebebis sworad gansazRvras da aRniSnuli koncefciebis
kavSiris dadgenas iseT cnebebTan, rogoricaa demokratiuli kultura,
Zalaufleba da moqalaqeobrioba.

maqs veberi (1964) mkafiod gviCvenebs Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi

saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebel umTavres niSnebs:

SesaZlebelia gamovyoT Tanamedrove saxelmwifos umTavresi formaluri

maxasiaTeblebi: is ganagebs administraciul da samarTlebriv wesrigs,
romelic eqvemdebareba cvlilebas kanonmdeblobis mxridan. am cvlilebebze
orientirebulia im administraciuli Semadgenlobis organizebuli
korporatiuli saqmianoba, romelsac aseve aregulirebs kanonmdebloba.
wesrigis sistema gulisxmobs uflebamosilebas, romelic vrceldeba ara
mxolod saxelmwifos wevrebze da moqalaqeebze, romelTa umravlesobam
dabadebisTanave moipova wevroba, aramed yvela im moqmedebaze, romelic

23
 xorcieldeba misi iurisdiqciis qveS myof teritoriaze. amdenad,
saxelmwifo aris iZulebiTi gaerTianeba teritoriul sawyisze. metic,
amJamad, Zalis gamoyeneba legitimurad iTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
es ukanaskneli nebadarTulia saxelmwifos mxridan an miCneulia
mizanSewonilad saxelmwifos mier. Zalis gamoyenebis monopolizeba
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos aucilebeli moTxovnaa, iseve rogorc misi buneba,
rac gamoixateba savaldebulo iurisdiqciaSi da organizaciis mudmivobaSi.

veberis formulirebas qvemoT ganvixilav, kerZod, mis Sexedulebas

saxelmwifoze, rogorc Zalis, savaldebulo iurisdiqciis da mudmivi
administraciuli organizaciis monopoliaze.1 gacilebiT mniSvnelovania
imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad relevanturia demokratiisa da moqalaqeobriobis
cnebebis gamoyeneba saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebas Soris arsebuli
urTierTdamokidebulebis konteqstSi.

D demokratiis cnebas mosdevs demokratiuli moqalaqeobriobis

koncefcia, romlis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom wevrebs akisriaT
pasuxismgebloba, maT SeswevT monawileobis unari, isini irCeven TavianT
warmomadgenlebs da axdenen maTi saqmianobis monitorings. liberaluri da
neo-marqsistuli Teoriebis gadmosaxedidan es aris ara mxolod
politikuri, aramed pedagogiuri praqtikac, ramdenadac demokratiuli
moqalaqis Camoyalibeba pedagogikis subieqtis formirebasac gulisxmobs.
individebi Tavisi bunebiT ar arian mzad politikaSi monawileobis
misaRebad. maT sxvadasxva gziT unda miiRon ganaTleba demokratiuli
politikis sferoSi, standartuli momzadebis kursis gavlis, eTikuri
qcevis SeTvisebis, demokratiul procesze codnis SeZenis da teqnikuri
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis CaTvliT. pedagogikis sagnis formireba
demokratiis dilemaa _ misi centraluri konceptualuri problema. ufro
martivad rom vTqvaT: demokratia gulisxmobs Tanamonawileobis iseT
process, romlis yvela monawile Tanasworuflebianad aris miCneuli.
TumcaRa, ganaTleba Tavis TavSi moicavs process, romlis drosac
“moumwifebeli” iZulebuli xdeba gaigivdes cxovrebis im principebTan da
stilTan, romelic sazogadoebis “momwifebuli” wevrebisaTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. amrigad, pedagogikis sagnis demokratiulad formireba
aris kulturuli aRzrdis procesi, magram amave dros is iyenebs
pedagogiuri da demokratiuli socializaciis principebs im subieqtebze,
romlebic gonebrivi da eTikuri TvalsazrisiT Tavisufali ar arian gare
zegavlenisgan da arc saTanado codna gaaCniaT imisaTvis, rom praqtikaSi
ganaxorcielon TavianTi demokratiuli ufleba-movaleobebi.2 marTlac,
Tanamedrove epoqaSi saxelmwifos formirebis procesSi demokratiuli
pedagogikis sagnis xasiaTi iseT safuZvels emyareba, romelic erTsa da
imave dros erovnuli erTianobis politikisa da warsuli gamocdilebis
24
winapirobacaa da Sedegic (moqalaqeobriobis, profesiuli momzadebis da
TanamSromlobis CaTvliT). mas Semdeg rac SevecadeT ufro naTlad
warmogveCina demokratiis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba politikuri
kulturis formirebis da saxelmwifos rolis TvalsazrisiT, modiT
ganvagrZoT diskusia saxelmwifos raobaze.

farTod gavrcelebuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo aris

sayovelTao politikuri Zalaufleba mocemul sazogadoebaSi. romaul
kanonmdeblobaSi potestas miuTiTebda oficialur samarTlebriv
Zalauflebaze, romelic gansxvavdeba auctoritas-sagan, “rac niSnavs
zegavlenas an prestiJs da imis garantias, rom mavanis azri gaziarebuli
iqneba” (vinsenti, 1987:32) sxvadasxva sakvanZo elementebi saxelmwifos cnebas
instituciurad da funqcionalurad gansazRvraven. pirvel rigSi,
saxelmwifo garkveuli instituciebis jgufia, romelsac saxelmwifos
kadrebis an biurokratiuli aparati marTavs. es jgufi farTo speqtrisaa
da moicavs rogorc kanonierebasa da wesrigis dacvaze (Sesabamisad
Zaladobisa da iZulebis winaaRmdeg brZolaze) pasuxismgebel instituciebs,
rogoricaa sasamarTloebi, policia, jari, ise simboluri da ideologiuri
daniSnulebis mqone instituciebs, rogoricaa socialur politikasTan da
ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli dawesebulebebi. saxelmwifo instituciebi
ganTavsebulia geografiulad SemosazRvrul teritoriaze, aqedan
momdinareobs cneba eri-saxelmwifo (erTi erovnebis xalxisagan Semdgari
saxelmwifo). saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli
urTierTdamokidebulebac imave sazRvrebSia moqceuli: “saxelmwifo Tavis
teritoriaze axdens wesebis dadgenis monopolizebas, rac Tavis mxriv
iwvevs sazogado politikuri kulturis Camoyalibebas, romelsac uklebliv
yvela moqalaqe iziarebs” (holi da aikenberi, 1989: 1-2).

kritikuli modernistuli Teoriis gadmosaxedidan3 arsebobs ori

mkafiod gamokveTili problema, romelic ukavSirdeba saxelmwifo
Zalauflebis cnebis gansazRvras funqciuri, samarTlebrivi da
instituciuri TvalsazrisiT. es aris istoriuli da kulturuli problema.
istoriulad, yvela saxelmwifo rodi akontrolebda samoqalaqo
sazogadoebas, saxelmwifo sazRvrebs da bazrebs da arc im legitimuri
Zalis monopolias axdenda, romelzec veberi migvaniSnebs Tavis
formulirebaSi.4 veberis gansazRvreba badebs erT SekiTxvas: ra
igulisxmeba, an ra unda igulisxmebodes “legitimuri Zalauflebis”cnebis
qveS? Tu budonisa da burikos mtkicebis Tanaxmad, Zalauflebis
monopolias Zalis monopoliiT CavanacvlebT, maSin aSkara xdeba rom
nebismier sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo Zalauflebis garda arsebobs
legitimuri, efeqturi Zalaufleba (budoni da buriko, 1989:381). magaliTad,
samxreT meqsikis Stat CiapasSi, 1994 wlis pirvel ianvars momxdarma
25
indielebis amboxma gamoavlina faruli SeTanxmeba, romelic arsebobda
fermerebs, maT egreT wodebul TeTr armias (araoficialuri organizaciis
wevrebi, romlebic emsaxurebodnen kerZo fermerebs samxreT meqsikaSi da
sanacvlod iRebdnen fiqsirebul Semosavals.), mmarTveli partiis
biurokratiul dajgufebebs da meqsikis saxelmwifos Soris. 1997 wlis 22
dekembers, Ciapasis patara sofel eqtualSi momxdari adgilobrivi
mosaxlebis xocva-Jletis Sedegad daiRupa cxra mamakaci, ocdaerTi qali
da TxuTmeti bavSvi. isini mokles adgilobriv eklesiaSi mimdinare
religiuri ceremoniis dros. es faqti kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs farul
interesTa Tanxvedras da SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis arsebobas, romlebic
dakavSirebuli iyvnen mmarTveli partiis im warmomadgenlebTan, romlebic
garkveuli ideebis mimarT uryevi poziciiT gamoirCeodnen. fermerebi
marTlac inawilebdnen Zalis monopolias meqsikis mTavrobasTan erTad.
kidev erT magaliTad gamodgeba imperialisturi intervenciebi sxva
qveynebis saSinao politikaSi. aseTi intervenciebi sxvadasxva mizeziT iyo
motivirebuli. magaliTad, multinacionaluri korporaciebis zegavleniT,
rogoric iyo vTqvaT ITT CileSi, salvador aliendes prezidentobis dros,
an koloniuri Zalebis, magaliTad, safrangeTis da belgiis pirdapiri
moqmedebebiT afrikisa da aziis saxelmwifoebSi, an amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis mTavrobis, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris da misi specializebuli
saagentoebis gauTavebeli intervenciebiT msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi. am
intervenciebma Zlier Selaxes postkoloniuri saxelmwifoebis Zliereba.
saxelmwifos Zalauflebas zRudavs ara mxolod imperialisturi
intervencia, aramed qveynis Sida da saerTaSoriso institutebic. istoria
adasturebs im faqts, rom eri-saxelmwifoebi kontrolis ganxorcielebas
cdiloben (kanonmdeblobis, ideologiis da iZulebis gziT) yvelafer imaze,
rac xdeba maT sakuTar teritoriaze, magram amave dros, sxva institutebi
eWvqveS ayeneben am kontrols (mag. kaTolikuri eklesia evropisa da
laTinuri amerikis qristianul samyaroSi cdilobs ganaxorcielos
kontroli kulturaze da rig SemTxvevaSi, politikur hegemoniasac ki
avlens) (toresi, 1992). ekonomikuri da finansuri TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikis,
kulturis da sazogadoebis globalizaciis saerTo mimarTulebebi da
gareSe ekonomikuri Zalebi did zegavlenas axdenen Tanamedrove qveynebis
“erovnul” ekonomikur politikaze, uyeneben mas garkveul moTxovnebs da
zogjer Riad gansazRvraven kidec mas. globalizaciis es sakiTxi me-3 Tavis
ganxilvis sagania.

kulturologiis TvalsazrisiT, termini “saerTo kultura” (saerTo

kulturuli memkvidreobis, sabaziso ganaTlebis da im politikuri
kulturis CaTvliT, romelic asazrdoebs yvela moqalaqes) garkveulwilad
SeiZleba konkretuli saxelmwifoebis gamocdilebas mivusadagoT (mag.

26
SvedeTis, daniis, garkveulwilad iaponiis), magram is ver asaxavs sxva
saxelmwifoebis realur gamocdilebas, rac gamoxatulia amerikis
SeerTebuli StatebSi multikulturalizmis Temaze gamarTul polemikaSi
an laTinuri amerikis gamocdilebaSi hibridul kulturebTan dakavSirebiT
(garsia kanklini, 1992). aqedan gamomdinare, saerTo kulturis Sesaxeb
arguments, Cveulebriv, konservatorebi ayalibeben. isini kulturas
moqalaqeobriobaze kamaTis procesad ki ar ganixilaven, aramed harmoniisa
da konsensusis miRwevis saSualebad. kulturasa da kanonebs Soris
arsebul kavSirs kidev mivubrundebiT, roca kulturaTa mravalferovnebis
sakiTxs ganvixilavT. ufro konkretulad im daskvnebSi, romlebsac
gavakeTebT demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobriobis
ganviTarebis Taobaze.

istoriuli da regionuli cvalebadoba, rasobrivi Taviseburebebis

bundovani xasiaTi, diferencirebuli SesaZleblobebi socialuri klasis,
sqesis, rasis, eTnikuri warmomavlobis, religiuri mrwamsis da seqsualuri
orientaciis mixedviT, aseve oficialuri institutebis Sida dajgufebebs
Soris arsebuli kavSiris rTuli buneba – yvela CamoTvili faqtori
erToblivad “saerTo kulturis” cnebis winaaRmdeg moqmedebs, anu im
modelis winaaRmdeg, romelic dadgenili faqtebis oficialur aRiarebas da
politikuri kulturis5 socialur formirebas uzrunvelyofs. am diskusias
me-5-, me-6 da me-7 TavebSi mivubrundebiT.

politikis Tanamedrove filosofosebi saxelmwifos aRiqvamen

cocxal organizmad, romelic naxevrad mxecia da naxevrad adamiani.
makiavelis sityvebiT, saxelmwifo erTdroulad imeorebs rogorc meliis,
ise lomis qcevis models:

amdenad, qveynis mmarTvelisaTvis aucilebelia imis gageba, Tu rogor unda

isargeblos erTdroulad rogorc mxecis, ise adamianis bunebiT. es sakiTxi
metaforulad auxsnes mmarTvelebs uZvelesi drois mwerlebma, romlebmac
aRweres, rogor gadasces aqilevsi da Zveli drois bevri sxva ufliswuli
aRsazrdelad kentavr xirons man ki sakuTari wesebiT gamozarda isini. es ki
imas niSnavs, rom naxevrad adamiani da naxevrad cxoveli maswavlebli
mowafisaTvis, anu momavali mmarTvelisaTvis, aucilebeli iyo imis gageba,
Tu rogor gamoeyenebina orives buneba da gaecnobierebina, rom erTi meoris
gareSe, mtkice da sicocxlisunariani ver iqneboda. aqedan gamomdinare,
mmarTveli, iZulebulia ra Segnebulad miiRos cxovelis buneba, unda
aarCios mela da lomi, vinaidan lomi Tavs ver icavs xafangisagan, xolo
melia _ mglebisgan. amdenad, unda iyo melia, rom SeZlo xafangebis Tavis
arideba da amave dros lomi, rom SeZlo mglebis daSineba. (makiaveli,
1993:137-138)

27
 Tanamedrove mmarTvelis orsaxa buneba sazrunavs uqmnis pedagogebs,
ramdenadac is garkveuli zomiT xels uSlis im Sedegebis meTodur
analizs, rasac saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebi warmoSobs ganaTlebis
sferoSi. pedagogebi Seecadnen – da Cveni azriT, warumateblad _ mkacrad
gaemijnaT politika da saxelmwifo iseTi sferosagan, rogoricaa ganaTleba
da skolebi. es aris amao mcdeloba imisa, rom meliis Wkvianurma (da
Sesabamisad Znelad gasagebma) bunebam, lomis mrisxane (Tumca, zogjer
pasiur) bunebasTan erTad ver moaxerxos ganaTlebis keTilSobiluri
miznebis SebRalva. aris Tu ara mniSvnelovani is, rom miTologiuri
personaJi _ kentavri xironi Tavad iyo ufliswulebis aRmzrdeli? aris Tu
ara saxelmwifos orsaxovani, naxevrad mxecis da naxevrad adamianis buneba
is faqtori, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, skolebis socializacia,
Teoriulad indoqtrinaciis, ideologiuri manipulirebis da/an ”saerTo
gagebis” formirebis procesebis ganuyofel nawilad ganvixiloT, rogorc
amas antonio gramski gvTavazobs?

gramskis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, ganaTleba, rogorc saxelmwifos

Semadgeneli nawili, arsobrivad “socialuri konformizmis” formirebis
procesia. saganmanaTleblo sistemebi da kerZod skolebi, hegemonuri
kulturis socializaciis miRwevis privilegirebul instrumentebad
gvevlinebian. gramskis xedviT, saxelmwifo rogorc “eTikuri saxelmwifo”
an rogorc ganmanaTlebeli, Tavis Tavze iRebs axali civilizaciis
Camoyalibebis funqcias. amgvarad, saxelmwifo srulyofis instrumentia.
gramski Tavis analizSi skolebs da eklesiebs yvela qveyanaSi, yvelaze did
kulturul organizaciebad ganixilavs. misi azriT, swored isini
warmoqmnian sabolood hegemonias. gramskis Tanaxmad, hegemoniis cneba
miuTiTebs inteleqtualuri da moraluri liderobis procesze, romelic
”saerTo gagebis” safuZvelze miRweuli konsensusis saxiTaa damkvidrebuli.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom es konsensusi dinamiuria da ara statikuri. is
dasabams ucvlelad iRebs socialur Zalebs, ideologiebs, filosofiebs da
zogad cxovrebiseul warmodgenebs Soris arsebuli konfrontaciidan an
brZolidan. gramskis winaaRdegobrivi xasiaTis mosazrebebis6 miuxedavad,
igi hegemonias socialuri da politikuri batonobis procesad aRiqvams,
romlis drosac mmarTveli klasebi maT mokavSire klasebze kontrols
moraluri da inteleqtualuri winamZRolobiT axorcieleben. hegemonia
iZens pedagogiur bunebas. gramski imazec mianiSnebs, rom hegemoniis dros,
mmarTvel da daqvemdebarebul klasebs Soris socialuri urTierTobebis
aRdgenisa da ganaxlebis mizniT, Zalisa da ideologiis ormagi gamoyeneba
xdeba7. Tu gramskis hipoTezas virwmunebT, maSin gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas SeiZens saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebas Soris urTierTobebis

28
Seswavla, raTa SevZloT CavwvdeT kapitalisturi qveynebis politikasa da
kulturas.

ganaTleba da saxelmwifo

saganmanaTleblo xasiaTis problemebis nebismieri saxis analizi

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teorias moicavs, magram cota maTgani Tu gvixsnis imas,
Tu ras warmoadgens es Teoria.
martin qernoi, “ganaTleba da saxelmwifo”

ratom aris saxelmwifos cneba esoden mniSvnelovani saganmanaTleblo

politikisa da praqtikis an im kavSirebis gasagebad, romlebic
moqalaqeobriobas, demokratias da multikulturalizms Soris arsebobs?
am SekiTxvaze martiv pasuxs ver moZebni. imisTvis, rom problemis
konturebis moxazva SevZloT, Tavdapirvelad Semdegi sammxrivi konteqsti
unda gavaanalizoT: urTierTobebi ganaTlebasa da mTavrobas Soris,
urTierTobebi ganaTlebasa da ekonomikas Soris, da bolos, urTierTobebi
ganaTlebasa da moqalaqeobriobis formirebas Soris.

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebi da aRniSnuli sakiTxis irgvliv

Catarebuli kvlevebi cxadhyofen, rom saganmanaTleblo sistemis analizis
gamocalkaveba SeuZlebelia im TvalnaTeli Tu faruli analizidan,
romelic mTavrobis rolis, miznisa da funqcionirebis Sesaswavlad
keTdeba. me-20 saukuneSi ganaTleba sul ufro metad gvevlineba
saxelmwifos funqciis xatad. saxelmwifo afinansebs, uflebamosils xdis,
organizebas ukeTebs da amtkicebs saganmanaTleblo sistemebsa da
saqmianobas. da marTlac, “saxelmwifo ganaTleba saxelmwifos funqcia ar
aris mxolod samarTlebrivi wesrigisa da finansuri mxardaWeris kuTxiT.
saxelmwifos oficialuri politikis safuZvelze xdeba akademiuri xarisxis
mosapoveblad specifiuri moTxovnebis, maswavleblebisadmi wayenebuli
sakvalifikacio moTxovnebis, saxelmZRvaneloebis da sabazo kurikulumis
(saswavlo programis) SemuSaveba, rasac saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi
akontroleben” (toresi, 1985:4793).

analogiurad, arsebobs mosazreba, rom saxelmwifo mniSvnelovan

rols asrulebs ganaTlebisa da ekonomikis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis
TvalsazrisiT. adamianuri kapitalis Teoria amtkicebs, rom skolebis
eqspansia stimuls aZlevs ekonomikur zrdas (fsaxaropulos, 1988; hanuSeki,
1986). amave dros, kredentalizmis da politikuri ekonomiis Teoriebi
brZolas ucxadeben adamianur kapitalis Teoriebis wanamZRvrebs.8
adamianuri kapitalis Teoriis mimdevari mecnierebi, awydebian ra
kredentalizmis mimdevarTagan kritikas, varaudoben, rom saganmanaTleblo

29
eqspansiam, ekonomikur zrdaze arsebiTi pozitiuri efeqtis mosaxdenad,
garkveuli pirobebi unda daakmayofilos: pirvel rigSi, SemuSavebuli unda
iqnes standartuli kurikulumi da skolebis siebSi registrirebuli unda
iyos im asakobrivi jgufis bavSvTa mniSvnelovani raodenoba, romelic
maRal safexurebs (meeqvse safexurs zeviT) Seesabameba. meore pirobis
Tanaxmad, unda arsebobdes mWidro kavSirebi ganaTlebasa da ekonomikas
Soris. mesame piroba, romelic, amave dros, zemoxsenebuli ori
kavSirurTierTobis (ganaTlebasa da mTavrobas Soris, ganaTlebasa da
ekonomikas Soris) warmatebulobis winapirobaa, iTvaliswinebs imas, rom
saxelmwifo valdebulia, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi uzrunvelyos
ganaTlebis xarisxi. me-19 saukunis ukanaskneli aTwleulis safrangeTis
magaliTi gamodgeba imis dasturad, rom saxelmwifos mxridan aqtiuri
RonisZiebebis gatarebam da iniciativis gamoCenam mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula ganaTlebisa da ekonomikis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis,
standartuli kurikulumis SemuSavebis da xarisxiani saganmanaTleblo
produqtis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. mogvianebiT, safrangeTis magaliTi
Seadares da daupirispires amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mopovebul
monacemebs da miiCnies, rom hipoTezis praqtikaze Semowmebis TvalsazrisiT
es monacemebi erTmaneTs Seesabameboda (heigi, heigi da fuleri, 1988:824-837).

marTalia rTuli dasadgenia, zustad ra wvlili miuZRvis ganaTlebas

ekonomikuri zrdis procesSi, magram aSkaraa, rom saxelmwifo, Tavisi
oficialuri politikiT da saxelmwifo saWiroebebze gaweuli
danaxarjebiT, mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels saganmanaTleblo sistemasa da
ekonomikas Soris kavSirebis gaRrmavebas. amdenad, saxelmwifosa da
politikuri reJimis buneba da saxelmwifos mxridan aSkara Careva (an
Caurevloba) gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis gavlenas axdens ganaTlebis
ganviTarebaze da ekonomikur zrdaze.

ganaTlebuli moqalaqeebisagan Semdgari sazogadoeba, nebismieri

politikuri gadmosaxedidan metad sasurvel faseulobad ganixileba
(meieri, 1977). miCneulia, rom saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi, ayalibeben
ra demokratiuli an arademokratiuli struqturebisaken mimarTul
konkretul politikur gezs, mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli uCveulo
saSualebebiT axdenen individebis socializebas (anu amzadeben maT
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis misaRebad). politikuri kultura
`im damokidebulebebis erTobliobaa, romelic arsebobs politikuri
sistemis da misi sxvadasxva nawilebis mimarT, aseve, sistemaSi pirovnebis
rolis mimarT. es aris socialuri obieqtebis da procesebis
gansakuTrebuli erTobliobisaken aRebuli mimarTulebebis erToblioba”
(almondi da verba, 1963:13). imis miuxedavad, misdevs Tu ara saxelmwifo
korporatistuli xasiaTis miznebs,9 an cdilobs Tu ara igi politikuri
30
kulturis ganviTarebas demokratiis Tanamedrove Sexedulebebis10
safuZvelze, miCneulia, rom saxelmwifo gadamwyvet rols asrulebs
moqalaqeebis socializaciaSi da im Sesaferisi simboluri pirobebis
SeqmnaSi, rac xels uwyobs adamianebSi politikuri kulturis
Camoyalibebas.

ganaTlebas, politikas da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobas ver

ganvixilavT mxolod gabatonebuli politikuri kulturis kuTxiT.
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra mosazrebebi gaaCniaT ganaTlebis dargis kvlevis,
saswavlo programis da ganaTlebis politikis Sesaxeb “teqnokratuli” da
“teqnikuri” Sexedulebebis qomagebs, ganaTleba ar aris arc politikurad
neitraluri da arc teqnikurad “obieqturi”. rogorc paulo freiri
Tanmimdevrulad asabuTebs Tavis naSromSi, ganaTlebas bunebrivad Tan
sdevs “politikuroba”. amas mohyveba epistemologiuri, analitikuri da
eTikuri Sedegi. maklareni aRniSnavs: “pedagogikisa da politikis
damakavSirebeli urTierTobis Sekveca marto SeuZlebeli ki ara,
Teoriulad, upatiosnebacaa” (maklareni, 1994:321). xsenebuli politikuroba
pirvel rigSi exeba im aSkara da aseve Znelad SesamCnev kavSirebs, romlebic
arsebobs ganaTlebasa da Zaluflebas Soris. imavdroulad, igi
dakavSirebulia saxelmwifosa da sajaro ganaTlebis politikur
bunebasTan, rogorc sadao sferoebTan, romlebic saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis gacvlisaTvis da politikur-ekonomikuri proeqtebis
konkurenciisaTvis aris saWiro (freiri, 1996). aq ukve mizanSewonilia,
detalurad ganvsazRvroT saxelmwifos koncefcia da misi Sedegebi
saxelmwifos, sazogadoebasa da ganaTlebas Soris arsebuli mravalmxrivi
urTierTobebis Teoriebze zegavlenis kuTxiT.

saxelmwifos koncefcia

iq, sadac adamianTa nebismieri raodenoba isea gaerTianebuli erT

sazogadoebaSi, rom TiToeuli maTgani uars ambobs bunebis kanoniT
miniWebul aRmasrulebel Zalauflebaze da mas sazogadoebas gadascems, iq,
swored iq, da mxolod iq aris politikuri an samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.
----jon loki, samoqalaqo mTavrobis Sesaxeb

saxelmwifos koncefcia gansxvavdeba xelisuflebis, politikuri

sistemis an politikuri reJimis koncefciebisgan. saxelmwifos koncefciis
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas xatovnad asabuTebs atilio boroni (1994 a):

Tanamedrove socialur mecnierebebSi saxelmwifos koncefcia im erT-erT

mcireTaganad iqca, romelsac uxvi Teoriuli da meTodologiuri diskusiis
sazrdooba SeuZlia. praqtikuli arsebobiT is, amave dros, xels uwyobs

31
 politikuri uTanxmoebebis gaRvivebas. es miTumetes gasakviria, vinaidan
garkveuli periodis win, vidre aseT STambeWdav Sedegebs miviRebdiT,
saxelmwifos koncefcia samecniero sazogadoebaSi ar moixsenieboda. mis
Teoriul Rirebulebas iwunebdnen, viTom misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
bundovnebis da formalistikuri midrekilebis gamo. koncefcias kicxavdnen
evristiuli Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiTac. 1953 wels, anu maSin, rodesac
dasasruls uaxlovdeboda ideologia, rodesac xdeboda omisSemdgomi
periodis kapitalizmis saswaulebrivi aRorZineba da rodesac mimdinareobda
klasobrivi brZolis institucionalizacia, devid istonma mxatvrulad
gadmosca socialur mecnierebs Soris gabatonebuli konsensusis arseboba –
“arc saxelmwifo da arc xelisufleba ar aris iseTi koncefcia, romelic
politikuri kvlevis Tavmoyras waadgeba”. TumcaRa, sami aTwleulic ar
dasWirvebia imas, rom istoriis dinebas am sityvebis avtori koncefciis
“mkvdreTiT aRdgomis” mowme gaexada. (1)

amgvarad, saxelmwifos cnebam axali aRiareba moipova da sakvanZo

koncefcia gaxda politikuri kvlevis istoriaSi. saxelmwifos Teoriebis
Sesaxeb (boroni, 1994 b) diskusiebma 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi axali Zala
SeiZina. maSin es Teoriebi saxelmwifos marqsistuli politikuri TeoriiT
da antonio gramskis naSromiT gamowveul polemikasTan asocirdeboda. 80-
ian wlebSi diskusiam ukve sxva elferi miiRo. politikuri mecnierebis
wamyvani warmomadgenlebi axla farTod ganixilavdnen demokratiuli
saxelmwifos damoukideblobis sakiTxs da redemokratizaciis process
avtoritarul sazogadoebebSi (stepani, 1988; o’doneli, Smiteri, da uaithedi
1986). amasTan, saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebas Soris urTierTobis Sesaxeb
bolo periodis diskusiebs daemata debatebi rasobrivi, eTnikuri,
klasobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebebis, politikuri arCevanis da
saxelmwifos statusis, agreTve, demokratiuli Teoriebisa da socialuri
regulaciis im cnebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic fukos mier gamoyenebuli
meTodebis safuZvelze warmoiSva (morou da toresi, 1995; popkeviCi, 1994 b).
aq saWiro xdeba sicxadis Setana terminologiaSi, iseTi cnebebis CaTvliT,
rogoricaa saxelmwifo, politikuri reJimi, politikuri sistema,
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo sfero. es cnebebi dResac cxare
debatebis sagania. am cnebebs kargad icnoben specialistebi, romlebsac
miRebuli aqvT specialuri codna politikur mecnierebebSi an
sociologiaSi, magram ara ganaTlebis dargis specialistebi da
praqtikosebi, romlebic maT SesaZloa, sazogadod, arc iyeneben. aRniSnuli
cnebebis garSemo mimdinare debatebis arealis, intensiurobis da sirTulis
gamo, cnebaTa gansazRvrebis mxolod mTavari konturebis moxazva xdeba
SesaZlebeli. es bevrad ufro gasagebs gaxdis terminologias, vidre
terminebis glosariumis SemuSaveba an maTi detaluri taqsonomia
(klasifikacia).

32
 saxelmwifosa da mTavrobis cnebebi sinonimebi araa. marTlac,
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos rTuli buneba SeuZlebelia daviyvanoT mxolod
“mTavrobis” cnebamde. iseve rogorc SeuZlebelia mTavrobis cneba
ganvsazRvroT wminda aRweriTi xasiaTis terminebiT, rogorc mxolod im
saagentoebis, struqturebis da dawesebulebebis nakrebi, romlebic
SeTanxmebisa da gaerTianebis gareSe asruleben im administraciul
procedurebs da davalebebs, rac Tan axlavs sazogadoebaSi mTavrobis
warmoebis an e.w. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis administrirebas. verc
xelisufleba da verc saxelmwifo ver iqneba gagebuli mxolod im
institutebis da/an adamianebis erTobliobad, romelic Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebis funqcionirebisaTvis, marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebis,
ekonomikis, Tavdacvis, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebisaTvis saWirod miCneul rolsa da funqciebs asrulebs
(boroni, 1990-91). amasTan dakavSirebiT, veberis gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad,
saxelmwifo ufro farTo cnebad unda ganvixiloT, vidre mxolod
mTavrobis cneba.

saxelmwifos cneba – miuxedavad gansxvavebuli da erTmaneTTan

konkurenciaSi myofi interpretaciebisa (rasac qvemoT vixilavT) – zogadad
ufro yovlismomcvel cnebad miiCneva, vidre mTavrobis cneba. saxelmwifo
moicavs xelisuflebis funqcionirebas, magram mxolod amiT ar
Semoifargleba. rogorc seda skokpoli (1979) amtkicebs:

saxelmwifos sworad gagebuli cneba . . . . warmoadgens administraciul,

policiur da samxedro organizaciebs, romelTac saTaveSi udgas da met-
nakleb koordinacias uwevs aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. nebismieri
saxelmwifo, upirveles yovlisa, arsobrivad sazogadoebidan moipovebs
resursebs da es resursebi moqmedebaSi mohyavs Zalovani da
administraciuli organizaciebis Sesaqmnelad da maTi funqcionirebis
xelSesawyobad. . . . . . politikuri sistemebi... aseve moicaven institutebs,
romlebic xels uwyoben socialuri interesebis saxelmwifo politikaSi
wardgenas. kidev im institutebs, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba
arasaxelmwifoebrivi moTamaSeebis mobilizeba politikis ganxorcielebaSi
monawileobis misaRebad. da mainc, administraciuli da Zalovani
organizaciebi saxelmwifos Zlierebis safuZvels warmoadgenen. (29)

saxelmwifos cneba ara mxolod ganxvavdeba mTavrobis cnebisagan (da

ufro yovlsmomcvelia, vidre mTavrobis cneba), aramed urTierTqmedebs
politikuri sistemis cnebasTan (da zogjer moicavs kidec mas). aseT
SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo warmoadgens instituciur struqturas, romelic
moicavs:

33
 struqturis farglebSi moRvawe Tanamdebobis pirebs da samarTlebrivi
normebis erTobliobas, rac Seadgens saxelmwifo seqtors. amgvarad, is
moicavs mTavrobas (rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifos meTaurs da im politikur
gunds, romelic gars axvevia saxelmwifos meTaurs), saxelmwifo
biurokratiis aparats, kanonmdebels, sasamarTlo xelisuflebas,
saxelmwifo da naxevrad saxelmwifo korporaciebs da samarTlebriv
sistemas. (kolieri, 1979:403)

Teoriuli gagebiT, politikuri sistemis cneba gulisxmobs

mmarTvelobis modelis mTlian konfiguracias konkretuli politikuri
reJimis konteqstSi, im dominanturi koaliciisa da saxelmwifo politikis
CaTvliT, romelic damaxasiaTebelia politikuri cxovrebisaTvis mocemul
sazogadoebaSi. Sesabamisad, politikuri mecnierebis sxvadasxva tradiciebi
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben politikuri sistemebis gansxvavebul tipebs
demokratiuli, avtoritaruli da totalitaruli politikuri reJimebis
CaTvliT. es politikuri sistemebi udavod gansxvavdeba gabatonebuli
ideologiis, politikuri warmomadgenlobis da Tanamonawileobis modelis
da xelmRvanelobis stilis TvalsazrisiT.

mTavrobis an saxelmwifos cnebas politikur TeoriaSi, Cveulebriv,

miakuTvneben politikuri sazogadoebis koncefcias, romelic samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis cnebis sapirwoned gvevlineba (an romelic awonasworebs
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebas) miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis koncefciis gamijvna saxelmwifos koncefciisgan
SeuZlebelia.

es ukanaskneli, sTavazobs ra sazogadoebas erTian samarTlebriv

struqturas, mniSvnelovanwilad Seadgens pirvels, anu samoqalaqo
sazogadoebas. TumcaRa, safuZvels araa moklebuli imis mtkicebac, rom
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gansxvavebul xasiaTs inarCunebs im zomiT, ra
zomiTac masSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sferoebia warmodgenili – saSinao
saqmeebi, ekonomikis dargi, kulturuli cxovreba da politikuri
urTierTqmedeba _ romlebic formirebulia im adamianebis da adamianTa
jgufebis kerZo an nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebebiT da romlebzec
saxelmwifos mxridan pirdapiri kontroli ar vrceldeba. (heldi, 1989: 180-
181).

zogjer politikuri sazogadoebis da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

cnebebi or urTierTdapirispirebul koncefciadaa interpretirebuli:
“saxelmwifo” seqtori da “kerZo” seqtori. “saxelmwifo” miuTiTebs
romaul cnebaze res publica, xelovnurad formirebul sazogadoebaze,
romelic inarCunebs faqtobrivad an istoriulad Seqmnili erTobebis an

34
individebis nebismieri saxis erTobliobis uflebebsa da interesebs.
politikuri filosofosebisaTvis, rogoricaa hobsi da ruso (maT Soris
gansxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki) saxelmwifos, rogorc politikuri
sazogadoebis azri da sazogadoebriobis materializacia, gulisxmobs
calkeuli individebis Tavisuflebis SenarCunebas, Tundac iseTi riskis
fasad, rogoricaa im individebis gacvlis regulireba, romlebic
urTierTqmedeben voluntaristuli SeTanxmebebis da saSinao
urTierTqmedebebis kerZo sferoSi. maSin roca “kerZo” da “sazogadoebrivi”
gansxvavebul da dapirispirebul polusebadaa miCneuli da bevri Tvlis,
rom kerZo interesebi bevrad mniSvnelovania (da xotbas asxmamen maT bazris
saxiT) sazogadoebriv interesebze, v.l. veinSteini (1971) mier moyvanili
analogia gvexmareba imis gagebaSi, Tu rogor ganvasxvavoT es ori cneba
erTmaneTisgan: “sazogadoebrivobis” da “kerZoobis” cnebebi xaxvis
furclebs waagavs. iseve rogorc nebismieri furceli, romelic garedan
akravs Sida furcels da, amave dros, sxva furclis qveSaa moqceuli, aseve,
nebismieri ram, rac “sazogadoebrivia” cxovrebis erT konkretul
sferosTan mimarTebiT, SeiZleba iyos “kerZo” sxva sferosTan
mimarTebaSi.MmarTlac sazogadoebrivi sferos cnebis gamoyeneba swored
rom relevanturia im mizniT, rom naTeli gavxadoT saxelmwifosa da
ganaTlebas Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi.

“sazogadoebrivi sferos” koncefcia SeimuSava iurgen habermasma (1989)

Tavis naSromSi sazogadoebrivi sferos struqturuli transformacia.
sxvadasxva tradiciebze dafuZnebul samecniero naSromebSi erTi da igive
koncefciebi sxvadasxva terminologiiTaa moxseniebuli. es koncefciebi,
Tavis mxriv, gasagebad unda ganmartavdnen realobis konkretul fenomenebs.
Tumca, socialuri fenomenis formirebas da mis arsebobas, faqtobrivad,
Cvens mier am fenomenis konceptualizacia ganapirobebs (arsobrivad
inetrpretacia an gacnobiereba). epistemologiuri windaxedulebis xasiaTis
am mokle da aSkarad arasakmarisi SeniSvniT, Tavidanve unda ganvacxadoT,
rom me-18 saukunis klasikuri filosofiuri naSromebis mixedviT,
sazogadoebrivi sferos cneba, SeiZleba iTqvas, garkveulad emTxveva
samoqalaqo sazogadebis cnebas, magram amave dros, ganxvavdeba misgan.

imisaTvis, rom Tavi avaridoT vrcel diskusias sazogadoebrivi

sferos Sesaxeb, moviyvanT nensi freizeris (1997) citatas. avtori, misTvis
Cveuli gamWriaxi analiziT akritikebs habermasis mier SemoTavazebuli
xedvis ganzomilebebs:

[saxelmwifo sfero] Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi warmodgenilia Teatris

saxiT, romelSic politikaSi monawileoba laparakis saSualebiT warmoebs.

35
 es aris iseTi sivrce, romelSic moqalaqeebi fiqroben da TaTbiroben
TavianT saerTo satkivarze. Sesabamisad, es aris institucionalizebuli
arena qaoturi urTierTqmedebisaTvis. es arena konceptualurad gansxvavdeba
saxelmwifosgan; es aris adgili, romelmac unda warmoSvas seriozuli
msjeloba, romelic SemdgomSi gavrceldeba farTo wreebSi da SeiZleba
saxelmwifos seriozul kritikas Seicavdes. sazogadoebrivi sfero
habermasis gagebiT aseve konceptualurad gansxvavdeba formaluri
ekonomikisagan; is warmoadgens ara sabazro urTierTobebis, aramed ufro
qaoturi urTierTobebis asparezs _ diskusiebisa da msjelobisTvis da ara
yidva-gayidvisTvis gankuTvnil Teatrs. sazogadoebrivi sferos aRniSnuli
koncefcia saSualebas gvaZlevs gvaxsovdes, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba
saxelmwifo aparatebs, ekonomikur bazrebs da demokratiul gaerTianebebs
Soris da rom am gansxvavebas demokratiis TeorisaTvis arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs. (70)

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi sfero gamijnulia

saxelmwifosagan; habermanis gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad – romelsac freizeri
aradamakmayofileblad miiCnevs – is kerZo individebisagan Semdgari
gaerTianebaa, romelic qmnis sazogadoebas msjelobis, gaazrebis da
qaoturi urTierTqmedebis meSveobiT. sazogadoebrivi sferos koncefcia,
rogorc amas freizeri aRwers (1997), SeuZlebelia gavuTanabroT
sazogadoebis koncefcias, vinaidan es ukanaskneli SemosazRvrul da
erTgvarovan jgufs gvTavazobs da xSirad konsensuss gulisxmobs.
“sazogadoebrivi” (public) ki misgan ganxvavebiT, xazs usvams qaotur
urTierTqmedebas, romelic, faqtobrivad, SemosazRvruli ki ar aris, aramed
Riaa, rac, Tavis mxriv, mravalferovani xedvis arsebobas gulisxmobs.
amdenad, saxelmwifoebriv ideas, sazogadoebriv ideaze ukeT SeuZlia Sida
gansxvavebulobis, antagonizmis da kamaTis SeTavseba. (97)

gviani kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis masStabis, kulturuli

mravalferovnebis da rTuli struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT fundamenturi
mniSvnelobis kiTxva ibadeba: konkretulad sad aris ganTavsebuli
sazogadoebrivi sferos kera? sazogadoebas ver mivakuTvnebT saxelmwifos
operirebis kategorias, aseve, ver Tavsdeba sazogadoeba da sazogadoebrivi
azri masmediis saqmianobaSi, romelic zogadad kerZo mflobelobaSi
imyofeba da mogebazea orientirebuli. media gadmoscems informacias da
axdens azris formirebas, magram amave dros is avrcelebs da ayalibebs
ufro konkretul da ara universalur Sexedulebebs. mosazrebebi
sxvadasxva kulturisa da codnis produqtad gardaqmnis Sesaxeb, agreTve,
mediisa da reklamis roli ar aZlevs medias imis saSualebas, rom sakuTar
TavSi sazogadoeba ganasaxieros. marTlac, media asaxavs, ayalibebs da
36
warmoadgens momxmareblis kulturas da cxovrebis stils (fezerstouni,
1991). metic, media ar warmoaCens umciresobebis da im jgufebis
Sexedulebebs, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian tradiciul kulturas, iseTi
sixSiriT, rogorc es realurad xdeba sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifoebriv
garemoSi. igi arc aseTi Tavyrilobebis dros gamarTul diskusiebs
warmoaCens srulad. gamoTqvamdnen ra wuxils moqalaqeobriobis formirebis
sakiTxisadmi “SeerTebisa da mezoblobis” midgomis marcxTan dakavSirebiT,
struqturul-funqcionalisturi tradiciis mimdevari ori saxelganTqmuli
mecnieri pol lazarfeldi da robert k. mertoni (citirebulia morlis
naSromSi 1992), romlebic amave dros kulturis sferos gavlenian
kritikosebs warmoadgendnen, ormocdaaTi wlis win mediis narkotikuli
zemoqmedebis mqone disfunqciaze werdnen da miaCndaT, rom es anadgurebda
moqalaqeobriobas:

adamiani kiTxulobs informacias garkveul sakiTxebze da problemebze da

SesaZloa kamaTobs kidec SesaZlebel alternatiul moqmedebebze. magram es
sakmaod inteleqtualizebuli da Soreuli kavSiri organizebul socialur
moqmedebasTan ar aris aqtivirebuli. dainteresebul da informirebul
moqalaqes SeuZlia iamayos kidec sakuTari interesisa da informirebulobis
maRali doniT da amave dros ver SeamCnios, rom ar monawileobs
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi da moqmedebaSi. mokled, is amyarebs meorad
kontaqts politikuri realobis samyarosTan. kiTxvis, mosmenis da fiqris
procesi misi sakompensacio saqmianobaa. icis ra arsebuli
problemebisDSesaxeb, igi SecdomaSia Seyvanili, ramdenadac hgonia, rom
SeuZlia raime moimoqmedos am problemebTan dakavSirebiT. igi Sewuxebulia
problemiT. igi informirebulia. mas aqvs uamravi idea imis Taobaze, Tu risi
gakeTebaa saWiro. magram mas Semdeg, rac igi miirTmevs sadils, mousmens mis
sayvarel radiogadacemas da waikiTxavs rigiT meore gazeTs, Zilis droc
dgeba. am cota ar iyos uCveulo TvalsazrisiT, masobrivi komunikaciis
saSualebebi unda mivakuTvnoT yvelaze dasafasebeli da efeqturi
socialuri narkotikebis kategorias. (252)

aq didi sifrTxile da windaxeduleba gvmarTebs. im sazogadoebebSic

ki, sadac masmediis saSualebebs mTlianad akontroleben
multinacionaluri korporaciebi, Tundac saukeTeso liberalur
tradiciebze dafuZnebuli wesebisa da regulaciebis meSveobiT, yovelTvis
arsebobs imis albaToba, rom damoukidebeli Jurnalistika saaSkaraoze
gamoitans xelisuflebis, korporaciebis (kerZo seqtoris), saerTo
interesebiT gaerTianebuli dajgufebebis an elituri anklavebis ukanono,
amoralur an araeTikur moqmedebebs. media saSualebebiT gakeTebuli
mxileba xels uwyobs politikuri debatebis bunebis da Taviseburebebis
axleburad formirebas. yovelgvari zedmeti analizis gareSe, CemSi eWvs ar
37
iwvevs is faqti, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebulma
uotergeitis gamoZiebam wyalgamyofis roli Seasrula prezidentis
aparatis (da ara mxolod korufciisaken midrekili iseTi politikosis
saxiT, rogoric iyo riCard niqsoni) patiosnebaze sazogadoebrivi azris
formirebaSi da uaryofiTi zegavlena moaxdina aparatis, rogorc
kanonmorCili struqturis imijze Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis TvalSi. xolo,
Tu davesesxebiT nicSes. moqalaqisTvis es simbolurad imas niSnavs rom
”eris instinqti aRar egebeba mas” (nicSe, 1991:82).

amdenad, Tu mivendobiT lazarfeldsa da mertons (1948; citirebulia

morlis mier 1992), arCevani unda gakeTdes moqalaqeebis narkotikebiT
gabruebis stimulirebasa da gamZvinvarebul cinizms Soris, romelic zians
ayenebs demokratiis Tvisobriobas. TumcaRa, im sazogadoebebSi, romlebsac
axasiaTebs arastabiluri samarTlebrivi konfiguracia, da sadac ar aris
miRweuli sruli liberaluri demokratia, patiosan, damoukidebel da
gabedul presasa da masmedias marTlac Seswevs unari gaaJReros
Zalauflebis, kerZod ki mTavrobisa da kerZo interesebis dasabuTebuli
kritika. aq upriania argentinuli presisa da garkveulwilad masmediis
magaliTis moyvana. gasuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi isini mZafrad
akritikebdnen mTavrobis iniciativebs. da rom ara es kritika, ar iarsebebda
araviTari berketi, peroniseuli reJimis mimdevar karlos menemis
mTavrobaze ramenairi zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad. mTavrobaze, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, mTlianad akontrolebda qveynis sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo
sistemas (1997 wlamde). metic, roca gazeTis fotokorespondenti xose luis
kabezasi mokles (1996 wels) da gaCnda eWvi, rom danaSauli organizebuli
iyo biznesis mafiisa da politikuri liderebis faruli SeTanxmebiT, presam
ar SeaCera gamoZiebis procesi, miuxedavad imisa, rom seriozuli saSiSroeba
SeeqmnaT im Jurnalistebs, romlebic cdilobdnen, rom yuradRebis centrSi
qveyanaSi demokratiuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba moeqciaT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebrivi sferos sakiTxze msjeloba am

Tavis mTavari mizani araa, ramdenime SeniSvnis gakeTeba mainc uprianad
migvaCnia. upirveles yovlisa, yvela ar iziarebs habermasis mtkicebas imis
Taobaze, rom pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi manamde yalibdeba, vidre
individebi sazogadoebriv sferoSi erTvebian. identobis Sesaxeb Cvens mier
me-5 TavSi SemoTavazebuli msjelobis safuZvelze, identobis saboloo
Camoyalibeba ar xdeba cxovrebis garkveul periodSi, aramed es procesi
mTeli sicocxle mimdinareobs. identobebi Seadgenen im simboluri azris
Camoyalibebis procesis ganuyofel nawils, romelic Cveni cvalebadi
egzistencialuri mdgomareobidan momdinareobs. maTze did zegavlenas
axdens politikuri ekonomikis faqtorebi, da mudmiv cvalebadi, Znelad
aRsaqmeli da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTisa arian. me sruliad viziareb nensi
38
freizeris mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani
xdeba nuklearuli ojaxidan (deda, mama da maTi Svilebi _ sabaziso
socialuri danayofi) warmomdgari post-oidiposuri qaoturi
urTierTqmedeba, romelic naTels xdis identobis cvalebadobas droSi
(freizeri, 1997:97). ase, rom “sazogadoebrivi sfero mxolod mouwesrigebeli
Sexedulebis formirebis arena ar aris, igi socialuri identobebis
Camoyalibebisa da xorcSesxmis asparezicaa” (freizeri 1997:83).

meore SeniSvna, romelic mkafiod ikveTeba freizeris kritikidan da

sxva, feministur Sexedulebebze dafuZnebuli Teoriuli analizidan,
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom habermasis standartuli ideali, rogorc Cans, arc
analitikurad da arc istoriulad, ar moicavs genderuli sakiTxis
ugulebelyofas sazogadoebrivi sferos Camoyalibebisas, rac feministuri
Teoriebis damcveli mecnierebisaTvis, Cveulebriv, miuRebelia (mihani, 1995).
mesame: sazogadoebrivi sferos, rogorc racionaluri burJuaziuli
traqtatis cneba, rogorc evristiuli idea, SeiZleba saintereso iyos
sazogadoebrivi sferoebis istoriuli formirebis procesis gasagebad,
magram igi ver Caitevs yvela racionalur msjelobas, romelic
urTierTqmedebaSia erTmaneTTan da kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi
sazogadoebriv sferoebs ayalibebs. faqtobrivad, Zalian rTulia
daveTanxmoT imas, rom racionaluri msjeloba, romelic stimuls aZlevs
radikaluri demokratiis modelebis Seqmnas, SeiZleba mTlianad
burJuaziuli traqtatis niRabqveS moeqces. meoTxe: sakmaod saSiSia im
varaudis daSveba (rogorc amas habermasi akeTebs), rom sazogadoebrivi
sfero mxolod gansjisTvis gankuTvnili sivrcea. arsebobs iseTi
intitutebi, wesebi/normebi, qmedebebi da qceva, romelic msjelobis zRvars
scildeba da naambobis an azrTa gaziarebis kategorias ver mivakuTvnebT.
mexuTe: aseve saxifaToa vivaraudoT, rom SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivi
sferos gansazRvrebisas SemovifargloT mxolod moqalaqeobis
erTgvarovani definiciiT, ise rom ar vaRiaroT gamonaklisebis didi
raodenoba. isini Tavs iCenen ara mxolod genderul, aramed rasobriv,
eTnikur, klasobriv, socialur, aRmsareblobiT da seqsualur orientaciaze
dayrdnobiT da gavrcelebulia realuri politikis praqtikaSi da
kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis struqturul-istoriuli dinamikis
procesSi. marTalia, marqsi ambobs, Tanamedroveobis gamocdilebaSi
realuria is, rom “yvelaferi rac myaria, haerSi orTqldebao”,12 magram es
ar gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, vivaraudoT, rom Tuki SesaZlebeli iqneba
sazogadoebrivi sferoebis Seqmnis habermasiseuli formulis da idealuri
mimarTvebis praqtikaSi ganxorcileba, gamonaklisebis daSveba da Sesabamisi
komentaris gakeTeba, maSin, farTod gavrcelebuli struqturuli ierarqia
da Zalaufleba, aseve, moqalaqeobriobis gamaerTgvarovnebeli definiciebi

39
yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe gavlen sabrZolo asparezidan. dabolos,
aSkaraa, rom sazogadoebrivi sfero ver Camoyalibdeba, Tu demokratiuli
saxelmwifo am kuTxiT saTanado xarks ar gaiRebs (anu, saxelmwifo Zalas
ar daiSurebs imisTvis, rom demokratiis roli kapitalistur formaciaSi
ufro gaafarToos da socialuri uTanasworobis struqturuli
tendenciebis gasaumjobesebel saqmianobaSi CaerTos).

zemoT moyvanilma SeniSvnebma ar unda moadunos mkiTxvelis yuradReba

mTavari Temisgan. sadac ar unda iyos ganTavsebuli sazogadoebrivi sfero
(an ra berketsac ar unda flobdes is), skolebi tradiciuli gagebiT
saxelmwifos nawilad ganixileba. sazogadod aRiarebuli azris Tanaxmad,
maTi funqciaa moswavleebs moqalaqed formirebisTvis aucilebeli codna
da unarebi SesZinon. TumcaRa, moqalaqeobis cnebas ver ganvixilavT ise,
rogorc martiv da uproblemo koncefcias, romelsac axsna ar sWirdeba
(rasac vasabuTeb me-4 TavSi). swored aq, gamogvadgeba sazogadoebrivi
sferos cnebis gamoyeneba. kritikosTa TvalsazrisiT, moqalaqeobis cneba
ganixileba rogorc koncefcia, romelic kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis
pluralistur da hibridul bunebas ganapirobebs, socialuri subieqtebis
mravalferovnebis CaTvliT. kritikuli pedagogika kulturuli politikis
formaa, romelic asabuTebs skolebisaTvis _ demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi
sferoebisaTvis13 _ brZolis saWiroebas. metic, “kritikuli pedagogika”
ufro metia vidre Tanamedroveobis did qadagebaTa gauwmindureba. is
cdilobs ganmanTavisuflebeli da koleqtiuri brZolis axali zneobrivi
da politikuri sazRvrebis dadgenas, sadac rogorc kontrols
daqvemdebarebuli, ise axali istoriebi SesaZloa daiweros da gaJRerdes
demokratiis arenaze” (maklareni, 1991:172). rogorc demokratiuli
sazogadoebrivi sferos nawili (da ara mxolod rogorc saxelmwifos
samarTlebrivi qmedebis ganuyofeli nawili), skolebi xasiaTdebian ra
codnis xvadasxva sferoze mimarTuli mravalferovani interesebiT
(empiriul-analitikuri, istoriul-hermenevtikuli/interpretaciuli da
kritikul-ganmaTavisuflebeli), gansjisaTvis SeiZleba seriozul asparezs
qmnidnen.14

mas Semdeg, rac vimsjeleT saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebas Soris

arsebul urTierTobebze, sistematurad ganvixilavdiT saxelmwifos
gansazRvrebas da masTan dakavSirebul ZiriTad koncefciebs politikur
mecnierebaSi, aucileblad unda mivubrundeT diskusias politikur
filosofiaze. demokratias, saxelmwifos, moqalaqeobas da ganaTlebas
Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiris nebismieri saxis analizi aucileblad
unda iTvaliswinebdes aRiarebul Teoriebs, kerZod, klasikur Teoriebs
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, liberalizmisa da marqsizmis CaTvliT.

40
kapitalisturi saxelmwifo demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, Tu
demokratiuli saxelmwifo kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi?

saxelmwifos cneba miuTiTebs fundamentur aliansze, Zalauflebis

gamovlenis Sesaxeb mTavar SeTanxmebaze, romelic arsebobs socialur
klasebs an gabatonebuli klasebis dajgufebebs da im normebs Soris,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen am klasebis gabatonebul mdgomareobas maTdami
daqvemdebarebuli fenebis mimarT.
----- fernando henrik kardoso, “laTinuri amerikis
avtoritaruli reJimebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb”

es aris suli (sulieri sawyisi), romelic TavisTvis arsebobs, ramdenadac is

Tavs inarCunebs mTlianis Semadgeneli calkeuli individebis gonebaSi
asaxviT; da romelic aris mis TavSi an aris substancia, radganac sakuTar
TavSi icavs maT. realuri substancia, rogorc aseTi, aris naciis suli
(Volk); konkretuli cnobiereba, rogorc aseTi, aris naciis moqalaqe. am
cnobierebas aqvs Tavisi ZiriTadi (Tu ganuyofeli) yofiereba martiv sulSi
da TavisTavad aris gansazRvruli am sulis faqtiur realizebaSi, mTlianad
naciis masStabiT. misi WeSmaritebad aq aris, da ara Sesabamisad raime
ararealurSi _ sulSi, romelic arsebobs da romelic SegvagrZnobinebs
sakuTar Tavs.
hegeli, gonis fenomenologia

saxelmwifos liberaluri koncefcia koncentrirebulia

damoukidebeli sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis (xelisuflebis da marTuli
fenebis) ideis garSemo da saxelmwifo aRqmulia konkretul sazRvrebSi
moqceul uzenaes politikuri Zalauflebad (heldi, 1989:12). politikuri
Zalauflebis es liberaluri cneba Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis
Tvasawieridan unda gadaisinjos. ueWvelia, rom arsebobs liberaluri
politikuri analizis tradicia, romelic ikvlevs saxelmwifosa da
moqalaqeobis suverenobis sakiTxs, an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, moqalaqisa da
naciis politikuri kulturis formirebis sakiTxs. liberaluri
demokratiis tradicia detalurad Seiswavlis politikuri
warmomadgenlobis da angariSvaldebulebis problemebs, anu imas, Tu
rogor xorcieldeba calkeuli individebis, institutebis da Tavad
saxelmwifos kontroli, rogor xdeba urTierTkontroli da xelisuflebis
danawileba. es gansakuTrebiT relevanturia calkeuli individebis,
institutebis, korporaciebis da saxelmwifo struqturebis mier
demokratiuli SeTanxmebis formirebis mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli
qmedebebis TvalsazrisiT, agreTve im kuTxiT, Tu ra zomiT axdenen es
41
qmedebebi demokratiuli SeTanxmebis diskreditacias an mis rRvevas. mesame
tradicia, marqsizmi, yuradRebas amaxvilebs saxelmwifos Zalauflebis
sakiTxze, gansakuTrebiT im aspeqtebze, romlebic socialuri klasebis
struqturasa da politikuri iZulebis Zalebsa da instrumentebs Soris
urTierTobas exeba. aseTi analizis nayofia varaudi, romlis Tanaxmadac
SeTanxmebis da samarTlian interesTa warmomadgenlobis misaRwevi
aqtivobebi arc ZaldatanebiTi darwmunebis an iZulebis, da arc batonobisa
da eqspluataciur socialur urTierTobaTa sazRvrebs miRmaa. dabolos,
politikuri sociologiis xedva, romelSic TvalsaCino wvlili maqs
veberma Seitana, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas saxelmwifos funqcionirebis
instituciuri meqanizmebis Seswavlas da kerZod, saxelmwifos
uflebamosilebis aRsrulebasa da eri-saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebul
urTierTobebs uTmobs.15

liberalizmis kritikuli Teoriebis TvalTaxedvidan, es

gansakuTrebiT exeba im Teoriebs, romlebsac Rrmad aqvT gadgmuli fesvebi
demokratiis, neo-marqsizmis da politikuri sociologiis TeoriebSi,
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb diskusia axal ganzomilebebs iZens. winaswari xedviT,
saxelmwifos cneba evristikul instrumentad, koncefciad gvevlineba,
romelic radikalurad gansxvavdeba politikuri reJimis, xelisuflebis da
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis klasikuri cnebebisagan. am evristikul
instrumentebTan mimarTebiT, saxelmwifos cneba moicavs sazogadoebaSi
Zalauflebisa da Zlierebis kondensirebis ideas. saxelmwifos
uflebamosilebis aRsruleba specializebuli saxelmwifo organoebis mier
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis misamarTiT ganxorcilebuli uflebamosilebis da
iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gatarebiT xdeba. Zalauflebis kondensirebis cneba
aseve miuTiTebs saxelmwifos kidev erT mniSvnelovan aspeqtze – cneba,
romelic gulisxmobs saxelmwifos mier uflebamosilebis aRsrulebas. es
uflebamosileba ar aris damokidebuli ZiriTad socialur moTamaSeebze,
da rig SemTxvevebSi, misi ganxorcieleba sazogadoebaSi warmodgenili
konkretuli interesebis safuZvelze xdeba. magaliTad, saxelmwifos mier
ganxorcielebuli esa Tu is qmedeba konkretuli elitaruli jgufebis
saxeliT. amdenad, saxelmwifos uflebamosileba SeiZleba asaxavdes
konkretul politikur proeqts, klasobriv alianss, an konkretuli
ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli an zneobrivi interesebis koalicias.
mokled rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifo gvevlineba aliansis an gabatonebul
mdgomareobaze miRweuli SeTanxmebis saxiT.

gabatonebuli mdgomareobis zemoxsenebul xedvebs Tan axlavs mTavari

idea, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo, aseve, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul
politikur proeqtTa konfrontaciis asparezia. saxelmwifo, rogorc
konfrontaciis asparezi, asaxavs ara mxolod socialuri brZolis
42
moulodnel cvalebadobebs da im daZabulobas, romelic Tan axlavs
socialur Zalebs Soris arsebul SeTanxmebebsa Tu uTanxmoebebs, aramed
asaxavs im winaaRmdegobebsa da siZneleebsac, romlebic konkretuli
politikuri proeqtis sazRvrebSi erTiani da Tanmimdevruli qmedebebis
ganxorcielebas ukavSirdeba. nebismieri saxelmwifo politika, maSinac ki
rodesac is batonobis proeqtis nawilia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da misi
Tanmdevi faqtorebis (daZabuloba, winaaRmdegobrioba, politikuri
SeTanxmebebi da uTanxmoeba) sabrZolo asparezad da rezonatorad
gvelineba.

Tu saxelmwifos ganvixilavT mxolod socialur klasebs Soris

mimdinare brZolis moTamaSed, maSin yuradRebis miRma dagvrCeba socialur
moqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli sxva mniSvnelovani maCveneblebi. klasobriv
sxvaobasTan erTad arsebobs sxva iseTi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa rasa,
eTnikuroba, sqesi, geografiuli mdebareoba an individebs Soris eTikur-
moraluri an religiuri gansxvaveba. eseni warmoqmnian socialur
urTierTobebsa da socialur qmedebebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv
saxelmwifosagan kanonebis miRebas, nebarTvis gacemas, marTvas da
sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gatarebas moiTxoven. Tu daveTanxmebiT klaus
ofes, saxelmwifosTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi sakvanZo sakiTxi
winaRmdegobaa. igi arsebobs kapitalisturi dagrovebis saWiroebasa da
Tavad kapitalisturi sistemis legitimacias Soris. ofe, sistemebis
Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, analitikur midgomas gvTavazobs. es midgoma avsebs
da ganavrcobs gramskis analizsa da pulancasis interpretacias. ofes
azriT saxelmwifo kapitalizmis krizisSi mediatoris rols asrulebs da
specifiur funqciebs iZens, gvevlineba ra Suamavlad kapitalizmis ZiriTad
winaaRmdegobebs Soris, anu, warmoebis mzard socializaciasa da kerZo
seqtoris mier damatebiTi Rirebulebis miTvisebas Soris. imisaTvis rom
SeZlos am fundamenturi winaaRmdegobis Sefaseba, saxelmwifom Tavisi
instituciuri funqciebi unda gaafarToos (toresi, 1989)

ofes gagebiT, saxelmwifo TviTregulirebadi administraciuli

sistemaa da asaxavs im instituciuri wesebis, normatiuli aqtebis da
konvenciebis erTobliobas, romelic kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi
istoriuli genezisis kvaldakval ganviTarda. metic, kapitalisturi
saxelmwifo yovelTvis ar pasuxobs imaT moTxovnebs, vinc droebiT
aRasrulebs uflebamosilebas (konkretuli politikuri reJimis an partiis
mTavroba), igi uSualod arc konkretuli socialuri seqtorebis
(ekonomikuri interesebis) an gabatonebuli klasebis diqtats eqvemdebareba.
vinaidan saxelmwifo batonobiT miRweuli SeTanxmebis nayofad gvevlineba,
romelic mediatoris rols asrulebs kapitalistur sistemaSi periodulad
ganmeorebadi krizisebis mogvarebis saqmeSi da cdilobs Tavidan aicilos
43
am krizisebis uaryofiTi zegavlena kapitalisturi sistemis muSaobis
pirobebze, misi (saxelmwifos) klasobrivi TvalTaxedva konkretuli
seqtoruli interesebis warmomadgenlobaze ar aris agebuli da arc im
gabatonebuli klasebis an konkretuli politikuri jgufebis politikur
kurss asaxavs, romlebic SesaZloa samTavrobo dawesebulebebs
akontrolebdnen (qernoi, 1984: 131 – 140).

saxelmwifo, rogorc batonobiT miRweuli SeTanxmeba da rogorc

TviTregulirebadi administraciuli sistema, mTavar mediatorad gvevlineba
kapitalisturi sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel krizisTa konteqstSi. kerZod,
saubaria dagrovebasa da legitimacias Soris arsebuli konfliqturobis
Sesustebaze. garkveul mizezTa gamo, saxelmwifos Teoriebze msjeloba
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ganaTlebis dargis ganviTarebisaTvis.
upirveles yovlisa, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis da maTi gadaWris gzebis gansazRvra, interpretacia da
analizi mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli saxelmwifos im Teoriebze,
romlebic safuZvlad udevs da ganmartavs problemebis identificirebas da
problemis gadaWras. garda amisa, saxelmwifo intervenciis axali saxeebi,
romlebic xSirad neoliberaluri saxelmwifos saxiTaa gansazRvruli,
asaxaven arsebiT cvlilebebs saxelmwifos qmedebis logikaSi da mis
CarTulobaSi. zemoTqmuli ufro ganviTarebad qveynebs exeba. saxelmwifos
Tvisobriobis aseTma cvlilebam, kapitalizmis farTod gavrcelebis
TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba, aseve, asaxos demokratiuli SeTanxmebis bunebisa
da sazRvrebis axleburi xedva da ganaTlebisa da saganmanaTleblo
politikis xasiaTisa da rolis axleburi Sefaseba. globalizmisa da
demokratiis sakiTxebi, ufro vrclad, wignis me-3 da me-5 TavebSia
ganxiluli.16

klasikuri Teoriebi saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb:

liberalizmidan marqsizmamde

ar aris aucilebeli velodoT rodis Seqmnian mefeebi filosofias an rodis

mogvevlinebian filosofosebi mefeebad. es sasurvelic araa, vinaidan
Zalauflebis qona imTaviTve amaxinjebs gonebis Tavisuflad flobas.

- emanuil kanti, Scriti Politici

liberalur politikur filosofiaSi saxelmwifo warmoadgens

umaRles politikur Zalauflebas konkretul sazRvrebSi (heldi, 1989:12).
saxelmwifos liberalobis idea efuZneba saxalxo uflebamosilebis cnebas,

44
rac gansxvavdeba mmarTveli da marTuli Zalebisagan. marTlac, am midgomis
mixedviT saxelmwifos gaaCnia maRali xarisxis damoukidebloba samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisagan, romelic Tavis mxriv aZlevs saxelmwifos imis unars,
rom am ukanasknelma “socialur klasebs Soris arbitris an momrigeblis
roli Seasrulos“ (istoni, 1981:308). liberalizmis Teoriis mixedviT,
saxelmwifo interesTa uTanxmoebasa da socialur konfliqtebze maRla
dgas; igi warmoadgens neitralur teritorias, romelic mzadaa dapyobil
iqnes ama Tu im politikuri partiis (aliansis) mier saarCevno struqturis
cvalebadobis mixedviT; is moqmedebs konkretuli jgufebisgan an
interesebisgan damoukideblad; gamoscems kanonebs, icavs da aRasrulebs
kanonmdeblobas yovelgvari mikerZoebis an kerZo miznebze orientirebis
gareSe da, upirveles yovlisa, warmoadgens sazogadoebis interesebs.

politikuri Zalauflebis es klasikuri liberaluri perspeqtiva

SeiZleba ganvixiloT politikuri mecnierebis Tanamedrove tradiciebis
TvalTaxedvidan. liberaluri politikuri analizis mTavari tradicia,
ZiriTadad, saxelmwifos damoukideblobisa da moqalaqeobis sakiTxebzea
fokusirebuli. liberaluri demokratiis meore tradiciis yuradRebis
centrSi politikuri warmomadgenlobisa da angariSvaldebulebis
problemebia; anu gviCvenebs, rogor SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros individebis,
institutebis da saxelmwifo organizaciebis moqmedebebi
urTierTkontrolsa da Zalauflebis danawilebas, roca, individebis,
institutebis, korporaciebis da saxelmwifo organizaciebis qmedebaTa
maregulirebeli da amsaxveli wesebis kanonierebis cnoba demokratiul
SeTanxmebaSi an “socialur kontraqtSi” xdeba. saxelmwifos kanonierebis,
warmomadgenlobisa da monawileobis sakiTxebi dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu
rogor aris regulirebuli individebisa da institutebis socialuri da
politikuri saqmianoba demokratiuli SeTanxmebis CarCoebSi, rac ki ar
akninebs, aramed kidev ufro ganavrcobs politikuri molaparakebebis
demokratiul tradicias. winaaRmdegoba da erTgvari daZabuloba
individualur uflebebsa da koleqtiur uflebebs (an sazogado nebas)
Soris, politikuri Tanamonawileobis, warmomadgenlobis da kanonierebis
Sesaxeb diskusiis mTavari Teoriuli koncefciaa. mesame tradicia
yuradRebas saxelmwifos uflebamosilebis sakiTxze amaxvilebs, kerZod,
saxelmwifos im qmedebebze, romlebic klasobriv struqturas ukavSirdeba,
politikuri iZulebis saSualebebis, modelebis da institutebis CaTvliT.
marTlac, saxelmwifo aRiqmeba institucionalizebul, politikur
uflebamosilebad. mTavari koncefcia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom politikuri
cxovreba ar aris gamijnuli socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis
ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebisgan. Sesabamisad, batonoba,
eqspluatacia, Cagvra, uTanasworoba da diskriminacia saxelmwifos

45
saqmianobis Tvisebrivad ganuyofeli nawilia, rac mravaljeradad aisaxeba
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis mowyobasa da ganxorcielebaSi. maSin, rodesac
politikuri reJimis maxasiaTeblebi gadamwyvet rols asruleben
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis ganxorcielebaSi, misi buneba, kapitalistur
sazogadoebebSi, arsobrivadaa dakavSirebuli saxelmwifos rolTan da
funqciebTan. konsensusis miRwevisa da reproduqciis, agreTve, interesTa
warmomadgenlobis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTa procesebi Tavisufali ver
iqneba iZulebisa da Zalis gamoyenebisagan. analogiurad, konsensusis
miRweva imTaviTve ukavSirdeba dominirebis da eqspluataciis im
urTierTobebs, romlebic individebs, agreTve, individebsa da socialur
regulaciebs, struqturebsa da institutebs Soris yalibdeba. maqs veberma
didi zegavlena iqonia saxelmwifos funqcionirebis instituciuri
meqanizmebis, ganskuTrebiT ki, saxelmwifo uflebamosilebis
ganxorcielebis Seswavlaze. aseve, im rolis Seswavlaze, romelsac
biurokratia (meTodologiuri/instrumentuli, samarTlebrivi da
biurokratiuli racionalobis CaTvliT) saxelmwifos mier
ganxorcielebul qmedebebSi asrulebs. saxelmwifos qmedebebi gulisxmobs
ara mxolod im individebisa da sazogadoebebis mimarTebiT ganxorcilebul
qmedebebs, romlebic gansazRvraven da cxovrebaSi atareben gansxvavebul
interesebs, miswrafebebs da ideologias naciis konteqstSi, aramed
msoflio sistemaSi saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTqmedebasac gulisxmobs
(heldi, 1983, 1989, 1991; sontagi da valekilosi, 1977; vinsenti, 1987). veberi
Tavisi analizis sakvanZo koncefciad dominirebis cnebas miiCnevs, Tumca
misi analizis farglebs miRma rCeba iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa
eqspluatacia da Cagvra.

klasikuri liberalizmis kritikosebis TvalTaxedvidan, kerZod im

Teoriebis poziciidan, romlebic, faqtobrivad, liberalizmis gagrZelebas
warmoadgenen (demokratiisa da politikuri sociologiis Teoriebis
CaTvliT) an liberalizmis Teoriis kritikuli gadamuSavebiT
(neomarqsizmis CaTvliT) iqnen miRebuli, saxelmwifos Sesaxeb diskusia
sruliad axal moxazulobas iZens. erTi SexedviT, saxelmwifo gvevlineba
evristikul instrumentad _ koncefciad, romelic radikalurad ganxvavdeba
mTavrobis, politikuri reJimis, saxelmwifo Zalauflebis da saxelmwifo
seqtoris klasikuri cnebebisagan. rogorc evristikuli koncefcia,
saxelmwifos cneba asaxavs rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis, ise
saxelmwifos Zlierebis kondensirebas sazogadoebaSi. saxelmwifos
uflebamosilebis aRsruleba xdeba specializebuli saxelmwifo aparatis
meSveobiT da gulisxmobs iZulebisa da Zalismieri moqmedebebis
ganxorcielebas samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze. magaliTad, individebi SesaZloa
nebayoflobiT ixdidnen gadasaxadebs, magram saxelmwifo saagentoebis

46
maregulirebeli da iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gatarebis uflebamosileba
kidev ufro zrdis albaTobas, rom moqalaqeebi marTlac gadaixdian
dawesebul gadasaxadebs. Zalis kondensirebis cneba miuTiTebs saxelmwifos
cnebis kidev erT centralur komponentze: saxelmwifo marto legitimuri
da politikuri Zalauflebis ganmaxorcielebeli ki araa, aramed igi
aRasrulebs Tavis uflebamosilebas farTo speqtris sferoebsa da
saqmianobaSi. saxelmwifos, rogorc Zalis kondensirebis cneba mianiSnebs
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTze, rac gamoixateba
imaSi, rom saxelmwifo SedarebiT damoukidebelia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
mTavari socialuri subieqtebisagan. drodadro, saxelmwifo Zalaufleba
gansakuTrebul interesTa jgufebisa da klasebis saxeliT xorcieldeba an,
ukidures SemTxvevaSi, maT mTavar moTxovnebTan SeTanxmebiT. amdenad, Tu ar
moviSveliebT konspiraciis Teoriebs (romlebic exeba subieqtebis, jgufebis
an institutebis mizanmimarTul, Tvisebrivad gamorCeul da koordinirebul
qmedebebs), politikuri Teoriis zogierTi mimdinareobis mixedviT
saxelmwifo Zalaufleba SesaZloa konkretul politikur proeqts an
klasobriv alianss asaxavdes da konkretul socialur, ekonomikur,
kulturul, eTikur da zneobriv interesebs warmoadgendes. saxelmwifo
iRebs batonobiT miRweuli SeTanxmebis an aliansis formas, romelSic
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis garkveulma interesTa jgufebma an elitarulma
wreebma eleqtoraluri erTobis wyalobiT, da ara marto
winaswargansazRvruli da SeTanxmebuli qmedebebiT, SeiZleba arasasurveli
zegavlena moaxdinon saxelmwifo politikis warmoebaze.

rodesac saxelmwifos dominantis perspeqtividan ganvixilavT,

mTavaria gvesmodes, rom batonoba, anu, dominireba mudmivad sakamaTo da
Znelad dasaZlevi ramaa. politikuri dominireba istoriuli procesia; am
mdgomareobis srulad miRweva Zalian iSviaTadaa SesaZlebeli da
Sesabamisad, socialuri kontrolic srulyofilad verasodes xorcieldeba.
problemebis wyaro, romlebic politikur dominirebasa da hegemonias
eqmneba, SeiZleba mmarTveli aliansis sazRvrebs scdebodes (mag: am
problemebs SesaZloa iwvevdes protestis gamomxatveli socialuri
moZraoba an klasobrivi dapirispireba, rogorc me-5 TavSia axsnili). magram,
gamowvevebi SeiZleba TviT gabatonebuli jgufebis an mmarTveli aliansis
SigniT warmoqmnili davebidanac momdinareobdes.

dominirebisa da hegemoniis Teoriuli koncefciebi iTvaliswineben,

rom saxelmwifos, rogorc dominantis SeTanxmebis mowyoba samuSao
procesia. es procesi mudmivad da Seuferxeblad mimdinareobs. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo aris teritoria, romelic davis obieqts
warmoadgens, anu, politikuri proeqtebis dapirispirebis arenad gvevlineba.
saxelmwifo, rogorc aseTi, ara mxolod asaxavs socialuri dapirispirebis
47
arcTu sasurvel cvalebadobas, da socialur jgufebsa da elitarul
wreebs Soris SeTanxmebebsa Tu uTanxmoebebiT gamowveul daZabulobas,
aramed _ im sirTuleebsa da winaaRmdegobriobasac, romelic mocemuli
kulturuli, socialuri da politikuri proeqtis farglebSi erTiani da
Tanmimdevruli moqmedebis procesis damkvidrebis mcdelobidan
momdinareobs. saxelmwifo politika, rogorc dominirebis proeqtis nawili,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis brZolis asparezi da rezonatoria.
winaswargansazRvruli saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebas
yoveldRiurad Tan sdevs sazogadoebriv moZraobebs, elitarul wreebs,
biurokratiul dajgufebebs, individebsa da adamianTa erTobebs Soris
daZabuloba da winaaRmdegoba, aseve, SeTanxmeba da uTanxmoeba. am faqtoriT
aixsneba nikos pulancasis formulirebuli gansazRvreba, romlis
Tanaxmadac, saxelmwifo da saxelmwifo Zalaufleba socialuri
urTierTobebia. saxelmwifo aris socaaluri Zalauflebis kondensireba,
magram amave dros mas gaaCnia uflebamosileba da SedarebiTi
damoukidebloba socialuri klasebisa da sxvadasxva interesTa Tu
Zalauflebis jgufebisagan.

saxelmwifo socialur klasebs Soris dapirispirebis arenad

gvevlineba. kapitalisturi saxelmwifo pulancasis gagebiT klasobrivi
brZolis asparezia. is aris klasobrivi brZolis produqti da
imavdroulad subieqti, romelic intervencias axdens klasobrivi
urTierTobebis formirebaSi. pulancasi ar eTanxmeba alTusers (1977),
romelic axdens gramskis Teoriis interpretacias. misi gagebiT, is
gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs konsensusze orientirebul saxelmwifo
praqtikasa da iZulebis meqanizmebis gamoyenebis praqtikas Soris, Znelad
SesamCnevia da ar asaxavs saxelmwifos praqtikul saqmianobas. socialuri
praqtikis doneze sakmaod rTuli xdeba ori ganzomilebis cal-calke
identificireba. SeuZlebelia mxolod Zalis gamoyenebiT marTva; yovelTvis
arsebobs Tundac minimaluri konsensusis saWiroeba. analogiurad,
ideologiuri bazis gareSe SeuZlebelia represiuli praqtikis (da
institutebis) danergva. represiuli saqmianoba gaTvlilia im ideologiur
mxardaWeraze, romelsac aRmouCenen mas represiaze da samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis masStabiT arsebul seqtorebze pasuxismgebeli pirebi. da
bolos, gansxvavebuli da urTierTsawinaaRmdego interesebis Tanaarsebobis
pirobebSi, ar arsebobs konsensusi, romelic miiRweva Zalis gamoyenebis
gareSe – iqneba es fizikuri Zalis faqtobrivi gamoyeneba gansazRvruli
mdgomareobis misaRwevad, Tu fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis albaToba.
analogiurad, arc ideologiur da arc mecnierul ritorikas ar SeuZlia
TavisTavad gaamarTlos da ganusazRvreli droiT SeinarCunos saxelmwifos
qmedeba.

48
 pulancasi miiCnevs, rom alTuseri arasrulyofilad axdens gramskis
interpretacias, ramdenadac yuradRebas amaxvilebs saxelmwifos qmedebis
mxolod negatiur da SemzRudav aspeqtebze. Tavis ukanasknel naSromSi
pulancasi amtkicebs, rom gramskis Sexeduleba saxelmwifoze, rogorc
gabatonebuli klasebis ideologiuri hegemoniis nawilze, romelic
arsebobs iZulebis saxelmwifo aparatTan erTad (policia, jari,
sasamarTlo da sasjelaRsrulebiTi sistemebi) gadasinjvas saWiroebs.
pulnacasi mkafiod asabuTebs, rom kapitalisturi saxelmwifo klasobrivi
brZolis nawili iyo da gadamwyvet rols asrulebda sawarmoo pirobebis
reproduqciaSi. saxelmwifos, rogorc kapitalistur urTierTobas,
mniSvnelovani roli akisria im TvalsazrisiT, rom zrdis dagrovebisa da
legitimaciis SesaZleblobebs kapitalistur sistemaSi (toresi, 1985; qernoi,
1984).

magram, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu saxelmwifos mxolod klasobrivi

brZolis moTamaSed aRviqvamT, amiT davakninebT misi socialuri qmedebis
sxva mniSvnelovan saxesxvaobebs. saqme isaa, rom saxelmwifo ara mxolod
klasobrivi sxvaobis SenarCunebis mTavari subieqtia, aramed igi im
gansxvavebuli da arsebiTi socialuri dapirispirebis adgilsamyofeli da
TavSesafaricaa, romelic rasobriv, eTnikur, genderul, geografiul,
eTikur, moralur, religiur da seqsualur upiratesobebs efuZneba. es
sxvaoba iwvevs socialuri urTierTobebis generirebas da saxelmwifo
iZulebulia, Caerios rogorc kanonmdebeli, socialuri mimocvlis
maregulirebeli da kanonebis aRmasrulebeli an iZulebiTi disciplinis
gamtarebeli subieqti.

kritikuli Teoriis gadmosaxedidan, klaus ofe saxelmwifos

moqmedebis centralur sakiTxad im winaaRmdegobas miiCnevs, romelic
kapitalis dagrovebasa da legitimacias Soris arsebobs. saxelmwifo
valdebulia waaxalisos kapitalis dagroveba, rasac kapitalistur
sistemaSi yovelTvis mosdevs uTanasworoba. amave dros, saxelmwifom
stimuli unda misces mTliani politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis
legitimacias da SeinarCunos mdgradoba. ofe uerTdeba sistemebis Teoruli
sinTezis axal Teoriebs da mxars uWers gramskisa da pulancasis xedvas
saxelmwifoze, rogorc socialur urTierTobaze. saxelmwifo iZens
konkretul funqciebs, cdilobs ra Seasrulos mediatoris roli
kapitalizmis mTavari winaaRmdegobis _ warmoebis mzardi gansazogadoebisa
da damatebiTi Rirebulebis miTviseba kerZo seqtoris mier _ daZlevis
saqmeSi. imisaTvis, rom SeZlos mediatoris rolis Sesruleba am
fundamenturi xasiaTis winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad, gviani kapitalizmis
xanaSi saxelmwifom Tavisi roli da tradiciuli instituciuri funqciebi
unda gaafarToos (toresi, 1989).
49
 ofes SexedulebiT, saxelmwifo TviTregulirebadi administraciuli
sistemaa. is aris samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis, wesebisa da normatiuli
aqtebis, agreTve, im formaluri Tu araformaluri institutebisa da
kodeqsebis kondensirebuli forma, romelic istoriulad kapitalistur
sazogadoebebSi Camoyalibda. ar aris savaldebulo, rom kapitalisturma
saxelmwifom upasuxos im mmarTveli elitis moTxovnebs, romelic SesaZloa
akontrolebdes mTavrobas mocemuli politikuri reJimis pirobebSi. aseve
ar aris savaldebulo, rom kapitalisturma saxelmwifom srulad
daakmayofilos – demokratiuli reJimis pirobebSi – elitis an
gabatonebuli klasebis neba. marTalia saxelmwifo gvevlineba
dominirebaze SeTanxmebis Sedegis rolSi da cdilobs kapitalisturi
warmoebis ganmeorebadi krizisebis Sesustebas da Tavidan acilebas, aseve,
im saSiSrobebis prevencias, romlebic eqmneba sistemis warmoebisa da
reproduqciis pirobebs, saxelmwifos klasobrivi perspeqtiva ar emyareba
mis SesaZleblobas _ warmoadginos dajgufebebisa Tu klasebis konkretuli
seqtoruli interesebi an samTavrobo institutebis kontrolis qveS myofi
konkretuli jgufebis neba (qernoi, 1984). aRniSnulis sapirispirod,
kapitalisturi saxelmwifos konkretuli klasobrivi komponenti
momdinareobs kapitalisturi sistemisa da misi reproduciis struqturuli
da istoriuli imperativebisagan da damokidebulia sakuTar (rogorc
kapitalistur sistemaSi moqmed maregulirebel organos) grZlevadian
dinamikaze.

axla ganvixiloT es maregulirebeli funqciebi. jer erTi, imis gamo,

rom ar SeuZlia Tavad gaakontrolos an areguliros kapitalisturi
warmoeba (imis gamo, rom kapitalis dagroveba xdeba kerZo sawarmoo
erTeulebSi), saxelmwifo qmnis pirobebs uwyveti kerZo urTierTobebis
uzrunvelsayofad. meore: sazogadoebrivi pirebi, romlebic akontroleben
saxelmwifo aparats, TavianTi gadarCenisa da politikuri miznebiT
damokidebuli arian im resursebze, romlebic gadasaxadebis meSveobiT
SeiZleba iqnes amoRebuli kerZo kapitalisturi warmoebidan. maSin rodesac
krizisia kapitalis dagrovebaSi, saxelmwifo resursebi mcirdeba. mesame:
saxelmwifos aqvs rogorc uflebamosileba, ise “mandati” Seqmnas da
SeinarCunos kapitalis dagrovebisaTvis da socialuri reproduciisTvis,
aseve, warmoebis socialuri urTierTobebisTvis saWiro pirobebi. dabolos,
is faqti, rom saxelmwifos makontrolebeli politikuri kadrebi Tavad ar
floben Zalauflebas, aramed konkretuli qmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad
mandats iTxoven, amarTlebs koncefcias, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifo
ganzogadebul socialur interesebs warmoadgens.

ofes (1973) Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos (rogorc kapitalisturi

saxelmwifos) funqcionireba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu is im
50
simboloebsa da resursebs eyrdnoba, romlebic mis kapitalistur bunebas
malaven. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, TviT misi arseboba, socialuri
konfliqtis miRma, damokidebulia sakuTari kapitalisturi bunebis
sistematiur uaryofaze. kapitalisturi saxelmwifos da kapitalisturi
sistemis legitimacia gulisxmobs imas, rom saxelmwifo institutebi da
saxelmwifo biurokratiuli aparati kapitalis dagrovebis
stimulirebisaTvis, zemoxsenebuli maregulirebeli funqciebis
urTierTSeTanxmebas cdiloben, amave dros, sakuTari moqalaqeebis
demokratiuli moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad ibrZvian _ demokratiul
sistemaSi Camoyalibebuli moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. amgvarad,
saxelmwifom unda ganaxorcielos ara mxolod politikuri, ideologiuri,
socialuri da kulturuli, aramed ekonomikuri qmedebebic, raTa
winaaRmdegoba gauwios gviani kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiTebel,
legitimaciis deficits (toresi, 1989, 1991; levini da sxvebi., 1986).

legitimaiciis deficiti zogjer gamoxatulia umarTav demokratiul

sistemebSi. ofes mixedviT (1984) demokratiuli sistemebis marTvis cneba
Semdegnairad JRers:

igi “molodinis SeqmnaSi” mdgomareobs. amas erTmaneTis konkurenti jgufebi

da aparatebi mediis saSualebiT axorcieleben; Sedegad, “gadatvirTuli”
saxelmwifos biurokratiuli aparati, romelzec uaryofiT zegavlenas
axdens fiskaluri SezRudvebi, uZluri aRmoCndeba aseTi molodinis
dasakmayofileblad. irRveva mTavrobis uflebamosileba, rac aucilebelia
imisaTvis, rom mtkice winaaRmdegoba Sexvdes swrafad mzard moTxovnebs;
moqalaqeebSi izrdeba undobloba da imedgacrueba saxelmwifos mimarT;
xdeba ekonomikuri stabilurobisa da zrdis potencialis ZiriTadi
principebis paralizeba. (164)

saxelmwifo axorcielebs Tavis ZiriTad funqciebs, maT Soris,

krizisis menejmentis prevenciul strategias, ayalibebs prioritetebis
sistemas socialuri saWiroebebis da potenciuri saSiSrobebis
TvalsazrisiT da qmnis grZlevadian profilaqtikur strategias, raTa
gaaneitralos is riski, romelic politikur stabilurobas, momavalSi,
konsensusis miRwevis dros Seeqmneba. sakompensacio legitimaciis cneba
gulisxmobs saxelmwifos saWiroebas, daZlios kanonierebis deficiti
mTlian sistemaSi. legitimaciis krizisi saTaves sxvadasxva wyarodan iRebs.
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaroa Seusabamoba im mzard moTxovnebs
Soris, romelic Tavs socialuri keTildReobis politikis mimarT iCens,
aseve, Seusabamoba fiskalur Semosavlebs Soris, romelTa saSualebiTac es
moTxovna unda dakmayofildes. imisTvis rom Tavi daaRwios legitimaciis
kriziss, saxelmwifo mimarTavs mecnierebisa da teqnikis sferoSi dagrovil
51
codnasa da gamocdilebas, cdilobs gaataros intensiuri Tanamonawileobis
politika da saganmanaTleblo politikis legalizeba moaxdinos.
amasTanave, ganaTlebis sferoSi unda izrdebodes sasamarTlo sistemis
roli, rogorc am sferoSi arsebuli davebis gadaWris ukanaskneli
saSualeba (toresi da puigrosi, 1996; veileri, 1983). aqedan gamomdinare,
ganaTleba, rogorc sakompensacio legitimacia gulisxmobs imas, rom
saxelmwifom saganmanaTleblo politikiT SeiZleba politikuri uflebebi
da mzardi materialuri danaxarjebi Caanacvlos, da amave dros, sakuTari
moqalaqeebis erTgulebis misapovebelad, damkanonebel principTa sistema
Seqmnas. sinTezurad, saxelmwifo aris batonobaze miRweuli SeTanxmebis
Sedegi da TviTregulirebadi instituciuri dawesebulebebis,
biurokratiuli organizaciebis da formaluri da araformaluri wesebis
krebuli, romelic cdilobs warmoadginos sazogadoebis saxelmwifo da
kerZo sferoebi. saxelmwifos mTavari misia kapitalizmis krizisis
konteqstSi mediatoris rolis Sesrulebaa. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
dagrovebasa da legitimacias Soris arsebul winaaRmdegobebs.

martin qernoi (1992) amtkicebs, rom saganmanaTleblo problemebis

Sesaswavlad Catarebuli analizis udidesi nawili saxelmwifos Sesaxeb
Teorias moicavs. magram, saganmanTleblo sferos kvleva da praqtika Zalian
iSviaTad aRiarebs an ganmartavs am Teoriis Zireul principebs. Cveni
varaudebis TviTrefleqsiuroba, rogorc Cans, seriozuli samecniero
naSromis winapirobaa. TumcaRa, imdenad ramdenadac, saxelmwifos roli
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi kidev ufro rTuli da problemuri gaxda, es
axali misia Teoriuli analizisaTvis axal konceftualur problemebs
warmoSobs. saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebis SemuSaveba ki, aseve, met
praqtikul problemebs qmnis. devid harvei (1989) metad samarTlianad
miiCnevs, rom:

saxelmwifo amJamad ufro rTul mdgomareobaSia. is mowodebulia

areguliros korporatiuli kapitalis aqtivobebi saxelmwifo interesebis
Sesabamisad da, amave dros, saxelwifos interesebidan gamomdinare
iZulebulia, “biznesis xelsayreli garemo” Seqmnas, iseTi, romelic stimuls
miscems transnacionaluri da msoflio finansuri kapitalis mozidvas da
Seaferxebs (ara gacvliTi kursis kontrolis saSualebiT) kapitalis
gadinebas “SedarebiT ufro mwvane da momgebian saZovrebze“. (170)

saxelmwifos makontrolebeli aliansis xasiaTSi da Tavad

saxelmwifos bunebaSi momxdari cvlilebebi saxelmwifos politikis da
saxelmwifos qmedebis logikur sqemaSi aisaxeba. amave dros, saxelmwifosa
da saxelmwifo politikis xasiaTis cvlilebebma SeiZleba asaxos

52
demokratiis axali xedva, aseve, axali xedva imisa, Tu ra roli unda
Seasrulos ganaTlebam garkveuli gagebis demokratiis, multikulturis da
moqalaqeobis formirebaSi; unda Caerios Tu ara; an rogor unda Caerios
saskolo da araformaluri ganaTleba demokratiuli politikuri
kulturis formirebaSi. bolos ibadeba metad mniSvnelovani kiTxva _
Seesabameba Tu ara saganmanaTleblo sistemebis da saganmanaTleblo
politikis cvlilebebi kapitalizmis globalizebis process msoflio
sistemaSi? es sakiTxi ganxilulia wignis me-3 Tavsa da daskvnebSi. wignis
momdevno nawilSi mocemulia saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
arsebuli gansxvavebuli xedvebis meToduri mimoxilva.

Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo Teoriebi da kapitalisturi

saxelmwifo
liberaluri saxelmwifo da ganaTleba

me-18 saukunis ganmanaTlebel filosofosebs surdaT gamoeyenebinaT

dagrovili specializebuli kultura im mizniT, rom gaemdidrebinaT
yoveldRiuri cxovreba, anu, moexdinaT yoveldRiuri sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis racionaluri organizeba.

- iurgen habermasi, “modernizmi postmodernizmis winaaRmdeg”

saxelmwifos liberalur-pluralisturi Teoriebi saxelmwifos

ganixilaven politikur sistemad da avtonomiur politikur institutad,
romelic damoukidebelia warmoebis sistemisa da klasobrivi
struqturisagan. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo neitraluri msajulis
rolSi gvevlineba. igi zedamxedvelobas uwevs da aregulirebs
interesTa jgufebs Soris konfliqts. saxelmwifo maSin axorcielebs
intervencias, roca gansxvavebuli interesTa jgufebi, da SesaZloa,
resursebis maZiebeli konkurenti elituri wreebic, moqalaqeTa saerTo
interesebs ewinaaRmdegeTan, an maSin, roca saxelmwifo Tavisi
damoukidebelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sazogadoebis modernizebas cdilobs.

liberaluri xedvis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo aris misi individualuri

wevrebis koleqtiuri warmonaqmni, romelic uzrunvelyofs saerTo
sazogadoebrivi (socialuri) saqonlis nakrebs Tavdacvis, ganaTlebis,
samarTlebrivi sistemis (da am sistemis aRsrulebis saSualebebis), yvela
moqalaqis, kanonier mcxovrebTa an maTi umravlesobis mimarT (heldi, 1983,
1991; qeroni, 1992; qernoi, 1984; holi da aikenberi, 1989; zarecki, 1983; evansi,
1991; morani da raiTi, 1991). swored am normatiul da ara analitikur

53
pozicias gadmoscemda Tomas jefersoni 1776 wels, amerikis
damoukideblobis deklaraciis pirvelive sityvebSi:

CvenTvis TavisTavad cxadia is WeSmariteba, rom adamianebi Seqmnili arian

rogorc Tanaswori arsebani, rom maT RmerTma mianiWa garkveuli xelSeuvali
uflebebi, rogoricaa sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken ltolva;
rom am uflebaTa gansamtkiceblad iqmnebian mTavrobebi, romlebic TavianT
kanonier Zalauflebas Rebuloben imaTi TanxmobiT, visac isini ganageben.

L liberalizmis TeoriaSi arsebobs avtonomiis principi, romelic

kargad aris gamoxatuli heldis (1989) sinTezSi: “adamianebi unda iyvnen
Tavisuflebi da Tanasworuflebianebi im wesebis gansazRvriT, romlebic
warmarTaven maT cxovrebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini unda
sargeblobdnen Tanabari uflebebiT (da Sesabamisad unda hqondeT Tanabari
movaleobebi) im sistemis parametrebis gansazRvrisas, romelic mTeli
cxovreba, maTTvis xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebis zrdasa da SezRudvas
ganapirobebs” (165).

A aq yuradReba unda gavamxviloT avtonomiis principis or mTavar

mniSvnelobaze: erTis mxriv, adamianebis damoukideblobis cnebaze (rasac
saTanado doneze ganixilavs heldi) da meore mxriv _ saxelmwifos
avtonomiisa da saxelmwifo biurokratiis damoukideblobis cnebaze (qernoi,
1984:1992). avtonomiis principi moicavs sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas, kerZod,
gavixsenoT, rom kantma avtonomiis principi Tavisufal nebas gauTanabra.
pirveli isaa, rom “moqalaqeobis Teoria universaluri socialuri
valdebulebebis da uflebebis praqtikuli politikis primats efuZneboda”
(kulpiti, 1992:6) am daSvebas, saxelmwifos rolisa da funqciebis
TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli Sedegebi mohyveba (rogorc momdevno teqstSia
ganxiluli). meore mniSvnelobaSi igulisxmeba, rom saxelmwifom Tavidan
unda aicilos Tavisuflebis realizebis xelis SemSleli nebismieri
faqtori da xeli unda Seuwyos yvela adamianis swrafvas bednierebisaken.
aqedan gamomdinare, liberalizmi gvevlineba tolerantobis Cempionad da
despotizmis mosisxle mtrad (magaliTad, totalitarizmi da
avtoritarizmi). dabolos, saxelmwifom garkveuli muSaoba unda Caataros
im kuTxiT, rom daZlios an Tavidan aicilos socialuri SeTanxmebis
bunebis damrRvevi konfrontaciebi.

saxelmwifo avtonomia “saxelmwifos aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom man

Tavisi survilebi (preferenciebi) avtoritetul qmedebebad aqcios zustad
im doziT, ra doziTac saxelmwifo politika Tanxvdeba saxelmwifo
moxeleTa resursebiT gansazRvruli survilebis paralelogramas”
(nordlingeri, 1981:19). klasikuri liberalizmis gagebiT, saxelmwifo is
54
arenaa, romelzec “Rvivdeba konfliqti, xdeba interesebis
urTierTdakavSireba da miRebuli Sedegebis avtoritaruli dadastureba”
(5). nordlingeri agrZelebs imis mtkicebas, rom liberalur demokratiul
saxelmwifoze arsebuli is Sexeduleba, romelic yuradRebis centrSi
saxelmwifos ganixilavs (rogorc pluralisturi ise neo-pluralisturi
gadmosaxedidan)17 cxadhyofs, rom saxelmwifo moxeleebs socialurad
SeuzRudavi nebeloba aqvT. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo moxeleebi ara mxolod
akvirdebian resursebisaTvis brZolas, socialuri saWiroebebis gansazRvras
da survilebis (preferenciebis) adaptacias, aramed avtoritarul
intervencias axdenen konkretuli miznebisaken swrafvaze.

im mosazrebiT, romelic centralur adgils saxelmwifos uTmobs,

liberaluri demokratiuli saxelmwifo, mudmivad asrulebs ra brokerisa
da mediatoris funqcias da xels uwyobs strategiuli kompromisebis
miRebas, winaaRmdegobrivi moTxovnebis dabalansebaSi, akumulirebasa da
TanwyobaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs. sayovelTao keTildReobaze
orientirebuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, demokratiuli SeTanxmebis
miRwevis TvalsazrisiT, liberaluri demokratiuli saxelmwifos
damoukideblobis umaRles xarisxs warmoaCens.

sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo demokratiuli liberaluri

saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli formaa ganviTarebuli industriis qveynebSi.
misi warmomavloba me-20 saukunis bilo periodis skandinaviis qveynebis
gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba. kerZod, SvedeTis socialur demokratias da
amerikaSi post-depresiis xanis industriul da safinanso aRmSeneblobas,
romelic “socialur paqts” (axali SeTanxmeba) da damsaqmeblebsa da
dasaqmebulebs Soris samoqmedo strategiebis koordinirebas emyareboda
(morani da raiTi, 1991; ofe, 1984, 1985; Terborni, 1979a; toresi da puigrosi,
1995). sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli Tviseba mis
intervenciul rolSia, am funqcias igi ekonomikis mimarT axorcielebs da
gazrdil saxelmwifo danaxarjebs moicavs rogorc sawarmoo, ise
arasawarmoo seqtorSi. socialuri keTildReobis politikiT
gansazRvrulia Semosavlis, sakvebis, janmrTelobis, sacxovreblis da
ganaTlebis minimaluri standartebis dacva xelisuflebis mxridan.
vilenskis (1975, 1976) mtkicebiT, aRniSnuli socialuri Semweobebi
garantirebuli iyo TiToeuli moqlaqisaTvis, rogorc politikuri ufleba
da ara rogorc qvelmoqmedebis saxeoba (ixileT agreTve popkeviCi, 1991).

am saukuneSi, liberaluri saxelmwifos mTavarma maxasiaTeblebma

saxelmwifo politikis TvalsazrisiT, asaxva saskolo ganaTlebaSi hpova.
maSin rodesac me-19 saukunis liberalebi swavlas ganaTlebis miRebis
saSualebad da adamianTa gaTanabrebis udides faqtorad aRiqvamdnen, me-20

55
saukuneSi, saskolo ganaTlebam umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula
saxelmwifos moRvaweobaSi sayovelTao keTildReobis mimarTulebiT.
skolebis eqspansia asocirebulia im tendenciasTan, romelic moqalaqeobis
uflebebis gafarToebas da socialuri dacvis politikis ganvrcobas
gulisxmobs moqalaqeTa udides nawilze.18 liberaluri da social-
demokratiuli saxelmwifo moRvaweebis mTavari sazrunavi imis dadgena iyo,
Tu rogor gaeanalizebinaT socialuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi, rogor
moexdinaT skolebsa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli funqciuri
damokidebulebis konceptualizacia, aseve, sazogadoebis specializaciisa
da diversificirebis kvalobaze, ra mosalodneli Sedegebi mohyveboda
saskolo ganaTlebis transformacias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Sromis
danawilebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs mohyveboda.

saskolo ganaTlebis rolis analizs, socialuri keTildReobis

saxelmwifos liberaluri poziciidan, Tan Sromis danawilebis
winaaRmdegobrivi aspeqtebis (klasobrivi konfliqtebis CaTvliT) TiTqmis
sruli ugulebelyofa da individualizaciis metad damaxinjebuli
koncefcia axlda. amas iTvaliswinebda mTavari funqcionalisturi
Teoriebis, kerZod, parsonis naSromiT popularizebuli socializaciis
Teoriebi (ixileT morou da toresi, 1995). yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo
ganaTlebis mxolod aSkara, TvalsSisacem funqciebze da mxolod
SezRuduli odenobis farul funqciebs eTmoboda yuradReba. aanalizebdnen
mxolod pozitiuri funqciebs da ar xdeboda negatiuri funqciebis an
disfunqciis Seswavla. garda amisa, yovelgvari kritikis gareSe iRebdnen
iseT daSvebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sazogadoebis sistemuri integraciis
maRali done; da rom meTodologiuri principi - “mTlians” momsaxurebas
uwevs “nawili” (anu ganaTleba) - marTlac mTlian sazogadoebas
warmoadgenda da ara mis romelime gavlenian klass, gabatonebul eTnikur
jgufs, an kastas, romelic materialuri keTildReobis, gavlenis da
Zalauflebis TvalsazrisiT, privilegirebuli poziciiT sargeblobda.19

meore msflio omis Semdgomma eiforiam xeli Seuwyo liberaluri da

socialuri demokratiuli arCevanis Sesabamisi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
xedvis da saganmanaTleblo reformis gamosaxvas demokratiul
sazogadoebebSi. es xedva erTmniSvnelovnad iTvaliswinebda arCevanis
gakeTebas Tanabrad miuRebel bolSevizmsa da faSizms Soris. paralelurma
da urTierTSemavsebelma ekonomikurma doqtrinebma, keinsis ekonomikuri
Teoriis saxiT, gza gaukvales Sereul ekonomikas, romelsac abalansebda
centraluri xelisuflebis mier SemuSavebuli fiskaluri da monetaruli
politika (indikatoruli dagegmva), aseve, xeli Seuwyo 60-iani wlebis
adamianuri kapitalis Teorias, romelic ganaTlebaze gaweul danaxarjebs
amarTlebda imiT, rom es danaxarjebi ekonomikuri zrdis grZelvadiani
56
strategiis nawils warmoadgendnen. amdenad, ganaTlebis dagegmvam
ganviTarebul industriul qveynebSi, centraluri roli Seasrula
intervenciuli, sayovelTao keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos
arsis gagebaSi, anu, iseTi saxelmwifos gacnobierebaSi, romelic
gardauvali iyo kapitalisturi zrdis TviTgamanadgurebeli tendenciebis
gasakontroleblad. postkolonialisturi saxelmwifos gaCenam, msoflio
masStabiT dagrovilia Warbi produqtis raodenobrivma sididem,
modernizebis Teoriebma (rasac ganaTlebis dagegmvisaTvis, adamianuri
kapitalis Teoriebis gavrceleba daerTo), ganviTarebad samyaroSi
uprecedento masStabis saganmanaTleblo eqspansias Seuwyo xeli (qernoi,
1977; qernoi da samofi, 1990; feigerlindi da saha, 1983; fuleri, 1991; raseli,
1989; selovski, 1980; toresi, 1990).

Lliberali ganmanaTleblebis xedviT, saganmanaTleblo sistemebi sam

mTavar funqcias asruleben: SemecnebiT da moralur socializacias, unar-
Cvevebis wvrTnas da sertificirebas. am funqciebs Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT
resursebis racionaluri ganawilebis da socialuri mobilurobis
TvalsazrisiT. (benksi, 1989; labeli da uardi, 1994). adamianebis ganaTlebas,
maTi universaluri SemecnebiTi unarebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT,
umTavresi mniSvneloba eniWeba. magram, ekonomikuri da politikuri
socializaciis funqcias gadamwyveti roli akisria calkeuli individebis,
adamianTa erTobebis da mTeli sazogadoebis keTildReobis miRwevis
saqmeSi. saganamanaTleblo sistemebi, amzadeben ra individebs Sromis
danawilebis procesSi sakuTari rolis Sesasruleblad, resursebis
gadanawilebis funqcias asruleben da miT xels uwyoben konkurenciuli
SerCevis gziT unarisa da niWis efeqtianad ganawilebas. ganaTlebis
ekonomikuri funqcia, romelic ZiriTadad, adamianuri kapitalis warmoqmnis
funqciadaa gagebuli, kavSirs amyarebs mSromelTa calkeuli individebis
mier ganaTlebasa da produqtiulobis TvalsazrisiT miRweul maRal
doneebs Soris. dabolos, aRiarebulia, rom saskolo ganaTleba, socialuri
integrirebiTa da socialuri kontroliT, umniSvnelovanes samsaxurs uwevs
politikur socializacias. socialuri sxvaobis cnebiT, akademiuri
moswrebis meSveobiT xdeba askriptuli statusebis SeZenil statusebSi
konvertacia, rac askriptiuli statusebis legitimacias uxsnis gzas.

amerikis saganmanaTleblo sistemis liberaluri politikis saukeTeso

magaliTebad, albaT, samTavrobo programa _ “brZola siRaribesTan” _
gamogvadgeba. aseTi programebi rig daSvebebs (varaudebs efuZneboda):
pirveli _ siRaribis aRmofxvra amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
gulisxmobda Rarib ojaxebSi dabadebuli bavSvebis daxmarebas, raTa maT
Tavi daeRwiaT siduxWirisTvis (im winapirobiT, Tu es Seuqcevadi procesi
iqneboda); meore _ bavSvebi siRaribes Tavs imitom ver aRwevdnen, rom
57
amisaTvis saWiro sabaziso codnas ar iRebdnen; da bolos, siRaribis
mojadoebuli wris garRvevis saukeTeso da yvelaze efeqturi meqanizmebi
saganmanaTleblo reformebia, romlebic garkveuli ojaxebisa da
dasaxlebebisaTvis gankuTvnil sakompensacio programebs efuZneba. Tavis
mxriv, es programebi zemoxsenebul ojaxebs exmareba, TavianTi materialuri
mdgomareoba dasaSveb minimalur zRurbls zeviT SeinarCunon (jenksi da
sxvebi, 1972).

vinaidan liberaluri politikis mxardamWerebi saxelmwifos

dominirebis Teorias cnoben sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifoSi,
uTanasworobis gavrceleba da legitimacia SeiZleba skolis (farul)
funqciad iqces. amis permanentulobas saswavlo programa da swavlebis
praqtika uzrunvelyofs. magaliTad, skolebis saqmianobaze dakvirvebis
Sedegebze mimdinare diskusia cxadhyofs, rom skolebis muSaoba
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu romel socialur klass ganekuTvnebian
moswavleebi. es aisaxeba unarebis mixedviT dakompleqtebul bavSvebis
dajgufebaSi, aseve, saswavlo programis mixedviT dakompleqtebul
dajgufebebSi, rac Tavis mxriv, feradkaniani moswavleebis, gogonebis,
emigrantTa da muSaTa klasis warmomadgenel mSobelTa Svilebis sazianod,
amerikis skolebSi segregaciis praqtikas ganamtkicebs (ouqsi 1985; velsi da
ouqsi, ibeWdeba).

amdenad, saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis dagegmvisa da socialuri

inJineriis meSveobiT, saganmanaTleblo reformis liberalur
funqcionalisturi Teoriebi wina planze pirad da samoqalaqo uflebebs
warmoaCenen da Tanabari SesaZleblobebisa da ekonomikuri gadanawilebis
dasamkvidreblad iRvwian. kerZod, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
liberaluri ganaTleba iseT problemebs waawyda, rogoricaa araTanabari
statusis SeZena da rasobrivi kuTvnilebis zegavlena ganaTlebaze. amave
dros, stratifikaciis funqcionaluri Teoriis meSveobiT, liberalizmma
waxalisebis ierarqiis gonivruli axsna SemogvTavaza, uaryo ra
absoluturi Tanasworobis cneba da paradoqsulad, socialur efeqtianobas
da samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvisken mowodebul moZraobebSi, saswavlo
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobas centraluri adgili mianiWa. Sesabamisad,
funqcionaluri saganmanaTleblo Teoriis warumatebloba momdinareobs
iqidan, rom igi srulyofilad ver xsnis uTanasworobis mizezebs da
araTanabari SesaZleblobebis problemebs, aRaraferi rom vTqvaT imaze, rom
es Teoria, socialur uTanasworobaSi saganmanaTleblo procesis rolis
Seswavlisa da am kuTxiT saWiro RonisZiebebis gatarebis TvalsazrisiT,
damajerebel strategiasac ver gvawvdis.

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 Crdilo amerikuli “liberalizmiT” gamowveulma zogadma
imedgacruebam socialuri Teoretikosebis nawili ufro pesimistur
neokonservatorul pozicias miubruna, nawili ki axal, marginalur da
dayofil, social-demokratebis pozicias miubrunda. sxva, ufro
ganviTarebul liberalur demokratiul qveynebSi (yvelgan arsebobda
gavleniani social-demokratiuli partia muSaTa klasSi gamdgari fesvebiT,
zogan ki _ Zlieri komunisturi partiac). sakmaod gansxvavebulad
warimarTa ganaTlebis funqcionaluri Teoriebis miReba da SeTviseba.
evropaSi, zogadad, ganaTlebasa da politikaSi arsebuli konservatoruli
tradicia iZleoda imis saSualebas, rom ganxorcielebuliyo progresuli
ganaTlebis, yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualo skolebis da mesame
safexuris ganaTlebis sistemis (studentTa miRebis SedarebiT Ria
standartebiT) amerikuli kombinacia an funqcionaluri saganmanaTleblo
Teoriis safuZvelze ganviTarebuli konkurentuli (socialuri)
mobiluroba, romelic progresul reformasTan unda asocirdebodes. amas
ironiulad uyureben evropuli Sromis partiebi, romlebic mxars im
politikas uWeren, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi ufro racionaluri da
srulyofili gaxda (nawilobriv imis gamo, rom isini efeqturad ebrZvian
tradiciuli elitaruli ganaTlebis qomagebis moTxovnebs) aseve,
Seesatyvisa amerikul funqcionalur Teorias da empiriuli mobilurobisa
da statusis mopovebis kvlevas (morou da toresi, 1995; ibeWdeba).

am mxriv,Ayvelaze sayuradReboa britaneTis magaliTi, sadac

ganaTlebis sociologia dasabams iRebs karl manhaimis (romelic
gadasaxlebaSi imyofeboda inglisSi) da T.h. marSalis naSromebidan.
marSalis naSroms detalurad ganvixilavT wignis me-4 TavSi. marSalma
metad seriozulad gaaanaliza sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo da
moqalaqeobis principi, riTac Casaxa imedi, rom Tavisuflebisa da
Tanasworobis SeTavseba SesaZlebeli iqneboda demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.
es Tema ganxiluli iyo manhaimis, socialuri dagegmvis sakiTxebisadmi
miZRvnil naSromSi (marSali, 1950, 1983; manhaimi, 1953, 1960; uiTi, toresSi,
1998; ceitlini, 1968). marTalia, Zlieri leiboristuli moZraoba xels
uwyobda Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofis centralur problemad
warmoCebas, Tumca, arc efeqturoba da adamianuri resursebis fuWad
xarjva iyo nakleb mniSvnelovani da sakvanZo sakiTxi. (karabeli da halsi,
1977:10)

socialur-demokratiuli politikis, teqnokratiuli funqcionalizmis

da empiriuli kvlevis sinTezi ganaTlebaSi arc skolebis saqmianobis
Sedegebsa da socialur struqturebs Soris kavSirs iTvaliswinebda da
ganaTlebis sferos momcvel kulturul procesebs. aRniSnuli sinTezi
saTanadod arc im Sedegebs afasebda, rac sayovelTao keTildReobis
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saxelmwifo subieqtis farglebSi, kapitalisturi ganviTarebis
winaaRmdegobebis kuTxiT, radikaluri demokratiuli saganmanaTleblo
politikis ganxorcielebas mohyveboda. kvleva kvlav imas adasturebda, rom
“sociologiur SeTanxmebebze agebulma strategiebma, faqtobrivad, ver
moaxerxes uTanasworobis aRmofxvra. metic, aseTi strategiebi TiTqos
regularulad uzrunvelyofdnen igive an msgavsi saganmanaTleblo Sedegis
miRebas” (baroni da sxvebi, 1981:130, citirebulia morousa da toresis mier,
1995:72).

liberalizmi memarcxeneebisa da memarjveneebis jvaredini gavlenis

qveS moeqca. sxvadasxva socialurma Zalebma liberalizmis
saganmanaTleblo programas Ziri gamouTxares. memarcxeneTa mxridan,
reproduqciis Teoriebma ganaTleba kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis
socialur da kulturul reproduqciasTan (kvlavwarmoebasTan) daakavSira,
rac saganmanaTleblo liberalizmis ZiriTadi varaudebis erTgvari
gamowvevas warmoadgenda. reproduqciis (kvlavwarmoebis) Teoriebi
Zalauflebasa da codnas, ganaTlebis sferoSi, mudam erTmaneTze
gadajaWvul movlenebad ganixilaven. amgvarad, saganmanaTleblo politika,
saklaso praqtika da saswavlo programa winaaRmdegobrivi procesis is
ganuyofeli nawilia, romelic mocemul socialur pirobebSi bavSvebisa da
mozardebis socializacias gulisxmobs. Tumca, amave dros,
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebma, saganmanaTleblo politikam da
praqtikam SeiZleba hegemonuri kulturis sawinaaRmdego meqanizmebic
danergon20. memarjveneTa ukmayofileba sayovelTao keTildReobis
saxelmwifos, kerZod, misi fiskaluri saqmianobis mimarT, dRiTi dRe
izrdeba. amasTan erTad, Tanabari saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis
Sesaxeb liberalur ritorikas, akademiuri moswrebisa da srulyofilebis
Sesaxeb amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gavrcelebuli ritorika
daupirispirda, kidev, axali neokonservatoruli ritorika, romelic piradi
uflebebis aRmatebul Zalas sazogadoebriv movaleobebze da socialur
uflebebze maRla ayenebda.21

liberalur SexedulebaTa sistemis warmomadgeneli liberaluri

reformatorebisa da mkvlevarebis ZiriTadi nakadi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom
isini ar akeTeben kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi saganmanaTleblo
procesebis istoriul-struqturul analizs (mag: ganaTlebis politikuri
ekonomiis ararseboba); uars acxadeben imaze, rom pirispir gaumklavdnen
dominirebiTa da eqspluataciiT gamowveul Sedegebs kapitalistur
sazogadoebebSi da, Sesabamisad, ganaTlebis sferoSic; yovelgvari
prognozis gareSe cnoben saxelmwifos rols moqalaqeobis stimulirebaSi,
universaluri socialuri valdebulebebisa da uflebebis praqtikuli
politikis primatis safuZvelze maSin, roca ZalaSi rCeba ekonomikur,
60
rasobriv, eTnikur da genderul sxvaobaze dafuZnebuli rigi gamonaklisebi.
aRniSnuls kargad gadmoscems nensi freizeri:

liberaluri politikuri Teoria gulisxmobs, rom politikuri cxovrebis

demokratiuli formis organizeba SesaZlebelia sistemur uTanasworobaTa
masazrdoebel socialur-ekonomikur da socialur-sqesobriv struqturaTa
safuZvelze. aseT SemTxvevaSi, liberalebisaTvis demokratiis problemaa,
rogor gamoaridon politikuri procesebi ekonomikisaTvis, ojaxuri
yofisTvis da yoveldRiuri araoficialuri urTierTobebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli arapolitikuri da winarepolitikuri procesebisgan.
amgvarad, liberalebis problema im barierebis gamagrebaa, romlebic
Tanasworobis urTierTobebis warmoCenaze mowodebul politikur
institutebs uTanasworobis sistemur urTierTobebze damyarebul
ekonomikur, kulturul da socialur-sqesobriv institutebisagan
gamohyofen. (79)

saxelmwifos Teoria, romelic ar aniWebs saTanado mniSvnelobas

Zalauflebis bunebas da mis danawilebas sazogadoebaSi, kargavs Tavis
poziciebs. marTlac, Tu davuSvebT, rom Zalaufleba dasavlur
sazogadoebebSi (amas akritikebs britaneli marqsisti ralf milibendi)
konkurenciuli, fragmentuli da difuzuria; da rom yvela adamiani,
pirdapiri Tu organizebuli dajgufebebis formiT, SeiZleba raime doziT
Zaluflebas flobdes, maSin rogor SeZlebs liberaluri saxelmwifo
Zalauflebis miTvisebisa da uzufruqtis, zegavlenisa da materialuri
keTildReobis efeqturad regulirebas moqalaqeebis saxeliT? Seswevs Tu
ara saxelmwifo ganaTlebas (romelsac gamaTanabrebeli socialuri
cvlilebebis xelSewyoba akisria) imis unari, rom damkvidrebuli
socialuri ierarqiis, ekonomikuri struqturebis da interesTa jgufebis
arsebobis pirobebSi, efeqtur instrumentad iqces?

Tu daculi iqneba instituciuri demokratia, sayovelTao saarCevno

uflebis, Tavisufali da regularuli arCevnebis, warmomadgenlobiTi
institutebisa da efeqturi moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis CaTvliT, maSin,
calkeuli individebic da adamianTa dajgufebebic xsenebuli uflebebiT
isargebleben. es kanoniT da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistemiT iqneba
uzrunvelyofili. TumcaRa, multikulturalizmis liberali mkvlevarebisa
da politikis mwarmoeblebisaTvis politikuri kultura erTgvarovani ar
aris. igi mravalferovania da Sesabamisad, jgufTaSoris urTierTobaTa
problemasac warmoSobs, rac saTanado yuradRebas moiTxovs.
multikulturalizmis mizani “skolebis da sxva saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebis imgvari reformirebaa, rom gansxvavebuli rasis, eTnosis
da socialuri fenis warmomadgenelma moswavleebma xarisxiani ganaTlebis
61
miReba SeZlon” (benksi, 1993:3). neokonservatorebi, neoliberalebi,
reproduqciis da paralelisturi Teoriebis mimdevrebi da oficialuri
codnis kritikosebi ar eTanxmebian liberalur saxelmwifos da mis
mcdelobas, Secvalos individualuri damokidebulebebi (preferenciebi) _
am dilemis gadaWris jer-jerobiT upiratesi saSualebebi _ rac kulturaTa
mravalferovnebas win eRobeba.

neokonservatiuli saxelmwifo da ganaTleba: arCevani da kulturuli

pluralizmi

fiqri adamianis kulturaze, rogorc mxolod iluziis nayofze – rogoricaa

sityvebiT TamaSi an sabavSvo TamaSi saxelebis darqmevaze _
naklebdamajerebeli hipoTezaa.

----ernst kasireri, miTi saxelmwifoze

tradiciuli konservatizmi safrangeTis revoluciis da ganaTlebis

epoqis politikisa da ideologiis pasuxad Seiqmna. konservatizmi, rogorc
aseTi, progresivizmis winaaRmdegia. iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa nacia, ojaxi,
movaleoba, xelisufleba, standartebi, tradiciebi, piradi interesi,
konkurenciuli individualizmi da antistatizmi, Cveulebriv, tradiciul
konservatizmTan akavSireben. Tavisi arsiT, zemoT CamoTvlili cnebebi
liberalizmis Zireul Rirebulebebze aSkara reaqcias warmoadgenen (efli,
1993 b; bobio, mateuCi, da paskuino, 1987-88). neokonservatoruli ideologia
da neokonservatoruli saxelmwifo, Cveulebriv, asocirebulia 80-iani
wlebis sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos mkveTr politikur
ekonomikur uaryofasTan. maT Soris iseTi mimdinareobebis uaryofasTan,
rogoric iyo tetCeris samTavrobo programa (tetCerizmi), reiganis
“konservatiuli revolucia” (reiganomika) da braian mulronis kanadis
progresuli konservatiuli partiis programa. models safuZvlad edo
mizandasaxulobiT gamorCeuli, saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da saxelmwifo
sakuTrebaSi myofi qonebis didi nawilis privatizebis procesi, agreTve,
bazrisa da kerZo sawarmoebis maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobis gamartiveba;
inflaciis kontroli, ramac Caanacvla sayovelTao dasaqmebis xelSewyoba
da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis rolis gazrda, kongresis an
parlamentis rolis Sesustebis sanacvlod (Terborni, 1989).

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom SeiniSneba gansxvaveba britanul, amerikul

da kanadur neokonservatul eqsperimentebs Soris, ramac asaxva
winaaRmdegobrivi politikis SedegebSi hpova. magaliTad, naciebis mixedviT
gansxvavebulia SesaZleblobebis struqtura, institutebis, politikuri
dajgufebebis da ideologiis CaTvliT. aseve, mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba

62
SeimCneva liderebis xasiaTis, maTi mmarTvelobis personaluri stilis da
maTi zogadi ideologiuri profilis mxriv. magaliTisaTvis, margaret
tetCerma daamkvidra ukiduresad ukompromiso konservatiuli midgoma
mmarTvelobis mimarT, rac gulisxmobda imas, rom sastik kritikas
imsaxurebda yvela, vinc eWvqveS daayenebda mis programas, profkavSirebis,
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis, politikuri opoziciis da sxvaTa CaTvliT.
(aseTi midgoma vrceldeboda misi sakuTari partiis warmomadgenlebzec).
ronald reiganis mowodebaze orientirebuli ekonomika Selamazebuli iyo
zneobrivi konservatizmiT socialur sakiTxebze da did mniSvnelobas
aniWebda neokonservatul Zalebs, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, zneobrivi
umravlesoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom braian mulroni iwonebda tetCeris da
reiganis programebs da megobrobda kidec maTTan, misi neokonservatizmi
daregulirebuli (moTokili) iyo misi, rogorc brokeri politikosis
pragmatuli bunebiT, SesaZleblobebis kanaduri struqturiT, misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli decentralizebuli politikuri orientaciiT,
Tanasworobis uflebebis poziciebis gamyarebiT kanadis uflebaTa
deklaraciaSi da mulronis koaliciis farglebSi arsebuli ideologiuri
poziciebis araerTgvarovani konfiguraciiT (dasavleT kanadis da kvebekis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic gansxvavebul poziciebs warmoadgendnen mTel
rig sakiTxebze). analogiurad, aSkara winaaRmdegobam iCina Tavi programis
ganacxadsa da mis praqtikul ganxorcielebas Soris, reiganis miwodebaze
orientirebuli ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis TvalsazrisiT, rasac mohyva
biujetis uzarmazari deficiti da saxelmwifo valis zrda (stokmeni, 1986).
aRniSnuli sxvaobis da winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, privatizeba da
sabazro principebiT ganpirobebuli politika neokonservatuli programis
sakvanZo sakiTxad iqca.

privatizeba da bazarze orientirebuli reformebi sakmaod

mimzidvelia neokonservatuli saxelmwifosaTvis rigi mizezebis gamo. erTis
mxriv, isini garkveulad amsubuqeben fiskalur danaxarjebze zewolas da
meore mxriv _ saxelmwifo politikis formirebis mniSvnelovan sferoebSi,
saxelmwifos maregulirebeli strategiebis depolitizaciisaTvis,
xelsayrel saSualebas warmoadgenen. saxelmwifo momsaxurebis transferi
saxelmwifos pirdapiri administirirebis da/an kontrolis miRma, xels
uwyobs dainteresebul mxareebTan da momxmareblebTan (klienturasTan)
konfliqtis Tavidan acilebas. privatizebas mTavari adgili ukavia
neokonservatul modelSi, ramdenadac “momsaxurebis Sesyidvis kontraqti
uSualod socialur momsaxurebaSi CarTuli saxelmwifos socialur
legitimaciasTan dakavSirebuli, konkretuli problemebis mogvarebis
administraciuli meqanizmicaa da amave dros _ kerZo sawarmoebis (da
samewarmeo ganviTarebis) marTvis danaxarjebisa da mogebis analizis, aseve,

63
miznebze orientirebuli marTvis sistemebis gadmoRebis mcdeloba”
(kulpiti, 1992:94).

neokonservatorebi amtkiceben, rom “saxelmwifo” da “bazari” ori

diametrulad gansxvavebuli socialuri sistemaa. warmoebis organizebisa
da momsaxurebis formis TvalsazrisiT, maT or mkafiod gamoxatul
arCevanad ganixilaven (morani da raiTi, 1991). ratomaa, rom saxelmwifosTan
SedarebiT, bazris mimarT keTilganwyoba metia? neokonservatorebi
miiCneven rom garkveuli mizezebis gamo, bazari ufro mravalmxrivi,
cvalebadi da efeqturia, vidre saxelmwifos biurokratiuli struqturebi.
bazrebi saxelmwifosTan SedarebiT gacilebiT swrafad reagireben
teqnologiebsa da socialur moTxovnebSi momxdar cvlilebebze.
saxelmwifo seqtorTan SedarebiT, bazrebi ufro efeqturi da
rentabeluria momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiTac, da bolos, sabazro
konkurencia biurokratiul politikasTan SedarebiT, “socialur
investiciebSi” gacilebiT met angariSvaldebulebas qmnis. saxelmwifosa da
bazars Soris davas aqvs ara wminda ekonomikuri, aramed zneobrivi xasiaTi.
milton fridmanis (citirebulia darendorfis mier, 1975) mixedviT _
“mTavrobis mxridan ganxorcielebuli intervenciis TiToeuli aqti,
pirdapir zRudavs individualuri Tavisuflebis sivrces (sferos) da
iribad (arapirdapiri gziT) emuqreba Tavisuflebis stabilurobas (5). msgavs
argumentebs iyenebs haiekic (1960).

aris Tu ara aRniSnuli swrafva bazrisaken imis maniSnebeli, rom

kapitalizmis, rogorc aseTis, mowyobasa da funqcionirebaSi garkveuli
cvlilebebi moxda? 70-ian da 80-ian wlebSi kapitalizmi Sevida iseT fazaSi,
romelsac devid harvei (1989) “moqnil akumulacias” eZaxis

gviani kapitalizmis am modelis moqniloba efuZneba Sromis procesebis,

Sromis bazrebis, produqtebis da moxmarebis sistemebs. igi xasiaTdeba
warmoebis sruliad axali dargebis, finansuri momsaxurebis axali
saSualebebis, axali bazrebis gaCeniT da, rac mTavaria, komerciuli,
teqnologiuri da organizaciuli inovaciis sagrZnoblad aweuli doniT.
(147)

ekonomikuri procesis ZiriTadi Sedegi kapitalisturi demokratiis

qveynebSi mdidrebsa da Ratakebs Soris Semosavlebis danawilebis mzardi
polarizaciaa (prJevorski, 1991; raiCi, 1991; Turou, 1992). harvei (1989) miiCnevs,
rom es cvlilebebi moqnil dagrovebaSi Taviseburi kulturis warmoqmnas
ganapirobebs, romelic xasiaTiT postmodernistulia da aqcents
“efemerulobaze, sxvadasxvagvarovani elementebis kombinaciaze,
fragmentulobaze, filosofiuri da sazogadoebrivi azris gafantulobaze
64
akeTebs. es ki moqnili dagrovebis mdgomareobis imitacias akeTebs.
yovelive zemoT xsenebuli 1970 wlidan divergentuli specialuri da
regionuli interesTa jgufebis fragmentuli politikis aRmocenebas
miesadageba” (302). harveis mier sakiTxis siRrmiseuli gagebis miuxedavad,
moqnili dagroveba, rogorc warmoebis saSualeba gansakuTrebulad
warmoaCens ekonomikuri Zalauflebis koncentraciis da centralizaciis
process, rac mimdinareobs msoflio sistemaSi kapitalis dagrovebisa da
warmoebis procesSi multinacionaluri kompaniebis rolis zrdis
paralelurad. efemerulobis, sxvadasxvagvarovani elementebis kombinaciis
da fragmentaciis kulturuli Taviseburebebi, rogorc Cans, ufro
Sesaferisia imis aRsawerad, Tu ra cvlilebebs ganicdis socialuri
klasebi, sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi da daqvemdebarebuli kulturebi, vidre
imis gadmosacemad, Tu ra emarTebaT transnacionalur korporaciebs
msoflio sistemaSi.22

aRniSnuli kulturuli cvlilebebi ar mimdinareobs ganviTarebuli

industriuli qveynebis da ganviTarebadi msoflios sazogadoebrivi
moZraobebis gamocdilebisagan damoukideblad. es exeba vietnamTan omis
sawinaaRmdego moZraobas, feministur da qalTa moZraobebs, mSvidobisaTvis
brZolas, antibirTvul moZraobebs, an martivad rom vTqvaT,
ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobebs. xsenebuli cvlilebebi arc konkretuli
ideologiebisagan aris mTlianad Tavisufali. Sesabamisad, aq adgili aqvs
neokonservatiul Zlier ukureaqcias “moWarbebul” liberalizmze da
saxelmwifos mxridan ganxorcielebul intervenciaze (an piriqiT,
mokrZalebuli formiT Carevaze an saerTod Caurevlobaze) kulturasa da
ganaTlebaSi.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, neokonservatorebi Tanamedrove

krizisis sawyis mizezs xedaven ara ekonomikaSi an politikaSi, aramed
zneobriv da kulturul sferoebSi. maTi gagebiT, socialurma SeTanxmebam
(paqtma), romelmac saukunis miwuruls erTmaneTTan daakavSira samuSao Zala
da kapitali, kerZod, axalma demokratiulma SeTanxmebam amowura Tavisi
misia. neokonservatorebs paradoqsuli mosazreba aqvT imis Taobaze, rom
sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos aRzevebam klasobrivi konfliqti
Seasusta, SemogvTavaza ra socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da dazRvevis
sqemebi, rasac Sedegad socialuri klasis politikuri datvirTvis
Sesusteba mohyva postindustriul sazogadoebebSi (klarki, lipseti, da
rempeli, 1993).

amerikeli neokonservatorebis azriT, liberalizmis filosofiuri

wanamZRvrebi gakotrebamdea miyvanili. am principis mixedviT, liberalurma
tradiciam amowura Tavisi SesaZlebloba – fexi aubas mimdinare kulturul

65
da zneobriv moTxovnebs. liberalebs, romelTac strategiuli poziciebi
ukaviaT masmediaSi, skolebSi, xelovnebasa da adamianebis bunebaSi, da
“Statian radikalebs”, romlebic umaRles ganaTlebaSi arian mokalaTebuli,
bralad kapitalisturi amerikis zneobrivi da kulturuli garyvna edebaT.
maT usazRvro zneobriv nebadarTulobas da tradiciuli heteroseqsualuri
ojaxis SenarCunebaze uaris Tqmas iseTi Sedegebi mohyva, rogoricaa
orsulobis SemTxvevebis zrda mozardebSi, unebarTvo gacdenebi,
seqsualuri aRviraxsniloba, danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis zrda,
homoseqsualuri da lesbosuri miswrafebebis zrda, rac, Tavis mxriv,
alternatiuli cxovrebis wesisa da seqsualuri preferenciebis cnobas
moiTxovs. neokonservatorebs miaCniaT, rom liberalebis mxridan
gamoxatuli upativcemuloba xelisuflebis mimarT, maT mier kulturuli
da istoriuli tradiciebis ugulebelyofa da maTi zomagadasuli
damokidebuleba socialuri keTildReobis “did” samTavrobo politikaze,
kidev ufro aRrmavebs amerikaSi arsebul kriziss.

saxelmwifos fiskaluri krizisi aRqmulia rogorc dadastureba

imisa, rasac amerikis daarsebis dRidan acxadeben noekonservatorebi:
sazogadoeba ver SeinarCunebs socialuri keTildReobis garantiebis
sistemas, mizanmimarTul saxelmwifo programebze gamoyofili mzardi
danaxarjebis pirobebSi, vinaidan sistema finansurad gakotrdeba da
warmoSobs damokidebulebas. individebi saxelmwifo daxmarebaze ufri
iqnebian damokidebulni, vidre sakuTar Zalisxmevaze. isini aRar
ixelmZRvaneleben Tavdauzogavi Sromis dafasebis principiT da Tavs
aarideben sakuTari movaleobebisa da valdebulebebis Sesrulebas, Tumca
amave dros, ganagrZoben sakuTari uflebebis daJinebiT dacvas. yovelive
aRniSnuli niSnavs imas, rom niadagi eyreba qveynis zneobriv da kulturul
gakotrebas.

kulturuli krizisis daZlevas moyveba individualur

pasuxismgeblobaze da ara saxelmwifo daxmarebaze dafuZnebuli
legitimuri sistemis Seqmna. socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo
programebze uaris Tqma, kerZo seqtoris deregulireba da saxelmwifo
seqtoris privatizeba aris swored is gamosavali, romelic amerikas
saerTaSoriso arenaze konkurentunarianobis SesanarCuneblad da
ekonomikuri da politikuri aRmasvlis misaRwevad esaWiroeba, Tundac iseT
gamdidrebul kulturul atmosferoSi, romelic momdinareobs ara dacemis
gzaze mdgari liberalebisagan, aramed axal rwmenas Semdgari
qristianebisagan (boroni, 1981; qouseri da houvi, 1977; habermasi, 1990;
toresi, 1986). amdenad, neokonservatiul saxelmwifoSi ganaTlebas mravali
gansxvavebuli roli aqvs miniWebuli. neokonservatiuli aRorZinebis
centralur komponenti avtonomiis liberaluri cnebis kritika da am cnebis
66
datvirTvaa saklaso praqtikis TvalsazrisiT. avtonomia interpretirebulia
rogorc angariSvaldebulebis nakleboba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,

saxelmwifo saswavlo programa da Sefaseba, mSoblis mier arCevanis

gakeTebis meti SesaZlebloba, SedarebiT mkacri angariSvaldebuleba da
kontroli, ganaTlebis marketizacia da privatizeba – yvela es SemoTavazeba
SesaZloa Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi iyos, rogorc “reformebis” garkveuli
nakrebi, magram, yvela maTgani im konservatiuli paketis nawilia, romelic am
moZraobis neoliberaluri da neokonservatoruli ganStoebebis mieraa
Seqmnili. (efli, 1993 b:5; ixileT agreTve efli, 1993 a).

ganaTlebis sferoSi neokonservatiuli saxelmwifo or mTavar

ganacxads efuZneba. erTi maTgania angariSvaldebuleba da mSobelTa
uflebebi, xolo meore - amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi rasobriv sakiTxs da
multikulturalizmisa da mravalferovnebis gansakuTrebul Sefasebas
exeba. skolis arCevis Tavisufleba da vauCerebi ganxilulia rogorc
skolebis bazrebTan dakavSirebis mcdeloba. skolebs winamdebare TavSi
ganvixilavT, bazrebis Temas ki _ me-6 TavSi. jon Cabis da teri mos
naSromSi (1990) – politika, bazrebi, da amerikis skolebi - gamoyenebuli
mosazrebebi skolis reformirebis im programis nawilia, romelic amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi da sxva qveynebSi daiwyo. es reformebi fokusirebulia
arsebuli sistemebis efeqtianobis reorganizebaze da ara mxolod mis
transformirebaze, rac miznebis, daSvebebis, da skolebis sistemebis
meTodebis transformirebas gulisxmobs (darling-hamondi, 1993; xi).

gasakviri araa, rom reformirebis es programa mimdinareobs im droSi,

roca yvela qveyanaSi saxezea saxelmwifo ganaTlebaze gaweuli finansuri
xarjebis seriozuli Sekveca. “skolebis moRvaweobis gamacamtverebeli”
kritikuli literaturis didi nawili skolebis warumateblobaSi swored
maswavleblebs adanaSaulebs, ris gamoc xdeba maswavleblebsa da
saganmanaTleblo organoebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis gadasinjva.
maSinac ki, rodesac naklebi aqcenti keTdeba dadanaSaulebaze, saTanado
yuradReba eTmoba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa kompetenciis (inteleqtis)
Semowmeba, sertificireba, saxelmwifo da gamocdebi. mokled rom vTqvaT _
swavlebis da swavlis xarisxis amaRlebis sxvadasxva saxis mcdelobas.
danaxarjebis Semcireba im saskolo olqebSi, romlebic finansurad
gadatvirTulebi arian da ufro racionaluri sistemebis Seqmnas cdiloben,
gulisxmobs iseTi RonisZiebebis gatarebas, rogoricaa samuSaodan daTxovna
da SedarebiT dabalanazRaurebadi pedagogebis Canacvleba ufro
ZviradRirebuli, magram maRali kvalifikaciis mqone kadrebiT. (23)
Seqmnilma situaciam da skolebis finansebTan dakavSirebuli axali

67
iniciativebis wamowyebam, rogoricaa magaliTad vauCerebi, maswavlebelTa
organizaciebi saganmanaTleblo politikasa da praqtikaze mimdinare
diskusiis yuradRebis centrSi moaqcia.

Cabisa da mois analizi neokonservatorTa mtkicebulebebis modelia,

romelic TiTqosda Tavisuflebis doqtrinis politikur filosofias
efuZneba. Teoriulad, maTi argumentebi sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoriebs
da Tavisufali bazrebis sekularizebul Teologias efuZneba:

politikuri kontroli, romelsac fesvebi saxelmwifo ZalauflebaSi da im

jgufebisa da dainteresebuli mxareebis zewolaSi aqvs gadgmuli, romliTac
es xelisuflebaa garSemortymuli, arsobrivad moqmedebs ise, rom skolebi
biurokratiaSi CaZiros, waarTvas maT avtonomia da win aRudges efeqturi
organizaciis warmoqmnas. sabazro institutebi, romlebic dasabams im
adamianebis decentralizebuli arCevanidan iReben, romlebic
saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebas iyeneben an _ piriqiT, aseTi momsaxurebis
arsebobas uzrunvelyofen. isini bunebrivad arian mowodebuli imisTvis, rom
win aRudgnen biurokratias, asazrdoon skolebis avtonomia da xeli
efeqturi organizaciebis Seqmnas Seuwyon. (Cabi da moi, 1993:222)

maT midgomas bazrebis operirebaze naklebi fokusireba axasiaTdebT

(Cabisa da mois azriT, sabazro Teoriebi ukve saTanado donezea
ganviTarebuli). samagierod, ganixilaven Teoriebs mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb,
gansakuTrebiT im Teoriebs, romlebic mTavrobasa da skolebs Soris
kavSirs amyareben. aucilebelia skolis marTvis Teoriis SemuSaveba,
vinaidan, “skolebis srulyofis gzad maTi decentralizeba, maTi sididis
Semcireba da Temebis propaganda” gvevlineba (Cabi da moi, 1993:222). isini
miiCneven, rom individualuri warmatebis miRwevaze zegavlenas skolis
organizebis xarisxi axdens, da skolebi samTavrobo saagentoebad unda
ganixilebodes. amdenad, Cndeba kiTxva - jobnis Tu ara sabazro principebze
marTuli skola iseT skolas, romelzec demokratiuli kontroli
xorcieldeba? (sujstorfi, uelsi, da qreini, 1993). uelsi (1993) amtkicebs,
rom Tavisufal bazarTan dakavSirebuli skolis arCeviTobis qomagebi,
Cveulebriv, ignorirebas ukeTeben skolis Tavisufali arCevanis procesTan
dakavSirebul sirTuleebs. mogebaze orientirebuli kerZo korporaciebis
msgavsi moqmedeba da momxmareblebis moTxovnebze analogiuri reagireba,
yuradRebis miRma tovebs im umniSvnelovanes problemebs, romlebic “skolis
moxmarebis procesis ukiduresad rTul bunebas gansazRvraven” (47-48).

Teoriulad, Tu yuradRebas saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebze

gavamaxvilebT, SesaZloa is saSualebebi gamovnaxoT, romlebic
sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoriis kritikaSi da mis srulyofaSic ki
68
dagvexmareba, kerZod, maSin, roca “individebi am mimarTebiT racionaluri
sargeblianobis maqsimizacias axdenen da yvela Tanxmdeba, rom piradi
dainteresebuloba bazarze socialurad da ekonomikurad sasurvel
Sedegebs ganapirobebs” (pitersi, ibeWdeba). rogorc uelsi samarTlianad
aRniSnavs, neokonservatiuli dapireba skolis arCeviTobis Sesaxeb, Zalian
martivi sicruis msxverpli xdeba: skolebs Soris arsebuli konkurencia
erTmniSvnelovnad ar ganapirobebs skolebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas,
vinaidan skolis xarisxis kontrols miRma rCeba sxva cvladebi. rasobrivi
sakiTxis mimarT damokidebuleba, gaucxoeba, ususuroba (Zalauflebis
nakleboba), mSoblebis CarTuloba, zusti informaciis nakleboba –
yovelive es, ojaxuri cxovrebis socialuri konteqstis nawilia. uelsi
(1996) amtkicebs, rom skolebis konkurencias mokrZalebuli wvlili
miuZRvis (Tuki saerTod SeiZleba vilaparakoT aseT wvlilze)
struqturuli da subieqturi determinantebis miRwevadobis TvalsazrisiT.
ufro metic, rogorc karol peitmeni (1996) aRniSnavs, “privatizeba niSnavs
demokratiuli angariSvaldebulebis potenciuri arxebis daxurvis process”
(24).

maSin, rodesac amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sul ufro energiulad

mimdinareobs diskusia neokonservatizmis Sesaxeb, neokonservatiuli
saganmanaTleblo politikis zegavlena amerikis sazRvrebs scdeba. qernoim
da toresma (1994) 80-iani wlebis kostarikaSi SeniSnes neokonsrevatiuli
tendenciebi, rac aisaxa saswavlo programaSi, saxelmZRvaneloebSi da
swavlebis meTodebSi, iseve, rogorc Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebisa da
bazris dinamikis kuTxiT. kostarikeli politikosebi Seecadnen sajarod
gaekicxaT maswavleblebi “mdare xarisxis” swavlebisaTvis da am gziT
gadaeWraT iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa moswavleTa kontigentis Semcireba,
moswavleTa gacxrilvis maRali maCvenebeli da maswavlebelTa samuSaoTi
kmayofilebis dabali done (qernoi da toresi, 1994). maswavleblebis
dadanaSauleba ganapirobebda imas, rom maswavlebelTa organizaciebi ver
moipovebdnen mxardaWeras maRali xelfasebis moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT da,
garda amisa, maTi dadanaSauleba ganaTlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis
alternatiuli saSualebebis (romlebic ar aniWeben centralur adgils
maswavlebels) legitimaciis saqmes waadgeboda. swored aseTi politikis
qomagebad gvevlineboda reiganisa da buSis administraciebi amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi.

amgvarad, akritikebda ra maswavleblebsa da zogadad skolebis

TanamSromlebs, kostarikis axalma administraciam, mas Semdeg, rac 1986
wels saTaveSi Caudga qveyanas, wamoiwyo saganmanaTleblo modernizaciis
programa. programa ganaTlebis tradiciuli principebis aRorZinebas
iTvaliswinebda). reforma saganmanaTleblo warmoebis “efeqtianobis”
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gazrdas emsaxureboda da sam konkretul proeqts moicavda: pirveli
proeqti gulisxmobda klasebis aRWurvas mikrokompiuterebiT da
kompiuterTan muSaobis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas; meore proeqti
iTvaliswinebda erovnuli sagamocdo sistemis Seqmnas pirveli, meore da
mesame safexuris moswavleebisaTvis amaSi Sedioda testirebebi
matematikaSi, espanurSi, sabunebsmetyvelo sagnebSi, socialur
mecnierebebSi, inglisurSi, aseve, iTvaliswinebda saSualo skolebis
damamTavrebeli safexuris moswavleTa testirebas, romelic Tavis mxriv,
diplomis misaRebad saWiroebda gamsvleli qulebis dagrovebas yvela
saganSi, ucxo enis, werisa da marTlweris, gramatikisa da literaturis,
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis, maTematikis da socialuri mecnierebaTa
sagnebis CaTvliT; mesame proeqti miznad gansakuTrebuli niWiT
dajildoebuli bavSvebisaTvis kostarikis samecniero kolejebis gaxsnas
isaxavda. es xels Seuwyobda qveynis saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis
zrdas mecnierebisa da teqnologiis winsvlis xarjze.

garda aRniSnulisa, maswavleblebisa da moswavleebis mimarT dawesda

garkveuli kontroli, romelic iseT RonisZiebebs moicavda, rogoric iyo
saswavlo masalis minimaluri odenobis gansazRvra, yvela saxis
moswavleebisaTvis marTlweris savaldebulo sagnad SemoReba, moswavleTa
uniformebi yvela saxis sajaro skolis moswavleebisaTvis, gakveTilis
yoveldRiuri gegmis werilobiTi formiT warmodgenis valdebuleba,
sasemestro gamocdebis da gamokiTxvebis raodenobis gazrda da saswavlo
wlis gaxangrZliveba. saganmanaTleblo administraciis racionalizaciaze
aqcentis gakeTeba; SedarebiT efeqturi buRaltruli angariSgebis sistema,
administraciuli sistema, monacemTa baza da skolis reestri, aseve,
regionebis mixedviT funqciuri decentralizacia – yovelive mTliani
paketis Semadgenel nawili iyo imis miuxedavad, rom kostarika didi
qveynebis kategorias ar miekuTvneboda.

braziliaSi, im moZraobebis farglebSi, romlebic

multikulturalizmis qomagebis mier warmoqmnil saSiSroebaze,
neokonservatiuli reaqciis analogiuria, neoliberalurma mTavrobebma
saxelmwifo da adgilobriv doneze ”xarisxis kontrolis” saganmanaTleblo
politikas Seuwyves xeli. es marTvis efeqturobis da angariSgebis Crdilo
amerikul da iaponur modelebs efuZneboda. aRniSnul moZraobebs
winaaRmdegoba memarcxeneebis mxridan Sexvda. isini wina planze
‘”sazogadoebaSi popularuli saskolo ganaTlebis” cnebas wamosweven da
materialurad gaWirvebuli fenebis specifikuri kulturuli gamocdilebis
Seswavlas cdiloben. imave brazialiaSi, neokonservatorebi amtkicebdnen,
rom maswavlebelTa arasakmarisi teqnikuri codna da administratorebis

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araefeqturoba skolebis warumateblobis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo (o’kadizi,
uongi, da toresi, 1998).

maTi SemoTavazebebis siZlieris miuxedavad, mowinave industriul

qveynebSi, neokonservatorebisaTvis misaRebi moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebuli
ufleba-movaleobebis cneba aRmoCnda, rac arsebiTia sayovelTao
keTildReobis saxelmwifos modelisaTvis. amdenad, neokonservatorebs

ar SeuZliaT martivad Tqvan uari keTildReobaze. . . . yovlismomcveli

modeli gulisxmobs imas, rom ZalaSi rCeba struqturuli valdebulebebi. . .
rogorc Cans, neokonservatorebis metad Zlieri argumentis miuxedavad,
socialuri da ekonomikuri sicocxlisunarianoba nawilobriv
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor gadawydeba individualur
damoukideblobasa da sazogadoebriv valdebulebebs Soris saTanado
urTierTobis damyarebis klasikuri politikuri problema. (kulpiti, 1992:192-
194)

marTalia neokonservatiuli saxelmwifo sakmaod Zlieria Tavisi

kulturis kritikiT, magram, amave dros, misi sakvanZo ekonomikuri da
socialuri winadadebebis didi nawili xelaxla warmoCndeba neoliberalur
pragmatul modelebSi.

neoliberaluri saxelmwifo da ganaTleba: avtonomiis sakiTxi

saxelmwifos avtonomiis ubralod arsebobac ki seriozul problemebs

uqmnis liberalur-demokratiul Teorias.

------atilio boroni, “Estadolatria y teorias ‘estadocentricas’”

maSin, rodesac neokonservatorebi cdiloben gadaWran individualuri

damoukideblobisa da sazogadoebrivi valdebulebebis xelSewyobis
problema, neoliberaluri politikuri ekonomia Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs
winaaRmdegobas individualisturad gagebul preferenciebsa da
racionalur socialur arCevans Soris (makintairi, 1988). (MacIntyre, 1988) es
winaaRmdegoba kargad warmoadgines uiliamsma da riutenma (1993)

miuxedavad imisa, rom bazrebi individualuri preferenciebis gaerTianebas

sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis yoveli konkretuli cnebis mimarT skeptikuri
damokidebulebis gamovlenis gziT axdenen, demokratiuli politikuri
agregaciis msgavsad, isini funqcias efeqturad mxolod maSin asruleben,
roca individebis preferenciebis marTvaSi (klasifikaciaSi), arsebiTi

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 mniSvnelobis konvergencia iCens Tavs _ isini ar agvareben fundamentur
konfliqts, aramed qceviTi normebis stabilur struqturas eyrdnobian,
rasac Camoyalibebuli (Semdgari) saxelmwifo uWers mxars. (82)

uiliamsi da riuteni (1993:82) iyeneben erous paradoqss imisaTvis, rom

gadmogvcen am problemis mniSvnelobis sruli datvirTva. Tuki individebis
adgili kapitalisturi ekonomikis pirobebSi gansazRvrulia mxolod
rogorc preferenciebis marTvis subieqti, maSin saeWvo xdeba liberaluri
idea saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, rogorc im sivrcis Sesaxeb, romelSic
SeTanxmebebis miRweva damoukidebeli preferenciebis mqone individebs
Soris xdeba, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ratom unda daeqvemdebaron
individebi nebismier dadgenil wess, romelsac bevrad dabali pozicia
ukavia saxelmwifos mier dadgenil wesebTan SedarebiT? metic, ratom unda
vaRiaroT mosazreba, rom arsebobs socialuri saWiroebebi, romlebic unda
dakmayofildes?

sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos pasuxi am SekiTxvebze sakmaod

martivia. socialuri areulobebis xangrZlivi periodis ganvlis kvalobaze,
socialur keTildReobaze orientirebuli politikuri kursi erTgvari
daTmoba iyo muSaTa klasisTvis, fordizmis xanaSi ufro prognozirebadi
ekonomikuri rezultatis miRebis sanacvlod (mag., gaficvebisa da amboxebis
prevencia). “socialur mSvidobas” da saxelmwifo investiciebis
ganxorcielebas samuSao adgilebis Seqmnaze mimarTul strategiebSi,
mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis keTildReoba unda moetana. ufro
dakmayofilebuli da SedarebiT ganaTlebuli muSaTa klasi ufro
produqtiuli gaxdeboda. Sedegad, aseT adaminebs, maT erTobebs da
mTlianad sazogadoebas, keTildReobis misaRwevad meti SesaZlebloba
gauCndeboda. faqtobrivad, socialuri danaxarjebi klasobrivi konfliqtis
winaaRmdeg garantias warmoadgenda. marTlac, izrdeboda ra imis saWiroeba,
rom individi aRmoCeniliyo yvelaze didi sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis cnebis
pirispir, liberaluri saxelmwifo icavda Tavis arCeul, keTildReobaze
orientirebul politikas, ramdenadac cdilobda daemkvidrebina
solidaroba da erToba ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivi sikeTis da momsaxurebis
uzrunvelyofiT.

Aarsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri neokonservatiul da neoliberalur

saxelmwifoebs Soris? maikl efli amtkicebs, rom orive maTgani erTi da
imave memarjvene moZraobis sxvadaxxva frTas warmoadgens. ganvavrcob ra
eflis mtkicebulebas da viyeneb ra msoflio sistemis midgomas
uolerSteinis naSromze dayrdnobiT, mimaCnia, rom metropoliur,
naxevradperiferiul da periferiul (meorexarisxovan) qveynebs Soris
gansxvaveba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs saxelmwifos bunebis
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gansazRvraSi.24 neokonservatiuli politikuri ekonomiis warmoSoba
garkveuli zomis reaqcia iyo sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifoebze
metropoliur saxelmwifo formaciebSi. aseTi saxelmwifo formaciebis
didi nawili aRwerilia rogorc mowinave industriuli sazogadoebebi an
rogorc gviani kapitalizmi. marTlac, neokonservatorebis gamocdilebis
udidesi nawili ukavSirdeba im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic istoriulad ar
yofilan kolonizaciis msxverpli.25 metic, es saxelmwifoebi, mciredi
gamonaklisebis garda, Tavad iyvnen kolonizatorebi. maT garkveuli
sargebloba naxes kolonialuri saxelmwifoebidan an Tavad gaxdnen aseTi
saxelmwifoebi, hqondaT ra dapyrobili msoflios is regionebi, romlebic
mogvianebiT mesame msofliod iqna wodebuli.26 kulturis poziciidan Tu
vimsjelebT, konservatizmis tradicia, an ufro zogadad is sazogadoebrivi
Zalebi, romlebic evropaSi, kanadaSi, amerikaSi, avstraliasa da axal
zelandiaSi (anu CrdiloeTis qveynebSi) memarjveneobasTanaa asocirebuli,
sakmaod gansxvavdeba memerjveneebis politikuri gamocdilebisagan mesame
msoflios qveynebSi (anu samxreTis qveynebSi). samxreTis qveynebma miiRes
iseTi politikuri gamocdileba, rogoricaa avtoritaruli mTavrobebi,
samxedro diqtaturebi, an avtoritaruli populizmi, rac mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli memarjvene mimdinareobasTan. Tu ar CavTvliT faSizms da
avtoritaruli korporatizmis mimdevarTa saqmianobas, memarjvene moZraobam
metropoliur saxelmwifoebSi (miuxedavad aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
mzardi gavlenisa neokonservatiul saxelmwifoebSi) liberalizmTan,
parlamentarizmis CarCoebSi, garkveul SeTanxmebas miaRwia. samagierod, ase
ar moxda mesame msoflios qveynebSi, sadac parlamentarizmi TavisTavad,
Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis da Zlieri liderebis gamo, xSirad
gvevlineba rogorc nominaluri da ara rogorc realurad arsebuli
politikuri praqtika.

saerTo jamSi, gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs istoriul tradiciebSi,

socialur da ekonomikur SesaZleblobebSi da politikur kulturaSi,
gavlenas axdens demokratiis Teoriasa da praqtikaze. myari (da ara
efemeruli) liberalur demokratiuli tradiciis ararseboba samxreTis
bevr qveyanaSi, sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos eqstensiuri
gamocdilebis nakleboba da korporatizmisa da populizmis mtkice
poziciebi, yovelive es ganapirobebs mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas CrdiloeTis
memarjvene partniori qveynebis konfiguraciaSi. aseTi gansxvavebebi aseve
SeimCneva amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi araoligarqiuli warsulis mqone
memarjveneTa moZraobas da im memarjveneebs Soris, romlebic garkveulad
arian dakavSirebuli feodalizmisa da Tavadaznaurobis gamocdilebasTan
evropis qveynebSi.

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 neoliberalebi, romlebic efuZnebian liberalizmis tradiciebs, da
amave dros, eWvis TvaliT uyureben demokratiis Teorias, SeuerTdnen
neokonservatorebis kritikas sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos
misamarTiT. am kritikis sakvanZo komponentia mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac
saxelmwifos fiskaluri krizisi saxelmwifos gadatvirTulobis Sedegia,
anu, “problemebiT gadatvirTuli” saxelmwifo, cdilobs ra moqalaqeTa
mzardi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas, erTmaneTisgan aSorebs mzard
fiskalur xarjebsa da klebad fiskalur Semosavlebs. am winaaRmdegobebs
da gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa ukmayofilebas, rac Tavis mxriv gamowveulia
gazrdili gadasaxadebis gadaxdis aucileblobiT garkveul uflebaTa
mosapoveblad, Sedegad demokratiebis umarTvadoba mohyveba. umarTvadoba
momdinareobs sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifoSi demokratiuli
reformebis institucionalizebuli regulirebidan, ris magaliTsac
warmoadgens saxelmwifo subsidiebis da daxmarebebis daweseba, romlebic
faqtobrivad stimuls arTmeven mosamsaxureebs da amcireben mogebas
korporaciebis da individebis mier gadasaxdeli begaris zrdis gamo.

rCeba iseTi STabeWdileba, rom neoliberalizmis da neoliberaluri

saxelmwifos cnebebi “eqsportirebulia” centridan periferiaSi da
naxevradperiferiaSi.27 eWvs ar iwvevs, rom centralur qveynebSi
konsolidirebulia neoliberaluri ideologia da qronika. metropoliuri
sazogadoebebis liberaluri warsulis Tanmdevi Sedegebis, Tavad
politikur partiebSi mimdinare konkretuli diskusiebis (mag. amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi mimdinare diskusia respublikur partiaSi axali
memarjveneebis rolis Sesaxeb) da globalizaciis mimarT,
neokonservatiuli ekonomikis zegavlenis gamo, neoliberalizmis cneba
centralur qveynebSi gvevlineba rogorc TiTqmis urTierTCanacvlebadi
neokonservatizmis cnebasTan politikur ekonomiaSi. aRniSnuli ar
vrceldeba kulturul, socialur an zneobriv preferenciebze.

ra gansxvavebaa ganaTlebis politikuri sociologiis TvalsazrisiT

neokonservatizmsa da neoliberalizms Soris? neokonservatiuli
saxelmwifo, garkveuli gagebiT, mkveTri ukureaqciaa keTildReobis
saxelmwifos e.w. siWarbeze da mis fiskalur krizisze. neokonservatiuli
saxelmwifos modeli reiganisa da buSis mmarTvelobis dros, miznad
isaxavda amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis hegemoni saxelmwifos
poziciis damkvidrebas, swrafad cvalebadi saerTaSoriso sistemis
konteqstSi. aRniSnuli administraciebi germaniis da iaponiis mxridan
mzardi ekonomikuri konkurenciis pirobebSi aRmoCndnen. maT, aseve, hqondaT
sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro Zlierebis moWarbebuli SiSi. ganaTleba
asocirebuli iyo nacionalur usafrTxoebasTan da ekonomikur
konkurenciasTan msoflio sistemaSi. saganmanaTleblo reformis
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neokonservatiuli xedva asaxavs imis mcdelobas, rom moxdes amerikeli
bavSvebisa da axalgazrdobis socializacia Zalauflebis da dominirebis
moxveWis mizniT MmTels msoflioSi. es aris proeqti, romelic
distancirebas axdens iseTi singularuli ideisagan, rogoricaa ganaTleba
demokratiisaTvis, rasac Tavdapirvelad icavda liberalizmi da misi
pedagogiuri partniori – progresivizmi. aqedan gamomdinare, aqcenti
keTdeba ganaTlebis xarisxze, srulyofilebaze da, gansakuTrebiT,
skolebSi mecnierebisa da teqnologiis mxardaWeraze. neokonservatizmis
konteqstSi mTavari moTamaSeebi arian: “biznesis mrgvali magida”, zogierTi
kerZo fondi, saxelmwifo mmarTvelebi, da profesiuli asociaciebi,
romlebic miznad isaxaven sxvadasxva disciplinebis swavlebis
standartebis SemuSavebas.

neoliberalizmi gvTavazobs analogiur receptebs, Tumca am mxriv

arsebobs garkveuli gansxvavebac. neoliberalizmis politika, im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xdeba misi gadatana periferiul qveynebSi, ayalibebs
garkveul rekomendaciebs im mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT, romelic ukaviaT
samxreTis qveynebs saerTaSoriso konteqstSi da gansakuTrebiT Sromis
danawilebaSi. neoliberalizmi cdilobs gadaabaros saganmanaTleblo
momsaxurebis xarjebi Tavad klientebis wres, risTvisac iyenebs iseT
RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa gadasaxadebis daweseba momxmarebelTaTvis, kerZo
seqtoris monawileobis gazrda ganaTlebaSi (anu privatizeba) da
saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis decentralizaciis xelSewyoba, rac, Tavis
mxriv, federalur, adgilobriv da municipalur mmarTvelobebs Soris
Zalauflebisa da saganmanaTleblo urTierTobebis xelaxla gansazRvris
saSualebaa. yovelive es standartuli politikis gansaxorcielebeli
miTiTebebia da arsebiTad emTxveva neokonservatiul midgomas.

arsebobs Tu ara im analizis alternativa, romelsac

neokonservatorebi da neoliberalebi ganaTlebis sferos ganviTarebaSi
saxelmwifos rolis gasaanalizeblad gvTavazoben? neomarqsistuli
analizi gansxvavdeba neoliberalizmisa da neokonservatizmis Teoriuli
Sefasebebisgan. neomarqsistuli Teoriebi akeTeben saxelmwifosa da
ganaTlebis urTierTqmedebis analizs istoriul konteqstSi, riTac
cdiloben aCvenon winaaRmdegobrivi dinamika ekonomikur da politikur
struqturebsa da adamianur faqtors Soris. saskolo ganaTlebis
TvalsazrisiT, neomarqsizmi centralur adgils uTmobs faqtebis
oficialuri aRiarebis, rogorc saxelmwifo praqtikis rols da axdens
rasobrivi, klasobrivi da genderuli kuTvnilebis, rogorc damoukidebeli,
magram interaqtiuri dinamikis paralelistur analizs. 28

75
paralelisturi Teoriebi da codna saxelmwifos Sesaxeb: nekonservatizmis
da neoliberalizmis kritika

raime konkretuli imitom aris konkretuli, rom is warmoadgens

mravalmxrivi gansazRvrebis sinTezs, aqedan momdinareobs erTianoba
mravalferovnebaSi.

----karl marqsi, Grundrisse

neo-marqsistuli Teoriebis mixedviT saxelmwifo mWidrod aris

dakavSirebuli iseT cnebebTan, rogoricaa Zalaufleba da misi danawileba
sazogadoebaSi. rogorc am saukunis marqsistuli politikuri mecnierebis
erT-erTma yvelaze cnobilma mimdevarma ralf milibendma (1969) aRniSna:

saxelmwifo Teoria warmoadgens sazogadoebis Teorias da, aseve,

Zalauflebis danawilebis Teorias am sazogadoebaSi. magram, dasavluri
“politikis aRsazrdelebis” umetesoba, ganixilavs ra sakiTxs sakuTari
poziciidan, midrekilia saqme daiwyos im rwmeniT, rom Zalaufleba
dasavlur sazogadoebebSi konkurentulia, fragmentuli da difuzuri:
TiToeul individs uSualod Tu organizebuli jgufebis meSveobiT,
garkveuli Zalaufleba aqvs, magram, arcerT maTgans ara aqvs an ar SeuZlia
hqondes mniSvnelovnad didi Zalufleba. am sazogadoebebSi, moqalaqeebi
sargebloben sayovelTao saamomrCevlo uflebiT, Tavisufali da
regularuli arCevnebiT, maT aqvT warmomadgenlobiTi institutebi, efeqturi
moqalaqeobrivi uflebebi, maT Soris Tavisufali sityvis, gaerTianebebis da
opoziciuri moqmedebis ufleba; individebic da maTi dajgufebebic
sargebloben aRniSnuli uflebebiT, rac daculia kanonmdeblobiT,
damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistemiT da politikuri kulturis
TavisuflebiT. (2)

maikl efli (1993 a) yuradRebas amaxvilebs im sirTuleebze, rasac

awydeba klasikuri marqsizmi klasobrivi, rasobrivi da genderuli
sakiTxebis ganmartebisas (163-182; ixileT agreTve toresi, 1998). aseT
mdgomareobas makarti da efli (1988) gansazRvraven rogorc “arasinqronul
paralelizms”. efli (1986 a) Tvlis rom:

aq saukeTeso magaliTi is kritikaa, romelsac feministi avtorebi

tradiciuli marqsistuli interpretaciebis winaaRmdeg mimarTavdnen. maTi
bevri argumenti gamanadgureblad moqmedebs orTodoqsul mtkicebulebebze, .
. . es efeqti imdenad moqmedebs, rom memarcxene poziciebze mdgari adamianebi
miiCneven, rom Cveni sazogadoebrivi formaciis gaazrebis nebismieri iseTi
mcdeloba, romelic ar axdens klasobrivi da genderuli sakiTxis analizis
aramartivi gziT gaerTianebas, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi mxolod

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 naxevradTeoriaa. . . .. igive iTqmis, raRa Tqma unda, rasobriv sakiTxzec.
aRiarebuli, orTodoqsul marqsistuli tradiciis mTavari aspeqtebis
uaryofa da sqesisa da rasis WeSmaritad rTuli bunebis mimarT
sensitiurobis warmoqmna naTelhyofs kritikuli analizis tradiciis
sicocxlisunarianobas da mudmiv ganviTarebas da ara mis sisustes. es
tradicia cdilobs Riad da patiosnad gaumklavdes cxovrebis sirTuleebs
Tanamedrove droSi arsebuli dominirebisa da eqsluataciis pirobebSi. (320-
321)

arasinqronuli paralelisturi Teoriebis mTavari problema ar aris

klasis mniSvnelobis meore planze gadatana ganaTlebis politikur
sociologiaSi, Tumca, amave dros, socialuri da kulturuli
reproducirebis TeoriebSi isini klasis esencializaciisgan Tavis aridebas
cdiloben. efli (1992), ganixilavs ra beisil bernSteinis naSroms,
amtkicebs, rom klasi TavisTavad xdeba sul ufro genderuli da rasobrivi.
amdenad

Cven ver movaxdenT rasisa da sqesis, rogorc kulturis nebismieri saxis

analizis arsebiTi kategoriebis marginalizacias. Tu marTlac arsebobs
sabazo kulturuli formebi da orientaciebi, romlebic specifikurad
genderuli da rasobrivia, aseve, sakuTari, garkveulwilad damoukidebeli
istoria aqvT, maSin Cven gvesaWiroeba patriarqaluri da rasobrivi formebis
Teoriebis integrireba Cveni mcdelobis ZiriTad arsSi, romlis mizani imis
gagebaa, Tu ra ganicdis cvlilebas da reproduqcias. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
aucilebeli iqneba iseTi Teoriis arseboba, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs aseTi
dinamikis farglebSi da TviT am dinamikebs Soris arsebul winaaRmdegobebs.
raRa Tqma unda es aris erT-erTi im mraval sferoTagani, sadac erTmaneTs
kveTs neogramskiseuli analizi da zogierTi post-struqturalisturi
pozicia, romelic Segnebulad ar iqna depolitizebuli. (143)

aseT Teoriul gardasaxvaSi sadRaa, an raSi mdgomareobs saxelmwifos

roli kulturuli reproduqciisa da ganaTlebis kuTxiT? upirveles
yovlisa, saxelmwifo aris adgili, sadac mudmivad xdeba klasobriv
uTanxmoebebze da genderul, rasobriv da eTnikur moZraobebze dafuZnebuli
rTuli konfliqtebi. efli (1992:141; ixileT agreTve efli, 1989) miiCnevs, rom
imdenad ramdenadac saxelmwifo ideologiuri brZolis asparezia,
“saxelmwifoSi gamarjvebis mosapoveblad, aucilebelia gaimarjvo
samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi” da, rom neokonservatorebis jansaRi azris
politika axali konsensusis anareklia. man es axali konsensuss
“avtoritaruli populizmi” uwoda, romelic axali sazogadoebrivi
Tanxmobis Senebas cdilobs (efli 1993b:21).

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 efli (1992) aRniSnavs, rom berSteins Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs bazarze
orientirebuli xiluli pedagogikis Cveneul aRqmaSi,

sadac saganmanTleblo politika skolis arCeviTobis (Tavisufali arCevanis)

programebzea koncentrirebuli. igi savsebiT sworad miiCnevs, rom es aris
mxolod “Txeli safarveli” skolebis, moswavleebis da saswavlo programis
restratifikaciisaTvis . . .restratifikaciis problema, aseve, miuTiTebs im
umniSvnelovanes rolze, romelsac saxelmwifo asrulebs, rogorc bazarze
orientirebuli programebis sponsori da rogorc klasobrivi konfliqtis
arena. (142)

ukeTesi saxelmZRvaneloebi da Mmaswavlebelze ar dayrdnobili

saswavlo programa iTvleba aucilebel pirobad imisaTvis, rom klasebSi
aRdges wesrigi da SesaZlebeli gaxdes maRali xarisxis ganaTlebis miReba.
efli (1992:36-37) miiCnevs, rom “saxelmwifos istoria, kapitalTan da
ZiriTadad mamakacebisagan Semdgari konsultantebis da developerebis
akademiur korpusTan SeTanxmebiT, praqtikul doneze, intervencias axdens
ZiriTadad qalebisagan Semdgari samuSao Zalis funqcionirebaSi.” eflis
(1988 b:37) azriT, kurikulumis istoriis dinamikis Secnobis mizniT, “mavanma
unda moaxdinos saxelmwifos analizis, saxelmwifo mosamsaxureTa Sromis
procesSi momxdari cvlilebebis da patriarqaluri politikis
integrireba.” amisaTvis ki, saWiro xdeba dialeqtikuri midgomis gamoyeneba.
privatizeba da bazarze orientirebuli strategiebi “gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac isini Camoyalibebulia saxelmwifos monawileobiT, im
konfliqtebis, kompromisebisa da SeTanxmebebis Sedegia, romelsac adgili
aqvs saxelmwifos sxvadasxva doneze, da aseve, saxelmwifosa da sxvadasxva
sazogadoebriv moZraobebsa da Zalebs Soris farTo sazogadoebaSi.” (efli,
1992:142; ixileT agreTve efli da uaisi, 1986).

Cndeba imis saWiroeba, rom moxdes saxelmwifos ufro Rrma da

srulyofili analizi, “romelic sqesisa da rasis sakiTxis Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikasa da politikaSi Tanamedrove miRwevebs
warmoaCens. es udavod waadgeba amJamad mimdinare diskusias demokratiuli
konfliqtebis centraluri adgilis Sesaxeb Tavad saxelmwifoSi” (efli,
1988a:122; ixileT agreTve qernoi, 1984). aseTi kvleva SemogvTavazebda im oTxi
tendenciis yovlismomcvel analizs, romelic eflma (1993 b) konservatiul
aRorZinebaSi aRmoaCina, da rasac, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da
britaneTSi hqonda adgili. es tendenciebia: privatizeba, centralizacia,
profesionalizacia da diferencireba.

cvlilebebi saxelmwifos formirebaSi ganapirobebs cvlilebebs

hegemoniis warmoqmnaSi da yoveldRiurobis jansaR interpretirebaSi,
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gansakuTrebiT ki im politikur aliansebSi, romlebic akontroleben
saxelmwifos – liberalizmidan neokonservatizmamde da
neoliberalizmamde. saganmanaTleblo politikis gansazRvris saqmeSi
saxelmwifos rolis Canacvleba bazris kanonzomierebiT gakritikebuli iqna
rogorc neoliberaluri saxelmwifos klasobrivi (sazogadoebriv klasebze
orientirebuli) strategia (boli, 1993; deili, 1989). analogiuri mosazreba
gamoiTqva laTinur amerikaSi, saxelmwifos mxridan saxelmwifo
ganaTlebaSi ganxorcielebuli investirebis SewyvetasTan da im
mosalodnel zegavlenasTan dakavSirebiT, rasac iqoniebda es faqti
moqalaqeebis, rogorc pedagogiuri subieqtebis mowyobaze (puigrosi, 1990;
toresi da puigrosi, 1997). Sromis procesSi momxdari cvlilebebi sawarmoo
saSualebebis cvlilebas ukavSirdeba, rac gansazRvrulia rogorc
fordizmis tranformacia post-fordistul modelSi, rasac mohyveba
Tanmxlebi Sedegebi samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa da
dekvalifikaciis procesis, aseve, saswavlo programaSi teqnikuri
kontrolis logikuri sqemis TvalsazrisiT (efli, 1982 b).

industriuli ganviTarebis I msoflio omis Semdgomi modeli

iTvaliswinebda masobriv warmoebas, romelic gandevnida mecxramete
saukunis xelosnobis sistemas. fordizmis, rogorc masobrivi warmoebis
modelis ZiriTadi interesi standartuli stabiluri masobrivi
bazrebisaTvis saqonlis warmoeba iyo. fordizmi da teilorizmi
warmoadgenda warmoebis sistemebs, romlebic kapitaldabandebebze
orientirebul industriul warmoebas, mecnierul menejments, danadgarebis
gamoyenebisa da produqtiulobis maCveneblebis zrdas emyareboda. es
miiRweoda Sromis mkacri kontroliT, qarxnebSi samuSao Zalis droSi
ganawilebisa da kontrolis kuTxiT Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis
gamoyenebas; aseve, emyareboda Sesasrulebeli samuSaos intensiur
fragmentacias, rac, Tavis mxriv, samuSaos konceptualizaciis (warmosaxvis)
da Sesrulebis cal-calke gamoyofiT xorcieldeboda; kidev, sawarmoo
operaciebis daCqarebas da saxelganTqmul fordis saamwyobo xazs,
romelmac qarxanaSi Sromis teqnikuri danawilebis reorganizeba moaxdina
(breivermeni, 1974; klarke, 1990; gramski, 1980; manakorda, 1977).

post-fordizmi xasiaTdeba moqnili specializaciiT da moqnili

SromiT:

maSin, rodesac masobrivi warmoebis paradigmis pirobebSi muSaobis procesi

Sromis intensiuri danawilebiT xasiaTdeboda, samuSaos konceptualizaciis
da Sesrulebis erTmaneTisagan dacalkevebiT, arakvalificiuri muSaxelis
kvalificiuri kadrebiT SecvliT da specialuri daniSnulebis mqone
manqana-danadgarebis universaluri manqanebiT CanacvlebiT, specializaciis
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 Ziebis procesi warmoebis ufro moqnil/elastiur organizebas iTxovs. es
dizainerebsa da axali unar-CvevebiT SeiaraRebul xelosnebs Soris
TanamSromlobas efuZneba da, Tavis mxriv, miznad universaluri manqana-
danadgarebis gamoyenebiT, mravalferovani saqonlis warmoebas isaxavs.
(tomani, 1990:30)

maSin rodesac fordizmi da teilorizmi amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi industriuli ganviTarebis damaxasiaTebel atributs
warmoadgenda, iaponiasa da germaniaSi Sromis marTvis modelebSi
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis mTavari maxasiaTebeli moqnili
specializacia iyo.

samuSaos konceptualizaciis da Sesrulebis gamijvnaSi

mizandasaxulad Seitanes gaugebroba iseTi cvlilebiT, rogoricaa gundur
muSaobaze damokidebuleba. aseT dros, winamZRolebi, romlebic samuSao
gundis nawilad miiCnevian, menejmentisTvis danarCen muSaxels warmoadgenen.
garda amisa, adgili aqvs samuSao adgilebis eqstensiur rotacias, anu
muSaxelze dakisrebuli funqciebis monacvleobas, rac uzrunvelyofs imas,
rom mosamsaxureebi ukeT ecnobian TavianT samuSaos da amasTanave izrdeba
maTi adaptaciis unari (piori da sabeli, 1984). 60-iani wlebis daaxloebiT
Sua periodSi SemoiRes xarisxze orientirebuli jgufebi (Quality circles), rac
miznad isaxavda samuSao Zalisa da menejmentis SeTanxmebuli muSaobis
ideis stimulirebas, warmoebis sxvadasxva fazebis srulyofis
uzrunvelsayofad. germaniaSi, sadac qarxnis saamqroebSi ufro
kvalificiuri muSebi arian dasaqmebuli, saxezea aSkara mcdeloba imisa,
rom moxdes lurjsayeloian mSromelebsa (muSebisa) da TeTrsayeloian
mSromelebs (administraciis TanamSromlebs) Soris gavlebuli zRvris
gauqmeba. grZelvadiani dasaqmebis institucionalizaciis mTliani modeli
efuZneba ara imdenad saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebebs, romlebic miiRweva
saxelmwifos mxridan ganxorcielebuli zedamxedvelobis pirobebSi
profkavSirebisa da kompaniebis menejmentis molaparakebebis Sedegad, aramed
muSebis damokidebulebas kompaniaze mudmivi dasaqmebis, ojaxis
keTildReobis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, ise rogorc
es xdeba, magaliTad, iaponiaSi. Tumca, es modeli saWiroebs samuSaos
rotaciasa da gundur muSaobas, rac Tavis mxriv, amaRlebs mSromelTa
pasuxismgeblobis dones da maT produqtiulobas da Zalian xSirad,
warmoebis gegmis Seusruleblobidan gamomdinare, gauTvaliswineblad,
zeganakveTuri muSaobis saWiroebas warmoSobs. ra Tqma unda arsebobs
samuSaos “gamsxvilebis” (gafarToebis) da “adaptirebulobis” sxva
mimarTulebebic, maT Soris araregulirebuli SromiTi saqmianobis
institucionalizacia araformaluri Tu formaluri Sromis bazrebis
meSveobiT da sxva. xarisxis kontroli da “Tavisdrouli mowodebis”
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principze dafuZnebuli warmoeba, aseve, iaponuri modelis29 TvalnaTeli
Taviseburebaa.

politikuri ekonomiis specialistebi samuSao adgilebis

mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebul am cvlilebebs ara mxolod xelfasebTan
erTad mwarmoeblurobis zrdis mcdelobad afaseben, aramed, rac kidev
ufro mniSvnelovania, samuSao Zalis disciplinirebas mcdelobad.
neokonservatorebis midgomas, romelic miznad isaxavs skolebis eqspansiisa
da maTi saqmianobis Sewyobas disciplinirebul samuSao ZalasTan, im
Zalisxmevis saerTo procesis ganuyofel nawilad aRiqvamen, romelic
miznad samuSao adgilebze da skolebze kontrolis ganxorcielebas isaxavs
(qernoi da levini, 1985). aq keTdeba ramdenime daskvna maswavlebelTa
treiningisa da kurikulumis reformirebis TvalsazrisiT. aSkaraa, rom
midis ieriSi maswavleblis damoukideblobaze, rac “winaswarSefuTuli”
kurikulumebis, saxelmZRvaneloebis, kompiuteruli da video
teqnologiebis, rogorc maswavleblis individualur ostatobasTan
SedarebiT ufro prognozirebadi instrumentebis stimulirebiT
xorcieldeba, miTumetes, rom es ostatoba saklaso oTaxSi, anu daxurul
kars miRma vlindeba. meti kontrolis ganxorcielebazea mimarTuli iseTi
mmarTvelobiTi meTodebis gamoyeneba, romlebic asocirebulia samuSao
Zalis elastiurobasTan, xarisxis sruli kontrolis CaTvliT – aqedan
momdinareobs standartul testirebaze gakeTebuli aqcenti. meore
mimarTuleba klasebSi Tavisufali bazris, rogorc garigebebis adgilis
uSualo Tandaswrebis efeqtis stimulirebaa pirdapiri reklamirebisa da
korporaciebsa da skolebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebis meSveobiT (mag.,
iseTi jgufebis Tandaswreba, rogoricaa “biznesis mrgvali magida”,
romelic zewolas axdens saganmanaTleblo reformebis ganxorcielebaze; an
sajaro skolebSi “pirveli arxis” (saskolo televiziis programa)
ganxorcielebas, romelic axdens komerciuli mesijebisa da saswavlo
miTiTebebis Serwymas).

maikl efli (1989) ganaTlebis dargSi sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo

politikis kurss asaxelebs, romelic axla ikrebs Zalas amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi da romlebic sakmaod qmediTi aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom
diskusia memarjveneebis saZovrebisken ganaTlebis sferoSi reformirebis
gatarebisken miemarTa. magaliTad:

(1) winadadebebi savauCero gegmebis da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis

SemoRebis Sesaxeb, romelTa meSveobiT skolebi ufro daemsgavseba
idealizebul Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikas; (2) saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo
organoSi da ganaTlebis saxelmwifo depatamentebSi moZraobis wamowyeba
“standartebis awevis”, maswavlebelTa da moswavleebis “kompetenciebis” da
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 saswavlo programiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi miznebisa da sabazo
codnis uflebamosilebis cnobis mimarTulebiT, rac xels Seuwyobs
swavlebisa da saswavlo programis kontrolis kidev ufro met
centralizebas saxelmwifo doneze; (3) ufro efeqturi Tavdasxmebis
ganxorcieleba skolebis saswavlo gegmebze, ojaxisa da Tavisufali
sawarmos mimarT maTi TiTqosda winaswarSeqmnili uaryofiTi ganwyobis, maTi
“sekularuli humanizmis”, maT mier “dasavluri tradiciis” ugulebelyofis
da maTi arapatriotuli suliskveTebis gamo; (4) da mzardi zewola biznesisa
da warmoebis saWiroebebis saganmanaTleblo sistemis mTavar miznebad
gadaqcevis mizniT. (27)

mTavari mizani erTiani saswavlo programis meSveobiT maswavlebelTa

treiningis adaptirebulobisa da centralizaciis miRwevaa. programa
sruliad unda Seesabamebodes/Seesatyvisebodes xarisxis sruli marTvis
modelebs. sasurveli Sualeduri produqti – da ra Tqma unda winapiroba –
profkavSirebis Zalauflebis moTokvaa. es mniSvnelovania, vinaidan
maswavlebelTa sertificirebis procesis gamo, maswavlebelTa gaerTianebebi
da maswavleblis profesia kapitalistur formaciaSi im mcire raodenobis
gaerTianebebs da profesiebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic garkveulwilad
daculia saerTaSoriso konkurenciisagan. TumcaRa, rogorc pikioto (1991)
amtkicebs, saxelmwifo win ar unda aRudges internacionalizaciis
tendencias:

kapitalisturi saxelmwifo, Tundac gansazRvruli teritoriiT, aRmocenda

da ganviTarda rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli da urTirTgadamfaravi
iurisdiqciebis Tavisufali sistema. korporatiuli kapitalizmis
regulirebis principebi, rasac safuZveli Caeyara me-19 saukunis miwuruls,
efuZneboda erTi nacionalur saxelmwifos, magram moicavda mibaZvas da
formebis transplantacias iseve, rogorc saerTaSoriso koordinacias; am
principebma SesaZlebeli gaxada kapitalze saerTaSoriso sakuTrebis formis
arseboba, transnacionaluri korporaciebis saxiT, rac dominirebul formad
iqca me-20 saukuneSi. transnacionaluri korporaciebi upiratesobas aniWeben
minimalur saerTaSoriso koordinacias, Tumc, amave dros, mtkiced uWeren
mxars erovnul saxelmwifos, ramdenadac maT eZlevaT SesaZlebloba
isargeblon regulaciebis gansxvavebebiT da xvrelebiT. saxelmwifos
funqciebis saerTaSoriso koordinirebis procesebma, erovnul
legitimaciaze dayrdnobiT, biurokratiul-administraciuli
korporatistuli molaparakebebis forma araformaluri struqturebis da
ufro TvalSisacemi da didi organizaciebis araerTgvarovani qselis
meSveobiT miiRes. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mzardi globalizacia
sul ufro met zewolas axdens rogorc erovnul, ise saerTaSoriso
saxelmwifo struqturebze. (43; ixileT agreTve ruqio, rezniki, da vulfi,
1991).

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 saxelmwifos mzardi internacionalizacia kvlav Ria Temad rCeba misi
masStabisa da dinamikis TvalsazrisiT. analogiurad, sruliad
arasakmarisia is empiriuli da Teoriuli kvlevebi, romlebic sadReisod
internacionalizaciisa da globalizaciis Sedegebis saganmanTleblo
politikaze, saxelmZRvaneloebze da saswavlo programaze moxdenili
zegavlenis Seswavlis mizniT tardeba. Tumca, arsebobs ramodenime
gamonaklisi. im kvlevaSi, romelic rva qveynis masStabiT maswavlebelTa
swavlebis kuTxiT gatarebuli reformebis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebis
Sesaswavlad Catarda, popkeviCi da pereira (1993) amtkiceben, maswavlebelTa
swavlebis maregulirebl normebSi cvlilebebis Setanis stimulirebis
TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben iseTi saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi, rogoricaa ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis
organizacia (OECD) da evrokavSiri.

saxelmwifos postmodernistuli xedva erTgvarad Slis zRvars

“kerZosa” da “sazogadoebrivs/saxelmwifos” Soris da saxelmwifosa da
samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris, riTac marTvadobis cnebas ayenebs iseTi
arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone kiTxvis pirispir, rogoricaa: mivmarTavT Tu
ara saxelmwifos ganmartebas, imisaTvis rom avxsnaT, rogor moqmedebs
Zalaufleba, an viyenebT Tu ara Zalauflebis moqmedebis axsnas imisaTvis,
rom ganvmartoT Tu ra aris saxelmwifo?

socialuri regulireba, saxelmwifo sfero, da saxelmwifos intervencia:

ostmodernistuli Tvalsazrisi saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebaze

nuTu marTla fiqrobT, rom mavans aiZulebdiT damorCleboda Zaluflebas,

is rom mxolod damTrgunveli yofiliyo da arasdros araferi ekeTebina
“ara”-s Tqmis garda? rac unarCunebs Zalauflebas Tavis faseulobas, rac
xdis mas misaRebs, is realobaa, rom Zalaufleba uaris mTqmeli da
damamZimebeli Zalis garda is aris Zala, romelic yovelmxriv gansjis da
warmoqmnis sagnebs, axdens siamovnebis SegrZnebis stimulirebas, ayalibebs
codnas da badebs diskurss. is unda ganvixiloT produqtiul sistemad,
romlis arseboba mTels sazogadoebriv sxeulSi igrZnoba.

----miSel fuko, Zalaufleba/codna

liberaluri politikuri Teoriis klasikur principebs, romlebic

ganixilaven saxelmwifos rogorc gansxvavebuli interesebis mTavar
mediators, undoblobiT uyureben ara mxolod modernistuli politikuri
Teoriebi, aramed postmodernistuli kritikac.30 magaliTad, Tomas
popkeviCi (1991) amtkicebs, rom postmodernistul samyaroSi saxelmwifo
savaldebulod rodi gamoxatavs sazogadoebis interesebs da rom
profesiul codnas ar aniWeben upiratesobas saR azrTan mimarTebiT.
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modernistuli proeqtis warumateblobis da, Sesabamisad, damkvidrebuli
modernistuli saganmanaTleblo reformis programebis kraxis Sedegad,
politikis fokusSi konkretuli sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi, SezRuduli
programebi da partikularistuli ganacxadebi moeqca.

postmodernistuli analizi efuZneba zustad gansazRvrul

Sexedulebebs im Zalauflebis Sesaxeb, romelic fragmentirebulia
(danawevrebulad aris warmodgenili) kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi. rogorc
milibendi aRniSnavs, am danawevrebulobis miuxedavad, saxelmwifo mtkiced
rCeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis formulirebis,
demokratiuli sazogadoebebis mowyobis, da demokratiuli politikuri
kulturis Sesaxeb mimdinare diskusiis centrSi. mavanma SesaZloa isic
aRniSnos, rom Zalauflebasa da saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli urTierTobis
nebismieri saxis definicia mxedvelobaSi unda iRebdes gviani kapitalizmis
pirobebSi ganaTlebis rols da mis potenciur wvlils politikuri
warmomadgenlobis, Tanamonawileobisa da moqalaqeobis principebis
TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, aq neba gviboZeT, gadavxedoT postmodernizmis
zogierT wanamZRvars da imasac, Tu rogor xsnis saxelmwifos Sesaxeb
Teoriebs bolodroindeli postmodernistuli analizi.

postmodernizmis koncefcia amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebobs

“axali” epoqa da Sesabamisad, axali kulturuli paradigma. dRevandeli
miznebidan gamomdinare, postmodernistuli sazogadoebisa da kulturis
zogierTi sakvanZo sociologiuri Sedegi SeiZleba ganzogadebul iqnas
rogorc fragmentaciis sxvadasxva procesebis Semcveli, maT Soris: (1)
Zalauflebis decentrireba da dayofa (fragmentacia), rac eWvqveS ayenebs
dominirebisa da hegemoniis Teoriebs; (2) materialuri interesebis da
subieqturi eqspresiebis daSoreba koleqtiur qmedebaSi, rasac Sedegad
socialuri moZraobebis moTxovnebis xasiaTis Secvla mohyveba, kerZod,
ganawilebis moTxovna kulturul-eTikuri xasiaTis moTxovnebiT icvleba;
(3) mravalgvarovnebis warmoqmna erTgvarovnebis sanacvlod, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia msoflio sistemisaTvis; (4) mzardi undobloba da
imedgacrueba demokratiis mimarT, rasac iwvevs politikuri erTobebis da
identobebis danawevreba (fragmentacia).

mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. postmodernistuli

koncefciis mtkicebiT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi Zalaufleba
decentrirebuli da fragmentirebuli (danawevrebuli) gaxda. amdenad, ideis
SemoTavazeba mmarTveli elitis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavis saqmes akeTebs da
gadamwyveti zegavlena aqvs saxelmwifo politikis an ganaTlebis politikis
formulirebaze, bundovans gaxdis (postmodernistebis SexedulebiT) im
Zalebis mravalferovnebas, romlebic urTierTqmedeben sazogadoebaSi,

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aseve, gaurkvevlobas Seitans gatarebuli politikis SedegebSi. (boulsi da
gintisi, 1986). rogor gansazRvravs mavani iseT Zalauflebas, romelic
danawevrebulia da ar aris damyarebuli unifikaciis principze? uTxris
Tu ara Zirs fragmentacia klasobrivi, genderuli da rasobrivi
urTierTobebis arasinqronul, paralelistur koncefciebs kulturul
reproducirebaSi? mokled rom vTqvaT, ayenebs Tu ara Zalauflebis
fragmentacia zians iseT cnebaTa sistemas da “grand narativebs”,
rogoricaa hegemonia da dominireba?

“grand narativebis” e.w. aRsasruli badebs politikur da

epistemologiur SekiTxvebs. Ffukos azriT, WeSmariteba damokidebulia
Zalauflebis strategiebze da ara epistemologiur kriteriumebze. es
warmoadgens saxelmwifosa da Zalauflebis Teoriis mTavar problemas.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tu daveyrdnobiT skeptikur
poststruqturistul Sefasebebs, ver SevZlebT im “mTavari aRmniSvnelis”
gansazRvras, romelic dagvexmareba, eTikuri Tu politikuri kuTxiT
davasabuToT esa Tu is politikuri moqmedeba? sxvagvarad, Teoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, Cven ver SevZlebT apriori vcnoT qmediTad esa Tu is
programuli rekomendacia ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT da arc is SegviZlia,
rom kanonis ukuqmedebis Zalaze dayrdnobiT, vaRiaroT igive principebi
politikuri moqmedebisTvis. aq yvelaze cxadi qveteqstia saWiro _ gezisa
da politikuri programis ararseboba. amis erTi SesaZlo Sedegi aris “cru
radikalizmi, romelic axdens yvela daculi mosazrebis mudmiv, Tumca
sabolood aramiznobriv transgresias” (hulme, 1986:6) es politikuri
aqtivizmi warmoaCens harveis (1989) mier wamoyenebul problemas, romelic
gamoixateba imaSi, rom Cven SesaZloa sabolood mivideT im filosofiur da
sazogadoebriv azrovnebamde, romelic efemerulobiT, mravalgvarovani
elementebis kombinaciiT, fragmentaciiT da gafantulobiT xasiaTdeba.

“cru radikalizmze” damyarebuli politikuri aqtivizmi gamowvevis

winaSe ar ayenebs divergentuli specialuri da regionuli interesTa
jgufebis danawevrebul politikas. es situacia da progresuli jgufebis
sekularuli damangreveli brZolebi, kapitalisturi saxelmwifos
struqturuli da istoriuli moRvaweoba da memarjveneebis mxridan
ganxorcielebuli qmdebebi angrevs swavlasa da politikur moqmedebze
orientirebul sazogadoebebs, riTac xels uSlis progresuli jgufebis
unars, wamoayenos pretenzia ganaTlebaSi gabatonebuli elitisa da
dominanti klasebis diferencirebuli resursebis (gavlena, Zalaufleba da
simdidre) mimarT. transgresiulma aqtivizmma SesaZloa winaaRmdegoba
Seuqmnas ganaTlebis sferoSi neokonservatiuli da neoliberaluri
proeqtebis SeniSvnebsa da komentarebs, rac mniSvnelovan miRwevas
warmoadgens, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im zegavlenas, rasac axdenen
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memarjveneebis “saRi azris” komentarebi Tumca, is gvTavazobs mcire
raodenobiT saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs praqtikuli politikisaTvis (anu
politikuri RinisZiebebis gansaxorcieleblad). problemebi kidev ufro
rTuldeba, rodesac socialuri subieqtebi politikurad decentrirebulad
arian miCneuli.

socialuri subieqtebis decentrirebis cneba gulisxmobs im mWidro

kavSiris rRvevas, romelic arsebobs obieqtur socialur interesebsa da
subieqtur eqspresiebs (gamoxatulebebs) Soris (mag. klasobrivi Segneba).
modernistuli sazogadoebrivi Teoria mniSvnelovanwilad efuZneba aseTi
kavSiris arsebobis varauds. Sedegad miRebuli individebis
winaaRmdegobrivi loialuroba sul ufro metad uTxris Zirs brZolis
ZiriTad saorganizacio princips. sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis da
politikuri qmedebis erTmaneTisagan SedarebiT dacalkevebas xSirad
mosdevs iseTi Sedegi, rogoricaa “axali” sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis
aqcentis gadatana ganawilebis moTxovnebidan kulturul (da eTikur-
politikur) moTxovnebze. decentrirebul individebs aRar moeTxovebaT
hqondeT ”klasobrivi Segneba” klasikuri gagebiT, marTlac, gidensis (1991)
socialur fsiqologiur analizSi, individebi iRwvian “TviTrealizebis”
misaRwevad.

Ppostmodernizmi asabuTebs, rom amJamad, rodesac msoflioSi mzardi

urTierTdamokidebulebis procesebi mimdinareobs da sul ufro metad
izrdeba lokaluri daZabulobis kerebis raodenoba, eri-saxelmwifoebi
kargaven TavianT Zalauflebas. rogorc imanuil uolerSteini (1991)
amtkicebs, (kapitalisturi) msoflio sistemis istoria kulturuli
heterogenurobis, da ara kulturuli homogenurobis istoriuli tendenciaa.
amgvarad, eris fragmentacia msoflio sistemaSi mimdinareobs kulturuli
diferenciaciis an kulturuli integraciis tendenciis, anu
globalizaciiis paralelurad. SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom globalizacia da
regionalizacia dualuri procesia, romelic erTdroulad warmoiqmneba.
es faqti uyuradRebod ar darCenia postmodernizmis garkveuli
mimdinareobebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic gvTavazoben imis axsnas, Tu
ratom axlavs Tan globalizacias eTnikuri da nacionaluri xasiaTis
problemebis zrda. ar aris savaldebulo, rom es fenomenebi
urTierTgamomricxavi, an Seusabamo iyos.

Tanamedrove rTulad organizebul, multikulturul da mravalenovan

msoflio sistemaSi Sesustebulia politikuri sazogadoebis tradiciuli
formebis safuZvlebi. xdeba iseTi Teoriisa da praqtikis aRmoceneba,
romelic Tavis TavSi demokratiisadmi undoblobas gulisxmobs.
Sesabamisad, aRar muSaobs iseTi modelebi, rogoric iyo demokratiuli

86
urTierTkontroli da Zalauflebis danawileba, uflebamosilebaTa
danawileba da demokratiuli angariSvaldebuleba, Tundac formaluri da
ara realuri demokratiis doneze. demokratiisa da demokratiuli Teoriis
mimarT undobloba, rogorc modernistuli diskursis nawili, ver iqneba
asocirebuli yvela saxis postmodernistul mimdinareobasTan. TumcaRa, es
undobloba problemebs uqmnis ganaTlebis sferoSi uflebamosilebis
cvalebad modelebs da demokratiis mniSvnelobis dakninebis TvalsazrisiT
sazrunavs warmoSobs. demokratiis xelaxali gansazRvreba gamoyvanili unda
iqnes socialuri regulirebis formirebadi modelebidan, vinaidan
“SeizRuda ara mxolod interesebis warmomadgenloba; saxezea
Tanamonawileoba (partnioroba) problemebisa da SesaZleblobebis
SezRuduli wris farglebSi” (popkeviCi, 1991:215).

demokratiis cnebis nebismieri redefinicia skolas miuCens adgils

modernistul-saganmanaTleblo proeqtis centrSi. TumcaRa, aq sayuradReboa
postmodernizmis argumenti, romlis Tanaxmadac demokratiuli Teoriis
eTikuri, arsobrivi da proceduruli elementebi gadasinjuli unda iqnes
postmodernistuli kulturis TvalTaxedvidan. ganmanaTlebelebisaTvis,
mSoblebisaTvis, moswavleebisaTvis da politikosebisaTvis sirTules
warmoadgens warsuli warumateblobis da im mravalferovani gamomricxavi
praqtikis kritikuli gansja, riTac jer kidev gajerebulia swavleba –
Sesabamisad iseTi problemebis wamoweva wina planze, rogoricaa
Zalaufleba da dominireba, klasi, rasa da sqesi. aseve, unda gadaisinjos,
ramdenad utyuaria instrumentaluri racionalobis koncefcia, romelic
warmarTavs skolis reformas, ramdenadac aRniSnuli koncefcia yuradRebas
amaxvilebs administrirebaze, procedurebze da efeqtianobaze, rogorc
cvlilebebisa da progresis mTavar kriteriumebze da ramdenadac am
koncefciis mixedviT arsebobs standartuli midgoma, romlis safuZvlezec
xdeba yvela adamianis gamocdilebis sistematizeba (organizeba) (popkeviCi,
1987; toresi, 1996 a).

meore mxriv, profesionalizacia, rogorc fuko amtkicebs, aseve

gansazRvravs “gasamTavroboebis”-is sazRvrebs da mmarTvelobis
gansxvavebul sferoebs: “fukoseuli xedvis mixedviT, is SemecnebiTi da
normatiuli elementebi, romlebic funqcionireben profesiul eqspertTa
asociaciebsa da saxelmwifos Soris gamyofi xazis gasavlebad, procesis
TvalsazrisiT unda Sefasdes molaparakebis saSualebebad, romelsac,
Tavis mxriv, mmarTvelobis SesaZlo sferoebis ganmsazRvrel diskursebSi
iyeneben” (jonsoni, 1993:150). msgavsi mosazreba aqvs popkeviCsac (1994a). igi
amtkicebs, rom saganmanaTleblo arenaze saxelmwifo “badebs
mravalferovan moTamaSes (moRvawes) im samTavrobo struqturebisa da
profesionaluri da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis CaTvliT, romlebic
87
politikis organizebasa da administrirebas axdenen.” popkeviCis azriT,
(gamouqveynebeli) saxelmwifos reorganizeba socialuri regulirebis
modelebis reformirebas axdens da es naTladaa gamoxatuli im
decentralizaciis procesebSi, romlebsac, erTi SexedviT, cvlilebebi
SeaqvT swavlebis saxelmwifo regulirebis modelebSi. socialuri
regulaciebis modelebis meore jgufi dakavSirebulia fukoseul
”gasamTavroboebasTan”-sTan, rasac aRwers popkeviCi (1994 a):

regulirebis meore forma, romelic sazogadoebriv/politikuri cxovrebis

sxvadasxva dones akavSirebs erTmaneTTan, aris im mecnieruli diskursebis
konstruireba, romlis meSveobiTac individebi “sakuTar me-s” marTaven
sazogadoebaSi. me vamtkiceb, rom arsebobs “gasamTavroboeba”, ramdenadac
msoflio masStabiT vrceldeba garkveuli reformistuli diskursebi,
romelTa mizania maswavleblebis keTilganwyobis formireba iseTi
saqmianobisadmi (praqtikisadmi), romelsac konstruqtivistuli fsiqologia
iwonebs. es ukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, didaqtikis reformirebas axdens.
skolis reformis Sesaxeb diskursis (msjelobis) konstruireba aris
praqtika, romelic swavlebis “obieqtebis” konstruirebisa da
organizebisaTvis saWiro strategiebis meSveobiT sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis normalizacias axdens. (21)

mokled rom vTqvaT, popkeviCis postmodernistuli xedviT, saxelmwifo

mravalSreobriv istoriul da SefardebiT koncefciad unda ganvixiloT. am
mosazrebas igi Semdegi sityvebiT ganamtkicebs:

maSin rodesac saxelmwifos Sesaxeb umetesi Teoriebi mxolod moTamaSeebze

da struqturebzea fokusirebuli, Cemi mtkicebulebis mcdeloba
saxelmwifos, rogorc urTierTobebis istoriuli problemis ganxilvaa;
socialuri regulirebis warmoqmnis ganxilva moTamaSeTa poziciidan da
saganmanaTleblo sferoSi diskursis gamoyeneba. saxelmwifos Sesaxeb aseTi
Sexeduleba iseTi epistemologiuri koncefciaa, romelsac mudmivad Tan
sdevs istoriulobis elferi. (popkeviCi, 1994a:24; ixileT agreTve popkeviCi,
1994b)

aRniSnuli kvlevis programa gviCvenebs Zalauflebis, saxelmwifos da

ganaTlebis mikroanalizis gansaxorcielebel gzas, rac politikuri
TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba erTob sasargeblo aRmoCndes. aseTi midgomis dros,
fukos “pedagogiur meTodebs” da qaotur (diskursiul) urTierTobebs
SesaZloa makrostruqturuli urTierTobebisa da diskursis sakuTari
damoukidebeli Zala hqondeT. yovelTvis arsebobs imis riski, rom moxdeba
mikroanalizis da struqturuli da istoriuli bunebis mqone
makrodinamikis erTmaneTisagan gancalkeveba da, aqedan gamomdinare, im
88
fenomenebis “zusti istoriuli SegrZnebis” dakargva, ris analizsac Cven
vaxdenT. Tumca, eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom mravalSreobrivi midgoma,
rogorsac gvTavazobs popkeviCi, saSualebas gvaZlevs, erTdroulad
gavaanalizoT saganmanaTleblo reformis, rogorc socialuri
regulirebis diskursebi da saxelmwifosa da swavlebis transformaciis
modelebi, skolaSi damkvidrebuli wesebis (ritualis) cvlis Sesabamisad
(rac Zlier zegavlenas axdens im diskurssa da damkvidrebul praqtikaze
[mag., pedagogiuri meTodebi], romlebic aregulireben enisa da diskursis
formirebas da “sakuTari me-s” socialur konstruirebas).

inovaciuiri, Sedarebaze orientirebuli da saerTaSoriso Zalisxmeva

naTelhyofs, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifos regulirebis am
dualur models da rogor cvlis is maswavlebelTa swavlebis
damkvidrebul praqtikas, rogorc eri-saxelmwifos, ise msoflios masStabiT
(popkeviCi, 1991; 1993). eqspertuli codna, anu kompetencia iRebs Zalauflebis
gamoyenebis saxes. popkeviCi miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos istoriuli mimoxilva
_ da kapitalizmis maregulirebeli saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
globaluri perspeqtiva – regulirebis or strategiad unda iqnas
ganxiluli, an or modelad, romelTagan erTi aris ganaTlebis sferos
moRvaweTa saqmianobis (ideologia, diskursi, narativi da socialuri
qmedeba, anu koleqtiuri Zalisxmevis) produqti, xolo meore – Tavad
diskursisa (im wesebis mzardi internacionalizaciis pirobebSi, romlebic
aregulireben msjelobebs saganmanaTleblo reformis Sesaxeb). aseTi
diskursebi iyeneben Zalauflebas da ganaTlebis dargSi, Cveulebriv,
maswavleblebis cxovrebaze (romelTa umetesoba qalebia) zemoqmedeben.

patriarqaluri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg galaSqreba? feminizmi da

saxelmwifos Seferiloba

is rac qalebs aerTianebs, sulac ar aris “mdedrobiToba”, ar arsebobs TviT

iseTi mdgomareoba, rogoricaa iyo “mdedrobiTi”, romelic TavisTavad metad
rTuli kategoriaa da warmodgenilia seqsualobisadmi miZRvnil araerT
mecnierul diskursebsa da sxva socialur praqtikebSi. genderuli,
rasobrivi an klasobrivi Segneba aris is miRweva, romelsac ZaliT gvaxvevs
Tavs patriarqatis, kolonializmis da kapitalizmis winaaRmdegobrivi
socialuri realobebis mware istoriuli gamocdileba.

dona haravei, “kiborgebis manifesti” Donna Haraway, “A Manifesto for Cyborgs”

feministuri Teoriebis klasificireba SesaZlebelia gansxvavebis,

uTanasworobis da Cagvris Teoriebad (lengermani da nibruge-brentli, 1992).
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gansxvavebis Teoriebi moicavs qalebisa da mamakacebis cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebasa da situaciebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis biosocialur,
instituciur da socialur fsiqologiur axsnas. uTanasworobis Teoriebi
iZlevian ganmartebebs imis Taobaze, Tu ratom aqvT qalebs naklebi
privilegiebi da resursebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT, rogorc es liberalur
da marqsistul TeoriebSia gaanalizebuli. koneli ganasxvavebs feministuri
analizis sam models – “klasi pirvelis” Teorias, “socialuri
reproducirebis” Teorias, da “dualuri sistemebis” Teorias. aRniSnuli
modelebi warmoaCenen im Teoriuli midgomebis farTo speqtrs, romlebic
cdiloben axsnan qalTa uTanasworobis problema ganaTlebis sferoSi da
saxelmwifos roli (koneli, 1983, 1987; ixileT agreTve freizeri, 1997:151-188).

Teoria K`klasi pirveli” asabuTebs, rom kapitalizmi aris yvela

saxis uTanasworobis Zireuli mizezi da rom klasobrivi konfliqti, Tavisi
mniSvnelobiT, umTavresia. socialuri reproducirebis modeli, romelic
konstruqtiuli marqsizmis zegavlenas ganicdis, Semdeg mosazrebas
gvTavazobs: “ojaxi, seqsualuroba da genderuli urTierTobebi farTo
gagebiT ‘warmoebis urTierTobebis’” reproducirebis adgils warmoadgenda
(koneli, 1987:43). Sesabamisad, am Teoriis mixedviT, kapitalizmis pirobebSi
arsebobs sistemuri kavSiri qalebis subordinaciasa da ekonomikur
eqspluatacias Soris. dualuri sistemebis Teoria mesame midgomaa,
romelsac koneli gvTavazobs. dualuri sistemebis Teoria (ixileT
eizenSteini, 1979; hartmeni da sarjenti, 1990) amtkicebs, rom ZiriTadi
mosazreba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom kapitalizmi da patriarqati socialuri
urTierTobebis gansxvavebul da Tanabrad rTuli sistemebia, romlebic
erTmaneTis pirispir aRmoCndebian da erTmaneTze urTierTqmedeben.

Cagvris Teoriebi gulisxmobs mamakacebis mier qalebis (romlebic

maTgan ara mxolod araTanaswori an gansxvavebulebi arian) Cagvras.
fsiqoanalitikuri, socialistur-feministuri, radikaluri feministuri da
mesame talRis feministuri Teoriebi sxvadasxva gzebiT cdiloben am
problemebis kvlevas da maTTan gamklavebas. postmodernistuli diskursis
zrdis, da im Sedegebis kvalobaze, rac mohyveba mas feminizmis
TvalsazrisiT, mesame talRis feministuri Teoriebi erT-erT yvelaze
Zlier Teoriul arguments gvTavazoben (huqsi da vesti, 1991). mesame talRis
feminizmi ganixilavs ra ”gansxvavebis” cnebas, yuradRebis centrSi
ganviTarebul industriul sazogadoebebSi mcxovreb feradkanian qalebs da
mesame qveynebSi mcxovreb qalebs aqcevs. es midgoma gulisxmobs imas, rom
mavani ver gamoiyenebs cnebas - “qali”, rogorc stratifikaciis zogad
kategorias. sanacvlod, mesame-talRis feminizmi yuradRebas amaxvilebs
qalebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis faqtiur da Teoriul
interpretaciebze: “ganixileba is gansxvavebebi, romlebic momdinareobs
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sazogadoebriv urTierTobaSi warmoqmnili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
araTanabari ganawilebidan, globalur sistemaSi dakavebuli mdgomareobis,
klasobrivi, rasobrivi, eTnikuri da emociuri upiratesobebis safuZvelze,
ramdenadac es upiratesobebi urTierTqmedeben genderul
stratifikaciasTan” (langermani da nibruge-brentli, 1992:341).

ra mdgomaroebaSi aRmoCnda feminizmi da qalTa moZraobebi

neokonservatul da neoliberalur saxelmwifoebSi? feministurma da qalTa
sxvadasxva moZraobebis programebma gansxvavebul warmatebas miaRwies
bolodroindeli neokonservatiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT
Tu SevadarebT im miRwevebs, rac axasiaTebda aseT moZraobebs liberalur,
sayovelTao keTildReobaze orientirebul saxelmwifoSi. kanadis, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis da britaneTis masStabiT Catarda qalTa moZraobiT
miRweuli Sedegebis Sefaseba sakanonmdeblo da samarTlebrivi
valdebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, risTvisac Seswavlil iqna
Tanasworuflebianobis kanonmdeblobasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi,
qalebis TanasworuflebianobasTan dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo da
samarTlebrivi valdebulebebis CaTvliT; ojaxis samarTalTan
dakavSirebuli reformebi, ganqorwinebis kanonmdeblobasTan dakavSirebuli
im politikis CaTvliT, rac uSualod aisaxeba qalebsa da bavSvebze;
arCevanisa da reproducirebis politika, gansakuTrebiT, qalTa ufleba
usafrTxo da, amave dros, materialurad xelmisawvdom samedicino
momsaxurebaze, rogoricaa abortis gakeTeba; qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
Zaladoba, maT Soris fizikuri Zaladoba ojaxSi da gaupatiureba;
dasaqmebis uflebebi, Tanabari samuSao droisaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis,
kompensaciuri diskriminaciis politikis, da bavSvze mzrunvelobis
ganxorcielebis CaTvliT (baSevkini, 1994). aRniSnuli kvlevis Tanaxmad, 1971
wlidan 1980 wlamde periodSi, britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
miRweuli sakanonmdeblo da samarTlebrivi Sedegebis daaxloebiT 75
procenti, xolo kanadaSi - 56 procenti, sasikeTo aRmoCnda qalebisaTvis da
feministebisaTvis. am tendenciis yvelaze TvalSisacemi ukusvla dafiqsirda
reiganis administraciis dros, rodesac sakanonmdeblo da samarTlebrivi
gadawyvetilebebi ewinaaRmdegeboda feministur Sexedulebebs: ”Tuki
reiganis arCevamde warmatebisa da warumateblobis Tanafardoba iyo 24:7,
reiganis ZalauflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg aRniSnuli maCvenebeli daeca da
gaxda 13:15” (baSevkini, 1994:289). zogi gadawyvetileba, romelic TiTqosda
xelsayreli Canda qalebis mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis TvalsazrisiT,
reiganis Zalisxmevis Sedegi iyo, “gadaebarebina federaluri mmarTvelobis
pasuxismgebloba Statebis mmarTvelobisaTvis da Seemcirebina saxelmwifo
xarjebi socialur uzrunvelyofaze” (baSevkini, 1994:289). britaneTsa da
kanadaSi feministuri programebi bevrad ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda.

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kerZod, kanadaSi warmatebulobis koeficientma (warmatebuli mcdelobebis
wilma) 80 procenti Seadgina, miuxedavad imisa, rom malronis mmarTvelobis
wlebSi qalebi naklebad Tu SeZlebdnen federaluri elitis rigebSi
moxvedras. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom es kvleva iTvaliswinebs mxolod
samarTlebriv da sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic miRebuli iqna
sami mTavrobis funqcionirebis pirobebSi, rac mTliani politikuri
konteqstis mxolod mcire nawils Seadgens. kvlevas ar Seufasebia reiganis
administraciis periodis is RonisZiebebi da strategiuli gadawyvetilebebi,
rogoric iyo sabiujeto xarjebis Sekveca sacxovrebel pirobebze, bavSvTa
mzrunvelobasa da ganaTlebaze; tetCeris politika, romelic Zirs uTxrida
profkavSirebs da adgilobriv mmarTvelobas; kanadis federaluri
mTavrobis mier biujetis Semcireba, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa qalTa
garkveul jgufebze. Tuki kvleva asaxavda aseT dargobriv strategiebs,
maSin analizi gamoavlenda dargobrivi Sedegebisa da sabiujeto politikis
negatiur zemoqmedebas feministur da qalTa moZraobebze.

naTelia, da es gansakuTrebiT Cans amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

magaliTze, rom praqtikuli xasiaTis sirTuleebis da politikaSi
gavrcelebuli mamakacuri Sovinizmis miuxedavad, qalTa moZraoba metad
warmatebulad ganviTarda 60-ian da 70-ian wlebSi, Tu SevadarebT
neokonservatiuli administraciebis mmarTvelobis 80-iani wlebis periods.
qalebis Tanmimdevruli moTxovnebis Sedegad, liberalurma saxelmwifom
mxari dauWira qalebis Tanasworuflebianobas im antidiskriminaciuli
politikiT, romelic dasaqmebis, Sromis anazRaurebis, qalTa
reproduqciuli uflebebis, bavSvTa mzrunvelobis momsaxurebis da qalTa
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Zaladobis prevenciis mimarTulebebiT gatarda. es
politika metad xelsayreli aRmoCnda qalebisaTvis da feministuri
moZraobisaTvis. zogi miRweva mogvianebiT Selaxuli iqna
neokonservatiuli saxelmwifos mier, da Sesabamisad, qalebma, feministurma
moZraobebma da sxva progresulma Zalebma miRebuli gamocdilebiT
gadawyvites, rom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar dakargon muxti da brmad ar
miendon Seqmnil viTarebas, ganskuTrebiT maSin, roca wina planze
patriarqaluri urTierTobebi iqna wamoweuli.

patriarqaluri urTierTobebi – da ganaTlebaSi warmodgenili es

urTierTobebi – feminituri moZraobis mTavari sazrunavia (zarecki, 1983).
cnobilia, rom marqsma, Tavis mTavar nawarmoebSi mxolod ramodenime
gverdi miuZRvna qalebisa da bavSvebis mdgomareobas. marqsi miiCnevda, rom
qalebi warmoadgenen daqiravebul samuSao Zalas, an piriqiT,
araproduqtiul samuSao Zalas. maTi daniSnuleba kapitalisturi
formaciisaTvis mdgomareobda imaSi, rom isini axdendnen damatebiTi
Rirebulebis generirebas. momuSave qalebi aRiqmebodnen rogorc
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proletariatis zogadi kategoriis Semadgeneli nawili. Sesabamisad, isini
“ganixilebodnen rogorc eqspluatirebulni da ara rogorc Cagrulni, da
azrs iyo moklebuli ekonomikis patriarqaluri mowyoba” (quli, 1993:181).

Nneli stromqvisti (1991) miiCnevs, rom patriarqaluri saxelmwifoebi,

arsobrivad, qalTa Cagvris wyaros warmoadgenen. sqessa da ganaTlebas
Soris arsebuli urTierdamokidebulebis kvlevis da wera-kiTxvis
ucodinarobis da umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb monacemebis gaanalizebis
Sedegad, stromqvisti askvnis, rom yoveli saxelmwifo, miuxedavad imisa, Tu
mmarTvelobis romel models an warmoebis romel tips misdevs es
ukanaskneli,

erTveba iseT aqtivobebSi, romlebic an agrZeleben Sida pasuxismgeblobis

gadacemas qalebze, an ar exebian qalebis “saTanado” rolis socialur
warmomadgenlobebs sazogadoebaSi. marTalia am warmomadgenlobebis
SenarCuneba xdeba ideologiuri ZalebiT, magram maT aqvT sruliad
garkveuli materialuri safuZveli da maT mxars uWers maRali da saSualo
klasebis warmomadgeneli mamakacebisa da qalebis faruli koalicia,
romelic nebas rTavs ufro SeZlebul qalebs gauziaron TavianTi
SeRavaTebis wili mamakacebs maSin, rodesac Tavad, dabali klasebis
warmomadgeneli qalebisagan moipoveben resursebs. (111)

feradkanianobis feministuri Teoria miuTiTebs im rolze, romelsac

TamaSobs saxelmwifo da klasi, feradkaniani qalebis da muSaTa klasis
warmomadgeneli qalebis diskriminaciis, eqsluataciis da Cagvris saqmeSi.
es mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, radgan, rogorc daiana quli (1993:179) amtkicebs,
postmodernistuli mimdinareobis zogierTma warmomadgenelma feministma
“yuradReba gadaitana kulturul aspeqtze da amasTan mokrZalebulad
cdilobs sqesobrivi urTierTobebis ganmsazRvreli principebis
ekonomikuri aspeqtebis integrirebas.” es braldeba srulad ver
gavrceldeba yvela saxis postmodernistul feminizmze, magaliTad, im
gansxvavebuli eqspresiebze, romlebic doroTi smitis (1987), nensi
freizeris (1989, 1997) da judit batleris (1993) naSromebSia warmodgenili.
paradoqsi mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli hegelis
universalurobis koncefciis uaryofa da imavdroulad _ patriarqaluri
saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli feministuri moZraobebis
universaluri maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra.

hegelis mixedviT, klasis Sesaxeb marqsistuli koncefciis erT-erTi

damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo misi universalizmi: muSaTa klass wilad xvda
misia, yofiliyo iseTi klasi, romelic yvela danarCen klass bolos
mouRebda. arsebobda mokrZalebuli safuZveli imisTvis, rom
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ganmtkicebuliyo klasobrivi gansxvaveba da mieRo iseTi forma, romelic
Tavisi datvirTviT socializaciis da gamocdilebis gansxvavebuli
traeqtoriebis cnobaze meti iqneboda. universaluri klasis cnebis
gaqrobam Riad datova sakiTxi klasobrivi gansxvavebis saboloo
mniSvnelobaze. klasobrivi koncefciebis nawilobrivi uaryofa post-
marqsistul TeoriebSi aris imis anarekli, rom saerTod daikarga
kavSirebis SegrZneba, rac SesaZlebels gaxdida romelime eqsternaluri
atributis, rogoricaa magaliTad, daqiravebul SromaSi monawileoba, an
produqtiuli Sroma araproduqtiulis winaaRmdeg, meSveobiT gangvesazRvra
humanurobis umniSvnelovanesi kategoria. Tumca, rogorc neo-marqsisti
kritikosebi aRniSnaven, es aryevs cvlilebis koleqtiuri strategiebis
saZirkvels da warmoqmnis Teoriul vakuums socialur reproducirebaSi
saxelmwifos rolis gaanalizebis TvalsazrisiT. paradoqsia, magram
genderuli, eTnikuri da rasobrivi sakiTxebis, rogorc dominirebis
reproducirebis centraluri komponentebis warmoqmnas msgavsi, Tumca
sakmaod Taviseburi bedi xvda wilad. rogorc Cagruli da kolonizebuli
identobebis subieqtebi, qalebi da feradkaniani adamianebi aSkarad
saWiroeben TavianTi gardauvali gansxvavebulobis aRiarebas da
gansakuTrebulad aRniSvnas (yovel SemTxvevaSi isini, vinc Tavad ar arian
mowamluli dominirebis koncefciiT).

Tuki socialuri Teoriis (da metaTeoriis) doneze, feministuri

Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebs istoriuli specifiurobis gaTvaliswinebis
aucileblobaze, msgavsi analitikuri logika miuTiTebs iseTi saxelmwifo
formis struqturuli da istoriuli specifiurobis analizis
aucileblobaze, romelic patriarqatis xorcSesxmad aris miCneuli.
patriarqaluri saxelmwifos bunebisa da misi praqtikuli funqcionirebis
gansazRvra integraciuli (yovlismomcveli) da istoriuli codniT
gamdidrebuli axsnis dasawyisia. aucilebelia gaanalizebuli iqnes
saxelmwifos istoriuli konfiguracia, rogorc socialuri formacia; misi
dominanturi simboluri istoriebiT (Tavisi winaaRmdegobebis CaTvliT); da
is formebi, saSualebebi da meTodebi, rasac iyenebs patriarqaluri (da
klasobrivi da rasistuli) moqmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad (bloki, 1989;
gordoni, 1989; jesofi, 1983; morou da toresi, 1994; toresi, 1990). rogorc
Teoriul, ise praqtikul mizezTa gamo, Cven gvesaWiroeba iseTi sakiTxebis
konkretuli Seswavla, rogoricaa, saxelmwifos patriarqaluri roli
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi, misi SezRudvebi da SesaZleblobebi,
instituciuri da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis CaTvliT; politikis
SemuSavebis procesis xasiaTi; saxelmwifo aparatis socialuri istoria;
saxelmwifo intervenciis sxvadasxva dones Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba;
sxvaobaTa urTierTSexebis wertilebi da maT Soris arsebuli

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winaaRmdegobebi (mag. federalur, Statis da municipalur doneze) da
istoriuli Taviseburebebi, msoflio sistemaSi dakavebuli adgilis
CaTvliT; masStabiT gamowveuli problema (mag., kuveitis msgavsi qalaqi-
saxelmwifo, mcire zomis kunZuli--saxelmwifo, rogoricaa santa luCia
karibis zRvis auzSi, patara qveyana, rogoricaa, nikaragua iseTi mega-
saxelmwifoebis pirispir, rogoricaa magaliTad, brazilia, indoeTi, CineTi,
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da ruseTi); koloniuri/postkoloniuri
gamocdileba; rasobrivi, eTnikuri, genderuli da religiuri
urTierTobebis buneba sazogadoebaSi.

P Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT socialuri Teorizebis arsebul

pirobebs, SesaZloa rTuli aRmoCndes patriarqaluri saxelmwifosa da
genderul diskriminaciaze misi zegavlenis Teoriis srulyofa. Tumca,
politikuri qmdebebis gansaxorcileblad ara marto SesaZleblia, aramed
arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba im urTierTkavSiris specifiur, droul,
istoriul codnaze da sxvadasxva kulturaTa Taviseburebebze dafuZnebul,
da SedarebiT Seswavlas, romelic arsebobs patriarqatsa da kapitalizms
Soris Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi, agreTve, imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor
zemoqmedeben es urTierTobebi swavlebaze da saganmanaTleblo politikaze.
genderuli diskriminaciis da saxelmwifos praqtikis nebismieri, istoriul
codnaze dafuZnebuli Seswavla saTanado yuradRebas unda uTmobdes
genderul, rasobriv da klasobriv sakiTxebs. istoriulad, aSkara iyo
saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli feministebis mier Teoriebis SemuSavebis
nakleboba adreuli xanis emansipaciur moZraobebSi amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi. am moZraobebma ver moaxerxes eRiarebinaT dabali klasebis qalTa
da feradkanian qalTa moTxovnebi: `saSualo klasis” feministebis
programebSi, ojaxebSi momuSaveebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis
mizanmimarTuli gauTvaliswinebloba, warsulSic da dResac, sakuTari
moaxleebis mimarT eqspluatatoruli mopyrobis - yovel SemTxvevaSi,
SeZlebuli qalebis mxridan – SeniRbul axsnaa xolme” (lorde, 1984,
citirebulia grantisa da sliteris mier, 1986:196; ixileT agreTve granti
da sliteri, 1988; huksi, 1990 huksi da vesti, 1991; jelini, 1990; langermani da
nibruge –brentli, 1984; Sternbaxi da sxvebi. 1992).

feministurma Teoriam da gansakuTrebiT mesame talRis feminizmma is

mignebebi SemgvTavazes, romlebic saSualebas gvaZleven Rrmad CavwvdeT
axali socialuri moZraobebis models da saxelmwifos praqtikas mesame
msoflioSi da mowinave industriul qveynebSi (jelini, 1990; skoti, 1990).

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Sejameba

saxelmwifos dominirebuli cnebebi, romlebsac iyeneben

politikosebis da mkvlevarebis wreebSi, zegavlenas axdenen kvlevis
dominantur programaze, saganmanaTleblo problemebis analizze, da
politikis meTodebze. saxelmwifos Teoriebi aseve uSualod zemoqmedeben
saganmanaTleblo kvlevaze. konkretul doneze, saxelmwifo Teoriebi,
romlebsac scnoben samTavrobo koaliciebi da saganmanaTleblo
biurokratiuli aparati, moaxdens zegavlenas ara mxolod kvlevaze, aramed
saganmanaTleblo sistemebis dagegmvasa da operirebaze. saxelmwifosa da
ganaTlebis Teoriebis Sesaxeb gamarTuli diskusiebi moicaven farTo
speqtris Sexedulebebs ganaTlebas, saxelmwifos da samoqalaqo
sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis Taobaze. Sinaarsobrivad,
saxelmwifos Teoriebi gansazRvraven saganmanaTleblo kvlevis, politikisa
da praqtikis bunebas, mizansa da daniSnulebas. Sesabamisad, nebismieri saxis
msjeloba iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa – saganmanaTleblo reforma;
urTierTobebi maswavleblebs, moswavleebsa da administratorebs Soris;
saswavlo programis SemuSavebis politika da saswavlo programiT
gansazRvruli saqmianoba; maswavlebelTa treiningi; ganaTlebis dafinanseba;
multikulturalizmi; moqalaqeoba; demokratiuli ganaTleba; an zogadad
saganmanaTleblo politika moicavs erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul da
winaaRmdegobriv Sexedulebebsa da warmodgenebs individebsa da
sazogadoebas (sociums) Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, rac qmnis
mTavar daZabulobas dasavluri azris formirebaSi (uolini, 1960).
sazogadoebis gansxvavebuli cnebebi, Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia
saxelmwifos sxvadasxva cnebasTan. isini, aseve, moicaven gansxvavebul
mosazrebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori unda iyos sazogadoebebis da
skolebis demokratiuli mmarTveloba iseTi cnebebis CaTvliT, rogoricaa
Zalaufleba (uflebamosileba), Tanamonawileoba, warmomadgenloba da
gadawyvetilebis miRebis demokratiuloba. TavianTi sul ufro mzardi
istoriuli specifiurobis miuxedavad da TavianTi normatiuli da
analitikuri orientaciis gamo, kritikuli da gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisi
fokusirebulia er-saxelmwifoze, rogorc politikisa da ganaTlebis
adgilsamyofelze. TumcaRa, globalizaciis cnebam gazarda ra
emansipaciuri politikis sargebeli ganaTlebaSi, diskusiis tranformacia
moaxdina.

SeniSvnebi

96
 1. Max Weber, "The Fundamental Concepts of Sociology," in The Theory of Social and Economic
Organizations, ed. Talcott Parsons (New York: Free Press, 1964), 156. veberis mosazrebebTan
dakavSirebiT amomwuravi diskusia ixileT, Richard Bendix, Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait
(New York: Doubleday, 1962).
2. madlobas vuxdi uolter feinbergs, piradi urTierTobis farglebSi
avtorisaTvis miwodebuli am SemoTavazebisTvis.
3. kritikuli modernistuli pozicia zogadad aris gadmocemuli naSromSi -
Raymond A. Morrow and Carlos Alberto Torres, Social Theory and Education: A Critique of Theories of
Social and Cultural Reproduction (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), esp. 339-445.
ganaTlebis sociologiis damatebiTi analizis gasacnobad ixileT Carlos Alberto
Torres and Ted Mitchell, eds., Sociology of Education: Emerging Perspectives (Albany: State University of
New York Press, in press).
4. Max Weber, Economy and Society (New York: Bedminster, 1968); Bendix, Max Weber; Max
Weber, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, ed. H. H. Gerth and C. W. Mills (New York: Oxford
University Press, Galaxy Books, 1958).
5. Peter McLaren, "Critical Pedagogy, Political Agency, and the Pragmatics of Justice: The Case of
Lyotard," Educational Theory 44, no. 3 (Summer 1994): 325; Linda M. McNeil, Contradictions of Control:
School Structure and School Knowledge (New York: Routledge, 1988), 166-178; Cameron McCarthy and
Warren Crichlow, eds., Race, Identity, and Representation in Education (New York: Routledge, 1993), xiii-
xvii; Michael W. Apple, Official Knowledge: Democratic Education in a Conservative Age (New York:
Routledge, 1993), 1-63; Madeleine Arnot, "Male Hegemony, Social Class, and Women's Education," in The
Education Feminism Reader, ed. Lynda Stone (New York: Routledge, 1994), 84-104.
6. Perry Anderson, Las antinomias de Antonio Gramsci (Barcelona: Fontanara, 1978). ixileT
agreTve Morrow and Torres, Social Theory and Education, 249-281.
7. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, ed. and trans. Quintin
Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1980). gramskis naSromTan
dakavSirebiT, agreTve, ganaTlebisa da saxelmwifos sakiTxebze komentari da
ganmartebebi, ixileT - Carlos Alberto Torres, The Politics of Nonformal Education in Latin America
(New York: Praeger, 1990), 23-28; Carlos Alberto Torres, The Church, Society, and Hegemony: A Critical
Sociology of Religion in Latin America (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1992), 39-57. amomwuravi diskusia
ganaTlebas, saR azrsa da hegemonias Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb
ixileT, Apple, Official Knowledge, 15-43.
8. kredentalizmis Teoriis ori saukeTeso nimuSia Ronald Dore, The Diploma Disease:
Education, Qualification, and Development (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,
1976); and John Oxenham, ed., Education versus Qualifications? A Study of Relationships between
Education, Selection for Employment, and the Productivity of Labour (London: George Allen & Unwin,
1984). politikuri ekonomiiis zogierTi warmomadgeneli daJinebiT ayenebda eWvqveS
adamianuri kapitalis Teoriis winamZRvrebs, asabuTebda ra imas, rom ganaTlebis
wvlili ekonomikur zrdaSi bevrad umniSvneloa im SefasebebTan SedarebiT, rasac
adamianuri kapitalis adreuli xanis Teoretikosebi da ganviTarebadi qveynebis
ekonomistebi iZleodnen. garda amisa, Semosavlebisa da ganaTlebis
97
urTierTdamokidebuleba moicavs bevr sxva faqtors, romelic zegavlenas axdens
Semosavlebze da, marTalia, garkveul kavSirSia swavlebasTan, Tumca, am
ukanasknels ar unda mieweros. Martin Carnoy et al., Can Educational Policy Equalize Income
Distribution in Latin America? (London: Saxon House, 1979); Martin Carnoy et al., "The Political Economy
of Financing Education in Developing Countries," in Financing Educational Development, by International
Development Research Centre (Ottawa: IDRC, 1982), 39-68. Carlos Alberto Torres, Rajinder S. Pannu, and
M. Kazim Bacchus, "Capital Accumulation, Political Legitimation, and Education Expansion," in
International Perspectives on Education and Society 3, ed. Abraham Yogev and Jaap Dronkers (Greenwood,
Conn.: JAI Press, 1993), 3-32.
9. korporatistuli portugalia konservatiuli modernizaciis procesis
Seudarebli ilustraciaa. procesisa, romelic moZraobaSi mohyavs saxelmwifos da
ganaTlebis sistemas masSi konkretuli roli aqvs dakisrebuli. rogorc stoeri
da deili amtkiceben: “saxelmwifo sul ufro metad erTveba saganmanaTleblo
sferoSi, rac gulisxmobs ganaTlebis ideologiur kontribucias saxelmwifos
ganviTarebis strategiis gansazRvraSi . . .saxelmwifo daadga kurss, romelmac
qveyana Zalauflebis centralizebis da maswavleblebze ganxorcielebuli
kontrolis umaRles xarisxamde miiyvana, moxda swavlebis ukiduresi
ideologizacia da elitizacia.” citirebulia naSromSi Stephen R. Stoer and Roger Dale,
"Education, State, and Society in Portugal, 1926-1981," Comparative Education Review 31, no. 3 (1987):
405.
10. ofe da preusi asabuTeben, rom demokratiis cneba sul ufro metad
warmoCndeba rogorc “qristianuli Teologiis anbanuri principebis
sekularizebuli versia”. ixileT, Claus Offe and Ulrich K. Preuss, "Democratic Institutions and
Moral Resources," in Political Theory Today, ed. David Held (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press,
1991), 146.
11. Eric A. Nordlinger, On the Autonomy of the Democratic State (Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1981); David Easton, "The Political System Besieged by the State," Political Theory 9, no. 3 (August
1981): 303-325. klasobrivi analizis TvalTaxedvidan, romelic saxelmwifos
avtonomiis principebs pulancasis analizis kvaldakval warmoaCens, ixileT Martin
Carnoy and Henry Levin, Schooling and Work in the Democratic State (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University
Press, 1985), 37-51.
12. aq, raRa Tqma unda, viSvelieb marqsisa da Tanamedroveobis analizs,
romelsac gvTavazobs marSal bermani Tavis metad Rrma naSromSi All That Is Solid Melts
into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982).
13. Henry A. Giroux, Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life: Critical Pedagogy in the Modern Age
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), 136-137. Henry Giroux and Peter McLaren, eds.,
Between Borders: Pedagogy and the Politics of Cultural Studies (New York: Routledge, 1994).
14. mivuTiTeb habermasis sam, codnis wammarTvel interesze, diskusia ixileT,
Morrow and Torres, Social Theory and Education, 19-38.

98
 15. Held, Political Theory and the Modern State ('Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989), 11-
55; David Held, Political Theory Today (Stanford, Calif.: Stan-lord University Press, 1991); Heinz Rudolf
Sonntag and Hector Valecillos, Elestado en el capitalismo contempordneo (Mexico City: Siglo XX Editores,
1977); David Held et al., eds., States and Societies (Oxford: Martin Robinson, 1983); Andrew Vincent, The-
ories of the State (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987).
16. Carlos Alberto Torres, "La universidad latinoamericana: De la reforma de 1918 al ajuste estructural
de los 1990," in Curriculum universitario siglo XXI, by Carlos Alberto Torres et al. (Parana, Argentina:
Facultad de Ciencias de la Education, Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios, 1994), 13-54; Carlos Alberto
Torres, 'The State and Education Revisited, or Why Educational Researchers Should Think Politically about
Education," AERA, Review of Research in Education 21 (1995): 255-331; Atilio Alberto Boron and Carlos
Alberto Torres, "The Impact of Neoliberal Restructuring on Education and Poverty in Latin America,"
Alberta Journal of Educational Research 42, no. 2 (June 1996): 102-114.
17. pirveli gansxvavdeba ukanasknelisagan garkveuli sakiTxebis TvalsazrisiT,
kerZod, mcireoden interesTa jgufebs SeswevT imis gansakuTrebuli unari, rom
zegavlena moaxdinon saxelmwifoze da “sxva jgufebis araefeqturoba kidev ufro
ususuri xdeba imis gamo, rom ar xdeba maTi saTanadod gamoyeneba”. Nordlinger,
Autonomy of the Democratic State, 157.
18. instituciuri midgoma asabuTebs, rom saxelmwifo ganaTleba mTavar rols
TamaSobs politikuri sistemebis legitimiaciaSi da qveynebis integrirebasa da
modernizebaSi. savaldebulo ganaTleba asocirebulia vesternizaciis,
modernizaciis, socialuri kontrolis da status-jgufebis konkurenciis
sxvadasxva TeoriebTan. aRniSnulis sapirispirod, institucionalisturi midgoma
amtkicebs, rom saganmanaTleblo ganviTareba im saSinao (Sida) procesebis Sedegi
ar aris, romlebic momdinareobs ekonomikuri da socialuri diferencirebisagan,
gansakuTrebiT, industrializaciidan da urbanizaciidan. analogiurad, masobrivi
ganaTleba ar ganviTarebula rogorc socialuri kontrolis (dabali klasebze an
imigrantebze) damkvidrebis an mosaxleobis tradiciuli damokidebulebebis
reorientaciis winaswarganzraxuli mcdeloba. aramed, institucionalistebi
amtkiceben, rom masobrivi ganaTleba “mTlianobaSi warmoadgens dasavleTSi,
kulturasTan dakavSirebuli Sexedulebebis sistemis Camoyalibebis TvalSisacem
Sedegs”. es dasavluri sistema gulisxmobs eri-saxelmwifos naciis Camoyalibebas,
moqalaqeobis Tanamedrove koncefcias, romelic savaldebulo masobrivi
ganaTlebis wyarod ganixileba. Sesabamisad, ganaTleba Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi “ritualur (formaluri) wardgenad “ gvevlineba, rogorc ”droSi
ganvrcobili iniciaciis rituali, romelic sombolurad axdens Camouyalibebeli
bavSvebis transformacias srulyofil individebad, romlebic uflebamosilni
arian CaerTon Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi, politikaSi da sazogadoebaSi, da is
akeTebs kidec amas Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare.” ixileT J. Boli and F. Ramirez,
"Compulsory Schooling in the Western Cultural Context," in Emergent Issues in Education: Comparative

99
Perspectives, ed. Robert Amove, Philip G. Altbach, and G. P. Kelly (Albany: State University of New York
Press, 1992), 28,30.
19. am midgomis paradigmatuli analizi warmodgenilia talkot parsonsis
klasikur saxelmZRvaneloSi - "The School as a Social System: Some of Its Functions in American
Society," in Education, Economy, and Society: A Reader in the Sociology of Education, ed. A. H. Halsey
(New York: Free Press, 1961), 434-455. raRa Tqma unda, arseboben rogorc tradiciis
mimdevari, ise maTgan gansxvavebuli kritikosebi, romlebmac ganaviTares darkheimis
adreul namuSevarTan dakavSirebuli poziciebi, magram maTi xedva Zlier
gansxvavdeba parsonis mier warmodgenili darkheimiseuli interpretaciisagan.
ixileT Robert Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (New York: Free Press, 1968).
funqcionalisturi tradiciis sazRvrebs miRma, gamoirCeva beisil bernSteinis da
pier burdes naSromi. ixileT Basil Bernstein, Class Codes and Control, vol. 1, Theoretical Studies
towards a Sociology of Language (London: Paladin, 1973); Basil Bernstein, Class Codes and Control, vol. 3,
Towards a Theory of Educational Transmission, 2nd ed. (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977); Pierre
Bourdieu, "Structuralism and Theory of Sociological Knowledge," Social Research 35 (1968): 681-706;
Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1977); Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron, "Sociology and Philosophy in France since 1945:
Death and Resurrection of a Philosophy without a Subject" Social Research 34 (1967): 162-212; Pierre
Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron, Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture, trans. Richard Nice
(London: Sage, 1977).
20. samuel boulsis da herbert gintisis naSromi axdens imis ilustrirebas,
rom ganaTlebis funqciebi warmoadgenda radikaluri ekonomistebis mTavar
sazrunavs 70-iani wlebis liberalur sazogadoebebSi. ixileT maTi Schooling in
Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life (New York: Basic Books,
1976); Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, "Education as a Site of Contradictions in the Reproduction of the
Capital-Labor Relationship: Second Thoughts on the 'Correspondence Principle,"' Economic and Industrial
Democracy 2 (1981): 223-242. kritikuli, Tumc, amave dros keTilganwyobiT gamsWvaluli
komentari ixileT naSromSi Mike Cole, ed., Bowles and Gintis Revisited: Correspondence and
Contradiction in Educational Theory (London: Falmer Press, 1988); Michael W. Apple, "Standing on the
Shoulders of Giants: Class Formation and Capitalist Schools," History of Education Quarterly 28, no. 1
(1988): 231-241. sasargebloa imis aRniSvna, rom boulsisa da gintisis midgomis
kritikis mTavar safuZvels, garda imisa, rom maTi midgoma skolebsa da
sazogadoebebs da maT ekonomicizms Soris arsebul urTierTobebze meqanistikuri
SexedulebebiT xasiaTdeba, Seadgens is, rom maT mtkicebulebebSi, romliTac isini
akritikeben ganaTlebas kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi, saxelmwifos Teoriebi
warmodgenili ar aris. swored am Teoriulma xarvezma aacila maT Tavidan
pasuxismgebloba ganaTlebaSi Tanasworobisa da demokratiis Sinaganad
winaaRmdegobrivi tendenciebis damkvidrebaze (mag., Sesabamisoba da winaaRmdegoba,
rogorc organizaciuli principebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da
ganaTlebis sistemizacias axdenen). Carnoy and Levin, Schooling and Work, 22. For a systematic
analysis of reproduction theories, see Morrow and Torres, Social Theory and Education.
100
 21. neokonservatiuli sazrunavi, Temebi da ritorika warmodgenilia rig
naSromebSi. ixileT, mag. National Commission on Excellence in Education, "A Nation at Risk: An
Imperative for Educational Reform," Education Week, 27 April 1983, 12-16; and Mortimer Adler, The
Paideia Proposal (New York: Macmillan, 1982).
22. laTinur amerikaSi, da es SesaZloa miesadagebodes msoflios sxva
regionebsac, garsia kanklini neokonservatiul modelebs gansazRvravs, rogorc
SerCeviTi modernizaciis da regresuli kulturuli da socialuri dacemis
(dekadansis) winaaRmdegobriv process. ixileT Nestor Garcia Canclini, "Una modernizaci6n
que atrasa: La cultura bajo la regresi6n neoconservadora," Revista de Casa de las Americas, no. 193,
October-December 1993, 3-12.
23. aRniSnuli informaciis mowodebisaTvis madlobas vuxdi joel samofs.
24. am kategoriebis Sesaxeb sasargeblo diskusia ixileT D. Chirot, Social Change in
the Twentieth Century (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977); Immanuel Waller-stein, The Capitalist
World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
25. modiT sicxade SemovitanoT. es ganacxadi sarwmunoa eri-saxelmwifos
samarTlebrivi safuZvlebisa da istoriuli gamocdilebis TvalsazrisiT.
sruliad gansxvavebuli ram aris eri-saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi
“adamianebis” gamocdileba. aviRoT Tundac, samuSao Zalis eqspluatacia
Savkaniani monebis magaliTze, an laTino-amerikelebisadmi da qalebisadmi
damokidebuleba, imigrantebis, droebiT momuSave ucxoelebis, da moswavleobis
kontraqtiT momuSaveTa (indentured labor) sistematiuri ganadgureba da a.S.
26. terminebi “mesame msoflio”, “mesame msoflios qveynebi”, ”samxreTuli
qveynebi” da “samxreTis qveynebi” gamoyenebulia urTierTmonacvleobiT.
27. “neoliberalizmi” an “neoliberaluri saxelmwifo” is terminebia,
romliTac miuTiTeben axali tipis saxelmwifoze, romelic warmoiSva laTinur
amerikaSi ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. iyo ra mWidrod
dakavSirebuli neokonservatoruli mTavrobebis gamocdilebasTan,
neoliberalizmis pirveli nabijebi laTinur amerikaSi ukavSirdeba neoliberalur
ekonomikur programas, romelic ganxorcielda CileSi, salvador aliendes
damxobis Semdeg, general pinoCetis diqtatoruli mmarTvelobis mier. SedarebiT
axlo warsulSi, sabazro modelebi ganaxorciela argentinaSi karlos saul
menemis mTavrobam, meqsikaSi - karlos salinas de gortaris da ernesto zedilos
mTavrobebma da braziliaSi - fernando henrike kardosom. es modelebi, rom
araferi vTqvaT sxva qveynebSi ganxorcielebul analogiur modelebze,
warmoadgendnen neoliberalur models, Tumca, maT Tan sdevda is Taviseburebebi,
rac, Sesabamisad, damaxasiaTebeli iyo argentinisTvis, meqsikisTvis da
braziliisTvis.
neoliberaluri mTavrobebi mxars uWeren da stimuls aZlevdnen iseT
koncefciebs, rogoricaa Ria bazrebi, Tavisufali vaWroba, saxelmwifo seqtoris
Sekveca, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos intervenciis SezRudva da bazrebis
deregulacia. larisa lomnici da ana melniki (Chile's Middle Class: A Struggle for Survival
101
in the Face of Neoliberalism [Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1991]) aRniSnaven, rom istoriuli da
filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT, neoliberalizmi asocirebulia gardaqmnis
programebTan. gardaqmna ganisazRvreba rogorc im programebis, samoqmedo kursisa
da pirobiTobebis erToblioba, romlebic rekomendebulia msoflio bankis,
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis, da sxva safinanso organizaciebis mier. marTalia
msoflio banki erTmaneTisagan mijnavs iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa stabilizacia,
gardaqmna da gardaqmnis politika, magram, amave dros, is aRiarebs, rom am cnebebis
gamoyeneba “arazusti da araTanmimdevrulia” (citirebulia naSromSi Joel Samoff,
"More, Less, None? Human Resource Development: Responses to Economic Constraint" [Palo Alto, Calif.,
June 1990], 21; mimeographed). stabilizaciasa da gardaqmnaze orientirebuli aseTi
programebis Sedegad, mTavrobebis mier gasatarebeli politikis kuTxiT gaCnda
rigi rekomendaciebi, maT Soris, saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcireba, fulis
devalvacia eqsportis stimulirebisaTvis, saimporto tarifebis daweva da
saxelmwifo dagrovebisa da piradi danazogebis gazrda. rogorc xazgasmiT
aRvniSne, am modelis centralur aspeqti saxelmwifo seqtoris rolis mkveTri
SezRudvaa, rac ganxorcielda saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizebis da
xelfasebis da fasebis liberalizaciis saSualebiT, aseve, samrewvelo da
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis reorientaciiT da misi warmarTviT eqsportis
zrdisken. amdenad, gardaqmnisa da stabilizaciis politika miznad isaxavs
saerTaSoriso mimocvlis gaTavisuflebas, cdomilebebis Semcirebas safaso
struqturaSi (sxvadasxva saqonelze fasebis Tanafardoba), proteqcionizmis
mospobas da bazris zegavlenis xelSewyobas.
neoliberaluri saxelmwifos wanamZRvrebi SesaZlebelia ganvazogadoT
Semdegi saxiT: neoliberaluri saxelmwifos politikur safuZvels warmoadgens im
Teoriebis da interesTa jgufebis erToblioba, romlebic garkveuli
valdebulebebiT arian dakavSirebuli mowodebis aspeqtis ekonomikasTan,
monetarizmTan, neokonservatiul kulturul seqtorebTan; sayovelTao
keTildReobis saxelmwifos redistribuciuli politikis mowinaaRmdege
jgufebTan; da im seqtorebTan, romelTa mudmivi sazrunavi biujetis deficitia.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es aris Sinagan winaaRmdegobaSi myofi aliansi. aseTi
saxelmwifo modelebi reagireben saxelmwifos fiskalur krizisebze da
kanonierebis (realur Tu aRqmul) krizisebze. am SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebis ndobis
krizisebi mniSvnelovan gardatexis momentebs warmoadgenen demokratiuli
warmomadgenlobisa da saxelmwifo institutebisadmi ndobis ganmtkicebis
TvalsazrisiT. am kulturuli, konservatiuli da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT
liberalur modelSi saxelmwifo, saxelmwifo intervenciis politika da
saxelmwifo sawarmoebi problemis da ara am problemidan gamosavalis nawils
warmoadgenen. rogorc neoliberaluri ideologiis mimdevrebi sxvadasxva dros
aRniSnavdnen, saukeTeso forma patara mTavrobaa.

102
 mowinave kapitalistur qveynebSi ekonomikuri restruqturizebis farTod
gavrcelebuli winapirobebi da struqturuli gardaqmnis wanamZRvrebi sruliad
miesadageba neoliberalur modelebs. es modelebi iTvaliswineben sazogadoebriv
saWirobebze gaweuli danaxarjebis Semcirebas, im programebis Sekvecas, romlebic
araekonomiurad arian miCneuli, privatizebis ganxorcielebas saxelmwifo
sawarmoebis gayidviT da deregulirebis meqanizmebis SemuSavebas biznesis samyaros
funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifos intervenciis SesazRudad. garda amisa, aRniSnuli
modelebis mixedviT saxelmwifo naklebad unda iyos CarTuli socialuri
momsaxurebis (rogoricaa, ganaTleba, jandacva, pensiebi, sazogadoebrivi
transporti da xelmisawvdomi sacxovrebeli) gawevaSi da aseTi tipis momsaxureba
kerZo seqtoris prerogativas unda ganekuTvnos.
28. Aaqamde, msjelobas sruliad gacnobierebulad vagebdi liberalur,
neokonservatiul da neoliberalur saxelmwifoebze empiriulad dasabuTebul da
informaciiT gajerebul codnaze dayrdnobiT. am msjelobas politikur
folosofiur TeoriebTan vakavSirebdi. momdevno nawilSi mocemuli msjeloba
paralelistur Teoriebze, postmodernizmze da feminizmze umeteswilad Teoriul
safuZvlebzea agebuli. saxelmZRvanelos formatis SezRudvebidan gamomdinare, ar
ganvixilav gardamavali qveynebis (mag., kapitalizmidan socializmze, an
socializmidan kapitalizmze gadasvla) da socialisturi qveynebis gamocdilebas.
29. modeli moicavs specialuri industriuli RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas
myidveli da momwodebeli kompaniebis mier (anu “specialur urTierTobebs” maT
Soris), romelSic gansakuTrebul rols saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis
saministro asrulebs. Nick Oliver and Barry Wilkinson, The Japani-sation of British Industry
(London: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Paul Hirst and J. Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialization versus Post-Fordism,"
Economy and Society 20, no. 1 (1991): 1-56; Bob Jessop, "Regulation Theory, Post-Fordism, and the State,"
Capital and Class 34(1988): 147-168.
30. Aam nawilSi davesesxebi Cemi da raimond morous erTobliv naSroms
socialuri Teoriisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.

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3
globalizacia

winamdebare Tavi agebulia koncefciaze, romlis Tanaxmadac

globalizaciis fenomeni zRudavs saxelmwifos damoukideblobas da
erovnul suverenitets. es SezRudvebi gamoxatulia im daZabulobaSi,
romelic arsebobs saerTaSoriso masStabiT da lokalurad mimdinare
dinamiur procesebs Soris, faqtobrivad, nebismieri gadawyvetilebis Tu
politikuri moqmedebis arealis TvalsazrisiT, socialur, kulturul da
ekonomikur sferoebSi. Sesabamisad, globalizacia ara mxolod Slis
saxelmwifoTa Soris sazRvrebs, aramed cvlis erTobebs erovnuli
saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi da sazRvrebs miRma. SeuZlebelia globalizacia
aRvweroT rogorc mxolod warmoebis organizaciis tipi, romelic fordis
mmarTvelobis Semdgomi periodisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. is globaluri
ekonomikis mTavari maxasiaTebelia. adamianTa uflebebs, regionul
saxelmwifoebs da kosmopolitur demokratias gadamwyveti roli
daekisreba, vinaidan isini zegavlenas moaxdenen samoqalaqo minimumebze
saxelmwifo doneze, kapitalisa da samuSao Zalis efeqtianobaze sxvadasxva
sferoebSi da gansakuTrebiT, moqalaqeobis, demokratiis da
multikulturis dinamikaze Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi.

globalizaciis fenomeni

bunebrivi mdgomareobidan civilizebul mdgomareobaze gadasvla saocar

cvlilebas iwvevs adamianSi, Caanacvlebs ra mis qcevaSi instinqts
samarTlianobiT da aRavsebs ra mis qmedebebs manamde ararsebuli zneobrivi
TvisebebiT.
---------Jan Jak ruso, socialuri kontraqti

globalizacia gansazRvrulia rogorc “socialuri urTierTobebis

gaZliereba mTeli msoflios masStabiT, rac teritoriulad daSorebul
regionebs ise akavSirebs erTmaneTTan, rom konkretul adgilze movlenebis
warmarTvas mravali miliT daSorebul adgilze momxdari movlenebi
ganapirobebs da piriqiT” (heldi, 1991:9). mraval sxva mosazrebasTan erTad,
heldi miiCnevs, rom globalizacia globaluri ekonomikis warmoqmnis,
koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis axali formebis warmomqmnel
ekonomikur erTeulebs Soris transnacionaluri kavSirebis eqspansiis,
mTavrobaTaSorisi da kvazi-zesaxelmwifoebrivi institutebis ganviTarebis,
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transnacionaluri komunikaciebis intensifikaciis da axali regionuli da
samxedro wesrigis damyarebis produqtia.

GmiiCneven, rom globalizaciis procesi Slis saxelmwifoTaSoris

sazRvrebs, cvlis erTobebs er-saxelmwifoebs Soris da maT sazRvrebSi da
Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens saxelmwifo da interesTa jgufebis identobebze.
neil smelseri (1994) mSvenivrad gadmoscems am sakiTxis arss:

ufro moxerxebeli iqneba, Tu msoflioSi Seqmnili situaciis aRweras eri-

saxelmwifos statusis ganxilviT daviwyebT. miiCnevdnen ra, sakuTari
moqalaqeebis erTgulebisa da solidarobis TvalsazrisiT, bunebriv da
suverenul centrad, saxelmwifos Sesaxeb amgvar ideas axlo warsulSi, misi
Semadgeneli yvela elementis TvalsazrisiT, winaaRmdegoba Sexvda.
saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi SeRweva SesaZlebeli gaxda warmoebis, vaWrobis,
finansebis da kulturis mzardi globalizaciis meSveobiT, ris Sedegadac
saxelmwifoebma kontroli dakarges sakuTar sve-bedze. amas daemata isic,
rom saxelmwifoTa suverenoba regionuli politikuri federaciebis da
aliansebis cvalebadi modelebis gamoyenebam Selaxa. subnacionalur doneze,
saxelmwifo iseTi winaaRmdegobis pirispir aRmoCnda, rogoricaa sxvadasxva
– regionul, enobriv, religiur, eTnikur, genderul da cxovrebis stilis
safuZvelze Seqmnili solidaruli dajgufebebis aRorZineba da ayvaveba,
aseve, damabneveli raodenobis uCveulo sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis
aRmoceneba, romlebic sakuTari solidarobis generirebas axdenen. yovelive
es metoqeobas uwevs saxelmwifos, adamianebis loialurobis, zogjer ki
saxelmwifos teritoriaze iurisdiqciis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT.
mokled, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoze, rogorc zevidan, ise qvevidan zewolas
axorcieleben sadavo saxelmwifo sazRvrebi da cvalebadi solidarobebi.1
(5)

globalizacia marTlac is socialuri konstruqciaa, romelic

rogorc duglas kelneri (1997) miiCnevs, kritikuli Teoriis poziciidan
kritikul gansjas saWiroebs. kelners miaCnia, rom globalizaciis
koncefcia gvxvdeba yvelgan da mas Sedegad moyveba yvelaferi, dawyebuli
msoflios vetsernizaciiT da damTavrebuli kapitalizmis gabatonebiT.
zogi globalizacias sazogadoebebis homogenurobis zrdis procesad
aRiqvams, sxvani _ kulturaTa hibridizaciis da mravalferovnebis zrdis
procesad. mavanTa azriT, globalizacia multinacionaluri korporaciebisa
da saxelmwifoebis mier Zalauflebis gamoyenebis evoluciur procesia,
meoreni mas garemos dacviTi saqmianobis, demokratizaciis da humanizaciis
sayrdenad miiCneven. adamianTa erTi nawilis azriT globalizaciis
koncefcia axali fandia, romlis mizani imperializmisa da modernizaciis
efeqtebis miCqmalvaa. sxvani amtkiceben, rom modernizacia dasabams aZlevs

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axal “globalur eras”, romelic gansxvavdeba “Tanamedrove epoqisagan”.
metic, zogierTi Teoretikosi asabuTebs, rom globalizacia kacobriobis
istoriaSi axali epoqis ganmsazRvrel koncefciaa, vinc am mosazrebas ar
eTanxmeba miiCnevs, rom globalizaciis mniSvneloba da misi e.w.
“uaxlesoba” gadaWarbebuladaa Sefasebuli (kelneri, 1997:2). kelneri
brZnulad askvnis, rom globalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli yvela
zemoT xsenebuli mosazreba realobas Seesabameba da mraval SemTxvevaSi,
globalizaciis diskursi SeiZleba Tanamedrove da postmodernistuli
Teoriebis meSveobiT Camoyalibdes; faqtobrivad, kelners (1997) miaCnia, rom
Cven vimyofebiT `asakSi Sesuli Tanamedrove epoqidan aRmocenebad
postmodernistul epoqaze gardamaval periodSi” (3).

kelneris analizSi metad mniSvnelovania is, rom man Zalian kargad

gadmosca epoqis suli, socialuri Teoriis TvalsazrisiT: globalizacia
ver iqneba gaanalizebuli mxolod diskretuli polaruli
dapirispirebulobis kuTxiT. is ganxiluli unda iqnas rogorc gardamavali
mdgomaroeba or istoriul epoqas Soris. is rTuli, mravalganzomilebiani
fenomenia, “romelic moicavs sxvadasxva dones, moZraobas, daZabulobas da
konfliqtebs imdenad, rom transdisciplinurma socialurma Teoriam
aucileblad unda asaxos misi konturebi, dinamika, traeqtoriebi,
problemebi da SesaZlo momavali” (kelneri, 1997:4).

kelneri skeptikurad uyurebs im mosazrebas, rom istoriuli epoqebi

mkacrad gansazRvruli qronologiis dacviT iqmneba da mTavrdeba, mas
miaCnia, rom Tanamedrove epoqa bevri ramiT hgavs renesansis epoqas,
romelic or istoriul eras Soris gardamaval periods warmoadgenda.
faqtobrivad, kelneri (1997), misi codnis miuxedavad, miuxedavad imisa, rom
igi keTilganwyobilia postmodernizmis mimarT da afasebs mas, rogorc
ufro mets, vidre ubralod istoriul axirebas, ar miiCnevs, rom
globalizacia sruliad mkafio “postmodernistuli” mdgomareobis mimarT
gamoxatuli sapasuxo reaqciaa, vinaidan “warmoebis kapitalisturi
urTierTobebi jer kidev axdenen sazogadoebrivi formaciebis didi nawilis
struqturirebas da kapitalis hegemonia kvlav rCeba sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis ganzomilebebis udidesi nawilis maorganizebel Zalad” (31).

kritikuli modernizmis perspeqtividan _ anu im TvalTaxedvidan,

romlis Tanaxmadac klasi, rasa da sqesi dominirebis gansxvavebuli da
damoukidebeli formebia, romlebsac, miuxedavad am gansxvavebulobisa,
mainc aqvT sistematiuri urTierTqmedeba _ romelic, Tavis mxriv,
aucileblad unda iqnes Seswavlili disciplinaTaSorisi kuTxiT (morou
da toresi, 1995) – axla kapitalizmis globalizaciis da msoflio

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masStabiT mimdinare ekonomikuri restruqturizebis analizze
gadavinacvleb.

Okapitalizmis globalizacia da ekonomikis restruqturizacia

rodesac qonebis dagrovebas aRar eqneba esoden mniSvnelovani socialuri

datvirTva, didi cvlilebebi ganxorcieldeba zneobriv kodeqsSi. maSin, Cven
SevZlebT gavTavisufldeT im fsevdo-zneobrivi principebisgan, romlebic
gvtanjavda ori aseuli wlis ganmavlobaSi da romelTa meSveobiTac
ganvadideT adamianis yvelaze sazizRari Tvisebebi da isini saTnoebamde
aRvazeveT . . . magram frTxilad! yovelive amis dro jer ar damdgara. sul
mcire kidev asi weli Cven iZulebuli viqnebiT sakuTari Tavis da sxvebis
winaSe viTvalTmaqcoT TiTqosda samarTliani aris usamarTlo, xolo
upatiosno _ patiosani; vinaidan upatiosneba gamosadegi ramaa, patiosneba ki
- ara. garkveuli periodis manZilze, jer kidev Tayvani unda vceT siZunwes,
mevaxSeobas da sifrTxiles, ramdenadac mxolod maTi meSveobiT SevZlebT
ekonomikuri aucileblobis gvirabidan dRis sinaTleze gamosvlas.

-------jon meinard keinsi, “ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi Cveni

SviliSvilebisaTvis”

Eekonomikuri globalizacia aris msoflio masStabiT mimdinare

ekonomikuri restruqturizebis Sedegi, romelic ekonomikis, mecnierebis,
teqnologiis da kulturis globalizacias, aseve, Sromis saerTaSoriso
danawilebis absolutur transformacias moicavs (harvei, 1989). Sromis
saerTaSoriso danawilebis transformaciasTan erTad, xdeba erebs,
saxelmwifoebs da erovnul da regionalur ekonomikebs Soris ekonomikuri
integrirebis gardaqmna. didwilad, aseTi tipis globalizacia aris
komunikaciebsa da kompiuterul teqnologiebSi ganxorcielebuli im
cvlilebebis rezultati, romlebic xels uwyoben Sromis mwarmoeblurobis
zrdas, anacvleben Sromas kapitaliT da ganapirobeben maRali
mwarmoeblurobis axali mimarTulebebis danergvas (mag. programuli
uzrunvelyofis Seqmnis teqnologia da kompiuterebi, rac daexmara
multimilioner bil geitss da kompania Microsoft-s msoflio bazris
dapyrobaSi). es cvlilebebi xelaxla gansazRvraven erebs Soris
urTierTobebs da Tavis TavSi gulisxmoben kapitalis mobilurobas,
saerTaSoriso gacvlis da im moklevadiani, maRali riskis matarebeli
finansuri instrumentebis meSveobiT, romelTac zogma kritikosma “kazinos
ekonomika” uwoda da romlebsac valutiT movaWre spekulantebi marTaven
(barneti da kavanahi, 1996b). saerTaSoriso doneze xdeba kapitalisa da

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warmoebis usazRvro koncentracia da centralizacia (qernoi da sxvebi.,
1993).

globalizaciis procesma Tanamedrove kapitalizmSi samuSao Zalaze

moaxdina zegavlena. marTlac, Sromis bazrebi ar aris homogenuri da
segmentebad aris dayofili. Sromis bazrebis segmentacia gulisxmobs imas,
rom arsebobs sul mcire, oTxi saxis bazari: pirveli, romelic Cveulebriv
transnacionaluria, pasuxobs monopoliuri kapitalizmis moTxovnebs; meore,
romelic pasuxobs konkurenciuli kapitalizmis moTxovnebs, warmoadgens
meorad Sromis bazars da ufro saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sida bazarze
mimocvlazea orientirebuli; mesame, saxelmwifo seqtori erT-erTia im
mcirericxovani Sromis bazrebidan, romelic SedarebiT daculia
saerTaSoriso konkurenciisagan – Tumca, neoliberalizmis gabatonebis da
“didi mTavrobis” neokonservatiuli kritikis kvaldakval, saxelmwifo
seqtorSi dasaqmebaze privatizebis procesma iqonia gavlena. Sedegad,
aRniSnuli tipis dasaqmeba sul ufro mcirdeba. dabolos, swrafad mzardi
marginaluri Sromis bazari, romelic moicavs yvelafers dawyebuli
aralegaluri garigebebidan (rogoricaa narkogadazidvebi) damTavrebuli
TviT-dasaqmebiT, ojaxSi saqmianobiT, ojaxuri biznesiT, mcire zomis
naturaluri warmoebiT, da uamravi sxva ekonomikuri aqtivobiT, rasac
marginalur, aralegalur an araformalur Sromas uwodeben. sakmaod
sainteresoa, rom es marginaluri Sromis bazari Tavadac segmentebad aris
dayofili. amasTan, zogi seqtori aSkarad mibmulia globalizaciaze
(rogoricaa narkogadazidvebi an bavSvTa pornografia, rogorc industria),
danarCenebi ki mkveTrad lokaluria TavianTi fesvebis, saqmianobis da
ekonomikuri Sefasebebis TvalsazrisiT (rogoricaa, magaliTad quCis
movaWreebi).

Aam ukiduresad globalizebuli kapitalizmis mTavar maxasiaTebels,

ramac didi gavlena iqonia Sromis bazrebze, warmoadgens warmoebis
faqtorebis mTeli msoflios masStabiT gabneva. metic, zRvruli mogebis
ganakveTebi izrdeba erT sul mosaxleze (romlis zrdis procenti zogierT
mowinave kapitalistur qveyanaSi maRlasvlas ganagrZobs) mwarmoeblurobis
uwyveti zrdis da danaxarjebis Semcirebis (iseTi gzebiT, rogoricaa
samuSaodan droebiT daTxovna, warmoebis intensifikacia, ZviradRirebuli
samuSao Zalis Canacvleba SedarebiT iafi samuSao ZaliT, an Sromis
Canacvleba kapitaliT) gamo. Sromis bazrebis mzard segmentaciasTan erTad,
rodesac pirveladi bazrebi sTavazoben met Semosavals, stabilurobas da
damatebiT SeRavaTebs, xdeba saaTobrivi anazRaurebis Canacvleba sanardo
anazRaurebiT. es ki mkafiod mijnavs erTmaneTisgan nominalur da realur
xelfass, agreTve xelfassa da socialur xelfass, arapirdapiri sesxebis
da saxelmwifos mxridan ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis saSualebiT. amave
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dros, aRniSnuli transformaciebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom ufasureba muSaTa
klasis roli da mcirdeba organizebuli Sromis gavlena ekonomikaSi
politikuri gadawyvetilebebis SeTanxmebis da socialuri paqtis
warmoqmnis TvalsazrisiT.

ukanaskneli sami Tu oTxi dekadis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli

grZelvadiani tendenciis kvaldakval, momsaxurebis dargebi zrdas
ganagrZoben da Tavisi mniSvnelobiT win uswreben kidec pirvelxarisxovan
da warmoebasTan dakavSirebul dargebs mTlian erovnul produqtSi. iseT
Sromatevad sferoSic ki, rogoricaa momsaxurebis industria, saxezea
mkafio niSnebi imisa, rom teqnologia anacvlebs “Suamavlebs”. es aSkarad
Cans mogzaurobis biuroTa agentebisa da uZravi qonebis agentebis
magaliTze, romelTa saqmianobac kargavs aqtualobas Sesabamis ekonomikur
bazrebze.

aRniSnuli cvlilebebi Sromisa da kapitalis globalur

SemadgenlobaSi mimdinareobs im dros, rodesac adgili aqvs samuSao Zalis
siWarbes da rodesac Sromasa da kapitals Soris konfliqti Tavis
simwvaves kargavs. StatgareSe muSakebis raodenobis zrda aseve
dakavSirebulia saerTaSoriso konkurenciis zrdasTan da muSaTa klasisa
da profkavSirebis Rrma rwmenasTan imis Taobaze, rom yovelTvis ar aris
SesaZlebeli kompaniebze zewolis ganxorcieleba, ufro didi raodenobis
da ukeTesi xarisxis socialuri daxmarebis an xelfasebis miRebis mizniT.
Aamis mizezia samuSao Zalis siWarbe da imis codna, rom transnacionalur
da konkurentul garemoSi, kompaniebis klebad zRvrul mogebas Sedegad
mohyva mosamsaxureTa samuSaodan ganTavisufleba da kapitalis
forsirebuli migracia mowinave kapitalisturi qveynebis regionuli
bazrebidan iseT qveynebSi, sadac maRalkvalificiuri da imavdroulad
dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao Zala xelmisawvdomia. saSiSroeba, romelic
ukavSirdeboda Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebebs, rogoricaa Crdilo-
amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba an vaWrobis msoflio
organizaciis mier SemoTavazebuli axali RonisZiebebi im SezRudvebSi
aisaxa, romelelic proteqcionistuli politikis TvalsazrisiT SemoiRes.
yvelasaTvis cnobili magaliTebia _ kvalificiuri inJinrebi da
kompiuteris specialistebi indoeTidan, romlebsac SehyavT saxelfaso
informacia Crdilo-amerikuli kompaniebis monacemTa bazaSi da amisTvis
amerikeli sakancelario muSakebis Sromis sazRauris mxolod mcire nawils
iReben; masobrivi warmoeba CineTSi, sadac momuSaveebs mizerul Tanxebs
uxdian, da zogjer iZulebiTac ki amuSaveben; axalgazrda indonezieli
gogonebi, romlebic CogburTis fexsacmelebs awarmoeben da romelTa
gamomuSaveba saaTSi aT cents Seadgens.

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 mogebis ganakveTebis klebasTan SeWidebis mizniT, transnacionaluri
kapitalizmi cdilobs miaRwios met mwarmoeblurobas erT sul mosaxleze,
an warmoebis realuri xarjebis Semcirebas, aseve, warmoebebis gadatanas
Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebSi, sadac: iafi da maRalkvalificiuri
muSaxeli xelmisawvdomia; SezRudulia profkavSirebis roli; arsebobs
iafi, advilad xelmiswvdomi da efeqturi bunebrivi resursebi; saxezea
keTilsasurveli politikuri situacia; ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura da
saxelmwifo resursebi; arsebobs didi bazrebi da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi
(Fortune, 1992).

es axali globaluri ekonomika Zalze gansxvavdeba adreuli tipis

saxelmwifo ekonomikisgan. adre, saxelmwifo ekonomika efuZneboda
standartul masobriv warmoebas, rodesac ramdenime menejeri zevidan
akontrolebda sawarmoo process, xolo uamravi muSa maT miTiTebebs
asrulebda. es masobrivi warmoebis ekonomika stabiluri iyo imdenad,
ramdenad swrafadac SeZlebda warmoebis xarjebis Semcirebas (Sromis
fasis CaTvliT), miaxerxebda warmoebis gadaiaraRebas da SeinarCunebda
konkurentulobas saerTaSoriso doneze. komunikaciebis sferoSi da
satransporto teqnologiebSi miRweuli progresis da momsaxurebis
dargebis ganviTarebis wyalobiT, warmoeba danawevrebuli aRmoCnda mTeli
msoflios masStabiT. axali globaluri ekonomika ufro cvalebadi da
elastiuria, mas obobis qselis msgavsad, Zalauflebis xazebisa da
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis meqanizmebis mravalferovneba da
mravalganzomilebianoba axasiaTebs. amiT igi gansxvavdeba Zalauflebis
statikuri, piramiduli organizebisgan, rac tradiciul kapitalistur
sistemas axasiaTebda (prJevorski, 1991; ome, 1990; riCi, 1991; Turou, 1992;
manderi da goldsmiTi, 1996).

aRniSnuli cvlilebebi kapitalizmis globalizebis TvalsazrisiT,

seriozul zegavlenas axdens kulturasa da ganaTlebaze. kelneri (1997)
Rrmad swvdeba sakiTxis arss, rodesac ambobs, rom “dRes kultura
gansakuTrebulad rTuli da sadao miwaa, radgan globaluri kultura
aRwevs adgilobriv kulturaSi da warmoiqmneba axali konfiguraciebi,
romlebic ori ukiduresobis sinTezs axdenen, es Tavis mxriv warmoqmnis
kolonizaciisa da winaaRmdegobis urTierTdapirispirebul Zalebs,
globalur homogenizacias da adgilobriv hibridul formebsa da
identobebs” (11).

maSin rodesac Zvel kapitalistur wyobaSi saxelmwifo ganaTlebis

sistema ZiriTadad disciplinirebuli da saimedo samuSao Zalis warmoebaze
iyo orientirebuli – da marTlac, skolis garemoSi xSirad iCens Tavs
winaaRmdegoba sistemuri reproducirebis mimarT da Cndeba politikuri

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radikaluri alternativebi _ axal globalur ekonomikas iseTi muSakebi
esaWiroeba, romlebic advilad iTviseben siaxleebs da SeZleben gundur
muSaobas droSi gamocdili meTodebis da SemoqmedebiTi midgomis
gamoyenebiT (vilmsi, 1996). globalur ekonomikaSi yvelaze produqtiuli is
muSakebi arian, romlebsac robert reiCi (1991) simbolur analitikosebs
uwodebs. swored isini Seadgenen momavalSi samuSao Zalis yvelaze
produqtiul da dinamiur segments.

Sromis bazrebis segmentaciasTan erTad, globalizacias Sedegad

mohyveba srul ganakveTze momuSaveTa Canacvleba arasrul ganakveTze
momuSaveebiT (rasac Tan sdevs samuSao Zalis Rirebulebis Semcireba
damsaqmeblis mier jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis
mimarTulebebiT gaRebuli xarjebis SezRudvis gamo), Sromis bazrebze
qalTa CarTulobis zrda, realuri xelfasis ganuxreli kleba da mzardi
Sualedi, romelic aSorebs Statian (fiqsirebuli xelfasis mqone) muSakebs
sazogadoebis dominanturi seqtorebisgan da im sanaRdo anazRaurebaze
myofi fenisgan, romelic saarsebo minimums gamoimuSavebs. analogiuri
saerTaSoriso fenomeni SeiniSneba im mzardi socialuri da ekonomikuri
napralis TvalsazrisiT, romelic arsebobs ganviTarebad qveynebsa da
mowinave kapitalistur saxelmwifoebs Soris.

amdenad, globalizacias mosdevs seriozuli Sedegebi rogorc

ekonomikuri mimocvlis doneze, aseve mTels msoflioSi socialuri
wesrigis simboluri mowyobis TvalsazrisiT. momdevno nawilSi ganvixilavT
sad gadaikveTebian struqturuli da simboluri cvlilebebi
globalizaciis procesSi.

globalizacia da moqalaqeoba: suvereniteti, bazrebi da

adamianis uflebebi

moralistebi da Teologebi didi xania asabuTeben, rom CvenSi xdeba

faseulobebis aRreva, vayenebT ra moxveWas sulier faseulobebze maRla. es
mosazreba didad ar Secvlila ukanakneli sami Tu oTxi saukunis manZilze,
vinaidan is ar Seesabameboda individis da saxelmwifo Zalauflebis Ziebis
process, risTvisac mowodebulia bazarze orientirebuli sazogadoebebi.
magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamarTlda Cemi varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom
saxelmwifo Zalaufleba amieridan damokidebuli iqneba zneobriv
upiratesobaze da zneobriv amaRlebulobaze, maSin erTmaneTs daemTxveva
zneobis da Zalauflebis moTxovnebi. saxelmwifo Zalauflebis mopovebisken
mimarTuli gza adamianTa Tanaswori uflebebis cnobaze da mxardaWeraze
gaivlis.

- s. b. makfersoni, demokratiis realuri samyaro

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 im cvlilebebma, romlebic ganxorcielda warmoebis pirobebSi da
iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa politika, sainformacio teqnologiebi,
momxmarebelTa preferenciebi, agreTve, kapitalis dinebebma mTels
ekonomikaSi, da rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, kulturis sferos
politikaSi mTeli msoflios masStabiT, moqalaqeobis cnebas Teoriuli da
praqtikuli xasiaTis sirTuleebi Seuqmna. es, faqtobrivad, navaraudevi iyo
politikuri filosofiis tradiciebiT. aq minda ganvixilo is kavSirebi,
romlebic arsebobs globalizacias, msoflio bazrebTan da Tavisufal
vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul aqtualur problemebs da im meqanizms Soris,
riTac sabazro konkurencia neoliberalizmis konteqstSi moqalaqeobis
cnebaze, da aseve _ globaluri masStabiT, demokratiaze, axdens
gavlenas.

analogiurad, Tumc adamianTa universaluri uflebebis metad

gansxvavebuli politikur-ideologiuri Tvalsawieridan, minda
SemogTavazoT im SezRudvebis meToduri Sefaseba, romelic moqalaqeobis
TvalsazrisiT, mzardi informirebulobis, diskursis globalizaciis da
adamianTa universaluri uflebebis institutebis gamo arsebobs. es ori,
paradoqsalurad msgavsi argumenti, romelic erTmaneTis Seusabamo
(winaaRmdegobrivic ki) politikur filosofiuri xedvidan ikveTeba, xazs
usvams im sirTuleebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia globalizaciasTan da
kulturuli xasiaTis datvirTvasTan, rac globalizacias moqalaqeobis
TvalsazrisiT gaaCnia.

moqalaqeebi da bazrebi

eri-saxelmwifoebi arian politikuri organizmebi, da maT ekonomikur

sisxlZarRvebSi mudmivad xdeba qolesterinis donis zrda. droTa
ganmavlobaSi, arteriebis kedlebi sqeldeba, da organizmi kargavs
sicocxlisunarianobas.
keniCi ome, eri-saxelmwifos aRsasruli

keniCi omes (1995), yvelaze pativcemul iaponel strategs biznesis

dargSi, Tavis ukanasknel naSromSi, eri-saxelmwifos aRsasruli,
wamoyenebuli aqvs Tezisi, romlis Tanaxmadac, eri-saxelmwifo
ekonomikurad sklerotulia da miuxedavad imisa, rom rCeba moTamaSed
msoflio sistemaSi, dakarguli aqvs unari akontrolos sakuTari erovnuli
ekonomika, gansakuTrebiT gacvliTi kursi, da daicvas sakuTari qveynis
valuta. metic, er-saxelmwifos aRar Seswevs Zala awarmoos realuri
ekonomikuri aqtivobebi da dakarguli aqvs gavleniani monawilis funqcia
globalur ekonomikaSi. samagierod, oTxi I, (anu, investicia, industria,
112
sainformacio teqnologiebi, da individualuri momxmareblebi), rogorc ome
miuTiTebs, warmoadgens globaluri ekonomikis eqspansiisa da operirebis
mamoZravebel Zalas da swored maT xelSia moqceuli ekonomikuri
Zalaufleba, romelsac erT dros eri-saxelmwifo flobda.2 am ekonomikuri
procesis Sedegi aris regionuli saxelmwifos aRmoceneba. martivad igi
gansazRvrulia, rogorc teritoria, romelic xSirad sazRvrebs miRma
mcxovreb sazogadoebebs (sociumebs) aerTianebs. xolo, sazogadoebebma
Seqmnes regionuli ekonomikuri centri, romlis mosaxleoba ramodenime
milionidan 20 milionamde meryeobs (ome, 1995:143).

amgvarad, er-saxelmwifos dakarguli aqvs unari, gaumklavdes sakuTar

ekonomikur dinamikas da politikur daZabulobas, vinaidan, rogorc ome
(1995) amtkicebs:

iwvnia ra dartyma industriis dinamikaSi, xelmisawvdom informaciaSi,

momxmarebelTa preferenciebSi da kapitalis moZraobaSi momxdari
moulodneli cvlilebebis saxiT; daawva ra tvirTad saxelmwifo
interesebis saxeliT wamoyenebuli samoqalaqo minimumis da dausrulebeli
subsidiebis moTxovnebi; aRmoCnda ra xelfexSekruli im politikuri
sistemebis mier, romlebic yvelaze nakleb-reagirebadi aRmoCnda axali
gamowvevebis mimarT, [erma-saxelmwifoebma] dakarges TavianTi Zlierebis
datvirTva da aRar arian aRqmuli rogorc seriozuli, diskretuli
erTeulebi ekonomikuri aqtivobis ganaxlebul rukaze. (79)

ome miiCnevs, rom eri-saxelmwifo gaxda ufunqcio elementi

ekonomikuri organizaciis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc industriuli istoriis
adreuli fazis warmonaqmns, mas ara aqvs saTanado stimuli, saimedooba,
instrumentebi, kanoniereba da politikuri nebac ki imisTvis, rom
centraluri roli Seasrulos Tanamedrove, sazRvrebmoSlil ekonomikaSi,
ekonomikuri aqtivobis realuri dinebebis TvalsazrisiT: “ramdenadac,
WeSmaritad globaluri kapitalis bazrebis funqcionireba aferxebs im
SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas, romelTa meSveobiT eri-saxelmwifoebi
axorcieleben gacvliTi kursis kontrols da amasTanave icaven TavianT
valutas, isini gardauvlad mgrZnobiareni aRmoCnden im wesebis mimarT,
romelic maT sadRac sxvagan myofi adamianebisa da institutebis
ekonomikurma arCevanma moaxvia. er-saxelmwifoebs ar ZaluZT praqtikuli
kontrolis ganxorcieleba am adamianebis da institutebis mimarT” (ome,
1995:12).

es cvlilebebi, romelic globalizaciis procesma er-saxelmwifoebs

Tavs moaxvia, ”axali disciplinis” Sedegia, daweren nekrologs imaze, rasac
ome didi xnis win gadaSenebul azrovnebad miiCnevs – es aris liberalizmi
113
da, faqtobrivad, liberaluri demokratia. omes azriT, sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi liberaluri idealis mTavari principi filosofiuri poziciaa,
romelic miznad ganaTlebaSi eqstensiuri investirebis mdgradobas,
pasuxismgebeli individebis moqmedebis xelSewyobas da kulturuli
mravalferovnebis stimulirebas isaxavs. liberalizmi xels Seuwyobs am
wyvil mizans, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac erT-erTi maTgani SesaZloa
daupirispirdes volonté générale-s an sazogadoebriv keTildReobas zustad im
formiT, ra formiTacaa dRes es sazogadoebrivi keTildReoba
warmodgenili (ome, 1995:75).

marTlac, rogorc ome amtkicebs, imisaTvis rom liberalizmma

imuSaos, aucilebelia urTierTpativiscema, raTa arCevnis, cxovrebis
stilis, an momxmarebelTa preferenciebis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli
ganxvavebebi ar iyos interpretirebuli rogorc socialuri wesrigis an
konkretuli individualuri interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gamowveva.
garda amisa, liberalur SexedulebaTa sistemis SenarCunebis mizniT,
aucilebelia moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTndobis arseboba, es saWiroa
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifos qmedeba axsnili iqnes rogorc gardauvali,
socialuri paqti da ara rogorc raime Tavsmoxveuli fandi an kaprizi.
mesame piroba aris gamWvirvaleba saxelmwifos qmedebebSi da informaciis
Seqmnisa da gavrcelebis unarSi. es gulisxmobs imas, rom sazogadoebis
yvela wevri darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom farTo diskusiebis Sedegad
miRweuli gadawyvetilebebi samarTliania, gindac ar moswondeT es
gadawyvetilebebi, an ver xedavdnen maTSi raime sargebels.

ome miiCnevs, rom arc individebis da arc xelisuflebis moqmedebis

stili, liberaluri demokratiis pirobebSi, am sam kriteriums ar pasuxobs.
sadReisod, kapitalistur demokratiul sazogadoebebSi ar arsebobs
samoqalaqo monawileoba, aramed arsebobs amomrCevelTa CarTulobis
dabali maCvenebeli; saxezea ara gazrdili solidaroba, aramed
gamZafrebuli konkurencia individebs Soris, romlebsac mxolod sakuTari
interesebi amoZravebT; saxelisuflo informacia gaxda bundovani da ara
gamWvirvale, omes (1995, 75-76) ganmartebiT, es, gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesis TvalsazrisiT, “rkinis samkuTxedis” warmoqmnas ganapirobebs,
romelSic kanonmdeblebi, biurokratebi da specialuri interesebis mqone
jgufebi procesis mimdinareobas akontroleben. amgvarad, omes azriT,
saxelmwifo nostalgiuri gamonagonia, vinaidan SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo
Tu kerZo sawarmoebis menejerebi kvlavac gancalkevebul saxelmwifo
erTeulebis nawilad ganixilebodnen. metic, SeuZlebelia saqonlis da
momsaxurebis warmoeba advilad mivakuTvnoT konkretuli saxelmwifos
iarliys.

114
 amdenad, mzardi moTxovna dabalfasian saqonelze gadawonis
erovnuli warmoebis produqtze tradiciul arCevans. es axali kultura
Canergilia internacionaluri kulturuli gemovnebis axal formaSi,
romelsac ome gansazRvravs rogorc gemovnebis `kaliforniazacias”.
rogorc Cans, es gansakuTrebiT relevanturia “TineijerebTan” mimarTebiT,
romlebic amJRavneben arsebiT daaxloebas (konvergencias) msoflioSi
gavrcelebul gemovnebasTan (mag., repis musikaluri stilis, Levi’s-is
jinsebis, an Nike-is fexsacmelebis farTo gavrceleba). yovelive es aris
samyaros Sesaxeb koncefciebis, mentalitetebis, TviT azrovnebis
procesebis da farTo moxmarebis sagnebis maCvenebeli, rac moZraobaSi
mohyavs multimedias da imavdroulad warmoqmnis mniSvnelovan daSorebas
Taobebs Soris, keZod, ”Nintendo bavSvebis” Taobasa da maT winamormedebs
Soris (ome, 1995:15-16; barneti da kavanahi, 1996a:72-73).

teqnologia centralur rols TamaSobs informaciisa da kulturis

globalizebis procesSi. amas upirveles yovlisa ganapirobebs is, rom
makroekonomikur doneze teqnologiurma siaxleebma SesaZlebeli gaxada
kapitalis gadaadgileba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi, praqtikulad,
yovelgvari SezRudvebis gareSe. amgvarad, kapitalis dineba, rac arnaxulad
gaizarda mTeli msoflios masStabiT, ar saWiroebs saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis Tundac raime formis fizikur moZraobas.3 sakiTxs Tu
ganvavrcobT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom vaWrobis tradiciuli formebi
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis da sazRvrebmoSlili ekonomikis mxolod
umniSvnelo nawilia. menejerebisaTvis SesaZlebeli gaxda swrafi, efeqturi
da interaqtiuri informaciis mopoveba TavianTi momxmareblebis, bazrebis,
produqtebisa da organizaciuli procesebis Sesaxeb, rasac xeli Seuwyo
ara mxolod kapitalma, aramed kompaniebis doneze arsebulma sainformacio
teqnologiebmac. es, Tavis mxriv, menejerebs saSualebas aZlevs, meti
gulisxmierebiT moekidon sakuTar momxmareblebs da ufro Tavisuflad
imoqmedon kompaniis momsaxurebis gafarToebisTvis msoflio masStabiT.
dabolos, bazris doneze, teqnologiurma progresma (da gansakuTrebiT
masmediis xelmiswvdomobam) Secvala is formebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
momxmareblebi iRebdnen informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor cxovroben
sxva xalxebi, ra saxis saqoneli da momsaxureba aris maTTvis
xelmisawvdomi, aseve, rogoria am produqciis SefardebiTi Rirebuleba
msoflios mastabiT. axali sainformacio arxebis arsebobis pirobebSi,
ekonomikuri nacionalizmis tradiciuli cnebebi mxolod umniSvnelo
gavlenas Tu moaxdenen Sesyidvis gadawyvetilebebze (ome, 1995:27-28).

eri-saxelmwifoebi ara mxolod kargaven TavianT prestiJul pozicias

vaWrobis sferoSi, ejaxebian ra pirispir regionuli saxelmwifoebis
aRmocenebas, aramed amas emateba isic, rom, rogorc ome (1995) aRniSnavs,
115
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebas, samoqalaqo minimumis mzardi
moTxovnebis gamo, harmoniulad Tan sdevs politikuri poziciebis
Sesusteba: “am tvirTs emateba, raRa Tqma unda, samoqalaqo minimumis
ganuxrelad mzardi wili, romelsac Txoven mTavrobas
mravalmimarTulebiani socialuri programebis saxiT, rogoricaa
magaliTad, materialuri daxmarebis, umuSevrobis kompensaciis, saxelmwifo
ganaTlebis, asakobrivi pensiebis, janmrTelobis dazRvevis da sxva msgavsi
programebi” (55).

es moTxovna samoqalaqo minimumze im seriozuli Sizofreniis

maCvenebelia, ramac liberaluri demokratiis sazogadoebebi moicva:
moqlaqeebs ar surT aseTi SeRavaTebis Semcireba, magram maT aseve ar surT
am SeRavaTebis sazRauris gadaxda. omes (1995:46) miaCnia, rom arsebobs sami
gza, romelic SeuZlia gamoiyenos erma-saxelmwifom im mizniT, rom
reagireba moaxdinos sazogadoebriv ukmayofilebaze. pirvel gzas
mimarTaven im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo flobs sakmaod mtkice
monopolias informaciaze, problemebi ki ar aris organizebuli xasiaTis.
aseT dros, eri-saxelmwifo SesaZloa Zalis gamoyenebiT aRudges win
Seqmnil saSiSroebebs, an martivad rom vTqvaT, mimarTos Zalis gamoyenebis
muqaras. es ra Tqma unda moklevadiani gamosavalia, romelmac saboloo
jamSi SesaZloa “kanonsawinaaRmdego” reJimebis damxoba gamoiwvios. meore
gza gulisxmobs im SemTxvevas, rodesac saxezea arasruli monopolia
informaciaze, magram saxelmwifos jer kidev Seswevs unari, win aRudges
sazogadoebis mRelvarebas. am dros saxelmwifos SeuZlia gamoiCinos
simtkice xalxis daumorCileblobis da mRelvarebis mimarT. Tumca, im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac monopolia informaciaze ar aris sakmarisad mtkice
da sazogadoebisgan seriozuli zewola modis, er-saxelmwifos SeuZlia
opoziciis “mosyidvis” xerxis gamoyeneba.

ome (1995) miiCnevs, rom ganviTarebuli ekonomikis qveynebSi swored

mesame gzas irCeven. Tumca gamosavali problemaze uaresia, vinaidan

rogorc ki cnobili xdeba, rom isini [saxelmwifoebi] mzad arian mosyidvis

gziT (Tan rac SeiZleba iafad) daakmayofilon mravali mosarCele, romelic
pretenzias acxadebs saxelmwifo resursebze, myisve izrdeba aseTi
pretendentebis ricxvi da elian, maTi rigi rodis dadgeba. kvaldakval
izrdeba saxelmwifo mxardaWeris donec, romelic ganuxrelad unda
akmayofilebdes moTxovnas. amiT mdgomareoba mZimdeba, vinaidan Zlierdeba ra
sazogadoebis molodini aseTi mxardaWeris kanonierebis mimarT,
xelisufalTaTvis rTuldeba dadgenil wesze uaris Tqma, an nebismieris
gamoricxva, ama Tu im politikuri gadawyvetilebis an diskretiuli
Sexedulebis motiviT, garda xelgamowvdil pretendentTa rigebidan yvelaze
marginaluri kategoriebisa. mdgomareoba kvlav mZimea, ramdenadac Tu

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 “mekuTvnis” mentaliteti imdenad Zlierad mkvidrdeba, rom saxelmwifo
resursebze moTxovna xelmisawvdom miwodebas gadaaWarbebs. dainteresebuli
amomrCevlebis reaqcia sulac ar gamoixateba ufro mokrZalebuli poziciis
dakavebaSi, an Tundac daTanxmebaSi, rom sazogadoebis interesebidan
gamomdinare, ufro mcirediTac dakmayofildebian. piriqiT, isini
gaafTrebiT cdiloben konkurenti pretendentebis diskreditacias an raime
sxva gzebiT maTi wilis mitacebas. swored am tipis Sida Sejaxebebi
warmoSobs im “qimiurad aqtiur nivTierebas”, romelic bolos mouRebs eri-
saxelmwifos struqturas. (47)

es “mekuTvnis” mentaliteti eri-saxelmwifos politikur-ekonomikuri

problemebis da samoqalaqo minimumis moWarbebuli moTxovnis Serwymas
ganapirobebs. ra SesaZlo gzebi arsebobs eri-saxelmwifos winaSe mdgari
problemebis dasaZlevad? ome (1995) miiCnevs, rom am kiTxvaze arsebobs
cxadze cxadi pasuxi: warmatebuli regionuli saxelmwifoebis warmoqmna da
sxvadasxva organizaciuli formebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba saerTo
organizaciuli problemebis (adamianTa mdgomareobis produqtis)
gadasaWrelad da aRmosafxvrelad, an nawilobriv mainc dasaZlevad im
organizaciuli gadawyvetilebebiT, romlebic mxedvelobaSi iReben
adamianis bunebas. aq ome mimarTavs populistur SeZaxils, rodesac
amtkicebs, rom ekonomikuri da politikuri problemebi umeteswilad
organizaciuli xasiaTis problemebia, rom isini ideologiis fundamentur
sakiTxs ar warmoadgenen. aqedan gamomdinare, am problemebis mogvareba
SeuZlebelia er-saxelmwifoebze ama Tu im ideologiuri pasuxis Tavze
moxvevis gziT, iqneba es liberaluri demokratia, sabazro ekonomika,
socializmi Tu komunizmi: “mizani, bolos da bolos, aris ara ama Tu im
politikuri isTebliSmentis an Zalauflebis mowyobis dakanoneba, aramed
xalxis, Cveulebrivi adamianebis – Cveni – cxovrebis donis amaRleba
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu sad cxovrobs es xalxi. upirveles yovlisa aris
xalxi da mxolod amis Semdegaa _ sazRvrebi. dadga dro, rom ekonomikurma
politikam mxedvelobaSi miiRos es martivi faqti” (148).

mokled rom vTqvaT, dRevandeli ekonomikis pirobebSi, rodesac ar

arsebobs saxelmwifoTaSorisi sazRvrebi da saxezea investiciebis,
industriis, sainformacio teqnologiebis da individualuri
momxmareblebis sul ufro mzardi cvalebadoba, centralur mTavrobebs
rCebaT erTaderTi arCevani imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicilon ekonomikis
sklerozi da sakuTari qveynebis ekonomikas mdgradi da TviT-ganmtkicebadi
energia daubrunon, Tan riskis qveS ar daayenon sakuTari moqalaqeebis
grZelvadiani perspeqtivebi. es arCevani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom globalur
ekonomikaSi CarTvamde globalur logikas unda movuxmoT. amisaTvis, erma-
saxelmwifoebma sruli qmediTi avtonomia unda miscen regionul

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saxelmwifoebs, romlebic maT sazRvrebSi an am sazRvrebs miRma
aRmocendeba: “erTaderT imedad rCeba Tanamedrove epoqis post-feodaluri,
macentralizebeli tendenciebis mkveTri Secvla da imis daSveba – an
ukeTesi iqneba stimulireba _ rom ekonomikuri qanqara qveynebidan kvlav
regionebisken gadaixaros.” (ome, 1995:142).

1995 wels gamocemul naSromSi eri-saxelmwifos aRsasruli, aseve,

SedarebiT adre gamoqveynebul popularul naSromSi msoflio sazRvrebis
gareSe: Zalaufleba da strategia urTierTdakavSirebul msoflio
ekonomikaSi (1990) Cans, rom ome win wamowevs globaluri moqalaqeobis
ideas, rogorc regionul saxelmwifoebSi momxmareblis da mwarmoeblis
ideas. mokled rom SevajamoT, misi mosazreba efuZneba daSvebas, rom bazari
gansazRvravs, vin miekuTvneba moqalaqeobis samefos da vin darCa sazRvrebs
miRma. faqtobrivad, omes mosazrebiT, korporaciebma, zogma saxelmwifo
institutebma da garkveuli raodenobis moqalaqeebma gamoZebnes iseTi
SesaniSnavi niSebi, rogoric aris mecniereba, teqnologia, kapitali da
Sroma, iqidan ki moxerxebulad ewevian konkurencias saqonlis warmoebisa
da mimocvlis msoflio sistemaSi. es regionuli niSebi, romelTa
kanonierebas ganapirobebs maTi unari, warmatebiT gaswion konkurencia
Tavisufali vaWrobis mier marTul msoflioSi, aseve is faqti, rom isini
resursebisa da unaris (niWis) ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT ukeT
gamoiyurebian (samagaliTodac), faqtobrivad erTaderT produqtiul
rgolebs warmoadgenen, romlebsac TavianT garSemo mTeli sazogadoebrivi
wyobis ageba xelewifebaT, Tavisi filosofiuri, ekonomikuri da
politikuri datvirTviT.

zemoT moyvanili analizidan bunebrivad gamomdinareobs, rom is

koncefciebi, romlebic eri-saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb mecxramete saukuneSi
arsebobda, dRes sruliad moZvelebulia. maT yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe
misces regionul savaWro blokebs ayvavebis SesaZlebloba, ise, rom zog
SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadebic ki ar dauwesebiaT maTTvis. Sesabamisad,
saxelmwifo institutebis, kapitalis, Sromisa da korporaciebis
konkurentuli saqmianoba, globaluri masStabiT, organizebuli
sazogadoebis, ekonomikuri moqalaqeobis erTaderT saR azrs niSnavs _
romelic jabnis politikuri moqalaqeobis nebismieri formis mniSvnelobas
– kulturul-nacionaluri homogenurobis nebismieri formis saRi azris
CaTvliT. es gansakuTrebiT exeba popularul masobriv kulturas, romelic,
rogorc norma ise damkvidrda mTel msoflioSi, aseve, masmedias, romelic
stimuls aZlevs da aregulirebs kidec moxmarebas da faseulobebs
msoflios masStabiT.

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 ome (1995; 1990) miiCnevs, rom namdvilad ar arsebobs imis safuZveli,
rom vibrZoloT moqalaqeobis uflebebis an movaleobebis ama Tu im
ideisaTvis, an davasabuToT is saWiroebebi, romlebic moqalaqis Rirsebebis
TvalsazrisiT arsebobs, vinaidan saxelmwifos didad ar Seswevs “movaWre
saxelmwifoebs” Soris mimocvlis daregulirebis unari, aseve, imis gamo,
rom liberalizmis pirobebSi samoqalaqo minimumis moTxovniT
ganxorcielebulma zewolam katastrofuli Sedegebi moitana. aqedan
gamomdinare, moqalaqeobis idea, bazris mxardaWeris (sponsorobis) gareSe
uazroa.

moqalaqeebi, saxelmwifo suvereniteti da adamianTa

universaluri uflebebi

yofierebis pirveli mdgomareoba aris saxelmwifos Zalaufleba, meore ki

resursebi, romliTac is qonebis dagrovebas SeZlebs. saxelmwifo
xelisufleba, martivad rom vTqvaT, sulieri substanciaa, iseve rogorc
yvelafris miRwevadoba, absoluturad srulyofili faqti, romelSic
individebi maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli bunebis gamoxatulebas pouloben da
sadac maTi konkretuli arseboba, ubralod da mxolod, sakuTari
universalurobis gacnobierebaa.
--hegeli, gonis fenomenologia

zustad sapirispiro politikur-filosofiuri mosazrebis Tanaxmad,

maSin rodesac moqalaqeobis sazRvrebi, rogorc ome aRwers, SeiZleba
gansaxierebul iqnes mowinave industriuli qveynebis gamocdilebaSi. am
sazRvrebis realuri safuZveli aris ara mxolod, an eqskluziurad,
ekonomikuri garemoebebi, aramed adamianTa uflebebis dominireba, rac
ayalibebs moqalaqeobis axal da ufro universalur koncefcias. adamianTa
uflebebTan dakavSirebuli moZraoba iSva omisSemdgom epoqaSi, da is,
rogorc magaliTi, naTladaa warmodgenili adamianTa uflebebis
politikur kursSi, romelic evropis qveynebSi “ucxoeli muSebis” (droebiT
momuSave imigrantebis) mimarT SeimuSaves. swored adamianTa universaluri
uflebebis dominireba, da ara mxolod gabatonebuli sabazro wesebi udevs
safuZvlad moqalaqeobis axal moTxovnebs, da aseve moqalaqeobis sazRvrebs
eri-saxelmwifoebis farglebSi.4

adamianTa uflebebis cnebis universaluri ganvrcobis meSveobiT, im

individebisaTvis, romlebic saxelmwifo moqalaqeobis statusis gareSe
aRmoCndnen, xelmisawvdomi xdeba piradi uflebebi. adamianTa uflebebi
gvevlineba rogorc axali normatiuli sistema da axali transnacionaluri
diskursi da struqtura, romelic ara mxolod ganadidebs, aramed xels
uwyobs adamianTa uflebebs, rogorc saerTaSoriso donis saorganizacio

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princips. amgvarad, universaluri individualobis gabatoneba erovnul
statusze Zirs uTxris moqalaqeobis nacionalur safuZvels. nuhoglu
soisali (1994)) eWvqveS ayenebs popularul koncefcias, romelic Rrmad aris
gamjdari politikuri filosofiis tradiciaSi da gulisxmobs imas, rom
organizebul TanamegobrobaSi gawevrianebisTvis, saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba
imperativia. igi acxadebs, rom

wevrobis uflebebis sistemaSi Sesvla aucilebeli ar aris iTxovdes

nacionalur erTobaSi inkorporacias . . . [evropaSi] “ucxoeli muSebis”
gamocdileba mowmobs imas, rom meoce saukuneSi, emigraciis ori fazis
manZilze moxda globaluri diskursisa da moqalaqeobis modelebis Secvla.
nacionaluri moqalaqeobis modeli, romelic kulturuli kuTvnilebis
teritorializebul cnebebs emyareba, gabatonebuli iyo saukunis dasawyisSi,
masobrivi migraciis periodSi. maSin elodnen, rom imigrantebi nacionalur
moqalaqeebad Camoyalibdebodnen. “ucxoeli muSebis” axlo warsulis
gamocdileba asaxavs im dros, rodesac nacionaluri moqalaqeoba kargavs
niadags da icvleba wevrobis ufro universaluri modeliT, romelic
emyareba piradi uflebebis deteritorializebul cnebebs. (3)

nuhoglu soisali (1994) aRwers axal models, romelSic uflebebi

institucionalizebulia individualobis, rogorc postnacionaluri
moqalaqeobis safuZvelze: “postnacionaluri moqalaqeoba TiToeul
pirovnebas saxelmwifos sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da saxelisuflo
sruqturebSi monawileobis uflebasa da movaleobas aniWebs, ganurCevlad
imisa, Tu ra istoriuli an kulturuli kavSirebi gaaCnia am pirovnebas
konkretul sazogadoebasTan”(3). misi analizi efuZneba ara mxolod
gulwrfel aRiarebas imisa, rom adamianis uflebebi winaswargansazRvruli
normatiuli sistemaa, romelic Caanacvlebs nacionalur, regionul, Tu
adgilobriv kulturebs (da rogorc aseTi, identobis politikas), aramed
aseve axal institucionalizmis da im organizaciuli wesebis upiratesobas,
romlebic msoflios axali wesrigis (romelic iTvaliswinebs ganaTlebis
gadamwyvet rols msoflio sistemaSi) konsolidaciis Sedegs warmoadgenen.

institutebis formireba xdeba irgvliv gabatonebuli rutinis,

wesebis, normebis da struqturebis pirobebSi. qcevis garkveuli sazRvrebis
farglebSi maT socialuri moqmedebis transformaciis warmarTva SeuZliaT.
cvlilebebi, romlebic axali institucionalizmis gamo xorcieldeba,
ganviTarebis procesSi ekonomikas (deindustrializacia, eqsportze
orientirebuli modelebi, globalizacia), politikas (saxelmwifos rolis
daknineba kerZo seqtorSi, saxelmwifo investiciebis ukan gawveva,
saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa Semcireba) da ganaTlebas (gazrdili
gadasaxadebi momxmarebelTaTvis, privatizeba, decentralizacia da
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ganaTlebis xarisxTan dakavSirebuli problemebi) Soris arsebul
urTierTobebSi, ganaTlebis rols eWvqveS ayenebs.

savaldebulo swavleba asocirebulia vesternizaciis, modernizaciis,

sazogadoebrivi kontrolis da statusuri jgufebis konkurenciis
procesebTan. adreuli institucionalisturi midgoma, romelic
warmoCenilia j. meieris (1977) da j. bolisa da f. ramiresis (1992) naSromSi,
sxva arsebul mosazrebebTan erTad amtkicebs, rom ganaTlebis ganviTareba
aris ara saSinao (Sida) procesebis Sedegi, aramed ekonomikuri da
socialuri difercirebis, gansakuTrebiT ki, industrializaciis da
urbanizaciis Sedegi. amgvarad, masobrivi swavleba ar Camoyalibebula
rogorc sazogadoebrivi kontrolis (dabal socialur klasebze an
imigrantebze) damkvidrebis an mosaxleobis tradiciuli ganwyobebis
orientaciis Secvlis winaswarganzraxuli mcdelobis Sedegi,Aaramed,
rogorcBboli da ramiresi (1992) asabuTeben, masobrivi swavleba
“warmoadgens mTlianobaSi dasavleTis kulturuli sistemis ganviTarebis
RirSesaniSnav Sedegs” (28). eWvs ar iwvevs, rom politika da adamianTa
universaluri uflebebis diskursi dasavleTis am axaliUkulturuli
sistemis qvakuTxedad gvevlineba.

Ees dasavluri sistema imTaviTve eri-saxelmwifos cnebis da

moqalaqeobis Tanamedrove koncefciis Camoyalibebas moicavs. amas
savaldebulo masobrivi swavlebis wyarod aRiqvamen. is aseve gulisxmobs,
rogorc boli da ramiresi (1992) aRniSnaven, imas, rom swavleba asrulebs
oficialuri warmdgenis rols Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, gvevlineba
rogorc “droSi ganvrcobili kurTxevis rituali, romelic
Camouyalibebel bavSvebs simboluri formiT srulyofil individebad
gardaqmnis, individebad, romlebic uflebamosilni arian monawileoba
miiRon Tanamedrove ekonomikur, politikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi,
da amas Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare akeTebs” (30).

Aam miznebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos, rogorc modernizators,

umTavresi roli akisria. axlo warsulSi, saxelmwifo uunaro
warmonaqmnad gvevlineboda, simboloebTan dakavSirebiTac ki. brus fuleris
(1991:12-24) azriT, saxelmwifo aris SezRuduli instituti, romelic
reagirebas axdens mrvalferovani interesebisa da
urTierTdamokidebulebebis erTobliobaze, da avlens ra sakuTar sisustes,
martiv gamosavals naxulobs da “swavlebis gamafrTxilebel Teorias”
qmnis. saxelmwifo valdebulia moipovos materialuri kapitali da
teqnikuri nou-hau, ramdenadac is ibrZvis legitimaciisaTvis da
organizaciuli efeqtianobisaTvis. es ki misi sicocxlisunarianobisaTvisaa
aucilebeli. amgvarad, saxelmwifos simyife ganviTarebad sazogadoebebSi

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da is Seusabamobebi, romlebsac igi awydeba, aixsneba imiT, rom susti
saxelmwifoebi metoqeobas uweven sxva modernizebad institutebs, magram
ara im garegani da Sida ZalebiT, romlebic TandaTanobiT Zirs uTxrian
saxelmwifos avtonomias, gansakuTrebiT, msoflioSi mimdinare ekonomikuri
globalizaciis fonze. analogiurad, saxelmwifo kargavs marTvis unars
(maT Soris demokratiuli sistemebis marTvis unars) maSin, roca
sazogadoebebs erTmaneTTan Seusabamo signalebs awvdis.

aRniSnul midgomasTan dakavSirebiT aSkara problemebs vawydebiT,

magram axla maTze detalurad ver SevCerdebiT. Tumca, svams ra sakiTxs
wevrobis globaluri paradoqsebis Sesaxeb, nuhoglu soisali (1994) axali
institucionalistebis analizidan gamokveTil zogierT yvelaze Znelad
gadasaWrel sakiTxze miuTiTebs:

omisSemdgom epoqaSi, Tuki imigraciis Sesaxeb diskusiisa da praqtikis erT

aspeqts warmoadgens nacionaluri saxelmwifos daxurva warmoadgens, meore
aspeqti imave saxlmwifos eqspansiaa nacionaluri sazRvris miRma. maSin
rodesac pirveli gulisxmobs sazRvris agebas TavSekavebis RonisZiebebisa
da nacionaluri istoriebis gamoyenebiT, meore Tavis TavSi “sazRvrebis
gadakveTas” moicavs. . . adamianebis mudmiv mimosvlas, wevrobis uflebebis
ganvrcobas ucxo qveynebis moqalaqeebze da ambebs mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb.
am aSkara paradoqsis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tu mxedvelobaSi
miviRebT msoflio donis instituciur sistemebs da procesebs. (6)

aseT SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTTan antagonizmSi modis ori principi,

kerZod, saxelmwifos suvereniteti da adamianTa universaluri uflebebi.
nuhoglu soisali miiCnevs, rom “es ori globaluri principi erTdroulad
axdens eri-saxelmwifos moqmedebis arealis rogorc SezRudvas, ise
gafarToebas” (7-8). es warmoSobs Seusabamobebs uflebebis normatiul da
organizaciul bazebs Soris, agreTve, konstituciur miTiTebebsa da
kanonmdeblobas Soris. warmoiqmneba araTanmimdevrulobac aRniSnuli
kanonebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT im socialur konteqstebSi,
romlebic davis sagans Seadgens. mokled, im davebis konteqstSi, romlebic
mimdinareobs identobis da kulturis politikis sakiTxebze sazogadoebriv
formaciebSi, ver iqneba ugulebelyofili rasizmi da eTnikuri
dapirispireba, genderuli diskriminacia da patriarqati, klasobrivi
eqspluatacia da patrimonializmi, ramdenadac TiToeuli maTgani im
adamianebis yoveldRiur cxovrebis nawilia, romlebic miekuTvnebian
rogorc elitur fenebs, ise socialurad daqvemdebarebul segmentebs.

nuhoglu soisali (1994), romelic upirispirdeba saxelmwifoSi

moqalaqeobis miRebis SesaZleblobis da wevrobis uflebebis gamoyenebis
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Sesaxeb tradiciul mosazrebebs, gadauxvia im mTavari varaudidan, rasac
adreuli institucionalisturi Teoria efuZneba da amtkicebs Semdegs:

saxelmwifo aRar aris avtonomiuri da damoukidebeli organizacia,

romelic Caketilia nacionalobis niSniT gansazRvruli mosaxleobisaTvis.
sanacvlod miviReT konstituciurad urTierTdakavSirebuli saxelmwifoebis
sistema, mravalferovani wevrebiT. [Sesabamisad] . . . individualobis logika
anacvlebs nacionaluri moqalaqeobis logikas, [da] individualurma
uflebebma da movaleobebma, romlebic istoriulad ganTavsebuli iyo er-
saxelmwifoSi, aqtiurad gadainacvles universalistikur sibrtyeSi,
gaarRvies ra konkretuli eri-saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebi. (164-165)

TumcaRa, adamianTa universaluri uflebebis dacvis saxeliT,

sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi mdgomareobis gauaresebis kvalobaze,
Cadenili da mxilebuli iqna mravali boroteba, magaliTad, gamomJRavnda
1991 wels somalSi myofi samSvidobo misiis mier adamianTa uflebebis
darRvevis faqtebi, kerZod, kanadel da italiel jariskacebs brali
daedoT iseTi danaSaulis CadenaSi, rogoricaa somaleli mozardebis
wameba da mkvleloba (foqsi, 1997).

Nnuhoglu soisalis (1994) mier gakeTebuli analizi moqalaqeobis

sazRvrebis Sesaxeb sam doneze axdens gavlenas: pirvelia moqalaqeobis
done, sadac identobis da uflebebis cnebebi daSorebulia erTmaneTisagan;
meore done aris identobis da multikulturalizmis politikis done,
sadac wevrobis warmoqmna saxelmwifoSi ”rTuli struqturis mqonea, masSi
Cawnulia lokaluri, regionuli da globaluri identobebi, da moicavs,
uflebebis, movaleobebis da erTgulebis urTierTgadamkveT sirTuleebs”.
(166); dabolos, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
saerTaSoriso sistemas MmTel msoflioSi demokratiis miRwevis
TvalsazrisiT, nuhoglu soisali gansakuTrebulad akeTebs aqcents imis
aRmocenebaze, rasac SesaZloa vuwodoT kosmopolituri demokratiebi, anu
internacionaluri politikuri sistemebi, romlebic TavianTi
warmomavlobiT da dinamikiT SedarebiT gamoyofilia eri-saxelmwifoebis
kanonmdeblobisgan.

globalizacia da multikulturuli moqalaqeoba:

postmodernizmis Svilebi?

`is rac Sen dRes dagexmara Zala iyo da ara foTlebi.”

“Seni Zala, don xuan?”

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 “mgoni, SegiZlia Tqva, rom es Cemi Zala iyo, Tumca, es mTlad swori ar unda
iyos. Zala aravis ekuTvnis. zogierTebma SeiZleba davagrovoT Zala da
mere pirdapir gadavceT sxvas. Senaxuli Zalis gasaRebi isa, rom mis
gamoyenebas mxolod maSin SeZleb, Tu sxvas daexmarebi Zalis SenaxvaSi.”

---karlos kastaneda, “jadoqroba: samyaros aRwera”

Mmoqalaqeoba yovelTvis asocirdeboda Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifos

mowyobasTan da funqcionirebasTan. mzardi globalizaciis pirobebSi,
sakiTxi mdgomareobs imaSi, xdeba Tu ara eri-saxelmwifos da moqalaqeobis
dauZlureba. paradoqsia, magram aseTi varaudi dakavSirebulia
postmodernistul SexedulebasTan.

postmodernizmi asabuTebs, rom eri-saxelmwifoebi kargaven TavianT

mniSvnelobas im mimdinare procesSi, roca msoflio sul ufro metad
urTierTdamokidebuli xdeba da izrdeba adgilobrivi konfliqtebis
ricxvi. rogorc imanuel uolerSteini amtkicebs, (kapitalisturi) msoflio
sistemis istoria istoriuli gezia aRebuli kulturuli
heterogenurobisaken da ara kulturuli homogenizaciisaken. amdenad, naciis
fragmentacia msoflio sistemaSi mimdinareobs kulturuli diferencirebis
an kulturuli kompleqsurobis, anu globalizaciis tendenciis
paralelurad. globalizacia da regionalizacia erTdroulad
warmoiqmnadi dualuri procesebia. es faqti uyuradRebod ar darCeniaT
postmodernizmis garkveuli ganStoebebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic
gvTavazoben gzas imis gasacnobiereblad, rom eTnikurobasTan da
nacionalizmTan dakavSirebuli problemebis wamoweva da globalizaciis
zrda aris ara erTmaneTTan gardauval winaaRmdegobaSi myofi, aramed
urTierTdakavSirebuli femomenebi.

Hheldi (1995) damajereblad asabuTebs, rom arsebobs axali msoflio

wesrigi, romelic kapitalizmis globalizaciasTanaa asocirebuli.

saerTaSoriso wesrigi, romelic moicavs warmoebisa da mimocvlis

globaluri sistemis kombinacias, rac scildeba nebismieri calke aRebuli
eri-saxelmwifos (Tundac yvelaze Zlieris) kontrolis sazRvrebs;
transnacionaluri urTierTqmedebis da komunikaciis eqstensiuri sistemebi,
romlebic aRemateba nacionalur sazogadoebebs da romlebic arad miiCneven
saxelmwifo regulirebis formebs; Zalaufleba da saqmianoba im didi
raodenobiT arsebuli saerTaSoriso sistemebisa da organizaciebisa,
romlebic aknineben gindac wamyvani saxelmwifoebis moqmedebis areals; da
usafrTxoebis im struqturebis internacionalizacia, romlebic
saxelmwifoTa mier samxedro Zalis damoukidebeli gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobebs zRudaven. (101)
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 mTlianobaSi, heldis argumentebi emTxveva omes argumentebs
regionuli saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb da efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom
warsulSi, savaWro gzebi da imperiebi teritoriulad daSorebul
mosaxleobas erTmaneTTan naklebad daxvewili urTierTqmedebis sistemebiT
akavSirebdnen. dRes axali Tanamedrove socialuri wesrigi garigebebisa da
koordinaciis im mravalferovani sistemebiT ganisazRvreba, romlebic
adamianebs, adamianTa erTobebs da sazogadoebebs imdenad rTuli
meqanizmebiT akavSireben, rom teritoriuli sazRvrebi faqtiurad kargaven
daniSnulebas ekonomikuri, kulturuli da politikuri aqtivobebis
kontrolis TvalsazrisiT. zedmetia imis aRniSvna, rom aseTi situacia
axali politikuri gaugebrobebis wyaroa.

mavani SesaZloa daeTanxmos keniCi omes an devid heldis mosazrebas

axali socialuri wesrigis Sesaxeb, romelic Tan sdevs kapitalizmis
globalizacias da teqnologiis gabatonebas, magram arsebobs sxva sakmaod
damajerebeli faqtebi, romlebic verafriT darCeba yuradRebis miRma. maT
Soris aris is faqti, rom kapitali kvlavac aramkacrad aris
regulirebuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi maSin, roca samuSao Zala
saxelmwifos farglebSi zustad gansazRvrul regulaciebs eqvemdebareba.
ase, rom kapitalistebis garkveuli dajgufebebisaTvis kvlavac aqtualuri
rCeba SekiTxva _ romeli tipis mTavroba iqneba yvelaze Sesaferisi
imisTvis, rom Tanadgoma aRmouCinos biznesis samyaros kanonzomierebebs?
rac imas niSnavs, rom kapitalisturi samyaro yovelTvis rodi miesalmeba
yvela tipis mTavrobas, Tu saxelisuflo alianss, iseve rogorc, yvela
kapitalistur sazogadoebas gansxvavebuli tipis da masStabis regulaciebi
gaaCnia. magaliTad, eWvgareSea, rom is normebi, romlebic aregulireben
kapitalistur transaqciebs, davuSvaT iaponiaSi, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba im
normebisagan, romlebic moqmedeben amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, is rac kanonieria da Seesabameba Cveul praqtikas iaponiaSi,
SesaZloa arakanonieradac iyos miCneuli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da
Sesabamisad, masze antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis normebi gavrceldes.5

teqnologias aqvs nacionaluri `saTburebi”, rogoricaa magaliTad

kaliforniis `silikon veli”, rodesac rigi qveynebi floben sainformacio
teqnologiebis, adamianTa inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis, kapitalis da
bunebrivi resursebis ufro did kritikul masas sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT.
da bolos, maSin rodesac arsebobs sagadasaxado samoTxeebi, sadac
multinacionalur korporaciebs TavianTi biznesis ganTavseba da,
Sesabamisad, mogebis gadasaxadis gadaxdisagan Tavis daRweva SeuZliaT,
(mag., andora, kanaris kunZulebi, kaimanis kunZulebi) sxva msxvili da mcire
adgilobrivi an multinacionaluri biznes korporaciebi kvlav rCebian
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damokidebuli TavianT saTao ofisebze da operirebis sferoebze da
adgilobriv/saxelmwifo doneze ibegrebian.

aseT istoriul konteqstSi ra zegavlenas axdens globalizacia

moqalaqeobaze, demokratiasa da ganaTlebaze? demokratiis cnebis
nebismieri axali definiciis SemoReba saxelmwifo swavlebas modernistuli
saganmanaTleblo proeqtis centrSi ayenebs. Tumca, aq postmodernizmi
moiSveliebda im arguments, rom demokratiuli Teoriis eTikuri, arsebiTi
da proceduruli elementebi xelaxla unda iqnes gadasinjuli
postmodernistuli kulturis kuTxiT. problema, romelic dgas ganaTlebis
sferos specialistebis, mSoblebis, moswavleebisa da politikosebis winaSe
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saWiroa warsuli warumateblobebis da im uamravi
gamomricxavi praqtikis kritikuli gaazreba, romliTac jer kidev
gajerebulia swavlebis procesi _ Sesabamisad saWiroa iseTi problemebis
wina planze wamoweva, rogoricaa Zalaufleba da dominireba, klasi, rasa
da sqesi. magaliTad, rogorc adre aRvniSne, aseve unda iqnes Seswavlili
instrumentuli racionalurobis koncefciis motivirebuloba, vinaidan, es
ukanaskneli, warmarTavs ra skolis reformirebis process, yuradRebis
centrSi aqcevs administrirebas, procedurebs da efeqtianobas, rogorc
cvlilebisa da progresis mTavar kriteriumebs, da kidev imis gamo, rom am
koncefciis mixedviT arsebobs saerTo sistema, romelic yvela adamianis
codnis organizebas (struqturirebas) axdens.6 es ki, udavod, saeWvos xdis
postmodernizmis zogierT sakvanZo midgomas.

adamianTa uflebebi faqtiurad Seadgenen im bazas, romlis

meSveobiTac identobis politika ganisazRvreba, xolo tolerantobis cneba
mravalferovnebis da moqalaqeobis mTavar safuZvelad gvevlineba. orive,
Tavis mxriv, adamianis uflebebis saxiT aris damkvidrebuli. tod gitlini
(1995) ganmartavs:

adamianebis mier pativiscemis gamoxatva gansxvavebulobis mimarT,

gacnobiereba, rom adamianuri mdgomareobis erT-erTi aspeqti gansxvavebul
garemoSi cxovrebaa, aRiareba, rom nebismieri adamianis codnas aqvs sazRvari
– kvlav adamianis saerTo uflebebis safuZvlia. ganvavrcobT ra logikurad
ganmanaTleblobis universaluri uflebebis ukvdav ideals, is
uzrunvelyofs gansxvavebulobis uflebas _ Tumca, iqve gvaxsenebs, rom
adamianebs sakmarisi safuZveli aqvT imisaTvis, rom maTi Sexedulebebi erT
elementarul uflebasTan dakavSirebiT savsebiT identuri iyos: es uflebaa
iyo is, risi survilic gaqvs rom iyo. (215)

gitlinis (1995) mier saganmanaTleblo moZraobis gamalebuli dacva

postmodernistuli SexedulebebisaTvis mTavar problemas warmoqmnis:
126
axdens ra kritikuli modernizmis umniSvnelovanesi wvlilis ignorirebas,
mravali postmodernituli midgoma adamianisaTvis uflebamosilebebis
miniWebis da misi gaTavisuflebis procesis depolitizaciis maxeSi ebmeba.
henri Jiro (1988) pirdapir ayenebs problemas: “fundamentalisturi
Teoriebidan gaqceva xSirad imavdroulad politikidan gaqcevas niSnavs”
(61). igi ganagrZobs:

postmodernizmis, poststruqturalizmis da neo-pragmatizmis nairsaxeobebma

omi gamoucxades yvela kategoriis aRmatebulobas, utyuarobas da
fundamentalizms. Tavdapirveli principebi axla gvesaxeba rogorc mxolod
istoriis nakvalevi. erTiani sagani, romelic didi xani liberaluri da
radikaluri samomavlo imedebis burji iyo, amJamad decentrirebis
procesebis Sefasebis SuagulSia momofantuli. metic, fundamentalizmze
ganxorcielebul ieriSs Sedegad mohyva calmxrivi meTodologiuri
gataceba, rac gamoixata ara mxolod konkretuli WeSmaritebebis
dekonstruirebaSi, aramed TviT WeSmaritebis cnebis, rogorc
epistemologiuri kategoriis winaaRmdegobebis gamovlenaSi. (61)

msgavsi kritikuli suliskveTebiT, habermasis eTikuri racionalizmi

safuZvels iZleva, ganxorcieldes Zlieri kontrSeteva postmodernistuli
filosofiis mier eTikisa da politikis uaryofis winaaRmdeg. es eTikuri
racionalizmi danamdvilebiT mTavari misaTiTebeli obieqtia ganaTlebis
sociologiaSi aRmocenebadi perspeqtivebisaTvis, ganaTlebis dinamiurobis
gamo moqalaqeobis formirebisaTvis Seqmnili pirobebis sistematiuri
Sefasebis CaTvliT. (morou da toresi, ibeWdeba a) aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven
gvesaWiroeba globalizaciis processa da moqalqeobas Soris arsebuli
kavSirurTierTobis, rogorc solidarobis Senebis procesis detaluri
Seswavla.

globalizacia, moqalaqeoba da solidaroba

sazogadoeba an polis-i ar aris iseTi ram, rac SeiZleba Seiqmnas an risi

konstruqciis agebac SesaZlebelia. aq ufro wris magvar ramesTan gvaqvs
saqme . . . . iseTi tipis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Seqmna, romelic
ganamtkicebs solidarobas, sazogadoebis Tavisuflebas, saubris da mosmenis
survils, ormxriv diskusias da racionalur dasabuTebulobas varaudobs
aseTi koleqtiuri cxovrebis sawyisi formebis arsebobas. magram ra unda
movimoqmedoT maSin, roca aseTi erTobebi sul ufro da ufro irRveva,
xolo rRvevis procesi Tavad sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebis
Sedegia? ufro mwvaved rom vTqvaT, ra unda movimoqmedoT iseT situaciaSi,
rodesac vacnobierebT, Tu kacobriobis ramxela nawils aZeveben
sistematiurad aseTi dialoguri erTobebidan, an ganzrax ganarideben mas
erTobebSi monawileobis miRebisagan?
127
 r. j. bernSteini, obieqtivizmis da relativizmis miRma: mecniereba,
interpretacia da praqtika

Tu globalizacia safuZvlianad asustebs eri-saxelmwifoebis

pozicias msoflio sistemaSi, is amave dros axal saxes sZens samuSao Zalis
moZraobas saxelmwifoTa Soris da ayalibebs axal socialur garemos.
Sedegad, globalizacias Tan sdevs mravalferovnebis zrda TviT eri-
saxelmwifoebis farglebSi. Tu multikulturalizmi kulturisa da
sazogadoebis globalizaciis procesis erT-erT Sedegia eri-saxelmwifos
doneze, globalizaciasa da multikulturalizms Soris arsebuli
kavSirebi uSualo zegavlenas axdenen im Teoriul debatebze da praqtikul
politikaze, romelic bikulturuli da multikulturuli identobebis
konstitucias exeba, aseve, mravalenobriobis sakiTxs skolebSi da axal,
kulturuli xasiaTis moTxovnebs saswavlo programasTan, swavlebasTan da
swavlasTan, SefasebasTan da jgufTaSoris urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT.
amis gamo, sayovelTao keTildReobaze orientirebulma saxelmwifom
masobrivi swavlebis politika istoriulad SeimuSava, raTa bevr sxva
sikeTesTan erTad, nacionaluri solidarobisTvisac Seewyo xeli (amas
winamdebare wignis me-2 TavSi vasabuTeb). ganaTleba, rogorc saxelmwifo
politika, Tanamedrove saxelmwifom ganaviTara da mas uflebamosileba
mianiWa. saxelmwifo, aseve, axorcielebda kontrols ganaTlebaze da
axdenda mis regulirebas. ganaTlebam, rogorc saxelmwifo politikam,
mTavari roli Seasrula sayovelTao keTildReobaze orientirebuli
saxelmwifos dafuZnebis da funqcionirebis saqmeSi.

emil durkhaimi (citirebulia bardisis mier, 1985) amtkicebda, rom

saxelmwifom gadamwyveti roli Seasrula kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis
meqanikuri gaerTianebidan organuli xasiaTis erTobad gardaqmnis saqmeSic.

maSinac ki, rodesac sazogadoeba TiTqmis mTlianad aris damokidebuli

Sromis danawilebaze, is ar iqceva im momijnave atomebis mouwesrigebel
erTobliobad, romelTa Soris mas SeuZlia mxolod zedapiruli, xanmokle
kontaqtis damyareba. piriqiT, sazogadoebis wevrebs aerTianebs kavSirebi,
romlebic mniSvnelovnad scdeba im xanmokle drois intervals, romlis
gnmavlobaSic xdeba gacvla. upirveles yovlisa, arsebobs struqtura,
romelzec Cven ufro da ufro damokidebuli vxdebiT; es struqtura aris
saxelmwifo. sul ufro mravldeba Sexebis wertilebi, romelTa meSveobiT
Cven vurTierTobT masTan, iseve rogorc is SemTxvevebi, rodesac igi
(saxelmwifo) movalea Segvaxsenos koleqtiuri solidarobis grZnobis
arseboba. (271-272)

128
 durkhaimis msgavsad, politikuri mecnierebis sxva warmomadgenlebic,
magaliTad, piter flora da jens alberi (1991), asabuTeben, rom eri-
saxelmwifo solidarobis mTavari wyaroa kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi.
eri-saxelmwifo, rogorc solidarobis mxardamWeri, mecxramete saukunis
evropaSi iRebs dasabams, Tumca mas winamorbedi hyavda _ romis kaTolikuri
eklesia, romelic daxmarebas uwevda gaWirvebul fenebs.7 eri-saxelmwifos
mier solidarobis transformaciam asaxva moqalaqeobis sakiTxze hpova. jer
kidev 1950 wels gunar mirdali (1960, 1973) gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom
iseTi masStaburi sistemebi, rogoric eri-saxelmwifoa moqalaqeobasTan,
eTnikurobasTan da kulturul identobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. amgvarad,
sayovelTao keTildReobaze orientirebul saxelmwifoSi solidarobis
mTavari (magram ara erTaderTi) wyaro moqalaqeobis uflebebis Seqmnas da
homogenuri sazogadoebis Senebis ritorikas ukavSirdeba.

am gadmosaxedidan, eri-saxelmwifo institucionalizebuli

solidarobis da moqalaqeobis uflebebis safuZvlad gvevlineba. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi mavans gauCndeba SekiTxva _ ratom unda gamoucxados mdidarma
adamianma solidaroba Raribs? ratom unda arsebobdes raime saxis
solidaroba Taobebs Soris? an sxvadasxva raionebs/dasaxlebebis da
regionebs Soris eri-saxelmwifos farglebSi? an sxvadasxva sqesisa da
profesiis warmomadgenel individebs Soris? an martivad rom vTqvaT, ratom
unda arsebobdes raime solidaroba TviT moqalaqeebs Soris?

aRniSnul problemas politikuri filosofiis TvalsazrisiT

uzarmazari datvirTva aqvs. am faqts Zalian kargad acnobierebs karl
marqsi (takeri, 1978) Tavis naSromSi germanuli ideologia (The German
Ideology) igi wers:

mxolod imitom, rom individebi arian mxolod sakuTari konkretuli

interesebis ZiebaSi, romlebic maTi gagebiT ar emTxveva maT koleqtiur
interesebs (faqtobrivad, sazogado/saerTo aris koleqtiuri cxovrebis
iluzoruli forma), am ukanasknels Tavs moaxveven maT, rogorc maTTvis
“ucxo” da maTgan “damoukidebel” interesebs, rogorc Tavis mxriv
konkretul, specifiur “saerTo” interess: an maT Tavad unda ganagrZon
arseboba aseT uTanxmoebaSi, rogorc demokratiaSi. meore mxriv, am
konkretuli interesebis (romlebic mudmiv winaaRmdegobaSi imyofebian
koleqtiur da iluzorul koleqtiur interesebTan) praqtikuli
dapirispireba iwvevs praqtikuli intervenciis da kontrolis
ganxorcielebis aucileblobas iluzoruli “saerTo” interesebis
meSveobiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifos saxiTaa warmodgenili. (161)

TumcaRa, es analizi maSinaTve warmoSobs diskusias radikaluri

demokratiis cnebis Sesaxeb, romelsac gvTavazobs Jenevis moqalaqe Jan Jak
129
ruso (1976). rusos Tanaxmad, Tu saxelmwifo mowyobis forma aiZulebs
individebs moergon socialur da demokratiul paqts (SeTanxmebas), maSin
raSi sWirdebaT maT solidaruli urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba sakuTari
interesebis sazRvrebs miRma? ra interesis gulisTvis unda Seqmnan
pirobebi tolerantobis da socialuri artikulaciis minimaluri donis
misaRwevad organuli da ara meqanikuri integrirebis gziT? metic, vis
aRmoaCndeba imis unari, rom cxovrebaSi kanonierad ganaxorcielos es
SezRuduli solidaroba? swored es mniSvnelovani SekiTxvebi wamoiWreba
xolme, roca rusos Sexedulebebs vaanalizebT. (Cepmeni, 1956).

rusos miaCnia, rom adamianebi unda aiZulon gaxdnen demokratiulebi.

individualuri protestis CaxSoba iwvevs individis Tavisuflebisaken
swrafvis stimulirebas. Tavis naSromSi socialuri kontraqti (Social
Contract) ruso ase asabuTebs sakuTar mosazrebas:

ibadeba kiTxva: rogor SeiZleba adamiani iyos Tavisufali da imavdroulad

iZulebuli iyos daemorCilos ara sakuTar, aramed sxvis survilebs. rogor
xdeba, rom oponentebi, Tavisufalnic arian da amave dros eqvemdebarebian
kanonebs, romlebsac ar eTanxmebian? amaze me vpasuxob, rom SekiTxva
arasworadaa dasmuli . . . saxelmwifos yvela wevris ucvleli neba aris
saerTo/sazogado neba; swored es sazogado neba ganapirobebs am wevrTa
moqalaqeobas da maT Tavisuflebas . . . . Cemi sakuTari Sexeduleba rom
dominirebdes, imas ar gavakeTebdi, risi survilic maqvs, raime sxvas
movimoqmedebdi da aseT SemTxvevaSi ar viqnebodi Tavisufali. (113)

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi, swored

eri-saxelmwifo ayalibebs im principebs, romlebic socialuri gacvlis da
solidarobis regulirebas axdenen. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, solidarobis
Senebis procesze zegavlenas garkveuli cvlilebebic axdenen. dasavlur
samyaroSi saxezea mZafri konkurencia dasavlur Zalauflebebs Soris. civi
omis Semdgom periodSi Ziri gamoeTxara amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
hegemonias saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. Sedegad, iaponias, germanias da
amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris gaCaRebuli konkurencia aris ara
mxolod imis maniSnebeli, rom gansxvavebuli kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebi
metoqeobas uweven erTmaneTs bazrebis (da im multinacionaluri
korporaciebis, romlebic Cveulebriv ukavSirdeba maT nacionalur
warmomavlobas) mosapoveblad, aramed saxezea metoqeoba kapitalizmis
gansxvavebul tipebs da gansxvavebuli tipis demokratiul saxelmwifoebs
Soris.

aRmosavleT evropaSi, solidarobis organizebuli sistemis moSlam

1989 wlis Semdgom periodSi, dRis wesrigSi daayena solidarobis axali
sistemis Seqmnis aucilebloba. Tumca, amjerad ganacxadi keTdeba iseTi
130
sistemis Seqmnaze, romlis marTvac bazris meSveobiT iqneba SesaZlebeli.
sakiTxi imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu rogor unda moeRos bolo socialuri
uzrunvelyofis sistemas, romelsac marTalia ar Seswevs unari daicvas
arCevanis Tavisufleba, magram romelic imavdroulad uzrunvelyofs
sacxovrebeli pirobebis, dasaqmebis, ganaTlebis da jandacvis minimalur
dones saxelmwifos xarjze. cxadia, rom uamravi sirTule axlavs Tan im
process, romelic saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofis sistemidan sabazro
gacvlebze dafuZnebul sistemaze gadasvlasTanaa dakavSirebuli. im
kulturuli da istoriuli konfiguraciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia rigi xelovnurad Seqmnili aRmosavleT evropuli
sazogadoebebisTvis, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani problema solidarobis iseTi
bazisis Seqmnaa, romelic eTnikurobis da erovnuli identobis sazRvrebs
gascdeba. bosniis konfliqti tragikuli xasiaTisaa, magram imavdroulad is
warmoaCens, Tu ramdenad mkacrad aris dayofili sazogadoeba erovnuli
niSnis mixedviT aRmosavleTi evropis rig qveynebSi. dabolos, Tavi rom
davaneboT sabWoTa kavSiris yofil gavlenis sferoebs, evrokavSiris Seqmna
gulisxmobs gansxvavebuli tipis solidarobis warmoqmnas, SesaZloa
metanacionalur doneze, rac Tavis mxriv, msoflio sistemaSi wonasworobis
Secvlas gamoiwvevs.

globalizacia da Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba gulisxmobs, rom

solidaroba jer kidev eri-saxelmwifos doneze aris organizebuli, Tumca,
gulisxmobs imasac, rom is winaaRmdegobebi da determinantebi, romelTa
generireba globalizaciis procesis farglebSi xdeba, solidarobis
mowyobaze axdenen zemoqmedebas eri-saxelmwifos doneze, kerZod, roca
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi ar arsebobs iseTi instituti, romelic
socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqcias ikisrebs (amas erT dros saxelmwifo
institutebi akeTebdnen). aRniSnuli problemebis miuxedavad,
globalizaciis procesi, romelic Cveulebriv kapitalisa da samuSao Zalis
moZraobasTan asocirdeba, SeiZleba arcTu iseTi axali movlena
aRmoCndes, rogoradac gvevlineba.

Hharold vilenski (1994) miuTiTebs, rom globalizaciis procesi xazs

usvams Sromis politikis im kurss, romelic jer kidev 60-iani wlebidan
moqmedebs. Tu bazarze orientirebuli demokratiebi mravali formiT
arseboben da globalizaciis procesic im procesis nawilia, romelic
teqnologiebis, komunikaciebis da vaWrobis sferoebSi ganxorcielebulma
cvlilebebma gamoiwvia, maSin ra cvlilebebi unda mieweros Tavad
globalizacias? (gureviCi, 1986). arsebobs eri-saxelmwifoebis
institucionaluri saxesxvaobebi. isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan ara
mxolod saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT, aramed im kuTxiTac, Tu ra saxiT
floben Zalauflebas eri-saxelmwifoebis gareSe Zalebi msoflio sistemis
131
konteqstSi, anu, multinacionaluri korporaciebis da ormxrivi da
mravalmxrivi saerTaSoriso saagentoebis garemoSi. korporativizmis
principebze dafuZnebuli SeTanxmeba menejments, samuSao Zalasa da
keTildReobaze orientirebul saxelmwifos Soris aseve radikalurad iqna
Secvlili. qveynebis ekonomikuri saqmianoba/performansi iZleva vaWrobisa
da sagadasaxado sferoebSi momxdari cvlilebebis axsnas, magram amave
dros, Cven ar unda davakninoT Zalauflebis, ideologiis da politikuri
partiebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove demokratiebis pirobebSi.

globalizaciis processa da identobis transnacionalizacias Soris

arsebuli kavSiri kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. marTalia, sakamaToa
aris Tu ara globalizacia planetaruli movlena, magram socialuri
marginalurobis axali koncefciebi namdvilad axdens zemoqmedebas
CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris arsebul orWoful urTierTobebze.
amdenad, solidarobis politikis sakvanZo problemebi, mmarTvelobis,
angariSvaldebulebis da moqalaqeobis CaTvliT, konfliqtSi modian
centralizaciis istoriul procesTan, romelic Rrmad aris Canergili
nacionalur teritoriebSi. globalizacia aRqmulia rogorc teritoriebis
denacionalizacia, rasac gansazRvravs transnacionaluri korporaciebis
gaZliereba, ucxo saxelmwifoTa Carevis politika da farTod gavrcelebadi
transnacionaluri kultura, romelsac asazrdoebs masmedia. yovelive es,
rogorc Cans, jabnis meorexarisxovan er-saxelmwifoebs, adgilobriv
kapitals da adgilobriv, regionul da nacionalur kulturas. aRniSnuli
denacionalizaciis procesiT gamowveuli reaqciis TvalsaCino magaliTia
Ciapasis konfliqti, romelic 1998 wels arsebobis meoTxe wels daiTvlis,
aseve, sapatistebis ganmaTavisuflebeli frontis brZola, romelic miznad
isaxavs indielTa identobis (da uflebebis) damkvidrebas, rac scdeba da,
raRa Tqma unda, ewinaaRmdegeba im samarTlebriv valdebulebebs, romlebic
aRebuli aqvs meqsikis saxelmwifos da romelic asaxulia meqsikis, amerikis
SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadas Soris dadebul Tavisufali vaWrobis
Crdilo-amerikul SeTanxmebaSi. (markosi, 1994).

aRniSnuli konfliqtebi xdeba globalizaciis mravaljeradi sqemebis

garemoSi. maT Soris, kapitalis dagrovebis TvalsazrisiT, moqmedebs “Sida”
da “garegani” sqemebi. Sida sqema exeba saerTaSoriso migracias,
transnacionalur identobebs da qalTa da feradkaniani mosaxleobis
moZraobebs. globalizaciis garegani sqema exeba axal teqnologiebs,
romlebic cvlian sainformacio process da institutebs da kapitalis
mobilurobas. amgvarad, globalizaciis Sida da garegan sqemebSi moqmedebs
socialuri kontrolisa da regulirebis gansxvavebuli formebi. kargi
magaliTia savaluto bazrebi, romlebic kontrols ar eqvemdebarebian,
ramdenadac, teqnologiebis ganviTarebis xarjze miRweuli transaqciebis
132
siCqare saxelmwifo regulirebis da kontrolis arsebuli formebis
Tavidan acilebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. es Zalze sainteresoa, radgan
Tavad teqnologia Seqmnilia ara mxolod rogorc gacvlis, aramed rogorc
kontrolis forma. Tumca, kontrolis am formebiT manipulireba ar aris
advili xelisufalTaTvis. teqnologiebma SesaZloa problemebic ki
Seuqmnan maT. amis sailustraciod qvemoT gTavazobT erT epizods,
romelic braziliis yofil finansTa ministrs, rikuperos ukavSirdeba.

1994 wels, am wignze muSaobisas, kvleviTi samuSaoebis Catareba

braziliaSi momiwia. iq Seveswari politikur skandals, romelmac Sinaganad
SeZra qveynis mosaxleoba. universitetis yofilma profesorma da
gamocdilma diplomatma rubens rikuperom, romelic im dros finansTa
ministris posts ikavebda da amave dros, laTinuri amerikis qveynebis
mxardaWeriT, saprezidento arCevnebSi iRebda monawileobas im axali
saerTaSoriso organizaciidan, romelsac cxovrebaSi GATT-iT (generaluri
SeTanxmeba vaWrobisa da tarifebis Sesaxeb) gaTvaliswinebuli SeTanxmebebi
unda gatarebina, misda uneblied farTo sazogadoebas Tavisi piradi
mosazrebebi gaumxila braziliis ekonomikasa da politikaze. misi interviu
sazogadoebriv arxze unda gasuliyo. vidre ministri studiis teqnikur
gamarTvas elodeboda, CarTulma mikrofonma misi da Jurnalistis piradi
saubari Cawera. es saubari, (rogorc Cans) SemTxveviT gavida eTerSi da
paraboluri antenebiT meSveobiT mTel braziliaSi moismines. is, rasac
braziliurma mediam “paraboluri antenebis krizisi” uwoda, cxadyofs, rom
teqnologia ara mxolod socialuri regulirebis instrumentia, is
SeiZleba ZalauflebiT aRWurvis saSualebadac iqnes gamoyenebuli.
rikuperom, sxvaTa Soris isic axsena, rom is ar ganicdida sindisis
qenjnas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom malavda an naklebad problemurad
warmoaCenda ekonomikur informacias, rasac SeeZlo ziani mieyenebina
mTavrobis kandidatis, sociolog fernando henrik kardosos saarCevno
kampaniisaTvis. rogorc 1994 wlis 7 seqtembers gamocemulma Jurnalma -
ISTOEdabeWda, man faqtobrivad Tqva: “Eu nã o tenho escrúpulos. O que é bom a gente
fatura; o que é ruim, esconde.” mas Segnebulad Sehyavda xalxi SecdomaSi
ekonomikur indeqsebTan dakavSirebiTac da trabaxobda, rom es did
sargeblobas moutanda qselur telemauwyeblobas Rede Globo-s, romelic
braziliuri burJuaziis yvelaze konservatiul seqtors warmoadgenda.
rikuperos TqmiT, imis nacvlad, rom Ria sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera
gamoexata kardososaTvis, telemauwyebloba rikuperos (rogorc moqmedi
finansTa ministris) argumentebs gadmoscemda im ekonomikuri stabilizaciis
proeqtis sasargeblod, romelic kardosos (yofili finansTa ministris)
mier iyo inicirebuli. aravin isurvebda rikuperosTan SekamaTebas, radgan
igi umwikvlo reputaciis saxelmwifo moxeled iTvleboda.

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 ra Tqma unda, aRniSnulma kerZo saubarma SeZra sazogadoeba da ori
dRis Semdeg rikupero iZulebuli gaxda Tanamdebobidan gadamdgariyo. am
SemTxveviT gamowveulma Sedegma erTxans SiSnarevi atmosfero daasadgura
braziliis politikur wreebSi. rikupero uaRresad patiosani politikosis
reputaciiT sargeblobda, mas gamorCeuli saxelmwifo moxelis imiji
hqonda, braziliur elitaSi mas rogorc bers da askets ise uyurebdnen,
adamians, romelic mudam dapirispirebebsa da kerZo interesebze maRla
dgeboda. vidre es samarcxvino SemTxveva moxdeboda, sazogadoeba
rikuperos umwikvlo zneobisa da reputaciis mqone saxelmwifo
funqcionerad racxda.

sxvadasxva socialur da politikur wreebis warmomadgenelma

araerTma brazilielma motyuebulad igrZno Tavi. politikuri diskursi
gaufasurda, dadga ra eWvqveS momavali mTavrobis kanoniereba. piradad
CemTvis, rogorc ganaTlebis dargis mkvlevarisaTvis, aRniSnuli epizodi
imis maniSnebeli iyo, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifosa da
ganaTlebas Soris arsebul kavSirurTierTobebze msjelobas, rodesac saqme
gvaqvs rTul zneobriv arCevanTan saxelmwifo politikaSi. bolos da
bolos, sajarod micemuli interviu saxelmwifo moxelis mier Ceulebriv
ganixileba rogorc sazogadoebrivi azris gadmocemis da Semecnebis aqti.
darwmunebis xelovneba aris pedagogiuri xelovneba. lakani SemTxveviT
rodi miiCnevda, rom kargi maswavlebeli igivea, rac didi macdunebeli.
aRniSnulma intervium kidev ufro damarwmuna imaSi, rom aucilebelia
saxelmwifo saqmeebis mudmivi kritikuli Seswavla. es ki, saxelmwifo
ritorikisadmi jansaRi skepticizmis safuZvelze unda ganxorcieldes.
kritikuli Teoriis kuTxiT, igive exeba saxelmwifo sferoSi da samoqalaqo
sazogadoebaSi socialuri gacvlis da narativis yvela dones. dabolos, am
SemTxvevam sabolood damarwmuna imaSi, rom WeSmariti zneobrivi
aRSfoTeba aris yvelaze Sesaferisi politikuri iaraRi kulturuli
kriticizmis da praqtikuli politikis miznebis misaRwevad. Tumca,
moraluri aRSfoTeba ver iqneba ganmartebuli rogorc “gansxvavebuli”
narativi. is namdvilad WeSmaritia, rodesac mas asazrdoebs risxva da
sasoeba, ori grZnoba, romelic yvelaze mniSvnelovania am kritikul droSi
saxelmwifoebis da samoqalaqo sazogadoebebis asaRorZineblad.

Tu im kavSirebs davubrundebiT, romlebic teqnologiur donesa da

moqalaqeobas Soris arsebobs, mavanma SeiZleba ikiTxos, ramdenad uwyoben
xels axali teqnologiebi eri-saxelmwifoebis mimarT tradiciuli
damokidebulebebis da moqalaqeobis istoriulad damkvidrebuli formebis
moSlas? Gglobalizacia Zalauflebisa da kanonierebis sxvadasxva doneze
axdens zegavlenas da, rac yvelaze bunebrivia, liberaluri ganaTlebisa da
sazogadoebis emansipaciis garSemo mimdinare debatebis gaTvaliswinebiT, is
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gavlenas axdens imaze, rasac kornel vesti (1993 a) maxvilgonierad
“pirovnebis gardauqmnelobas uwodebs, Tanamonawileobis principze
dafuZnebul adamianTa erTobebis (sociumis) farglebSi”(32). amerikuli
gagebiT es demokratiuli pragmatizmis mTavari winapirobaa.

ekonomikuri globalizacia adgils unacvlebs Zalauflebisa da

uflebamosilebebis garkveul komponentebs. am procesSi Tavs iCens
arsaxelmwifoebrivi Zalauflebis, legitimaciis da uflebamosilebis axali
formebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saerTaSoso savaluto fondi, msoflio
banki, msoflio vaWrobis organizacia da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,
romlebmac ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi axali funqciebi da
legitimuroba moipoves. miuxedavad imisa, rom nacionaluri elituri
wreebis da samecniero sazogadoebebis avtonomia, kapitalizmis
institutebTan (rogorsac warmoadgens msoflio banki) da maT
saganmanaTleblo winadadebebTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod
SezRudulia, ver vityviT, rom aseTi institutebis legitimacia erTxmadaa
aRiarebuli. da mainc, aseTma saerTaSoriso institutebma gansakuTrebiT
gaiTqves saxeli mesame msoflios qveynebSi, sadac mimdinare etapze saxezea
ekonomikuri SezRudvebi da fiskaluri krizisi. (korajio da r.m. toresi,
1997; de tomasi, uarde, da hadadi, 1996; tussi, 1997).

imis magaliTad, Tu rogor SeuZliaT saerTaSoriso ekonomikur

moTamaSeebs Zalauflebis arasaxelmwifoebrivi formebis Seqmnaze “imuSaon”,
gamodgeba reaqcia, romelic fasiani qaRaldebis bazarma warmoebis
stimulirebis paketze moaxdina. am paketis SemoReba klintonis
administraciam xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg scada. imis gacnobierebam,
rom swrafad mzardi ekonomikuri aqtivoba inflaciis donis amaRlebas
gamoiwvevda, es ki, Tavis mxriv, saprocento ganakveTebs gazrdida,
arasasiamovno molodini Seqmna fasiani qaRaldebis mflobel, konservator
investorebis wreebSi. ekonomikam, romelic avlenda arakontrolirebadi
inflaciis tendencias, aseve, inflaciurma zewolam saprocento
ganakveTebis zrda da fasiani qaRaldebis Tavidan moSorebis tendencia
ganapiroba, ris gamoc mTavrobas mZlavri fiskaluri wnexi daawva. fasiani
qaRaldebis bazrebma da maTma ekonomikurma kanonzomierebam mkacri
sazRvrebi dauwesa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali administraciis
axal ekonomikur politikas. klintonis administracias misi winamorbedi
reiganis da buSis administraciebisagan memkvidreobiT uzarmazari
fiskaluri deficiti da saSinao vali ergo. gaacnobiera ra opoziciis
Zala, klintonma, romelic manamde mZlavrad lobirebda kongresis
demokratiul frTas, im mizniT, rom miRebuli yofiliyo warmoebis
stimulirebaze orientirebuli RonisZiebebis paketi, swrafad gamoiTxova
Tavisi winadadeba, riTac sakuTari partiis warmomadgeneli kanonmdeblebis
135
arakeTilganwyoba gamoiwvia, radgan prezidentis inciativis mxardaWeris
gamo, maT riskis qveS daayenes sakuTari mdgomareoba TavianT olqebSi.

arsebobs kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic aucileblad unda

gaviTvaliswinoT. rogorc winamdebare wignis me-2 TavSi vasabuTeb,
globalizacias kavSiri aqvs im axal rolTanac, romelic profesiul
asociaciebs saxelmwifo standartebis dawesebis TvalsazrisiT akisriaT
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi (magaliTad, maTematikis maswavlebelTa
gaerTianeba, romelic miznad isaxavs maTematikis swavlebaSi axali
standartebis danergvas) da sxva mowinave industriul qveynebSi. (popkeviCi,
1993). mimdinareobs Tu ara socialuri regulirebis es procesi
ideologiebisagan (mag., neokonservatizmisagan an neoliberalizmisagan)
damoukideblad? aris Tu ara socialuri regulirebis es procesi,
hegemoniis mopovebis konkretuli gza, romelic profesiuli asociaciebis
meSveobiT axdens profesiuli da saganmanaTleblo momavlis gansazRvras,
rasac, rogorc Cans, postmodernizmi gulisxmobs? aris Tu ara
arasaxelmwifoebrivi uflebamosilebis am axali formebis loialuroba (da
saerTo strategiuli formulireba) dakavSirebuli konkretul nacionalur
strategiebTan an msoflio sistemis integraciis transnacionalur,
abstraqtul formulasTan? kvlav gavimeoreb, rom es is SekiTxvebia,
romlebsac udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba moqalaqeobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas,
globalizaciis da SezRuduli ekonomikuri resursebis konteqstSi.

aris Tu ara kosmopolituri demokratiebi gamosavali?

“demokratia aris sityva, romlis garSemoc dRevandel dRes bevrs kamaToben.

es sityva sxvadasxva datvirTvis matarebelia sxvadasxva adamianebisTvis,
Tumc yvela acxadebs, rom miesalmeba mas.

--nensi freizeri, Justice Interruptus

politikuri Teoretikosebi uyuradRebod ar toveben im paradoqsebsa

da winaaRmdegobebs, rasac gvTavazobs axali institucionalizmi da
globalizacia. am sul ufro rTulad organizebul multilkulturul da
multienobriv msoflio sistemaSi Ziri gamoeTxara politikuri erTobis
tradiciul formebs; amas emateba demokratiisadmi undoblobis Teoriisa
da praqtikis aRmoceneba. aqedan gamomdinare, demokratiuli
urTierTkontrolisa da Zalauflebis danawilebis adrindeli modelebi,
iseve rogorc demokratiuli angariSgebis koncefcia, veRar moqmedeben
imdenad efeqturad araTu realuri, aramed formaluri demokratiis
donezec. Tumca, demokratiisadmi da demokratiuli Teoriis mimarT
undobloba, rogorc modernistuli diskursis nawili, ver iqneba uSualod
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asocirebuli yvela postmodernistul ganStoebasTan. demokratiis mimarT
sul ufro mzardi undobloba problemebs uqmnis ganaTlebis reformirebis
process da mis SesaZlo kavSirebs moqalaqeobis Senebis procesTan. is aseve
warmoqmnis problemebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kapitalistur
sazogadoebebSi demokratiis cnebis datvirTvis daknineba xdeba.

demokratiis xelaxali definicia gamoyvanili unda iqnes socialuri

regulirebis formirebadi modelebidan, romlebic farTodaa gavrcelebuli
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. italieli filosofosi norberto bobio (1995)
miiCnevs, rom es sakiTxi, demokratiuli sistemis sicocxlisunarianobis
TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa centralur sakiTxs warmoadgendes: SesaZlebelia
Tu ara, rom saxelmwifo srulyofilad demokratiuli iyos iseT
msoflioSi, romelic Tavad ar aris (jer kidev) demokratiuli? wamoayenebs
ra kantiseul dilemas saSinao da saerTaSoriso sistemebs Soris
urTierTobebis ganxilvisas, bobio (1995) saubrobs mojadoebuli wris
Sesaxeb: “saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT gaxdnen demokratiulebi mxolod
srulad demokratizebul saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi, magram, amave dros,
srulad demokratizebuli saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba gulisxmobs, rom
masSi Semavali TiToeuli saxelmwifo demokratiulia. erTi procesis
damTavrebas meore procesis daumTavrebloba aferxebs” (39).

Ddevid heldi (1995) miiCnevs, rom am dilemis gadaWra SesaZlebelia

iseTi cnebis meSeveobiT, rogoricaa kosmopolituri demokratia. heldi
sakmaod gasagebi eniT asabuTebs iseTi kosmopolituri demokratiuli
modelis SemuSavebis saWiroebas, romelSic “demokratia uzrunvelyofili
iqneba Zalauflebisa da uflebasilebis mTel rig centrebSi, romlebic
dakavSirebuli iqnebian erTmaneTTan [vinaidan] . . . demokratiis
SesaZlebloba, romelic dRes arsebobs, aucileblad unda iqnes
dakavSirebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis da organizaciebis
ganviTarebad sistemasTan” (106). heldi dadebiTad afasebs im movlenebs,
romlebic biZgs aZleven demokratiis gavrcelebas mTel msoflioSi. maT
Sorisaa:

(1) masobrivi sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis Camoyalibeba iseTi mkafio

regionuli Tu globaluri xasiaTis moTxovnebiT, rogoricaa bunebrivi
resursebisa da garemos dacva, janmrTelobasTan da siRatakesTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis Semsubuqeba; (2) axali kanonieri ufleba-
movaleobebis SemuSaveba, romlebic gavrceldeba saxelmwifoebze da
individebze `kacobriobis sayovelTao memkvidreobasTan”, globaluri
bunebrivi resursebis” dacvasTan, adamianis uflebebis dacvasTan da ZalTa
ganlagebasTan dakavSirebiT; da (3) iseTi saerTaSoriso institutebis
aRmoceneba da gamravleba meoce saukuneSi, romlebic koordinacias
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 gauweven transnacionalur Zalebs da problemebs, dawyebuli gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciidan da misi saagentoebidan damTavrebuli regionuli
politikuri sqemebiT da organizaciebiT. (114)

dabolos, kosmopolituri demokratiis zemoT aRniSnuli modeli

axal saerTaSoriso politikur kulturas da im ganmasxvavebeli
nacionaluri, eTnikuri, kulturuli da socialuri identobebis safuZvlian
Seswavlas moiTxovs, romlebic kosmopolituri demokratiis da
moqalaqeobis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT ara mxolod sazRvrebs, aramed
SesaZleblobebsac gvTavazoben. heldi (1995) optimisturad aris ganwyobili
aRniSnuli sakiTxis mimarT. misi azriT, imisTvis, rom mravalricxovanma
identobebma, romlebic Seadgenen sazogadoebebs, mdgradi arseboba SeZlon,
“yovelma maTganma meoris legitimuri arseboba da masTan garkveuli
SeTanxmebis miRwevis aucilebloba unda cnos; da yoveli maTgani mzad unda
iyos imisaTvis, rom uari Tqvas eqskluziur mtkicebebze imis Sesaxeb Tu ra
aris swori, kargi, universaluri da kosmiuri”. (116). raRa Tqma unda,
yovelive amis formulireba ufro advilia, vidre praqtikaSi
ganxorcieleba, miTumetes, rom rogorc Tavad heldi aRiarebs,
komunikaciebis da informaciis globalizaciam ver SeZlo adamianTa saerTo
miznis Camoyalibeba, aramed xeli Seuwyo identobisa da gansxvavebulobis
politikis gaZlierebas da Sesabamisad, “meti stimuli misca politikis
“nacionalizacias” (115).

swored am doneze iZens multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb

diskusia axal ganzomilebebs iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove kulturis
kritikosebis mxridan ismis axali mowodebebi ganmanaTleblobis da saRi
azris koncefciebis, rogorc moqalaqeobis garSemo mimdinare davis
gadaWris saSualebis (rogorc adgilobriv, ise globalur doneze) Sesaxeb.
gitlini (1995) aRniSnavs:

paradoqsi isaa, rom rac ufro metad globalizebulia investiciebi,

komunikacia, organizeba, migracia da vaWroba, miT ufro jiutad lokaluri
xdeba is realoba, romelsac SeigrZnoben adamianebi, romelic amSvidebs maT
da Tanamonawileobis SegrZnebiT aRavsebs, – miTumetes, rom erTobis Sesaxeb
urTierTsawinaaRmdego gancxadebebi uimedod abstraqtuli da bundovania.
(226)

Sesabamisad, mosazreba adamianTa erTobis interesebsa da TviT

individTa interesebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis Sesaxeb, romelsac
winaswar Wvretda marqsi da, aseve, ganaTlebis filosofiuri mimdinareobis
warmomadgeneli Teoretikosebi, kidev ufro gaaRrmava axalma
winaaRmdegobebma. es winaaRmdegobebi warmoiSva erTis mxriv eri-
138
saxelmwifos interesebs (romelic Tavis mxriv axdens damoukideblobis
ideis, rogorc uzenaesis postulirebas) da meore mxriv im wesebs, normebs
da axali globaluri institucionalizmis struqturebs Soris, romlebic
amtkiceben, rom adamianTa universaluri uflebebis principebi da
individualobiT (da ara erovnuli warmomavlobiT an naturalizaciiT)
miniWebuli uflebebi dialeqtikur winaaRmdegobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan.
(nuhoglu soisali, 1994:158-159).

karl marqsi (takeri, 1978), Tavis adreul SromebSi, sakmaod

araorazrovnad gamoxatavda Tavis Sexedulebebs. kerZod, germanul
ideologia-Si, igi werda:

swored am winaaRmdegobis gamo, romelic arsebobs individis interesebsa da

adamianTa erTobis interesebs Soris, es ukanaskneli iRebs damoukidebel
formas saxelmwifos saxiT, romelic gamocalkevebulia individebis da
erTobebis realuri interesebidan da, imavdroulad, iluzoruli
koleqtiuri cxovrebis saxiT, TumcaRa, yovelTvis efuZneba im realur
kavSirebs, romlebic arsebobs yvela ojaxSi da naTesaur konglomeraciaSi
(sisxli da xorci, ena, Sromis danawileba ufro masStaburi gagebiT da sxva
interesebi) da gansakuTrebiT . . . klasebs, romelic ukve gansazRvrulia
Sromis danawilebiT. (160)

riskebi sakmaod maRalia, vinaidan rogorc marqsi amtkicebs, `mxolod

imitom rom individebi mxolod sakuTari konkretuli interesebis ZiebiT
arian dakavebuli da es interesebi, maTi gagebiT, ar emTxveva maT
koleqtiur interesebs (faqtobrivad, sazogado/saerTo aris koleqtiuri
cxovrebis iluzoruli forma).” am ukanasknels individebs Tavs moaxveven
maTTvis `ucxo” da

maTgan `damoukidebel” interesebis saxiT, rogorc, Tavis mxriv, konkretul,

specifiur `saerTo” interess: an maT Tavad unda ganagrZon arseboba aseT
uTanxmoebaSi, rogorc demokratiaSi. meore mxriv, am konkretuli interesebis
praqtikuli dapirispirebuloba, romlebic mudmivad ewinaaRmdegebian
koleqtiur da iluzorul koleqtiur interesebs aucilebels xdis
praqtikuli intervenciisa da kontrolis ganxorcielebas iluzoruli
`saerTo” interesebis meSveobiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifos saxiTaa
warmodgenili. (161)

sakmaod sainteresoa, rom heldis (1995) kosmopolituri demokratiis

suverenobis idea da adamianis uflebebis, rogorc individualobis
universaluri uflebebis idea erTobliobaSi ara mxolod adastureben
marqsis mosazrebas adamianTa erTobasa da individualizms Soris arsebuli

139
winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb im klasikur winaaRmdegobas, romelic safuZvlad
udevs Tanamedrove politikuri filosofiis argumentebis udides wils da
romelsac wlebis win uolinma (1960) esoden morgebulad yvelaze
mniSvnelovani Teoriuli da praqtikuli gamocana uwoda, aramed, amJamad es
winaaRmdegoba globalur masStabebs iZens, gamoixateba ra Sinagan
dapirispirebulobaSi, romelic arsebobs saxelmwifo suverenobasa da
adamianis uflebebs Soris da er-saxelmwifoebsa da regionul
saxelmwifoebs Soris. es axali winaaRmdegoba kidev ufro arTulebs
moqalqeobis cnebis demokratiul Canafiqrs. rogorc Cans, am cnebam dakarga
Tavisi mkafio formulireba teritoriuli sayrdenisa da ziari kulturuli
tradiciebisa da istoriis ormagi principebis pirobebSi. dabolos,
homogenuri moqalaqeobis gulubryvilo koncefciebi eWvqveS daayenes
multikulturizmis ideam da identobis politikam, romlebmac wamyvani
poziciebi daikaves msoflio sistemebis kulturisa da ganaTlebis
politikaSi. adamianis uflebebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba,
ramdenadac igi garkveul statuss aniWebs individebs, Tavisi humanurobidan
gamomdinare, da ara im valdebulebebis gamo, romelic konkretul
saxelmwifosTan akavSirebs. metic, adamianis uflebebi gzas uxsnian
demokratizaciis da moqalaqeobis process, romelic Tavis mxriv,
saxelmwifos centralur adgils ar aniWebs (peitmeni, 1996:24).

mas Semdeg, rac wignis meore da mesame TavebSi ganvixileT

saxelmwifosa da globalizaciis Teoriuli koncefciebi da is Sinagani
konfliqti, romelic mudmivad arsebobs maT Soris, axla im Teoriuli
dinamikis da kavSirurTierTobis sami komponentis detalur analizs
Sevudgebi, romelTac vcdilob meti naTeli movfino. Eesenia: moqalaqeobis
Teoria, demokratia da multikulturizmi.

SeniSvnebi

1. es dokumenturad aris dasabuTebuli sociologiur literaturaSi.

sociologiis mecamete msoflio kongresi, romelic gaimarTa germaniis
qalaq bielefeldSi, 1994 wlis 18-24 ivliss, mieZRvna Temas “sadao sazRvrebi
da cvalebadi erTobebi“. ixileT, Neil Smelser, “Contested Boundaries and Shifting
Solidarities,” International Socilogical Association (ISA) Bulletin 60 (Spring 1993): 5.
2. saxelmwifos Teoriuli koncefcia moicavs federalur da Statis
mmarTvelobas. Tumca, “provinciuli” an calke aRebuli Statebi
ganviTarebuli ekonomikiT kidev ufro arTuleben sakiTxs. magaliTad,
kanadaSi samuSao Zala mkacrad aris danawilebuli federalur da
provinciul Statebs Soris. federaluri Stati pasuxismgebelia im sakvanZo
simbolur procesebze, romlebic zrdian politikuri sistemis legitimacias,
maT Sorisaa, magaliTad, imigracia da institucionalizmi. provinciul
Stats umeteswilad is konkretuli funqciebi ekisreba, romlebic xels
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 uwyoben kapitalis dagrovebas, Sesabamisad, ganaTleba ZiriTadad
provinciuli Statis pasuxismgeblobis sferos ganekuTvneba. kidev erTi
magaliTia is gansxvavebuli Zala, romelic gaerTianebaSi myof calkeul
Statebs gaaCniaT, rogoricaa magaliTad, kaliforniis Stati amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi. Jurnalisturi wyaroebi periodulad Segvaxseneben,
rom warmoebis moculobis TvalsazrisiT, kalifornias meSvide adgili
ukavia (win uswrebs kanadas da mcired CamorCeba did britaneTs) msoflioSi
da misi warmoebis wliuri moculoba 1,037 miliard amerikul dolars
Seadgens. es imiT aixsneba, rom kalifornia ganTavsebulia msxvili savaWro
gzebis gzajvaredinze, romlebic erTmaneTTan aziasa da laTinur amerikas
akavSirebs da gamoirCeva hiperaqtiurobiTa da grandiozulobiT sasoflo
sameurneo produqciis, garTobis, kompiuterebis, eleqtronuli produqciis
da sxva dargebis TvalsazrisiT. warmoebis moculobis maCvenebliT pirvel
Svid adgils ikaveben didi Svidianis (G-7) qveynebi – amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi (6,773 miliardi amer. dolari), iaponia (4,321 miliardi amer.
dolari), germania (2,075 miliardi amer. dolari), safrangeTi (1,355 miliardi
amer. dolari), italia (1,101 miliardi amer. dolari), didi britaneTi (1,069
miliardi amer. dolari), da kanada (900 miliardi amer. dolari). Dave Lesher,
“California is Golden and Global,“ Los Angeles Times, 8 January 1998, A1, A20.
3. goldsmiTi (1996:502) amtkicebs, rom meore msoflio omidan moyolebuli,
mTliani erovnuli produqti msoflio masStabiT xuTjer gaizarda,
msoflio vaWrobis brunvis maCvenebeli ki, Tormetjer. barnetisa da
kavanahis (1996 b: 368) TqmiT, Tavad fuli globalur produqtad iqca.
magaliTad, evrovalutis saerTaSoriso jamurma brunvam 1973 wels 315
miliardi amerikuli dolari Seadgina, xolo 1987 wlisTvis jamuri brunva
TiTqmis 4 trilion amerikul dolars aRwevda.
4. saintereso analizi moqalaqeobis sazRvrebze, rasac adamianis uflebebis
upiratesi pozicia ganapirobebs, ixileT naSromSi _ Yasemin Nuhoglu Soysal,
Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1994).
5. biznesis SeerTebuli mflobelobis da strategiis SemuSavebis analizi
ixileT lester Turous farTod aRiarebul naSromSi Head to Head: The Coming
Economic Battle among Japan, Europe, and America (New York: William Morrow, 1992), 64 ff.
6. instrumentuli racionalurobis koncefcias centraluri adgili uWiravs
kritikul TeoriaSi. is aq gansazRvrulia racionalurobis veberiseuli
gagebis, anu miznobriv-instrumentuli qmedebis da instrumentuli qmedebis
habermasiseuli ideis kombinirebiT. maqs veberi miiCnevs, rom miznobriv-
instrumentul qmedebas “gansazRvravs molodini, romelic arsebobs garegani
obieqtebis qcevis da sxva adamianebis mimarT da am molodinebis rogorc
“pirobebis” an rogorc “saSualebebis” gamoyeneba agentis sakuTari
racionaluri interesebis misaRwevad racionaluri, warmatebaze
orientirebuli gziT” (McCarthy, 1978:28) (for the rational success-oriented pursuit of the
agent’s own rationally considered ends). habermasis gagebiT, instrumentuli qceva
“imarTeba empiriul codnaze dafuZnebuli teqnikuri wesebiT. Yyvela

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 SemTxvevaSi, es wesebi empiriul prognozebs gulisxmobs xiluli fizikuri
Tu socialuri movlenebis Sesaxeb” (McCarthy, 1979:391). markusis teqnikuri
safuZvlis kritikas Cemi mxridan davamatebdi, rom instrumentuli
racionalurobis TiToeuli forma, ramdenadac is konkretuli miznis
miRwevis adekvaturi saSualebaa da socialuri da fizikuri movlenebis
prognozirebasa da kontrolisaTvis mas empiriul codnaze dafuZnebuli
teqnikuri wesebi marTavs, imTaviTve dominirebazea orientirebuli, rac
meToduri, mecnieruli, gamoTvliTi da gaTvlili kontrolis meSveobiT
xorcieldeba.
7. ixileT, “socialuri episkoposis” vilhelm emanuil fon keteleris
swavleba The Social Teachings of Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler: Bishop of Mains (1811-1877),
Targmnili rupert j. edereris (Rupert J.Ederer) mier. (Washington, D.C. University
Press of America).

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4
moqalaqeoba

winamdebare Tavi gvTavazobs moqalaqeobis Teoriebis sistematur

Sefasebas, moqalaqeobas, saxelmwifos Teoriebsa da demokratias Soris
kavSirebis analizis CaTvliT. am TvalsazrisiT, es Tavi mokled ajamebs
britaneli sociologis T. h. marSalis wvlilsa da warmogvidgens misi
mosazrebebis kritikas neokonservatoruli moZraobis SexedulebebiT. roca
Camoyalibebulia moqalaqeobis Teoriis safuZvlebi da ganviTarebulia misi
kritika, liberalur tradiciaSi ganixileba moqalaqeobis cnebisadmi
yvelaze seriozuli gamowvevebi. igi moicavs feministuri Teoriebis – da
gansakuTrebiT T. h. marSalis naSromis kritikas – postkolonializmisa da
daqvemdebarebuli sivrceebis Teoriebis, rasis kritikuli Teorebis da
socialuri moZraobebis Teoriebis wvlils. erT-erTi argumentis mixedviT,
ganmanaTleblobis Sexedulebebis gareSe SeuZlebelia moqalaqeobis
Teoriis srulyofa. garda amisa, T. h. marSalis SexedulebebiT, SeiZleba
dasabuTdes, rom resursebis misaRebi ganawilebis gareSe siRaribis mzardi
doneebi gadamwyvet zemoqmedebas moaxdens demokratiuli moqalaqeobis
formirebaze, Sedegad gamoiwvevs sazogadoebis dualizacias da maSasadame,
moqalaqeobis dualizacias.

moqalaqe

dialogis, rogorc mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis Riad SeTanxmebuli

procesis ganxilvas, axlo kavSiri aqvs metaTeoremasTan imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor SeiZleba ganzogadebadi moraluri Rirebulebebis dadgena da
dasabuTeba.
– nikolas burbulisi, dialogi swavlebaSi

tradiciulad, moqalaqeobis cneba dakavSirebuli iyo qalaqSi

mcxovreb adamianTan, burJuasTan, civis Romanus-Tan (laT.: romis
moqalaqesTan), citoyen-Tan (frang.: moqalaqesTan), rogorc maqs veberi (1966:233)
gveubneba. miuxedavad amisa, ufro martivi iqneboda, gangvesazRvra
moqalaqeoba rogorc moqalaqeTa jgufi, romelic sargeblobs SezRuduli
uflebebiT mocemuli qalaqis konteqstSi. arsebobs ramdenime Zalian
saintereso ambavi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ganviTarda moqalaqeoba
istoriulad, moqalaqeobis formirebaSi variantebis erTobliobis analizis
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CaTvliT, rac iTvaliswinebda imas, moqalaqeobis formireba mmarTveli
klasis strategiebis Sedegi iyo, Tu mravali socialuri brZolisa (anu,
moqalaqeoba `zemodan” moqalaqeoba `qvemodan”-isagan gansxvavebiT); rogor
gansxvavdeba moqalaqeoba gansxvavebuli iuridiuli tradiciebis
gaTvaliswinebiT (magaliTad, romauli kontinenturi sistemebi britanul
precendentur samarTalTan SepirispirebiT); an gansxvavebebi politikuri
sistemebis tipebSi, romelSic formulirebulia moqalaqeobis cneba (mag.,
liberaluri, reformistuli, avtoritaruli, monarqistuli, faSisturi da
avtoritarul-socialisturi) (T.Hh. marSali, 1950, 1963, 1981; mani, 1989; veberi,
1966; somersi, 1993; terneri, 1986).

moqalaqeobis Teoriebze da ganaTlebisaTvis maT mniSvnelovnebaze

diskusiis wamosawyebad aucilebelia gavcdeT istoriul da iuridiul
mosazrebebs. amis msgavsad, mniSvnelovania gavcdeT moqalaqeobis cnebas,
rogorc garkveuli tipis personalur statuss, uflebebisa da
movaleobebis kombinacias, romelsac erovnuli saxelmwifos yvela
legaluri wevri flobs. moqalaqeobis Teoriebis ganxilva moiTxovs
principis Tavidanve Camoyalibebas: Teoria, imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris kargi
moqalaqe, SedarebiT damoukidebeli unda iyos im sakiTxis iuridiuli
problemis formaluri winapirobebisgan, Tu ras niSnavs iyo moqalaqe. es
asea moqalaqeobis ormagi Teoriuli mniSvnelobis gamo: moqalaqeoba,
rogorc identoba da rogorc mTeli rigi moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebebi. Tumca,
rogorc SemdgomSi iqneba argumentirebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom
moqalaqeoba rogorc identoba Warbobda moqalaqeobis Teoriebis
formulirebebSi, me winamdebare teqstSi xazs vusvam imas, rom
mniSvnelovania, gavcdeT am mijnas da gadavideT moqalaqeobis, rogorc
moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebebis cnebaze. Tumca, politikuri ekonomikis aspeqtisa
da moqalaqeobis istoriuli, struqturuli analizis saWiroebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, nebismieri azri imis Sesaxeb, rom moqalaqeoba
umTavresad moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebebis funqciaa, SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes,
rogorc idealisturi Sexeduleba. moqalaqeobriv Rirsebebs sWirdeba
samoqalaqo minimumi, romelic SesaZlebelia moiZebnos mxolod istoriul-
struqturul konteqstSi, sadac es samoqalaqo minimumebi nawilobriv
emTxveva ZiriTad materialur pirobebs – rogorc ganmartebulia
winamdebare Tavis komentarSi – da romlebic warmoadgens ZiriTad
winapirobebs sruli moqalaqeobis formirebaSi.

ufro metic, moqalaqeobis Teoriebi damokidebulia konteqstze. Zvel

saberZneTSi, moqalaqis wodeba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli patriciebis
klasTan. ra Tqma unda, moqalaqeoba did rols TamaSobda saxelmwifo
saqmeebis (raison d'état) marTvis unaris mqone individTa diferencirebaSi
plebeebisagan, individTagan, romlebsac ar gaaCndaT aranairi arCevani,
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garda saxelmwifos avtoritetuli azrebis Sesrulebisa da ra Tqma unda,
moqalaqeTa diferencirebaSi monebisagan, romlebsac ar hqondaT samoqalaqo
uflebebi. miuxedavad amisa, demokratiulma moqalaqeobam aTenis qalaq-
saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeobis primitiuli formebidan grZeli gza gamoiara.
amJamad moqalaqeoba dgas Tanamedrove kapitalisturi erebis sirTulis
winaSe, romlebic alyaSi arian moqceuli teqnologiis, kapitalisa da
Sromis – anu ekonomikis, kulturisa da politikis globalizaciiT – aseve,
Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriis mniSvnelovani gamowvevebiT. da mainc,
araswori iqneba imis fiqri, rom moqalaqeobas aqvs unitaruli xasiaTi, an
rigi maxasiaTeblebi, romelic istoriulad statikuri rCeba (terneri, 1990).
am gamafrTxilebeli sityvebiT daviwyeb moqalaqeobis Teoriebis analizs.

ganmanaTlebloba, rogorc moqalaqeobis safuZveli

is postmodernistebi, romlebic gvTavazoben ganmanaTleblobis, rogorc

mamrobiTi, imperialisturi, rasisturi, dasavluri ideologiis xorcmetis
uaryofas, ver xedaven sakuTar situacias. maT mier im mosazrebis
daJinebuli mtkicebisas, rom ideebi miekuTvneba konkretul istoriul
momentebs, isini TavisTavad nagulisxmev faqtad miiCneven im istoriul
safuZvels, romelzec dganan. isini ver acnobiereben an uaryofen, rom maTi
gataceba multikulturalizmiT, identobebiT, perspeqtivebiT,
araTanazomieri msoflmxedvelobebiTa da a.S. warmoudgeneli iqneboda, rom
ara ganmanaTleblobis iseTi principebis farTo aRiareba, rogorebicaa:
pirovnebis mniSvneloba, Rirsebis miniWebis ufleba da is socialuri
wesrigi, rac amas Seesabameba.
– tod gitlini, saerTo ocnebebis bindi

ganmanaTleblobis moZraoba varaudobs, rom arsebobs adamianis

identobis istoriuli da socialuri ganmarteba da amdenad, racionaluri
principebiT mniSvnelovnad miiCneva socializacia, sadac saganmanaTleblo
institutebi - ganmanaTleblobis ZiriTadi institutebi – asruleben
centralur rols. gitlinis (1995) gancxadebiT, `is, rom ideebi aRbeWdilia
gamocdilebiT, rom adamianebs aqvT ufleba iyvnen individebi – warmoadgens
im mniSvnelobis ganStoebas, romelic ganmanaTleblobis moazrovneebma
mianiWes kritikul cxovrebas” (215).

ganmanaTleblobisaTvis arsebobs moqalaqeobis Teoriis sami

elementaruli aspeqti: pirveli, kantis azri, romelic amyarebs hipoTezas,
rom socializaciis procesebs, gansakuTrebiT rac Seexeba kognitur
azrovnebas, adgili aqvs struqturebSi, romelic win uZRvis individTa
srulwlovanebis, an kompetenturobis miRwevas; meore, hegelis debuleba,
romlis mixedviT, socializebis unari unda aRiarebul iqnes, rogorc

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macivilizebeli teqnika, anu rogorc nawili procesisa, romelic
mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia im garemoebebze, romelic aferxebs an
xels uwyobs progresul socialur cvlilebas (morou da toresi,
ibeWdeba); mesame, marqsistuli Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac, resursebis
warmoebasa da ganawilebaze xelmisawvdomobis gareSe, anu ekonomikis
materialur sargebelze xelmisawvdomobis gareSe, SeuZlebelia
moqalaqeobis SenarCuneba politikuri TvalsazrisiT.

karl marqsi (takeri, 1978), ganmanaTleblobis erT-erTi yvelaze

gavleniani moazrovne, romelic Tavis adreul naSromebSi analizs hegelze
dayrdnobiT akeTebda, da amave dros akritikebda germaneli filosofosis
idealizms, Tavis naSromSi hegelis samarTlis filosofiis kritikisadmi
wvlili, werda rom: `yvela sxva saxelmwifoebrivi forma aris saxelmwifos
gansazRvruli, gansxvavebuli, gansakuTrebuli forma. demokratiaSi
formaluri principi, amave dros, aris materialuri principi. amdenad,
mxolod demokratia warmoadgens zogadisa da kerZos WeSmarit mTlianobas”
(20-21).

kantis hegeliseuli rekonstruqciiT iwyeba cnobierebis filosofia,

romelsac mogvianebiT marqsSi da mTel istoriul-materialistur
tradiciaSi aqvs arapozitivisturi gageba. es filosofia moicavs
cnobierebis cnebas, romelic aRemateba universaluri abstraqtuli
subieqtis kantiseul saxes, realobis wvdomas, romlis unaric izomeboda
apriori kognituri kategoriebiT, rac mecnierebidan momdinare empiriuli
faqtebis kvlevisa da konstrirebis saSualebas iZleoda. hegelisaTvis da
ganmanaTleblobis mTeli tradiciisaTvis (romelmac mniSvneloba mianiWa
arapozitivistur saganmanaTleblo humanizms, romelic Warbobda meoce
saukunis ganaTlebis sistemebis ganviTarebaSi) cnobierebis safuZvlebi
momdinareobs TviTSegnebisa da `sxvis”, rogorc gares erToblivi aRiarebis
procesidan (markusi, 1967, 1970; smiti, 1989; toresi, 1976a, 1976b). TviTSegneba,
hegelis (1976:111) mixedviT, arsebobs TavisTavad da TavisTvis, da amitom,
arsebobs sxvisTvis. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi arsebobs mxolod
imisaTvis, rom aRiarebul iqnes rogorc aseTi.

aucilebelia gavacnobieroT is, rom cnobierebis filosofiaze

dafuZnebuli moqalaqeobis Teoria yvela moqalaqis _ rogorc erTsa da
imave uflebebisa da movaleobebis mqone subieqtebad miCnevis risks moicavs.
sxva sityvebiT, moqalaqeobis es Teoria realobas xedavs, rogorc
erTgvarovan (magram mravalferovani interesebis mqone) individTa
mTlianobisgan Semdgars. Tumca, cxadia, rom socialuri realobis rTuli
konfiguracia gansxvavdeba homogenizirebis nebismieri perspeqtivisgan. saqme
exeba ara mxolod mravalferovan (da, amave dros, antagonistur) interesebs,

146
aramed arsebiTad mravalferovan identobebs. klasis, sqesis, rasis,
eTnikurobis, sqesobrivi upiratesobis mikuTvnebis, religiis, regionaluri
fraqciulobis mravalferovani identobebi da sxva mravali gansxvaveba
socialuri aqtoris aRqmaSi, preferenciebsa da gamocdilebebSi advilad
ver Seva interesTa mravalferovnebis perspeqtivaSi, amgvarad moqalaqeobis
arsebiT cnebebs gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs da gviwvevs, gavaanalizoT
sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciebi da gamocdilebebi, rogorc kornel
vesti (1993a) aRniSnavs, `niuansirebuli istoriuli mniSvnelobiT”.

cnobierebis filosofia da anTropologia miuTiTebs intersubieqturi

aRiarebis SesaZleblobasa da individTa uflebebis filosofiis
Camoyalibebis saWiroebaze. mxolod am politikur-filosofiuri
interpretaciis farglebSi, rac wamoyenebul iqna sxvadasxva moazrovneTa
mier (platonidan, aristoteledan da makiavelidan dawyebuli meCvidmete da
meTvramete saukunis avtorebamde, rogoricaa loki, hobsi da ruso da meoce
saukunSi diuis, freiris da habermasis naSromebamde), SesaZlebeli gaxda,
rom SemuSavebuliyo moqalaqeobis Teoria ganmanaTleblobaSi – Teoria,
romelic, rasakvirvelia, ar darCenila kritikis gareSe.1

rogorc ganmanaTleblobis qmnilebam, liberalurma saxelmwifom

sajaro ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmnisas, romelsac unda moecva mosaxleobis
yvela seqtori da moeqcia erTsa da imave instituciur qselSi, ganaTlebis
sistemas gadasca `mmarTvelTaTvis ganaTlebis micemis” pasuxismgebloba,
wamyvani laTinoamerikeli skolis reformatoris domingo Ffaustino
sarmientos iRbliani, magram aSkarad winaaRmdegobrivi fraziT rom
gadmovceT.

rogorc meore TavSi iyo aRniSnuli, ganaTlebasa da moqalaqeobas

Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis sistematur Seswavlas saxelmwifos
Teoriebisa da moqalaqeobis Teoriebis kvlevamde mivyavarT. amitomac,
rogorc k. b. makfersonma oci wlis win aRniSna cnobil statiaSi, romelic
saxelmwifos Teoriebze msjelobis gamococxlebaSi mniSvnelovan
orientirad iTvleba, saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT saxelmwifos Teoria
imisaTvis, rom gvesmodes politika. igive SeiZleba iTqvas saxelmwifos
Teoriis saWiroebaze moqalaqeobis Teoriis SesamuSaveblad.2 kanadeli
politologis k. b. makfersonis msgavsad, britaneli sociologma Tomas
hamfri marSalma Seqmna brwyinvale naSromi, romelic warmoadgens
mniSvnelovan etaps moqalaqeobisa da demokratiis ganxilvaSi.

moqalaqeoba, saxelmwifo da demokratia: T. h. marSalis wvlili

147
 vinc adamianebis wyalobiT xdeba mTavari, man unda SeinarCunos maTTan
megobruli damokidebuleba. es ki advili misaRwevia misTvis, radgan isini
erTaderTs iTxoven – ar iyvnen mis mier Cagrulni.
– nikolo makiaveli, mTavari

saarsebo minimumisaTvis garigeba sazogadoebaSi, romelic iRebs saarsebo

minimums rogorc socialur uflebas, iseTive absurdia, rogorc kamaTi
arCevnebSi monawileobis Taobaze sazogadoebaSi, romelic arCevnebSi
monawileobas iRebs politikur uflebad.
– T. h. marSali, sociologia gzajvaredinze

am saukuneSi moqalaqeobis TeoriaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani winsvla

socialur faseulobebze orientirebuli saxelmwifosa da mis
momsaxurebaTa sistemas uTuod ukavSirebs demokratiuli moqalaqeobis
srul gamoxatulebas. T. h. marSalis cnobili da xSirad citirebuli
statia `moqalaqeoba da socialuri klasi”, dawerili 1949 wels, sxva
ramdenime naSromis msgavsad, ayalibebs axal omisSemdgom konsensuss
liberalur socialur keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos cnebis
Sesaxeb, rogorc kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi moqalaqeobis
ganxorcielebis winapirobas (1950, 1963, 1983).

marSalis mosazrebiT, moqalaqeoba viTardeboda 250 wlis

ganmavlobaSi inglisSi; moqalaqeoba klasificirdeba sam elementad:
samoqalaqo, politikur da socialur uflebebad. dasavlurma samoqalaqo
sazogadoebam samoqalaqo uflebebi moipova meTvramete saukuneSi,
politikuri uflebebi – mecxramete saukuneSi, xolo socialuri uflebebi
– meoce saukuneSi. samoqalaqo uflebebi moicavs yvela uflebas, rac
saWiroa indvidualuri TavisuflebisaTvis (anu, qonebis flobis uflebas,
sityvis Tavisuflebas da samarTlianobis uflebas). politikuri uflebebi
moicavs yvela uflebas, romelic ukavSirdeba saarCevno process (xmis
micemis uflebas, uflebas – airCios da iyos arCeuli da a. S.). dabolos,
socialuri uflebebi, uflebebs Soris yvelaze sakamaTo, moicavs ara
mxolod ekonomikuri keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebis minimums, aramed
aseve yvelafers, rac sWirdeba pirovnebas srulyofili cxovrebisaTvis:
`socialuri memkvidreobis srulad gaziareba da civilizebuli arsebis
sicocxliT cxovreba sazogadoebaSi miRebuli standartebis Sesabamisad.
keTildReobasTan yvelaze mWidrod dakavSirebuli institutebia
ganaTlebis sistema da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema” (marSali,
1963:74).

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb marSalis msjeloba Sedis sazogadoebis

mimdinare demokratizaciaze msjelobaSi, romelic asaxavs

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ganmanaTleblobis centralur princips. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc peitmani
(1996:6) aRniSnavs, moqalaqeoba ar aris demokratiis sinonimi.

devid heldis (1989) mosazrebiT, marSals surda eCvenebina, rom:

Tavdapirvelad samoqalaqo uflebebi ganviTarda da Camoyalibda

Tanamedrove maneris msgavsad pirveli didi saparlamento reformis win 1832
wels. politikuri uflebebi Semdgom ganviTarda da maTi gavrcoba
mecxramete saukunis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli gaxldaT, Tumca 1928
wlamde ar momxdara universaluri politikuri moqalaqeobis principis
srulad aRiareba. amisgan gansxvavebiT, socialuri uflebebi TiTqmis gaqra
meTvramete saukuneSi da mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi, magram aRorZinda
mecxramete saukunis dasasruls. maTi aRorZineba da gavrceleba daiwyo
sajaro dawyebiTi ganaTlebis ganviTarebiT, magram meoce saukunemde ar
momxdara socialuri uflebebis srulad danergva maTi Tanamedrove formiT.
marSalis mTavari mtkicebuleba Tanamedrove socialur keTildReobaze
orientirebuli saxelmwifos istoriaa. omisSemdgomi socialur
keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos Zlierma distribuciulma
zomebma, maT Soris zomebma, romliTac xdeba jandacvis, socialuri
dazRvevis, progresuli sagadasaxado sistemisa da a.S. SemoReba, Seqmna
ukeTesi pirobebi da Tanasworoba maTi umravlesobisaTvis, vinc warmatebas
ver miaRwia Tavisufal bazarze. maT aseve uzrunvelyves usafrTxoebis
zomebi yvelasTvis, vinc daucvelia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,
gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, vinc xvdeba `siRaribis wris” maxeSi. marSalis
SexedulebiT, socialuri uflebebi qmnis arsebiT elements sazogadoebaSi,
romelic jer kidev ierarqiulia, magram romelmac Seamcira uTanasworoba –
da Searbila daZabuloba – romelic momdinareobs klasobrivi sistemidan.
(191)

marSalis gavleniani naSromi ramdenime mizezis gamo gaakritikes.

kerZod, gaakritikes imis safuZvelze, rom misi midgoma efuZneba konteqstze
damokidebul procesebs da amdenad ver gamoiyeneba inglisuri
gamocdilebis farglebs miRma. 3 Tumca, marSali gulmodgined cdilobda
eCvenebina, rom es procesi gamoiyeneba britanuli sazRvrebis miRma da rac
ufro mniSvnelovania, igi samoqalaqo, politikuri da socialuri
uflebebis mopovebis am process Seuqcevadad ar aRiqvamda. ufro metic, mas
ainteresebda gaego, Tu ramdenad sakmarisad axdenda Tanamedrove
moqalaqeoba socialuri klasis modificirebas imisaTvis, rom socialuri
konfliqtis mTlian dinamikaSi Seeqmna droebiTi zavi. Tu es ase iyo,
marSalis (1950) moqalaqeoba iqneboda kooptaciis sulisCamdgmeli da misi
saboloo Sedegi iqneboda uTanasworobis gaxangrZliveba: `marTalia, rom
ZiriTadi Tanasworoba, romelsac moicavs moqalaqeobis formaluri
uflebebi, Seesabameba socialuri klasis uTanasworobas? mimaCnia, rom dRes

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Cveni sazogadoeba uSvebs imas, rom es ori kvlav SeTavsebadia imdenad, rom
Tavad moqalaqeoba gaxda, garkveulwilad, legitimuri socialuri
uTanasworobis sulisCamdgmeli” (70).

amis garda, igi fiqrobda, rom socialuri paqtis (anu sxvadasxva

socialur da politikur Zalebs Soris kompromisis) cneba xazs usvamda
demokratiuli moqalaqeobis dafuZnebas misi sruli gamoxatulebiT
socialur keTildReobaze orientirebul saxelmwifoSi. miuxedavad amisa,
konsensusis politikis am cnebam xeli ar SeuSala marSals (1973), xazi
gaesva im garemoebisaTvis, rom moqalaqeobis miRweva yovelTvis iyo
sakamaTo procesi, brZolis procesi da igi gvafrTxilebda imis Sesaxeb,
rom `SesaZloa, Cveni sistemis SigniT arsebuli konfliqtebi metismetad
mwvavdeba saimisod, rom kompromisma Tavis mizans didi xniT miaRwios” (122).

neokonservatorebi da moqalaqeoba

me vici, vinc aris liberali. amixvieT Tvalebi, damatrialeT bzrialasaviT

da zigzagis gareSe movZebni Tundac erTaderT liberals oTaxSi da
movZebni mas, Tundac yvavilebis qoTnis ukan imalebodes.
– uiliam f. baqli, `ginaxavT odesme mosiarule ocneba?”

marSalis windaxeduli sityvebi SesaZloa gamafrTxilebeli iyo.

neokonservatorebis gamoCena bolo or aTwleulSi gamoxatavda seriozul
gamowvevas moqalaqeobis cnebis mimarT, rasac mxars uWerdnen socialur
keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos liberalebi. arsebobs kritika
imis Sesaxeb, rom socialur keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifo
gaWirvebulTa Soris damokidebulebis kulturis SeqmniT xels uwyobs
pasiurobas. arsebobs agreTve kritika imis Taobaze, rom amowuruli
fiskaluri xazinebidan resursebis miRebiT, keTildReobis momxre
liberalebma saxelmwifos Semweobaze myofTaTvis cxovrebis realuri
Sansebis gaumjobesebis gareSe Seqmnes pirobebi mniSvnelovani siZlieris
fiskaluri krizisisaTvis. dabolos, neokonservatorebi xedaven socialur
keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos srul nebadarTulobas,
kerZod, kulturaSi da umaRlesi ganaTlebis institutebSi, rogorc
pasuxismgebels moraluri krizisisaTvis (ojaxis krizisis CaTvliT)
amerikul da evropul kulturebSi.

ra aris neokonservatorebis pasuxi kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi

Rirebulebebis krizisTan da moqalaqeobis krizisTan dakavSirebiT?
neokonservatorebis pasuxi sakmaod gansxvavdeba liberalur wreebSi
gabatonebuli uflebebis logikisagan. neokonservatorebi maincdamainc ar
iReben moqalaqeobis cnebas, rogorc politikur Tu legalur statuss.

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aramed, neokonservatorebi erTmaneTs upirispireben or logikas,
saxelmwifos logikasa da bazris logikas; am ukanasknels ki aniWeben
SemZle momxmareblebis Seqmnis unars, romelTac SeuZliaT, bazris
dinamizmiT Seqmnan ufro sicocxlisunariani da qmediTi socialuri
SeTanxmeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom moqalaqeobis sakiTxi ar aris uaryofili,
neokonservatorebi uars acxadeben apriori moqalaqeobis miniWebaze
individTaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT myari finansuri mdgomareoba (ixileT
keniCi omes pozicia, romelic gadmocemulia mesame TavSi).

amgvarad, neokonservatorebisTvis, moqalaqeobis amocana niSnavs

uflebebis misadagebas movaleobebTan, imis uzrunvelyofiT, rom uflebebis
formulireba moicavdes pasuxismgeblobebis formulirebas da piriqiT. da
mainc, feministi mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom mamakacebi, tendenciisamebr,
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben uflebebisa da samarTlianobis
formulirebas, xolo qalebi, tendenciisamebr, ufro komfortulad
grZnoben Tavs pasuxismgeblobebisa da zrunvis formulirebiT. es
gansxvaveba iqamde mivida, rom adamianma SeiZleba dasvas kantiseuli kiTxva,
vdgavarT Tu ara ori gansxvavebuli moralis da, epistemologiis da eTikis
winaSe (nodingsi, 1995). aseve, rogorc derek beli amtkicebs, aSS-s
konstituciaSi mniSvnelovani uxerxuloba arsebobs adamianis uflebebsa da
sakuTrebis uflebebs Soris (beli, 1987:239).

belis Semdeg, ledson-bilingsi da teiti (1995) asabuTeben, rom

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoria `savsea sakuTrebis Taobaze
daZabulobebiTa da brZolebiT, romelic gamoxatuli iyo sxvadasxva
formiT. dawyebuli indielTa (da mogvianebiT iaponuri warmoSobis
amerikelTa) miwidan mocilebiT, damTavrebuli meqsikelTa dapyrobiT,
afrikelebisgan sakuTrebis SeqmniT; sakuTrebis gansazRvris, flobis unari
Zalauflebis centraluri Tviseba iyo amerikaSi. ... amgvarad, Cven vsaubrobT
individze, individualur uflebebze da samoqalaqo uflebebze, maSin roca
socialuri Semweoba uxvad ugrovdeba sakuTrebis mflobelebs” (53).

amgvarad, neokonservatoruli argumentacia moqalaqeobis Taobaze or

ZiriTad winaaRmdegobas awydeba. pirveli is aris, rom uflebebi da
samarTlianoba ar Seadgens moralur arCevanTa mTel speqtrs; da meore _
saWiroa, rom zrunva da pasuxismgebloba Sevides saxelmwifoebrivi
politikis nebismier moralur dizainSi. es, ra Tqma unda, seriozulad
zRudavs individualisturad aRqmul neokonservatorul logikas. ufro
mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom sakuTrebis uflebebis kontrastuli
logika (rogorc es neokonservatorebisa da adamianis uflebaTa
TvalsazrisiT aRiqmeba) Tavisi egalitarianizmiT miiCneva mTavar
uxerxulobad aSS konstituciaSi. ra Tqma unda, adamianis uflebaTa sakiTxi

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adgens moqalaqeobis sazRvrebs da Semdgom zRudavs neokonservatorul
filosofiur mtkicebas.

sociologiur doneze, axal memarjveneebiseul kritikas socialuri

moqalaqeobis cnebisa da socialur keTildReobaze orientirebuli
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb winaaRmdegoba gauwia neokonservatoruli
wanamZRvrebis kritikul dakvirvebaTa rigma. pirveli, damokidebulebis
cneba, rogorc socialur keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos
Sedegi, sadavo gaxda imis safuZvelze, rom swored umuSevroba (globaluri
ekonomikuri restruqturizaciis konteqstSi da ara keTildReobis
arseboba) aris pasuxismgebeli gaWirvebulTa mdgomareobaze ganviTarebul
industrialur sazogadoebebSi. Amis sapirispirod, yvelaze mZlavr
socialur keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos (kerZod,
skandinaviis saxelmwifoebis) gamocdilebis arseboba SesaZlebeli gaxda
imitom, rom am saxelmwifoebSi umuSevrobis done saocrad dabali iyo am
saukuneSi. neokonservatorebis es kritika asabuTebs im garemoebas, rom
memarjvene politikuri ekonomikis Sedegad, klasobrivi uTanasworobebi
gaRrmavda da momuSave Ratakebi da dausaqmebeli mosaxleoba aRmoCndnen
sistemaSi minimaluri ekonomikuri monawileobis zRvars qvemoT da
faqtiurad, gaxdnen politikurad uflebadakargulni. swored amas uwoda
aTwleulis win klaus ofem Sromis komodifikacia, romelic warmoSobs
legitimaciis krizisis winaSe mdgari kapitalisturi sazogadobebis
socialur arastabilurobasa da umarTaobas.

rogorc axsnili iyo meore TavSi, neokonservatoruli da

neoliberaluri programebi Tavisi socialuri politikiT didad ar
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. moqalaqeobis (rogorc politikuri da
socialuri statusis) miRebis nacvlad, isini cdilobdnen daedasturebinaT
bazris roli da uaryofdnen im azrs, rom moqalaqeoba aniWebs statuss,
romelic damoukidebelia ekonomikuri mdgomareobisagan. Tumca,
neokonservatoruli da neoliberaluri xedvis miuxedavad, cxadi xdeba, rom
siRatake seriozul gamowvevas warmoadgens moqalaqeobis miRwevisaTvis,
gamowvevas, romelic miRebulia laTinuri amerikis gamocdilebidan da
ganxilulia winamdebare Tavis komentarebSi.

da mainc, ra aris bazarze am damokidebulebis Sedegebi ganaTlebisa

da moqalaqeobisaTvis? momdevno nawili, romelic Sedgenilia jef vitis
masalebisgan, dagvidasturebs, rom moqalaqe momxmarebelma Secvala.

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ganaTleba, moqalaqeoba, momxmareblebi da bazari: jeof vitis
kritika

saxelmwifo iRebs da xSirad arTmevs bavSvs dedas imisaTvis, rom gadasces

igi oficialur agentebs; saxelmwifo sakuTar Tavze iRebs TiToeuli
Taobis wvrTnasa da gonebisaTvis codnis micemas. erTgvarovneba Warbobs
sajaro ganaTlebis procesSi, ise rogorc yvelaferSi; mravalferovneba da
Tavisufleba dRiTi dRe qreba.
– aleqsis de tokvili, demokratia amerikaSi

rogorc meore TavSi iyo axsnili, liberalur saxelmwifoSi

ganaTleba yovelTvis iTvleboda, rogorc moqalaqeobis CamoyalibebaSi
centraluri mniSvnelobis rolis mqone. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganaTleba
sajaro iyo, ganaTlebaSi sabazro Zalebis mzardi aqcentis gamo, moqalaqe
gaxda momxmarebeli, ramac gavlena moaxdina solidarobis socialur
wesebze da politikuri cnobierebisa da reprezentaciis formebze. jeof
viti (ibeWdeba) kargad ayalibebs Tavis mosazrebas: `vvaraudob, rom
instituciuri avtonomiisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba da mraval
saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi mSoblebis arCevani (rac amJamad moduria),
savaraudod, ar daexmareba moqalaqeTa umravlesobis SesaZleblobaTa
gafarToebas araegalitarul sazogadoebebSi. ufro zustad,
mravalferovneba da arCevani individTa Soris, romelTac araTanabrad
miuwvdebaT xeli rogorc kulturul, aseve materialur resursebze,
savaraudod, Seaferxebs, da ar gazrdis maTi emansipaciis Sansebs” (1).

viti (ibeWdeba) asabuTebda, rom ganaTlebaSi amJamindeli

neokonservatoruli reformebi mimarTulia bazrisaken, asustebs
saxelmwifos Carevas da iRwvis mravali miznisaTvis. pirveli da umTavresi,
es reformebi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes, rogorc warmoebis sferodan sxva
sferoebSi, rogoricaa ganaTleba da socialuri uzrunvelyofa,
regulirebis cvalebadi reJimebis asaxva. 4 ra Tqma unda, arsebobs
Sedarebadi cvlileba bazrebis dafuZnebas Soris socialuri servisis
uzrunvelyofaSi da gadasvla ekonomikaSi fordizmidan akumulaciis neo-
fordistuli reJimisken, rogorc gaanalizebulia mesame TavSi. meore, ufro
meti specializaciis mqone skolebis warmoSoba aseve aRiqmeba, rogorc
ekonomikaSi moqnili specializaciis gaZlierebis ekvivalenti, rac
ganpirobebulia diferencirebuli moxmarebis imperativebiT, rac Zvel
saamwyobo konveieris samyaros cvlis masobrivi warmoebiT. (viti, ibeWdeba:
7-8). mesame, warmoebis wesSi cvlilebebisa da ufro fragmentirebul
kulturul sferoebSi ganaTlebis sistemebis simbolizmis gaTvaliswinebiT,
es reformebi aseve aRiqmeba, rogorc `axal droSi” reprezentaciis,
arCevanisa da mravalferovnebis postmodernistuli formebis Sefaseba –
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anu, Tanamedrove biurokratizebuli saxelmwifo ganaTlebis sistemebidan
dacileba.

Tumca, empiriuli faqtebi gviCvenebs, rom gaWirvebulTaTvis

daxmarebis gawevis nacvlad, arCevanze da skolis avtonomiaze (vauCerebisa
da sawesdebo skolebis CaTvliT amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi) aqcenti
kidev ufro met zarals ayenebs maT, visac ar SeuZlia bazarze
konkurenciis gaweva (smiti da noubli, 1995; planti, 1990; efli, 1997). am
politikis detaluri analizis Semdeg viti (ibeWdeba) dasZens, rom:

mzardi tendecia imisa, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ufro da ufro meti

aspeqti iqnes dayrdnobili momxmarebelTa uflebebze da ara samoqalaqo
uflebebze, moicavs imaze gacilebiT mets, vidre mxolod gadasvlas
saxelmwifo ganaTlebis sajaro sistemebidan individualur skolebze,
romlebic erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven bazarze. Tumca, erTi SexedviT,
reagirebs ra zogadi xasiaTis zebiurokratiuli socialur keTildReobaze
orientirebuli saxelmwifos debulebebis kritikaze, mas ganaTlebis mTavari
aspeqtebi aseve gadahyavs sajarodan kerZo sferoSi socialuri
samarTlianobisaTvis potenciurad mniSvnelovani SedegebiT... vinaidan axali
ganaTlebis politika asazrdovebs im ideas, rom keTildReobaze
pasuxismgebloba (sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisaTvis aucilebeli minimumis
farglebs gareT) unda ganisazRvros mxolod da mxolod, rogorc sakiTxi
individebisa da ojaxebisaTvis, maSin ara mxolod bazris farglebi
viwrovdeba, aramed samoqalaqo sazogadoeba TandaTanobiT gansazRvruli
iqneba mxolod da mxolod sabazro terminebiT. (15)

viti (ibeWdeba: 26) gvirCevs asociaciis axali formebis Seqmnas sajaro

sferoSi, romelSic moqalaqis uflebebi sajaro politikis formirebis
procesSi SeiZleba aRdges sajaro da marketizirebuli samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis SezRuduli versiis tendenciebTan mimarTebaSi. ganaTlebis
politikis Seqmna demokratiuli cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili da
legitimuri sazogadoebrivi sfero unda iyos (26).

vitis daintereseba skolebSi socialuri urTierTobebis

marketizaciiT da momxmarebelTa sazogadoebisken miswrafebiT, miuxedavad
imisa, rom ganviTarebulia socialur demokratiuli poziciidan
memarcxeneebSi, mainc SeTavsebadia sajaro skolebze tradiciul
liberalur SexedulebasTan, rac xels uwyobs pasuxismgeblobis mqone
moqalaqeTa swavlebas, imdenad ramdenadac, sajaro skolebi sxvadasxva
rasisa da religiis bavSvebisagan moiTxoven erTad muSaobasa da erTmaneTis
pativiscemis swavlas.

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 liberaluri poziciidan, emi gutmani (1987) damajereblad amtkicebda,
rom ganaTleba moqalaqeobisaTvis fokusirebuli unda iyos uflebebis da
ara pasuxismgeblobebis damowmebaze da amave dros, skolebi xels unda
uwyobdes zogadi saTnoebebis (gabeduleba, kanonmorCileba, loialuroba),
socialuri saTnoebebis (avtonomia, farTo horizontis qona), ekonomikuri
saTnoebebis (samuSao eTika, TviTdakmayofilebis Seyovnebis unari) da
politikuri saTnoebebis (analizis unari, kritikis unari) ganviTarebas. am
TvalsazrisiT, skolebma unda aswavlon bavSvebs iseTi mniSvnelovani
azrovneba da moraluri perspeqtiva, rac gansazRvravs sazogadoebriv
gonivrulobas (kimlika da normani, 1994:368). es moqalaqeobrivi Tvisebebi
axdenen ara mxolod moqalaqis formirebas, aramed zrdian aseve
demokratiis ganxorcielebis Sansebs Tanamedrove kapitalistur
sazogadoebebSi, radgan rogorc terneri (1986) miiCnevs, `moqalaqeobam unda
Seasrulos damoukidebeli normatiuli roli nebismier sarwmuno
politikur TeoriaSi da ... pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse moqalaqeoba unda
warmoadgendes saxelmwifoebrivi politikis aqtualur mizans” (194). Tumca,
rodesac adamianebi cxovroben keTildReobis garkveul doneebze dabla,
samoqalaqo saTnoebebis ganviTareba SeiZleba arasakmarisi iyos
moqalaqeobis xelSesawyobad – an T. h. marSalis terminologiiT rom
CamovayaliboT, SeiZleba arasakmarisi iyos socialuri uflebebi – rac maT
saSualebas aZlevs, gamoiyenon uflebebi da Seasrulon sakuTari, rogorc
moqalaqeTa movaleobebi.

moqalaqeobis ganxorcielebis mTavari dabrkoleba aris mravali

moqalaqis mzardi siRaribe da kerZod, maTi dekomodifikacia, maT
uunarobasTan erTad (gayidon sakuTari Sroma formalur bazrebze) –
aqedan, araformaluri Sromis bazrebis mniSvnelobis zrda saarsebo
saSualebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavis komentari, romelic eyrdoba siRaribisa
da moqalaqeobis gamocdilebas laTinur amerikaSi (rac araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar aris unikaluri globalizaciis konteqtSi) gviCvenebs
moqalaqeobis miRebis problemis sirTules maSin, rodesac ZiriTadi
ekonomikuri moTxovnilebebis minimumic ki ar aris dakmayofilebuli.

garda siRaribisa, arsebobs sxva seriozuli gamowvevebi moqalaqeobis

cnebisaTvis, rogorc gadmocemulia liberaluri tradiciiT. yvelaze
mniSvnelovania is gamowvevebi, romelic warmodgenilia feminizmis TeoriiTa
da praqtikiT, postkolonializmiT, rasis kritikuli Teoriisa da
socialuri moZraobebiT. momdevno nawili warmoadgens am mosazrebebs,
xolo bolo nawili fokusirebulia bazrebs, moqalaqeobasa da ganaTlebas
Soris interaqciebze.

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feminizmis, postkolonializmis, rasis kritikuli Teoriisa da
socialuri moZraobebis gamowvevebi
feminizmi

zRvarze vimyofebi. aSkara gansxvavebas vxedav marginalurobas, romelic

iZulebiT Tavsmoxveulia despotur struqturebis (mbrZaneblobisa da
deprivaciis adgilebis) mier da marginalobas Soris, romelsac adamiani
irCevs winaaRmdegobis gawevisaTvis – rogorc radikaluri gulaxdilobisa
da SesaZloblobis adgils.
– bel huqsi, swrafva

T. h. marSalma – da masTan erTad bevrma mkvlevarma – TavisTavad

cxadad miiCnia is garemoeba, rom meTvramete saukuneSi yvela adamiani
inglisSi legalurad Tavisufali iyo da amdenad, sargeblobda civiluri
moqalaqeobiT. Tumca, am varaudis mimarT yvelaze seriozuli gamowvevaa is
azri, rom zrdasruli ingliseli mamakaci sargeblobda iuridiuli
TavisuflebiT da moqalaqeobiT, qalTa Sromis komodifikaciisa da ojaxSi
qalTa iuridiuli Zalauflebis naklebobis gamo, rac kontroldeboda
patriarqaluri damkvidrebuli qcevebis meSveobiT. rogorc peitmani (1996)
wers:
miuxedavad kritikis mzardi simZlavrisa da diapazonisa, misi komentatorebi
tipiurad ver afaseben moqalaqeobis mimarT marSalis interesis Tavisebur
siviwroves, rac mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT miedineba... igi ar kiTxulobs,
aqvs Tu ara uflebebs Tanabari mniSvneloba yvela moqalaqisaTvis, an
sxvagvarad rom CamovayaliboT azri, yvela individisaTvis erTsa da imaves
niSnavs Tu ara moqalaqeoba. igi arkvevs socialur integracias da –
mamrobiTi – muSa klasis materialur da kulturul pirobebs. man ar
gaiTvaliswina, iyvnen Tu ara sxva moqalaqeebi, romlebic SeiZleboda meore
klasisTvis miekuTvnebinaT. (7-8).

peitmanis es komentari miuTiTebs T. h. marSalis sam yvelaze

saintereso kritikaze: (a) rom misi analizi, Zlieri aqcentiT (mamrobiTi)
muSa klasis ideologiaze, metad veRar ganmartavs cvlilebebs
moqalaqeobaSi restruqturirebuli globalizebuli kapitalizmis gamo; (b)
rom man ver SeZlo gaeTvaliswinebina eTnikurobis sakiTxi (rac ganmartavs
sakmaod did wils imisa, rasac peitmani uwodebs `meore klasis
moqalaqeebs”); da (g) rom man aSkarad ver SeZlo moqalaqeobis sakuTar
analizSi ganemarta qalebis subordinacia. maSasadame, moqalaqeobis
feministuri gamowvevis mniSvneloba, romlis ganxilvasac axla
mivubrundebi.

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 feminizmi, msgavsad nebismieri Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriisa,
warmoadgens dinebaTa nazavs monawileTa raodenobiT, romlebic asruleben
sxvadasxva rolebs sxvadasxva principebis mixedviT da romlebsac,
miuxedavad imisa, rom urTierTdakavSirebulia, maincdamainc erTsa da imave
Teoriuli daskvnebisa, Tu politikuri orientaciebisaken ar mivyavarT.
Tumca, klasikuri feministuri teqtebis nebismieri kritikuli wakiTxva
gvaCvenebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo feminizmi moqalaqeobis
tradiciuli koncefciebis gabatonebuli ganuyofeli `mamrobiTobis”
dekonstruqciaSi da amdenad, rogor SeuZlia feminizms, SemogvTavazos
ukiduresad gamWriaxi ideebi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor SevqmnaT
radikalurad demokratiuli proeqti, romelic daefuZneba WeSmarit
Tanasworobas da Tavisuflebas.5

identobis sakiTxi centraluria tradiciuli liberaluri

moqalaqeobis gamowvevebis diskusiisaTvis. Santal mufma (1993), romelic
uars acxadebda esencialisturi poziciis dakavebaze, magram romelic aseve
iyenebda poststruqturalistur wvlils, epistemologiurad gadmogvca, Tu
ra dgas riskis qveS, roca ganvixilavT moqalaqeobas feministuri
perspeqtividan: `mxolod maSin, rodesac uarvyofT subieqtze Sexedulebas
rogorc agentze, romelic aris rogorc racionaluri, ise transparentuli
sakuTari Tavis mimarT, da uarvyofT aseve misi poziciebis ansamblis
savaraudo erTianobas da erTgvarovnebas, viqnebiT im poziciaSi, rom
Teoriulad vimsjeloT subordinaciis urTierTobaTa simravleze”.

mufi amtkicebs, rom subordinaciis urTierTobebi mravalSriania da

rom adamiani SeiZleba dominantur rols asrulebdes erT urTierTobaSi,
xolo daqvemdebarebul rols – sxva urTierTobaSi. aRniSnuli, nawilobriv,
ukavSirdeba subieqtTa materialur da simbolur poziciurobas da im
mosazrebas, rom identoba aris ara ucvleli arsi, aramed poziciaTa (anu
statusebis/rolebis), narativebisa da diskursebis ansambli, rac Seqmnilia
subieqtis mier misi urTierTobebisgan (da, amdenad, gamocdilebebisgan) da
misi sakuTari poziciurobisgan.

es aris mizanscena, romelic dazianebulia socialur agentTa

cxovrebaSi SeusabamobebiTa da gaurkvevlobebiT. ra Tqma unda, mufis (1993)
Sexeduleba eWvqveS ayenebs identobis imave cnebas, rogoric aris arsi,
romelic reagirebas axdens garkveul kodebze, wesebsa Tu bunebaze: `aseTi
mravalgvari da winaaRmdegobrivi subieqtis `identoba~ yovelTvis
pirobiTia da SemTxveviTi, droebiTad damagrebulia subieqtis am poziciaTa
gadakveTaze da damokidebulia identifikaciis specifiur formebze. amitom
SeuZlebelia visaubroT socialur agentze ise, TiTqos vexebodeT erTian
erTgvarovan arss” (77). mufis analizis ZiriTadi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,

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rom subieqtis identobis cnebas ar unda mivudgeT martivad, rogorc
ubralod poziciaTa simravlis Tanaarsebobas.

mufis mtkiceba aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamowveva moqalaqeobis

cnebisaTvis. vinaidan socialuri agenti ar SeiZleba gamoiyos, rogorc
calkeuli identobisgan Sedgenili, da vinaidan simravlis cneba
SeuZlebels xdis imis advil definicias, rac aris moqalaqe, es analizi
seriozulad sadavod xdis moqalaqeobis nebismier gamartivebul
definicias, romelic efuZneba legalur, an teritoriul cnebebs.

ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs identobebis simravle, is

ar SeiZleba martivad gavigoT, rogorc faqtorebis erToblioba, an
rogorc TvisebaTa naerTi. mufisaTvis (1993), identoba unda aRviqvaT,
rogorc interaqciis produqti sxvadasxva diskursebs Soris, romelic qmnis
subieqtis gamocdilebas da sxvadasxva poziciebs, rac gansazRvravs am
gamocdilebas. garda amisa, vinaidan es poziciebi warmoadgens `sxvebis mier
erTis mudmivi daSlis (damxobis) da zedeterminaciis” produqts (77),
identobaTa politizireba viTardeba brZolis axal formebSi, rac
centraluria laklosa da mufis (1985) TvalsazrisiT, radikaluri da
pluraluri demokratiis proeqtisaTvis.

radikaluri da pluraluri demokratiis perspeqtividan, laklo da

mufi ayeneben demokratiul ekvivalenturobaTa cnebas. amis azri
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom radikaluri demokratiuli politikis SeqmnisaTvis
saWiroa mravalferovani demokratiuli brZolebisa da identobebis
dakavSireba da demokratiul ekvivalenturobaTa dafuZneba:

radikaluri demokratiis amocana aris, ra Tqma unda, demokratiuli

revoluciis gaRrmaveba da mravalferovani demokratiuli brZolebis
dakavSireba... magaliTad, antirasizmis, antiseqsizmisa da antikapitalizmis.
es brZolebi spontanurad ar emTxveva da imisaTvis, rom Camoyalibdes
demokratiuli ekvivalenturobebi, saWiroa axali `saRi azri”, romelic ise
moaxdenda sxvadasxva jgufebis identobis transformirebas, rom
SesaZlebeli iqneboda TiToeuli jgufis moTxovnebis Camoyalibeba sxvebis
moTxovnebTan erTad demokratiuli ekvivalenturobis principebis mixedviT...
imisaTvis, rom muSaTa interesebis dacva ar moxdes qalebis, emigrantebisa
Tu momxmareblebis uflebebis xarjze, aucilebelia dadgindes
ekvivalentoba am sxvadasxva brZolebs Soris. mxolod am garemoebebSi xdeba
Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg brZola WeSmaritad demokratiuli. (19)

mufi (1993) aRiarebs radikalur antiesencializms. miuxedavad imisa,

rom igi iRebs ZiriTadi aRmniSvnelebis arsebobas koleqtiur subieqtTa
aRsaniSnad, `qalis” cnebas ar eqneba erTiani arsi, da amdenad: `Cven aRar
158
gvaqvs erTgvarovani erTeuli `qali”, romelic dgas sxva erTgvarovani
erTeulis `kacis” winaSe, aramed gvaqvs socialur urTierTobaTa simravle,
romelSic sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi yovelTvis igeba Zalian mravalferovani
saSualebebiT da sadac subordinaciis winaaRmdeg brZola unda iyos
vizualizebuli specifiuri da diferencialuri formebiT” (78). vinaidan
ZiriTadi identobebis cneba eWvqveS dgeba imiT, rasac frazeri (1997)
uwodebs dekonstruqciul esencializms, Tanasworobis gansxvavebasTan
Sepirispirebis dilema mufisaTvis xdeba uazro, an frazerisaTvis –
ubralod mcdari antiTeza (1997:3).

rogor SeiZleba, rom am antiesencialisturma, an dekonstruirebulma

esencializmis poziciam gamoiyenos feminizmis mier Setanili wvlili
moqalaqeobis TeoriaSi? mufi (1993) akritikebs radikalur feminizms, rac
warmodgenilia qerol peitmanis (1986a, 1986b, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1996) kacis/qalis
antagonizmis analiziT. mufi amtkicebs, rom feminizmis centraluri mizania
is specifiuri moTxovnebi, ramac SeiZleba asaxos qalis interesi
demokratiuli politikis sityvebiT gadmocemisas.6 peitmanis (1992)
pozicias, rogorc esencialistur pozicias akritikebs mufi. garda amisa,
peitmanis gakritikebamde mufi akritikebs maternalur feminizms misi
uunarobisaTvis – xeli Seuwyos moqalaqeobis adekvatur models. mufi
amtkicebs, rom radgan dedisa da Svilis urTierToba araTanaswori,
intimuri, eqskluziuri da konkretuli aqtivobaa, igi Zlier gansxvavdeba
demokratiuli moqalaqeobisagan, romelic moiTxovs koleqtiur, inkluziur
da ganzogadebul aqtivobebs.

mufis mixedviT, peitmanis analizi gansazRvravs moqalaqeobas,

rogorc patriarqalur kategorias, romelic konstruirebulia maskulinur
saxeSi, xolo alternativa aris is, rom Seiqmnas moqalaqeobis seqsualurad
diferencirebuli koncefcia, aRiarebs unars, romelic aqvT qalebs da
aklia kacebs: dedobas. magaliTad, domestikuri feminizmis kritikisas,
peitmani (1986a, citirebulia mufis mier, 1993:80) amtkicebs, rom es
Sexeduleba `saTanado wonas aniWebs sqesobriv gansxvavebas sazogadoebrivi
Tanasworobis konteqstSi, moiTxovs individis unitaruli (anu,
maskulinuri) koncefciis uaryofas, rac abstrahirebulia Cveni
realizebuli arsebobidan da piradsa da sazogadoebrivs Soris
patriarqaluri dayofidan” (24).

es dasabuTeba, romelic Camoayaliba mufma 1986 wels peitmanis

gamouqveynebuli statiidan, aseve warmodgenilia peitmanis redaqtorobiT
gamocemul feministur politikur mecnierebaTa naSromebis ZiriTad
krebulSi (1986b), romelic gamovida imave wels. pirveli, aq aris
piradis/sazogadoebrivis gansxvavebis kritika: `feminizmisaTvis warsulis

159
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da rTuli memkvidreobaa TiTqosda
universaluri `individis” Seqmna piradsa da sazogadoebrivs Soris
dayofisas”. individis sqesobrivad konkretuli xasiaTi Tanasworobisa da
sqesobrivi gansxvavebis problemis centrSi dgas” (7). meore aris imis
kritika, liberaluri sociologiis perspeqtivisaTvis, rac feminizmma unda
gaakeTos socialur da politikur TeoriaSi Teoriuli xarvezebis,
gamotovebebisa da araswori warmodgenebis Sesacvlelad:

sirTule ... is aris, rom feminizmi aRiqmeba, rogorc qalebis unitarul,

aradiferencirebul sistemaze morgebis sakiTxi, rac varaudobs, rom
arsebobs mxolod erTi – universaluri – sqesi. an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
advilia vivaraudoT, rom imis mtkicebis xangrZlivi istoriis miuxedavad,
rom qalebis SesaZleblobebi moiTxovs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan Cvens
gamoricxvas, erTaderTi Sesabamisi pasuxia is, rom vamtkicoT, rom
sqesobrivi gansxvaveba ararelevanturia. Tumca, msjelobis es xazi
xeluxleblad tovebs sazogadoebrivi samyaros, individisa da misi unarebis
sqesobrivad konkretul daxasiaTebas. (7)

mesame, peitmani Semdeg gviCvenebs liberaluri argumentis nakls, rom

radgan qalebs igive unarebi aqvT, rac kacebs, Sesabamisi ganaTlebis
SemTxvevaSi, isini srulad unda iyvnen integrirebulni samoqalaqo
cxovrebaSi da sazogadoebriv sferoSi. igi amtkicebs, rom argumenti,
garkveulwilad, Cinebulia. rasac igi faravs is aris, rom arsebobs qalis
unari, romelsac ar floben mamakacebi da, amgvarad, es srulad uaryofs,
rom dabadebas, qalebis sxeulebs da qalur vnebebs, ganuyoflad maTi
sxeulebisgan da sxeulebrivi procesebisgan, raime politikuri
relevanturoba hqondes” (7).

miuxedavad amisa, dedobis politikis Sesaxeb ufro garkveulad

msjelobisas, peitmani (1992) ambobs, rom: `is faqti, rom mxolod qalebs
aqvT unari, dafexmZimdnen, gaaCinon bavSvi da ZuZu awovon TavianT Cvilebs,
upiratesad warmoadgens `gansxvavebis” niSans. bavSvis gaCenam da dedobam
moaxdines bunebrivi unaris sinTezireba, ramac qalebi ganacalkeva
politikisa da moqalaqeobisgan; dedoba da moqalaqeoba, am perspeqtivaSi,
msgavsad gansxvavebisa da Tanasworobisa, urTierTgamomricxavia” (18).

dabolos, peitmani (1986b) gvTavazobs sinoptikur dasabuTebas imisa,

Tu ra SeiZleba iyos feminizmis wvlili politikur TeoriaSi: `Tumca
cxadia, rom feministuri Teoria TvalnaTliv iwyeba imis aRiarebiT, rom
individebi arian mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi, rom individualoba ar
warmoadgens unitarul abstraqcias, aramed aris kacobriobis erTianobis
gansaxierebuli da sqesobrovad diferencirebuli gamoxatuleba. Teoriis
Seqmna, romelSic qalebs da qalurobas aqvs avtonomiuri adgili, niSnavs,
160
rom piradisa da sazogadoebrivis, socialurisa da politikuris xelaxali
konceptualizacia aseve srulad unda moxdes; mokled, es niSnavs im
sqesobrivad kerZo Teoriis didi xnis istoriis dasasruls, romelic
axdens univesalizmis imitacias” (10).

mufi (1993) gvTavazobs yvelaze saintereso kontrarguments peitmanis

analizTan mimarTebaSi. igi eTanxmeba peitmans, rom `individis” liberaluri
kategoria agebulia rogorc universaluri, erTgvarovnad sazogado, da
amdenad individualurobisa da gansxvavebis cnebebi dahyavs kerZo sferomde.
ufro metic, mufi aseve eTanxmeba peitmans, rom es politikur-filosofiuri
konceptualizacia saziano iyo qalebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, mufi (1993)
acxadebs: `ar mjera, rom amis gamosworebis saSualebaa misi Secvla
individis sqesobrivad diferencirebuli, `orsqesobrivi” koncefciiT
(cnebiT) da qalebis egreT wodebuli specifiuri datvirTvis SemotaniT
moqalaqeobis imave gansazRvrebaSi” (81).

mufi askvnis, rom peitmanis instinqtebi sworia dedobis politikuri

Rirebulebis gamoyenebis mcdelobisas moqalaqeobis patriarqaluri
safuZvlebis dasaSlelad. analogiurad, qeTrin makkinoni da sxv. amtkicebs,
rom `imisaTvis, rom genderis sakiTxebma gamoiwvios egreT wodebuli
gansxvaveba, saboloo jamSi, unda miviRoT mamrobiTi perspeqtiva” (1985:21-22).
magram mufi amtkicebs, rom peitmani Tavis sakuTar dilemaSi gamomwyvdeuli
rCeba da Sedegad, ar SeuZlia daSalos kacebis/qalebis opozicia. amis
nacvlad, mas surs `daamtkicos, rom moqalaqeobis Tanamedrove koncefciis
nakli gamosworebul unda iqnes ara imiT, rom sqesobrivi gansxvaveba
politikurad relevanturi gavxadoT mis definiciasTan mimarTebaSi, aramed
moqalaqeobis axali koncefciis SeqmniT, sadac sqesobrivi gansxvaveba xdeba
efeqtianad ararelevanturi” (82).

mufi droulad aRniSnavs, rom misi argumentireba sqesobrivi

gansxvavebis, rogorc validuri gansxvavebis cnebis gaqrobis sasargeblod
aris mimarTuli, igi arc socialuri urTierTobebis sqesis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe aRqmis postulirebas axdens. amis nacvlad, misi mosazrebiT,
`radikaluri da pluraluri demokratiis proeqts sWirdeba moqalaqeobis
ara sqesobrivad diferencirebuli modeli, romelSic rogorc kacebis, ise
qalebis specifiuri amocanebi Tanabrad iqneba Sefasebuli, aramed marTlac
gansxvavebuli gageba imisa, Tu ras niSnavs iyo moqalaqe da imoqmedo,
rogorc demokratiuli politikuri sazogadoebis wevrma” (82).

peitmani, Tavis sqesobriv kontraqtSi (1988) akritikebs qalebis

gavlenas da daqvemdebarebas rogorc sruli moqalaqeobis naklebobis
ganmsazRvrels sakontraqto sazogadoebebSi, da igi orive process
ukavSirebs mepatrone/subieqtis models. frazeri (1997) amtkicebs, rom
161
`peitmanis SexedulebiT, orelementiani mepatrone/subieqtis modeli qmnis
mamakacurobis, qalurobis, seqsualurobis da sqesobrivi gansxvavebis
Cveneul gagebas” (226). miuxedavad imisa, rom igi afasebs peitmanis
gambedaobas sqesobriv kontraqtSi, frazeri mas sxvadasxva mizeziT
akritikebs. pirveli, frazeri amtkicebs, rom moralisa da qalurobis arss
`garkveuli asociacia akavSirebs batonobasa da damorCilebasTan, magram es
asociaciebi arc erTaderTia da arc srulad avtoritetuli” (233). meore,
frazeri amtkicebs, rom peitmanis modeli ver iTvaliswinebs farTo
struqturul da politikur-ekonomikur faqtorebs, damorCilebisa da
mbrZaneblobis garda, rac iTvaliswinebs eqspluatacias kapitalistur
sazogadoebebSi. mesame, igi amtkicebs, rom damorCilebisa da mbrZaneblobis
is orelementiani formebi transformirdeba mniSvnelovani struqturuli
meqanizmebiT, romelic gamoivlian aramdgrad kulturul formebs.
dabolos, frazeri amtkicebs, rom mepatrone/subieqtis modeli uaRresad
sadavoa da ar iZleva models mTeli rigi gamocdilebebisaTvis, arc
eqspluataciisa da damorCilebis da arc politikuri rezistentulobisa da
kulturuli konfrontaciis TvalsazrisiT.

Tumca, peitmani (1992) pasuxobs, rom misi mizania gascdes

Tanasworobas da gansxvavebas da rom sakiTxis arsi aris ara sqesobrivi
gansxvaveba, aramed qalTa damorCileba: `sasicocxlo sakiTxia gamorCenili,
Tu rogor daiSalos da Seicvalos is moqmedebis wesi, romelSic qalebi
ukve CarTulni arian da amgvarad, Tanasworobasa da gansxvavebas Soris
urTierTobebma transformacia ganicados” (27).

es diskusia xazs usvams sam rTulad mogvarebad Temas moqalaqeobis

tradiciuli liberaluri gagebisaTvis. pirveli, es aris identobis cneba,
rogorc narativTa da poziciaTa Znelad gasagebi, sadavo, mudam cvalebadi
nakrebi, romelic Zalian arTulebs saubars moqalaqeobaze, rogorc calke
aRebul identobaze da romelic TanafardobaSia teritoriasTan,
kulturasTan an gamocdilebasTan. masaSadame, mufis kritika
esencializirebul poziciebis Sesaxeb efuZneba winapirobebs?
`konceptualizirebadi identobebisa da gansxvavebebisa, rogorc
diskursiulad agebulis, obieqturad mocemulis nacvlad” (frazeri,
1997:183). meore aris liberaluri demokratiebis patriarqaluri safuZvlebis
cneba da aucilebeli kritika da cvlilebebi im safuZvlebSi, romelic
saWiroa imisaTvis, Tu yvela mamakaci da qali miCneul unda iqnes srul
moqalaqeebad. rogorc peitmani migviTiTebs, `WeSmaritad demokratiul
moqalaqeSi, me vgulisxmob, rom orive sqesi aris sruli moqalaqe” (28). es,
Tavis mxriv iwvevs sajarosa da kerZos cnebebis politikuri gamoyenebis
kritikas. `sazogadoebrivis” rogorc mamrobiTi, patriaqaluri cnebis
feministuri kritika da demokratiis, rogorc meTodis da aseve arsis
162
gagebis moTxovnileba, romelic moicavs rogorc kerZo, ise sazogadoebriv
sferos – gansxvaveba, romelic unda moicavdes zrunvis Rirebulebas, rac
Seexeba (Tumca, maincdamainc gansakuTrebulad ar ukavSirdeba) dedobas –
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan gamowvevas moqalaqeobis tradiciuli
cnebisaTvis, rac izomeba saarCevno struqturebiTa da ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis wiliT. dabolos, mufi miiCnevs, rom mravalferovani
brZolebis gaerTianebaSi demokratiuli ekvivalentobis monaxvis saWiroeba
ganuyofelia demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da sazogadoebis SeqmnaSi Tavad
alternatiuli identobebis postulirebis cnebisagan. mufis (1993) pozicia
saWiroebs moqalaqeobis ganxilvas, ara rogorc erTi calke aRebuli
identobisa, romelic sxvebTan erTad Tavgzaabneulia, an rogorc
identobebis jamisa, aramed rogorc mkafiod formulirebuli principis,
`romelic gavlenas axdens socialuri agentis sxvadasxva subieqtur
poziciebze, da amave dros specifiuri loialurobis simravlisa da iZleva
individualuri Tavisuflebis pativiscemis saSualebas” (84).

mufis mTliani midgoma Tavidan icilebs specifiuri da mkacrad

feministuri politikuri proeqtis Seqmnas moqalaqeobis tradiciuli
cnebebis dekonstruqciaSi feminizmis wvlilis dakargvis gareSe. meore
mxriv, peitmani cdilobs gaakritikos is, rasac igi aRiqvams, rogorc
mamakacTa uflebebze damyarebul sazogadoebriv mowyobas. da mainc,Mmufis
TvalsazrisiT, subieqtis Sedgenis wvdoma (rogorc is Sedgenilia
sxvadasxva diskursebiTa da poziciebiT) ufro Sesabamisia, vidre identobis
dayvana erT atributze, rogoricaa klasi, rasa, an sqesi an erTi modeli,
rogoricaa mepatrone/subieqtis konstruqti, da aris winapiroba imis
gasagebad, Tu rogor aris agebuli urTierTobebi da gamoricxvis romeli
formebi Warbobs, miuxedavad liberaluri moqalaqeobis mtkicebisa.

miuxedavad amisa, mufsa da feiTmans, or gamoCenil feminist

mkvlevars, rogorc Cans, gamorCaT feministuri Teoriis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
problema, romelic aris kavSirebis ganxilva rasas da sqess Soris ise, rom
Tavidan iqnes acilebuli sqesis privilegireba rasasTan SedarebiT.
Savkaniani feministi mkvlevari akritikebs TeTrkaniani feministebis
naSromebs Semdegnairad: `sityva `Savi~ qalebTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgens
intensifikators: Tu problemebi yvelasaTvis (igulisxmeba TeTrkaniani
qalebi) rTulia, isini kidev ufro rTulia Savkaniani qalebisaTvis. usityvo
da tanjulni, moyvanili varT gverdebze (umetesad sqolioebSi) rogorc
imis ukiduresi magaliTi, Tu ramdenad cudi mdgomareoba SeiZleba iyos”
(harisi, 1997:260). rgorc cnobili Cikana mwerali ambobs, rodesac
ganvixilavT sqesis, klasis, kulturisa da eTnikurobis gadakveTas, sakuTar
Tavs aRmovaCenT `aracivilizebul zonaSi”, `radgan Cikanoebi da sxva
feradkaniani mamakacebi Tavadac warmoadgenen politikurad da
163
ekonomikurad daqvemdebarebul klasebs. miuxedavad amisa, rTuli Cagvris
aRiareba ... moiTxovs qalebisaTvis sqesis im damatebiTi tvirTis aRiarebas,
rogorc es interpretirebulia yvela politikuri ierarqiis SigniT yvela
patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi”. (Cavez kandelaria, 1997:248).

multikulturuli `aracivilizebuli zonis” idea, rogorc Cavez

kandelariam (1997) SemoiRo, warmoadgens saintereso socialur konstruqts,
radgan igi saubrobs mravalricxovan kulturul gamocdilebebze, magram
xels uwyobs genderis, rogorc diskretuli atributis kvlevas. ra Tqma
unda, multikulturuli `aracivilizebuli zonis” cneba efuZneba imis
aRiarebas, rom gamocdileba viTardeba diferencirebulad `iseTi
fundamenturi kategoriebis mixedviT, rogoricaa sqesi, rasa da eTnikuroba,
da agreTve klasis politikur-ekonomikuri kategoriebis da simdidris
ganawilebis mixedviT” (250). frazeri (1997:179), rogorc Cans, eTanxmeba amas.

es aris ZiriTadi wvdoma, gansakuTrebiT radikaluri demokratiis

cnebebisaTvis da demokratiuli interaqciebisaTvis saxlisa da ojaxis
doneze, iseve rogorc sazogadoebis doneze. rasa, klasi da sqesi
urTierTqmedeben sakmaod gabedulad mamrobiTi gavlenis erT-erT yvelaze
patriarqalur formaSi, `maCizmSi” (machismo), romelic didi xnis manZilze
miiCneoda dabrkolebad radikalur demokratiuli da socialisturi qcevis
SeqmnaSi. es cneba, romelic Cveulebriv miewereboda laTino da Cikano
mamakacebis qcevasa da damokidebulebas zogadad qalebis mimarT, sakmaod
popularizebuli iyo masmediaSi da presaSi, rogorc TiTqmis
gansakuTrebuli kulturuli maxasiaTebeli, da maSasadame, dResdReobiT igi
adgens zogadad laTino amerikelebis folkloruli mikerZoebuli
Sexedulebebis nawils, im nagulisxmebi varaudis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
laTinoamerikeli da Cikana qalebi, nebayoflobiT Tu iZulebiT, xdebian
mamakacebis seqsisturi qcevis Tanamonawileebi.

miuxedavad amisa, kapitalizmSi arsebobs azris sakmarisi damaxinjeba

da komodifikacia, rom dagvaviwyos espanuri terminis, `maCizmis”
warmomavloba da mniSvneloba da is, Tu rogor SeiZleba igi Teoriulad
iyos formulirebuli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi feradkaniani
mamakacebisa da qalebis gamocdilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. feministi Cikana
mwerali Gloria anzaldua (1997) Segvaxsenebs am terminis warmomavlobas da
resignifikaciis Sedegebs, rasac adgili hqonda kapitalistur,
patriarqalur sazogadoebebSi. misi analizi namdvilad imsaxurebs
citirebas:

sityva “machismo”-s Tanamedrove mniSvneloba, da aseve misi arsi,

sinamdvileSi angloamerikuli gamogonebaa. mamaCemis msgavsi kacebisaTvis
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 `maCooba” niSnavda sakmarisi siZlieris qonas, rac saWiro iyo Cveni da
dedaCemis dacvisa da rCenisaTvis da amave dros, siyvarulis gamoxatvis
unaris qonas. dRevandel maCos awuxebs eWvebi sakuTari ojaxis gamokvebisa
da dacvis unaris Taobaze. misi “machismo” warmoadgens adaptacias
CagvrasTan, siRatakesTan da sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi nakleb
TavdajerebulobasTan. es aris ierarqiuli mamrobiTi gavlenis Sedegi.
angloamerikeli, romelic araadekvaturad, daqvemdebarebulad da uZlurad
grZnobs Tavs, icvlis an gadascems am grZnobebs Cikanos, misi abuCad
agdebiT. gringos samyaroSi Cikano itanjeba zomagadasuli Tavmdablobisgan,
sakuTari Tavis gamo sircxvilisa da Tavis damcirebisgan.
laTinoamerikelebis gverdiT igi ganicdis enobrivi araadekvaturobis
SegrZnebas da masTan dakavSirebuli diskomforts; amerikel indielTa
gverdiT igi itanjeba rasobrivi amneziiT (romelic Cvens saerTo sisxlis
ignorirebas axdens) da danaSaulis SegrZnebiT, radgan misma espanurma
nawilma daipyro maTi miwa da Seaviwrova isini. mas aqvs gadaWarbebuli
kompensatoruli siamaye, rodesad igi imyofeba sxva mxaris meqsikelebis
gverdiT. es tvirTad awveba rasobrivi bralis Rrma SegrZnebas. Rirsebis
grZnobisa da pativiscemis dakargva maCoSi iwvevs yalb “machismo”-s, rasac
igi mihyavs qalebis damcirebamde da sastik mopyrobamde. mis seqsistur
qcevasTan erTad arsebobs misi siyvaruli dedisadmi, rac aRemateba yvela
danarCenisadmi siyvaruls. Tavdadebuli vaJi, binZuri maCo. Tavisi qmedebebis,
sakuTari pirovnebis bralis Camosarecxad da sastiki mxecis samarTavad igi
eCveva boTls, xvrinvas, narkotiks da muSts. (769)

`maCizmi” warmoadgens umecrebis produqts, SesaZloa ojaxis

socializaciis Rrma fsiqologiur struqturebsac ki, magram aseve, rogorc
anzaldua amtkicebs, kapitalizmis, patriarqalurobis da feradkaniani
adamianebis cxovrebaSi gringos batonobis fsiqologiur struqturebs.
`maCizmi”, ra Tqma unda, aris seriozuli Semferxebeli moqalaqeobisa,
rogorc samoqalaqo RirebulebebiT tkbobis da SesrulebisaTvis ara
mxolod qali subieqtebisaTvis seqsistur qcevasTan mimarTebaSi, aramed
Tavad sastiki maCosTvis, romlis humanurobac ziandeba sisastikis
TiToeuli aqtis Semdeg da romelic, `maCizmis”, rogorc
TviTidentifikaciis saSualebisaTvis mimarTviT, anadgurebs demokratiul
moqalaqeobas, rogorc moqalaqeobriv Rirsebebs. cxadia, rom `maCizmis”
problemis gadawyvetebi SeuZlebelia martivad warmoiSvas fsiqologiur
teqnikidan, an saganmanaTleblo praqtikidan; isini ukavSirdeba rasis,
klasisa da genderuli urTierTobebis ufro farTo, sistemur problemas
mzardad globalizebul kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi.

aqedan, feministebis axali wvlilis mniSvneloba, gansakuTrebiT Cikana

feministebisa, romlebic akritikeben kulturul imperializms, rogorc
TeTrkaniani evrocentruli feministebis uunarobas, warmoidginon

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feradkanian qalTa Soris myofi TavianTi kolegebis saWiroebebi, survilebi
da uflebebi: `feminizmi gavlenas axdens Cikana mwerlebsa da kritikosebze,
magram feminizmi, romelic praqtikulad xorcieldeba hegemonuri kulturis
qalebis mier Trgunavs da eqspluatacias uwevs Cikanos rogorc
umniSvnelod, ise Riad” (salvador-hali, 1994:204).

rasis, genderis da klasis dinamikis sirTule, gansakuTrebiT rogorc

es gamoxatulia feministebis naSromebSi, saWiroebs globalizebuli
postkoloniuri sazogadoebebis cxovrebaSi adgilis miCenas. amgvarad,
mniSvnelovania ganvixiloT moqalaqeobisadmi postkoloniuri analizis
wvlili, gansakuTrebiT Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gloria anzalduas cnobili
poemis saTaurs `sasazRvro zolSi cxovreba niSnavs Sens pirovnebas”.

postkolonializmi

metismetad macdunebelia, wamovegoT ankesze da vivaraudoT, rom radgan

esencializmi Teoriulad dekonstruirebul iqna, amitom politikuradac
iqna Senacvlebuli.
– stiuart holi, `rodis iyo post-koloniuri? azrovneba zRvarze”

rodesac vfiqrobT T. h. marSalis wvlilze, saWiroa gavacnobieroT,

rom mas umTavresad mxedvelobaSi hyavda `mowifuli ingliseli mamakaci”.
magram rogorc peitmani (1996:9) aRniSnavs, marSalma detalebSi ar asaxa
`britaneli subieqtis” cneba, arc daakvirda SesaZlo Sedegebs sametapiani
moqalaqeobisa, rac Seqmnili iyo inglisSi da srulad mxardaWerili
gaxldaT msoflioSi britanuli imperializmis eqspansiiT. magaliTad,
peitmani (1996:10-11) aRniSnavs, rom 1948 wlis aqti gamijnavda maT, vinc
britaneTis moqalaqeobas iRebda dabadebis an gaerTianebul samefoSi
naturalizaciis wyalobiT, maTgan, vinc britaneTis moqalaqeobas iRebda,
rogorc Tanamegobrobis qveynebis statusis nawils. maSasadame,
mniSvnelovania postkolonializmis, rogorc moqalaqeobis mimarT
gamowvevis ganxilva.

kolonializmi ukavSirdeba umetesad evropuli metropoliis

sazogadoebebis imperialistur eqspansias mesame msoflios sazogadoebebze,
istoriul process, romelic leninma gansazRvra rogorc imperializmi,
kapitalizmis umaRlesi faza.7 kolonializmi aseve iyo modernizaciis
daZalebis mcdeloba teritoriuli, politikuri da teqnologiuri SeWris
meSveobiT, industriuli TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis
mxridan teqnologiurad naklebad ganviTarebul sazogadoebebze. iZulebiTi

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modernizaciis es procesi ar yofila avtoritaruli filantropiis,
`tradiciuli” xalxisaTvis Tanamedroveobis motanis produqti, aramed es
iyo Tavad koloniuri Zalauflebebis zogieri bundovani socialuri
problemis gadawyvetis da im qveynebis jer kidev xelSeuxebeli bunebrivi
da adamianuri resursebis eqspluataciis mcdeloba, romlis kolonizaciac
unda momxdariyo.8

magaliTad, `axali teritoriebis” (afrikis da aziis) eqspansiam SeZlo

gadaewyvita evropidan mosaxleobis gamosaxlebis saWiroeba, mosaxleobis
siWarbisa da evropuli krizisis gaTvaliswinebiT mecxramete saukunis
bolo meoTxedidan pirvel msoflio omamde. eqspansiam aseve gadaWra
muSaxelis siWarbis da kapitalis mogebis normis vardnis problemebi, rac
moiTxovda axal bazrebs investiciebisa da nedleulisaTvis. dabolos,
kolonializmi eyrdnoboda erovnul saxelmwifoTa da elitaTa
geopolitikur mosazrebebs, romlebic cdilobdnen gaefarToebinaT
TavianTi planetaruli swrafva, evropuli eris Seqmnis azrTa
sxvadasxvaobebis (samxedro Tu diplomatiuri gziT) daregulirebis
mcdelobisas.

postkolonializmi (Teoriuli perspeqtiva, dakavSirebuli

gaTavisuflebis moZraobebTan, romlebic ibrZoda kolonializmisa da
rasizmis winaaRmdeg) warmoiSva, rogorc mcdeloba, gaekritikebinaT
kolonializmis racionaluri safuZvlebi da moexdinaT `gonebis”
dekolonizacia, rogorc ityoda franc fanoni. postkoloniuri azrovneba
maRla dgas ganmanaTleblobis mTel kritikaze da Tanamedroveobis miseul
memkvidreobaze. rogorc feminizmi, postkolonializmic akritikebs
arakvalificirebul azrovnebis cnebas, universalurobas, istoriis
progresul ganviTarebas, erovnul suverenitets da mTlianobas
TviTidentobis mqone subieqtisa, romelsac aqvs specifiuri,
TviTrefleqsiuri interesebi. feminizmis msgavsad, postkoloniur diskurss
mniSvnelovani gavlena hqonda kulturis kvlevaze, umciresobis
reprezentaciis diskursze da humanitarul mecnierebebSi dramatul,
literaturul, kinos, mxatvrul da musikalur teqstebze diskusiaTa
umetesobaze (eSkrofti, grifitsi da tifini, 1995).

P politologi rei roko, los anJelesSi `axali” da `Zveli”

migrantebis Sesaxeb Tavis gamWriax da sazrian analizSi, iyenebs mraval
ZiriTad kulturul kategorias, romelic wamoyenebuli iyo
postkolonialuri analiziT – kerZod, hibridulobas, sazRvrebs, zRvrebs,
`mesame sivrces” da `Sualedurs” – da moixseniebs yvela maTgans Zalian
saintereso socialur konstruqtiT: `subalterni sivrceebi”.

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 kritikuli modernizmis saukeTeso tradiciiT, roko (1997) los
anJelesze sakuTar kvlevaSi erTmaneTs ukavSirebs postkolonializmis
Teoriebs, specializaciis Teoriebs (rogoricaa Teoriebi, romelic
wamoyenebulia postmodernistuli geografiebis mier) da kulturis
kvlevebs. misi sawyisi pozicia is aris, rom gansxvavebis evropuli
konceptualizaciis kritikam unda gaiTvaliswinos kolonizeba-
dekolonizebis RerZi; da igi gvTavazobs adrindel koloniur subieqtebsa
da adrindel koloniur metropolias Soris artikulaciis kritikas da
ganmeorebiT kvlevas. igi ambobs, `imis analizze koncentrirebiT, rac
ganasxvavebs evropasa da aSS-s, erTi mxriv, da mesame msoflios kulturul
formaciebs da konfiguraciebs, meore mxriv, postkolonialistebi axdenen
gansxvavebis cnebebis problematizebas da SeimuSaveben Teoriul
konstruqtebs artikulaciis pirobebis sirTulis gamosaxatavad” (4).

vinaidan kultura brZolis velia, xolo postkolonializmis mTavari

mizani iyo gonebis dekolonizebis saWiroebis ganxorcieleba da Cagruli
xalxis interesebis wamoweva, mTavar mizans warmoadgens dasavluri
sistemis upiratesobis da TeTrebis Zalauflebis upiratesobis eWvqveS
dayeneba imis asaxsnelad, Tu iqna formulirebuli kolonializmisadmi
winaaRmdegoba, rogor Seiqmna identobebi brZolaSi da mbrZaneblobis
urTierTobebi rogor qmnis radikalur kulturul diziunqciebs. rogorc
roko (1997) ganmartavs: `hibriduloba, sazRvrebi, mesame sivrce da zRvrebi,
yvela warmoadgens am urTierTobaTa sirTulis Teoriulad Camoyalibebis
mcdelobas im terminebSi, romelic uaryofs dasavleTis privilegirebas da
romelic mesame msoflios xalxis instituciuri lokaciis xasiaTis
SemosazRvras axdens” (5).

hibridis, diasporis an sazRvris cneba, rogorc Cans, yuradRebas

aqcevs am mcdelobas, Seicnos mesame msoflios xalxis lokacia da
politikuri simboluri praqtika, rogorc globusis kulturul rukaze
maTi geopolitikuri dafuZnebis TvalsazrisiT, ise metropolis koloniuri
sazogadoebebis centrSi maTi fizikuri diasporuli dafuZnebis
TvalsazrisiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom roko frTxilobs, Tavs ar mogvaxvios

postkolonializmis msgavsi Teoriuli konstruqti, ramac SeiZleba ver
gamoxatos amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsi rasobrivi formirebis
amJamindeli politikuri situaciis sirTule, (1997) igi grZnobs, rom
postkolonializms SeuZlia SemogvTavazos garkveuli Rirebuleba, rac
dagvexmareba, gavigoT `kavSiri kolonizeba-dekolonizebis konteqstebsa da
istoriebs Soris (romelic warmoadgens am koncefciebis Sesaxeb Teoriuli
msjelobis didi nawilis safuZvels), kavSirebi adre kolonizebuli

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qveynebidan didi xnis manZilze arsebul populaciasa da yvelaze axal
emigrantebs Soris, rogorc imave qveynebidan, ise Soreuli regionebidan da
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli kulturuli konteqstebiT” (7).

subaltern sivrceebze Teoriuli msjeloba rokos saSualebas aZlevs,

los anJelesSi laTinoamerikeli migrantebis miseul kvlevaSi, gaigos
dinamika axali emigrantebisa da im laTinoamerikelebisa, romlebic ukve
iyvnen am qalaqSi da romelTac aSS-s kulturasTan da subordinaciis
sistemasTan da ZalauflebasTan kavSiris ufro didi xnis istoria hqondaT.
es dinamika ganmartebul unda iqnes, ara mxolod instituciuri sivrceebisa
da praqtikebis (ekonomikuri, politikuri, kulturuli) gaTvaliswinebiT,
rac qmnis uflebamosilebis momcem pirobebs, aramed socialuri da
politikuri qmedebisaTvis SezRudvebis, pirobebis, strategiebisa da
arCevanis gaTvaliswinebiT.

rokos (1997) mosazrebiT, “fragmentaciisa da kulturuli diziunqciis

maxasiaTeblebi da subalterni sivrceebis warmoSoba (rac sadavos xdis
aSS-evrocentrul reprezentaciebs da batonobas), ra Tqma unda, gvxvdeba
urbanul centrebSi, rogoricaa los anJelesi... ganxorcielda aziis,
laTinuri amerikis da afrikis qveynebidan xalxis swrafi da masiuri
migraciebi evropisa da aSS-s megaqalaqebSi, maTi gavlena kulturul,
ekonomikur da politikur instituciur urTierTobebze da maTi
konstruireba da interpretireba, rogorc gaazrebuli safrTxisa erovnuli
identobis kulturuli safuZvlis SenarCunebis mimarT, ramac gamoiwvia
`gansxvavebis~ Teorizirebaze zrunva” (10).

ra Tqma unda, am damokidebulebebisa da cnebebis gaerTianeba

moiTxovs transnacionalizaciis sxvadasxva ganzomilebebis analizs,
risganac Sedgeba eri da ra rolsac asrulebs teritoriuli sivrceebi
erovnuli suverenitetis cnebis formulirebaSi. es aseve gulisxmobs
politikuri wreebisa da politikuri identobis erTgvarovani cnebebisadmi
seriozul gamowvevas, ufro metad samuSao Zalis globalizaciis procesis
konteqtSi, rogorc ganxilulia mesame TavSi. roko amtkicebs, rom swored
im cvlilebis tipebze, romelic ers, identobas, Tems, teritoriasa da
saxelmwifos Soris man gaaanaliza, unda moxdes moqalaqeobis diskursis
formulireba.

Tavis kvlevaSi los anJelesis laTinoamerikul Temebze, roko (1997)

adgens, rom axali da Zveli laTinoamerikelebi im saqmeebSi arian CarTuli,
rac eqceva moqalaqeobis Senebis cnebis farglebSi: `isini erTvebian
saqmianobaSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis relaciur garemoebSi, romelic
specifiur pirobebSi SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc, faqtiurad, pretenzia
TemSi wevrobaze, instituciur garemoebze, resursebze da SesaZleblobebze
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xelmisawvdomobis qonis Sesaxeb... kulturul safuZvelze daarsebul
asociaciaTa qselebis ganviTarebisa da SenarCunebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb,
rac gamocdis inkluzia/eqskluziis kriteriumebs da kulturul identobaTa
sivrceebis dadasturebebs. [rokos kvlevam] ...…gamoavlina ramdenime iseTi
praqtika, romelic, Tumca arc aRiqmeboda da arc aqtorTa mier iyo
`politikurad” gamiznuli, magram miuxedavad amisa, faqtiurad, sadavo
gaxada dadgenili sazRvrebi, wesebi da moqalaqeobis struqturebi” (10).

specifiur pirobebSi: es aris moqalaqeobaze msjelobis sakiTxis arsi

hibridulobis, sazRvrebis da subalterni sivrceebis postkolonialisturi
perspeqtividan. romeli specifiuri pirobebi gaxdida SesaZlebels imas, rom
dadgenil sazRvrebze, wesebsa da moqalaqeobis struqturebze kamaTi
gamxdariyo nawili diskusiisa imis Sesaxeb, Tu subaltern identobebs
rogor SeuZlia Seadginos moqalaqeobis amomwuravi, dinamiuri da rTuli
cneba? es aris is gamowveva, romelsac postkolonializmi uyenebs
moqalaqeobas, rogorc es ase kargad aris warmodgenili rokos Teoriul
da empiriul kvlevaSi.

Tumca, es sakiTxi ar ganxilula T. h. marSalis klasikur kvlevaSi,

SezRuduli interesis gamo, romelsac igi amJRavnebda demokratizaciis
Sesaxeb msjelobisas da imis gamo, rom ar esmoda britanuli moqalaqeobis
struqtura britanuli saxelmwifos, rogorc imperiuli Zalauflebis
struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT. magram, eTnikurobis rolis ver gageba ar
aris Semofargluli britaneTiT, aramed mniSvnelovani roli aqvs
Sesrulebuli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi moqalaqeobis sakiTxSi.

rasis kritikuli Teoria

is, rom sakuTreba mudam araTanabari iqneba, ueWvelia.

– tomas peini, saRi azri da sxva politikuri Txzulebebi

damfuZnebeli mamebidan yvelaze liberalurnic ki, ver SeZlebdnen

warmoedginaT iseTi sazogadoeba, romelSic TeTrkanianebi da Savkanianebi
icxovrebdnen erTad, rogorc Tanamoqalaqeebi. Rirseba da inteleqtualuri
erTianoba stimuls aZlevda maT, mxari daeWiraT monebiT vaWrobis
gauqmebisaTvis, hqonodaT piradi antipaTiis SiSi.
– stauton lindi, `monoba da damfuZnebeli mamebi”

moqalaqeobis TeoriaSi T. h. marSalis mier Setanili wvlilis

miuxedavad, man ver SeZlo gaeTvaliswinebina eTnikuroba da rasa Tavis
analizSi, rac aSkara Secdoma iyo. dRes es ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
odesme. rasa da rasizmi kvlavac warmoadgens centralur cnebebs amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi rasis formirebis gagebisaTvis. rasisa da
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tolerantobis liberaluri diskursis Sesaxeb uamravi sityvieri kamaTis
miuxedavad, rasa da rasizmi rasis kritikuli Teoretikosebis mier aRiqmeba,
rogorc daxSobili da sruliad marginalizebuli sajaro politikisa da
moqalaqeobis analizSi (ledson-bilingsi da teiti, 1995).

rasis kritikuli Teoria warmoiSva amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

iuridiuli kvlevebis konteqstSi, romelic cdilobda Sexeboda
ferandkaniani adamianebisadmi diferencirebul damokidebulebas cixisa da
iuridiuli sistemebis mxridan. bevrisTvis, rasis kritikuli Teoria
warmoadgens feradkaniani progresuli iuridiuli mkvlevrebis Sromis
nayofs, romlebic amerikul kanons rasizmiT gamsWvalulad aRiqvamdnen da
romlebmac umTavres miznad dasaxes amerikul iurisprudenciaSi rasizmis
aRmofxvra yvela formis daqvemdebarebis aRmofxvrisaTvis.

rasis kritikuli Teoria, rogorc is Camoyalibebulia misi erT-erTi

ZiriTadi momxris, derik belis (1995) mier, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
samoqalaqo uflebebis miRwevebs am saukuneSi mzardi skepticizmiT uyurebs:
`Cvens epoqaSi, pirveli precedenti – brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg
moaswavebda meoce saukunis emansipaciis sajarod gamocxadebas”. Tumca,
orive politika ufro metad emsaxureboda eris sagareo politikis miznis
ganviTarebas, vidre realur daxmarebas sTavazobda Savkanianebs” (2). beli
amtkicebs, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi iuridiul uflebaTa sistema
Sewirul iqna TeTrkanobis sasargeblod: `is TeTrkanianebic ki, visac ar
gaaCniaT simdidre da Zalaufleba, Tavisi rasobrivi upiratesobis SegnebaSi
mxardaWeras grZnoben politikis im gadawyvetilebebis mxridan, romlebsac
ewireba SavkanianTa uflebebi. SavkanianTa daqvemdebareba, rogorc Cans,
arwmunebs TeTrkanianebs gamouTqmel, magram aranakleb udavo TavianTi
`siTeTris~ sakuTrebis uflebaSi” (7).

`siTeTre” Cans, rogorc privilegiis organizebuli principi:

TeTrkanianad yofnis privilegia da amis gamo rasis arqonis privilegia.
TeTrkanianobis iuridiuli struqtura 1952 wlamde dakavSirebuli iyo
moqalaqeobis iuridiul struqturasTan: `kongresma 1790 wels
naturalizacia Semofargla `TeTrkaniani” pirebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
naturalizaciis moTxovnebi mas Semdeg xSirad icvleboda, moqalaqeobis es
rasobrivi moTxovna arsebobda saukunenaxevarze meti xnis manZilze da
ZalaSi rCeboda 1952 wlamde. am qveynis arsebobis dasawyisi wlebidan
moyolebuli arc Tu ise Soreul warsulamde, `TeTrkanianoba” iyo
moqalaqeobis miRebis piroba (heni lopesi, 1997:542).

rasis kritikuli Teoria, rogorc solorzano da vilapando

(ibeWdeba) ganmartaven, dakavSirebulia xuT ZiriTad momentTan: (1) ZiriTadi
fokusi rasaze da rasizmze; (2) dominanturi ideologiisadmi gamowveva; (3)
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socialuri samarTlianobisadmi erTguleba; (4) empiriuli codnis
mniSvnelovneba; da (5) interdisciplinaruli perspeqtivis gamoyeneba.

riCard Ddelgados (1997), rasis kritikuli Teoriis erT-erT wamyvan

warmomadgenels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, Semoaqvs rasis kritikuli
Teoriis ZiriTadi gageba eseebis krebulSi (romlis redaqtoric Tavad igi
gaxlavT) da am moZraobis yvelaze mowinave arss Semdegnairad asaxavs:
pirveli, rasis kritikuli Teoria warmoadgens TxzulebaTa axal Taobas,
romelic Seexeba samoqalaqo uflebebs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. meore,
igi aris `axalgazrda mwerlebis dinamiuri, amaRelvebeli da mzardi
moZraoba (kanonis Sesabamisad), romelTagan bevri (Tumca ara yvela maTgani)
feradkaniania, romlebic rasobriv orTodoqsulobas eWvqveS ayeneben,
arRveven legalur akademias, eWvqveS ayeneben komfortul legalur
winapirobebs da awarmoeben kvlevas Cveni eris yvelaze Znel da gadauWrel
problemaze – rasaze azrovnebis axali gzebis mosaZieblad~ (xiii). mesame,
ZiriTadi winapirobaa is, rom rasizmi warmoadgens normalur, ara normisgan
gadaxris maxasiaTebels amerikuli sazogadoebisa, sekularul
maxasiaTebels, romelic aRniSnulia `TeTrkanianobis” socialuri
struqturiT. meoTxe, rasis socialuri struqtura – misi legaluri
struqturis msgavsad – Sedgenilia diskursiuli analizis meSveobiT.
iwyeben ra im SesavliT, rom `kultura qmnis socialur realobas ise, rom
xels uwyobs sakuTar (an elituri jgufebis) interess” (delgado, 1997:xiv),
rasis kritikuli Teoriis specialistebi iwyeben sxva realobis Seqmnas da
amitomac umniSvnelovanesia narativis, da kerZod, avtobiografiis
gamoyeneba. jerom makkristal qalf umcrosis (1997) dasabuTebiT,
avtobiografiebi mniSvnelovania: `Savkanianobas, am axlo momavalSi mainc,
ver Sevcvli; ver Sevcvli ise, rom igi aRar iyos anomalia bevri
adamianisaTvis. SemiZlia mxolod imedi mqondes imisa, rom forma Sevucvalo
azrovnebas, romliTac es anomalia aRiqmeba... avtobiografia aseve gavlenas
axdens Cems TeTrkanian kolegebze. mjera, rom vaSfoTeb Cems kolegebs,
roca vayeneb sakiTxebs Cveni studentebisa da profesor-maswavleblebis
Semadgenlobaze, an imaze, rasac Cven vaswavliT, radgan es wamowevs maT
sakuTar avtobiografiasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. Cemi TeTrkaniani
kolegebi fiqroben, rom maT me vekiTxebi: `rogor moxvediT aqamde?~ maT
surT, SevuerTde siCumis SeTqmulebaSi, rac moiTxovs zogad da martiv
avtobiografias. amas ar vizam” (415). mexuTe, rogorc delgado (1995)
amtkicebs, rasis kritikuli Teoriis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani arsia
interesTa konvergencia: `TeTrkanianTa elita dauSvebs, an xels Seuwyobs
SavkanianTa rasobriv ganviTarebas mxolod maSin, roca isini aseve xels
Seuwyoben TeTrkanianTa pirad interess” (xiv). amitom, tradiciuli
samoqalaqo uflebebis kanoni TeTrkanianebisaTvis ufro faseulad aRiqmeba,

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vidre SavkanianTaTvis. meeqvse, feminizmis SigniT poziciuri midgomis
Teoriis msgavsad, rasis kritikuli Teoria irCevs perspeqtivizmis formas,
rogorc acxadebs misi erT-erTi kritikosi, rendal kenedi (1997): `im
tanjvis gareSe, romelic gamowveulia feradkanianad yofnisgan
TeTrkanianebis mier dominirebul sazogadoebaSi, TeTrkaniani mkvlevrebi
ver xedaven samyaros msxverplis poziciidan da amdenad, xeli SeeSlebaT
Seqmnan iseTi codna, romelic rasobrivi viqtimizaciis winaaRmdeg efeqtian
brZolis imperativebTan Sesabamisi iqneba~ (437). feminizmis moZraobis
msgavsad, romelmac wamowia mosazreba, rom `piradi aris politikuri~,
rasis kritikulma Teoriam wamowia mosazreba, rom `piradi aseve
legaluria~ (qalfi, 1997:411).

socialuri uTanasworobisa da skolis usamarTlobis sferoSi

arsebul sakiTxebze diskusias ledson-bilingsi da teiti (1995) iwyeben im
mosazrebiT, rom rasa kvlavac warmoadgens mniSvnelovan faqtors amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi uTanasworobis gansazRvraSi; da im faqtis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aSS-s sazogadoeba efuZneba sakuTrebis uflebebis
upiratesobas, ara pirad uflebebs, sakuTrebisa da rasis gadakveTa qmnis
socialuri da skolis usamarTlobis wvdomis analitikur instruments.

Semdgom, rasis kritikuli Teoria gamosadegi iqneba imisaTvis, raTa

davamtkicoT, rom rasizmi endemuri da Rrmad gamjdaria amerikul
cxovrebaSi. es kulturulad sanqcirebuli rwmenebi (ara aqvs mniSvneloba,
Tu ramdenad simbolurad aris SeniRbuli) moicavs adre dadgenili
socialuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri upiratesobebis dacvas. amdenad,
rasizmisadmi gamowveva Sedegad iZleva rasobriv umciresobebze
TeTrkanianebis upiratesi statusisadmi seriozul gamowvevas. ledson-
bilingsi da teiti amtkiceben, rom samoqalaqo uflebebze kanonebi
araefeqtiani iyo am rasobrivi uTanasworobis gadasaWrelad, radgan,
sabolood, sakuTrebis subordinaciis safuZvlisadmi dapirispirebis
gareSe, TeTrkanianebma, paradoqsulad, sargebeli naxes skolis
desegregaciisgan. ufro metic, rodesac daiwyo desegregacia, amuSavda
resegregaciis axali modelebi unarianobis mixedviT dajgufebis gamo, rac
qmnida pirobebs TeTrkanianTa da feradkanianTa Soris swavlis
wonasworobis darRvevisaTvis (ouqsi, 1995; velsi da ouqsi, ibeWdeba).

rasis kritikuli Teoriis sxva mniSvnelovani mosazreba, romelic

Zalze mniSvnelovania moqalaqeobis ganxilvisas, aris is, rom
neitralurobis, obieqturobis, meritokratiis moTxovnebi da rasobrivi
crurwmenebisgan Tavisufali sazogadoebis mizani sadavo unda gaxdes
(ledson-bilingsi da teiti, 1995:55-59; farberi da Seli, 1995; olivas, 1995).
amgvarad, `rasis kritikuli Teoriis warmomadgenlebisTvis, socialuri

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realoba iqmneba individualuri situaciebis Sesaxeb ambebis
formulirebiTa da gacvliT. es ambebi asrulebs interpretaciuli
struqturebis magivrobas, romliTac Cven vawesrigebT gamocdilebas, xolo
gamocdileba gvawesrigebs Cven~ (ledson-bilingsi da teiti, 1995:57).

rasis Teoretikosebis mtkicebiT, rasizmi imdenad Rrmad

fesvgadgmulia amerikaSi, rom moqalaqeobis nebismieri xelaxali gaazreba
saWiroa moicavdes legalur sistemaSi, da ufro metic, skolis sistemaSi
arsebul rasizmis praqtikisadmi sistematur gamowvevebs. SesaZloa,
simarTle iyos, rom `sxvadasxva jgufebis wevrebs aqvT gansxvavebuli
meTodebi sakuTari gamocdilebis wvdomisaTvis da aseve, sakuTari gagebis
sxvebisaTvis gandobisaTvis~ (farberi da Seli, 1995:284).

moqalaqeobis am xelaxalma gaazrebam sadavo unda gaxados ara

mxolod rasizmi, aramed aseve sakuTrebis uflebebis logikis pirad
uflebebis logikaze upiratesoba da adamianis uflebaTa safuZveli,
rogorc Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis safuZveli. amocanis
mniSvnelovnebidan gamomdinare, ar arsebobs gulubryvilo varaudebi, rom
antirasistuli poziciebi SeiZleba advilad iqnes organizebuli
koaliciaSi, raTa eWvqveS dadges gavrcelebuli rasistuli struqturebi,
grZnobebi da Rirebulebebi.

rasis sakiTxis pirvel adgilze dayenebiT, rasis kritikuli Teoria

amtkicebs, rom aRar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes moqalaqeobis sakiTxi,
rogorc erTgvarovani identoba uflebebisa da movaleobebis
ganxorcielebis ZiebaSi. imave argumentaciasTan erTad, romelsac iyeneben
rasis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi, Zveli da axali socialuri moZraobebis
Teoriebi gvTavazoben sxva mniSvnelovan mtkicebas moqalaqeobis
mdgomareobasa da Sedgenilobaze, romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilav.

axali socialuri moZraobebi da moqalaqeoba

radgan verasodes SeZleben ZalauflebaSi yofnas, maT SeuZliaT SeinarCunon

TavianTi gamaerTianebeli, Tumca winaaRmdegobrivi ideologia da, maSasadame,
isini gadarCebian, da gadarCebian sakmaod kargad, rogorc moZraobebi. es
kapitalizmis politikuri javSnis dasusteba iyo, romelmac antisistematuri
moZraobebisTvis saxelmwifo ZalauflebaSi mosvlis saSualebis micemiT
Rrma Sida ganxeTqileba Seitana am moZraobebSi, ganxeTqileba maT Soris,
vinc iswrafoda aRmavali mobilobisken da iswrafoda Tanasworobisken.

– imanuel valerstaini, socialuri mecnierebis gadaazreba

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 socialuri moZraobebis sakiTxis seriozulad miReba moiTxovs ufro
didi yuradRebis mipyrobas koleqtiuri qcevis da koleqtiuri qmedebisadmi,
terminebis, romelic Seesabameba met-naklebad spontanuri aqtivobebis tips
(dawyebuli brbos aRSfoTebidan revoluciur moZraobebamde), romelsac
eWvi Seaqvs arsebuli institutebis struqturebsa da kulturul normebSi
(tilli, 1978).9

frangi sociologis alen turenis socialurma Teoriam (1981)

socialur moZraobebs mianiWa ZiriTadi mniSvneloba sazogadoebis
TeoriasTan, socialur cvlilebasTan da moqalaqeobasTan mimarTebaSi.
socialuri moZraobebi gansxvavdeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebisagan
(NGOs). isini, Cveulebriv, Tavisufalni arian samTavrobo kontrolisgan
TavianTi avtonomiiT; am terminiT aRniSnaven `arasamTavrobo, arakomerciul
organizacias, romelsac aqvs sakuTari ZiriTadi kapitali, romelsac
marTavs misi meurveebi, an direqtorebi, da igi daarsebulia, rom
SeinarCunos an xeli Seuwyos ... aqtivobebs, romelic emsaxureba
keTildReobas~ (emersoni, 1956, citirebulia: arnovi, 1980). arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi SeiZleba iyos, an ar iyos pirveladi organizaciebi, romelic
Tavis mxriv, xSirad gansazRvrulia (magaliTad laTinur amerikaSi),
rogorc kerZo, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaze dafuZnebuli
organizaciebi, romelic muSaobs, rom uzrunvelyos demokratiuli
mmarTveloba da gaumjobesebuli ekonomikuri saSualebebi RaribTaTvis
samuSao adgilebis SeqmniT, ganaTlebiT, jandacviT da produqtiuli
mikrosawarmoebiT (Inter-American Foundation, 1990). turenis mosazrebiT,
socialuri moZraobebi axorcieleben koleqtiur mcdelobebs ZalauflebaSi
garkveuli tipis cvlilebis xelSesawyobad. turenisaTvis (1981) arsebobs
konfliqturi qmedebis tipi, romelic yvelaze kargad daxasiaTebulia,
rogorc TavdacviTi koleqtiuri qceva. magaliTad, pirveladi
organizaciebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier ganxorcielebuli
mcdelobebi – gaaumjobeson umuSevrobis Sedegebi, sacxovrebliT
uzrunvelyofis deficiti da SezRuduli jandacva, an saganmanaTleblo
infrastruqturebi, SeiZleba klasificirdes, rogorc koleqtiuri
TavdacviTi qceva. tureni aseve ganixilavs konfliqtis meore tips,
romelSic konfliqtebi axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebis modificirebas da
gadaiqceva socialur brZolebad. Tuki jgufebi eswrafian, Secvalon
Zalauflebis socialuri urTierTobebi kulturul aqtivobebSi, eTikur
RirebulebebSi, mecnierebaSi an warmoebaSi, isini SeiZleba klasificirdes
socialur moZraobebad. amgvarad, feministuri, ekologiuri, samSvidobo da
birTvuli energiis warmoebisa da gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
moZraobebi warmoadgens socialur moZraobaTa magaliTebs. magaliTad,
laTinur amerikaSi, socialuri moZraobebi moicavs qristianul Temebs,

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raionul asociaciebs, feministur moZraobas, miwis sakuTrebis armqone
glexebis moZraobas da ekologiur asociaciebs (meinvaring da viola, 1984;
sleiteri, 1985; jelimi, 1987; rodriges brandao, 1982).

Tu politikas ganvixilavT, rogorc brZolas ZalauflebisaTvis, es

socialuri moZraobebi ar unda iqnes ganmartebuli ukiduresad politikuri
TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan isini aseve warmoadgenen kulturul da moralur
praqtikebs, romelic orientirebulia koleqtiuri identobebisa da
sivrceebis Seqmnaze. isini warmoiSoba garkveuli moTxovnebis da
specifiuri socialuri urTierTobebis irgvliv, TandaTanobiT xdeba
avtonomiuri da Tavisufldeba interesTa politikuri reprezentaciis
tradiciuli institutebisagan. es asea, amtkicebs ernesto laklo (1985) –
uerTdeba ra socialuri moZraobis Teoriis sxva momxreebs – radgan
individebi metad aRar gansazRvraven TavianT identobas mxolod da
mxolod warmoebis saSualebebTan da urTierTobebTan mimarTebaSi, aramed
rogorc momxmareblebi, garkveuli raionis macxovreblebi, eklesiisa Tu
genderuli jgufis wevrebi da politikur sistemaSi monawileebi
(kalderoni, gutieresi da dos santosi, 1987; leCneri, 1987).

faqtiurad, socialuri moZraobebi SeiZleba warmoiSvas pirveladi da

saTemo organizaciebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, politikuri
partiebis, profkavSirebis, saeklesio organizaciebisa da Tundac
pirovnebebis (rogoricaa inteleqtualebis, xelovanebisa da sxvaTa)
aliansebis saxiT. vinaidan axali socialuri moZraobebi eWvqveS ayeneben
mzard biurokratizacias, komodifikacias da socialuri cxovrebis
kulturul masifikacias, isini warmoadgenen `demokratiis ufro Ria da
pluralisturi formis gamoxatulebas~, romelic iswrafis `koleqtiuri da
monawileobiTi Rirebulebebisa da praqtikebis gavrcelebis gaZlierebisaken
socialur brZolaTa adgilebis ganuwyvetlad mzardi diapazonis
meSveobiT~ (sleiteri, 1985:6).

socialuri moZraobebis ufro zusti mniSvneloba, rogorc gamowvevisa

arsebuli institutebis mimarT, mkveTrad diferencirebuli unda iyos ara
mxolod rezistentulobis ufro bundovani cnebisgan, aramed aseve
ganaTlebaSi `reformebis moZraobebis~ sakmaod gansxvavebuli cnebisgan,
romelsac, umeteswilad, mcire ram akavSirebs normaluri politikuri
arxebis farglebs gareT arsebul politikurad saSiS masobriv
mobilizaciasTan.

meoce saukunis 60-ian wlebSi mravalma socialurma da studenturma

moZraobam moaxdina socialuri moZraobebis Teoriis rekonstruireba da
Sewyda koleqtiuri qmedebisadmi, rogorc araracionalurisadmi midgoma.
ufro metic, mravali midgomiT radikalurad iqna koreqtirebuli
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socialuri moZraobis mobilizaciaSi piradi dainteresebulobis analizi –
anu, mobilizaciis utilitaruli koncefciis Sedegebi, romelic efuZneba
ekonomikuri argumentis Zireul koreqtirebas, romliTac gamsWvaluli iyo
marqsis socialuri interesebis koncefcia. racionaluri arCevanis Teoriis
mixedviT, koleqtiuri qmedebis logika paradoqsulia, radgan Tu adamianis
motivacia arsebiTad individualur pirad interess efuZneba, koleqtivis
wevrebs ar aqvT racionaluri interesi, Tavi gaswiron koleqtiuri
mogebisaTvis, roca SeuZliaT miaRwion pirad sargebels monawileobis
gareSe. `fri raideris~ efeqti Sedegad iZleva imas, rom mobilizacia
ukiduresac rTulia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT moZraobis wevrTa didi
umravlesobis aqtivizmis motivirebisaTvis idealebis sisustes.

neoliberalizmTan erTad gaisma samoqalaqo sazogadoebis (romelic

aRiqmeba kerZo seqtorad) ganviTarebis da gaZlierebis mowodeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebma, rogoric aris msoflio banki,
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da iunesko, xazi gausves arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis mniSvnelobas gaWirvebulTa daxmarebaSi da moqmedebaSi
saxelmwifoebrivi qmedebis ararsebobisas, aravin axsenebs socialuri
moZraobebis sadavo xasiaTs. miuxedavad amisa, socialuri moZraobebi
warmoadgens dinamiur aqtors samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifos
winaSe gamowvevebis dayenebis TvalsazrisiT da maT xSirad xels uwyobs
sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic mniSvnelovani aqtorebi
gaxdnen ganaTlebisa Tu sxva konteqstebSi.

axali socialuri moZraobebis Teoria gansxvavdeba klasikuri

marqsistuli Teoriisgan sakuTar mcdelobaSi, Cawvdes Sesabamis gadasvlas
ganawilebis politikidan socialur moZraobebze, romelic
dainteresebulia identobis politikiT da cxovrebis xarisxiT. diskusia
mimdinareobs `axali socialuri moZraobebis~ sicxadis sadavo Tezisis,
evropuli warmoSobis koncefciis irgvliv, romelic mkveTr aqcents akeTebs
kognitur da ideologiur faqtorebze, aseve samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
(gansxvavebiT saxelmwifosgan), rogorc cvlilebis arenis mniSvnelovnebaze
(kini 1988; koeni da arato, 1992; fovereiqeri, 1995; ederi, 1993). es midgoma
warmoiSva mcdelobisagan, (gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli)
Cawvdomodnen saprotesto moZraobebs, romelic, rogorc Cans,
fokusirebuli iyo gansakuTrebul sakiTxebze da iyenebda axali tipis
monawileebs: studenturi moZraobebi, samSvidobo da ekologiuri
moZraobebi, qalTa moZraobebi da sxv. am perspeqtivis mixedviT, axali
socialuri moZraobebi ZiriTad meTodebSi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba
ideologiiT (cxovrebis xarisxi, zrdisa da redistribuciisagan
gansxvavebiT); daxmarebis safuZvliT (mravalferovani interesebi da mzardi
qselebi, gansxvavebiT socialuri klasebisa, romelic ukavSirdeba
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industriul Sromas, soflis meurneobas an rasas); monawileobis
motivaciiT (ufro idealisturi, obieqturi socialuri interesebisgan
gansxvavebiT); organizaciuli struqturiT (decentralizebuli,
biurokratiulisgan gansxvavebiT); da politikuri stiliT
(arasaparlamento, molaparakebis neokorporatiul procesebSi
integrirebulisgan gansxvavebiT) (daltoni, kueCleri da burklini, 1990).

socialuri moZraobebi aseve wamyvania sazogadoebrivi sferos agebis

wvdomisaTvis, saganmanaTleblo politikasTan mimarTebaSi, gansakuTrebiT
skolebTan dakavSirebiT, asrulebs agreTve mniSvnelovan rols socialuri
ganxilvisaTvis demokratiuli auditoriis SeqmnaSi. kulturuli
reformistuli moZraobebi xSirad SesabamisobaSi modis farTo socialuri
moZraobebTan, rogorc es aris moyvanili paulo freiris san pauluSi
(brazilia) politikis SemmuSaveblis Tavdapirvel gamocdilebaSi, meoce
saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi demokratiuli socialisturi
politikuri partiis mmarTvelobis qveS (o’kadizi, vongi da toresi, 1998).

specifiuri kombinaciebis socialistur partiebTan erTad, romlebic

demokratiuli liberaluri arCevnebis meSveobiT iZendnen saxelmwifos
segmentebis kontrols da cdilobdnen daekavSirebinaT socialuri
moZraobebi saxelmwifo politikasTan, aseve mniSvnelovan aqtorebad iqca
studenturi moZraobebi. es ar gaxlavT axali moqalaqeobis Teoriis
ganxilvisas, Tu gavixsenebT berkliSi Tavisufali sityvis moZraobas da mis
Sedegebs moqalaqeobisaTvis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.

studenturi moZraobebis problematika mWidrod asocirebulia im

konteqstebTan, sadac Tavad universiteti (da zogjer saSualo
saganmanaTleblo institutebi) iqceva socialuri moZraobebis aqtivobaTa
adgilad. aseT studentur moZraobebs perioduli gavlena hqonda
ganviTarebul industriul sazogadoebebze (mag., revoluciuri amboxeba
evropaSi pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, meoce saukunis 30-iani wlebis
konfrontacia faSistebs, socialistebsa da komunistebs Soris; da
msoflio masStabis studenturi amboxebebi gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis
bolos) (vileneri, 1970; volerSteini, 1991). bevr sustad ganviTarebul
konteqstSi, studenturi moZraobebi darCa aRSfoTebis virtualurad uwyvet
wyarod met-naklebad avtoritaruli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, romelic
qmnis Semosavlisa da SesaZleblobebis uzarmazar uTanasworobas. am
garemoebSi, brZolebi universitetis `avtonomiisaTvis~ nawilobriv
gamowveuli iyo studenturi moZraobebis mier Seqmnili politikuri
safrTxiT (molisi, 1996).

identobis politika aseve mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs

saganmanaTleblo politikis Sedgenasa da socialuri moZraobebSi.
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saganmanaTleblo politika SeiZleba iyos aSkara nawili zogadi
socialuri moZraobisa, rogorc `Zveli~ socialuri moZraobebis Teoriis
SemTxvevaSi, romelic dainteresebulia muSaTa klasis mobilizaciiT. aq
klasikuri magaliTi aris ganaTlebis roli, rogorc nawili evropuli
muSaTa moZraobebis moTxovnebisa mecxramete da meoce saukuneebSi (saimoni,
1987, 1965; vrigli, 1982). sajaro ganaTlebis aRmavloba dasavleTSi SeiZleba
aRiweros, rogorc klasebze dafuZnebuli socialuri moZraobebis
brZolebis Sedegi, inkluziis, rogorc universaluri moqalaqeobis nawilis
saxelmwifos mxridan xelSewyobis mosapoveblad (boli da ramiresi, 1992).
zogierTi maTgani asocirebuli iyo ZiriTad socialur transformaciebTan.
magaliTad, meqsikuri revoluciis Semdeg saganmanaTleblo reforma
oficialurad dakavSirebuli iyo mcdelobebTan, gaefarTovebinaT soflis
ganaTleba da moexdinaT fermeri glexebisa da mkvidri mosaxleobis
asimilireba. meqsikaSi 1921 wels erovnuli universitetis yofili
prezidentis xose vaskonselosis (romelic wlebis manZilze gamoCnda,
rogorc ZiriTadi erovnuli moazrovne) xelmZRvanelobiT sajaro
ganaTlebis samdivnos Seqmna warmoadgenda mcdelobas, ara mxolod
gaeerTianebinaT eri kulturulad, aramed daekavSirebinaT axlad Seqmnili
revoluciuri saxelmwifo klasikur dasavlur azrovnebasTan, rogorc
axali moqalaqeobis safuZvelTan. sakmaod uCveuloa, rom im qveyanaSi,
romelic ganadgurebuli iyo samoqalaqo omiT (omma milionze meti
adamianis sicocxle Seiwira da qveyanaSi mosaxleoba im drosaTvis
gaxldaT ToTxmeti milioni) mdivani vaskonselosis erT-erTi pirveli
iniciativa iyo berZnuli klasikisa da sokrateze adre moRvawe
filosofosebis nawarmoebebis gamocema, rac masiurad unda
gavrcelebuliyo meqsikel mosaxleobaSi.

dabolos, axali socialuri moZraobis Teoria iyo umniSvnelovanesi

winsvlis safuZveli socialuri moZraobebsa da ganaTlebas Soris
urTierTobebis wvdomaSi. axali socialuri moZraobebis damaxasiaTebeli
Tviseba aris maTi kognituri da ideologiuri fokusi manamde arsebuli
socialuri da kulturuli paradigmebis, rogorc identobis politikis
nawilis xelaxal gaazrebaze. Sedegad, maTi erT-erTi ZiriTadi strategia
aris aSkarad saganmanaTleblo xasiaTis (Zalauflebis mopovebaze
fokusirebisgan gansxvavebiT), xolo Sedegebi moqalaqeobisaTvis uamravia.
mxolod ramdenime rom davasaxeloT, warmoidgineT is warmateba, rasac
ekologiurma moZraobebma miaRwia skolebSi demokratiuli moqalaqeobis
xelSewyobaSi, romelic dainteresebulia, koleqtiur da Tundac
planetarul doneze, gadaSenebis gzaze mdgomi saxeobebis dacviT, haersa da
wyalSi dabinZurebis doneebiT da sakvebSi saSiSi nivTierebebis arsebobiT.
gaiTvaliswineT CiapasSi sapatisturi moZraobis roli im uTanasworobis

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gamosworebaSi, romelic arsebobda meqsikel adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da
postrevoluciur meqsikur saxelmwifos Soris da Tamami politikuri
programa, romelic aerTianebda am eTnikur da politikur moTxovnebs
meqsikaSi WeSmaritad radikaluri demokratiis SeqmnasTan da demokratiuli
moqalaqeobis gamonaklisis gareSe SeqmnasTan. gaiTvaliswineT skolebSi
Tambaqos sawinaaRmdego moZraobis gavlena, romelic eWvqveS ayenebda im
ideas, rom moweva momxibvlelia, xolo reklamebs ukavSirebda Tambaqos
mZlavr lobis da Tambaqos multinacionalur korporaciebs. Tambaqos
moxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT kritikas eqvemdebareba politikur sistemas,
warmoebis wessa da moqalaqeTa cxovrebis xarisxis risks Soris arsebuli
yvela tipis kavSirebi. ganvixiloT rasobrivi safuZvlis mqone samoqalaqo
uflebebis moZraobis SemTxveva amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi:
segregirebuli skolebis likvidacia (misi aSkara SezRudvebisa da rasis
kritikuli Teoriis kritikis miuxedavad) SeiZleba Seadgenda yvelaze
fundamentur da Sors mimaval moTxovnas, romelic akavSirebda rasas da
ganaTlebas da sabolood rCeboda amerikuli moqalaqeobis ZiriTad
principad (eiermani da jamisoni, 1991; karlsoni, 1997). warsuli
uTanasworobis gamosworebaSi samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis monapovarma
xeli Seuwyo Zmobisa da dobis ideas moqalaqeTa Soris, rac aumjobesebs
monobis saziano (rac jer kidev Zlier igrZnoba) simbolur da materialur
Sedegebs. ganvsajoT feministuri moZraobis mzardi mniSvneloba mamakacTa
da qalTa Soris politikuri, socialuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri
Tanasworobis araorazrovnad mtkicebis TvalsazrisiT da socialuri
urTierTobebis speqtris radikalurad Secvlis TvalsazrisiT skolebSi,
feministuri pedagogikis principebisa da meTodebis xelSewyobiT da
moswavleebs, maswavleblebsa da mSoblebs Soris socialuri gacvlis
axali donis SeqmniT feministuri miznebis dacvaSi.

multikulturul kurikulumSi seqsizmis mimarT am gamowvevis

Sedegze wuxils gamoTqvamdnen neokonservatorebi. magaliTad, aSS-s
skolebSi moqalaqeobis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kvlevis aRwerisas amtkiceben,
rom `saxelmZRvaneloebma mkveTrad Secvales Tavisi damokidebuleba
qalebisadmi. maSin roca Zveli wignebi qalTa sakiTxebs ganixilavdnen
amerikuli istoriis saintereso, magram, ZiriTadad, periferiul nawilad,
ufro Tanamedrove damokidebulebebma gaafarToes da ganadides qalebis
roli kacebis xarjze~ (kerneri, nagai da rosmani, 1995:5).

es mxolod ramdenime sagulisxmo magaliTia socialuri moZraobebis

mier ganaTlebis da saganmanaTleblo politikis meSveobiT moqalaqeobis da
socialuri cvlilebisadmi gaweul saqmeSi Setanili didi da seriozuli
wvlilidan. axali socialuri moZraobis moTxovnebis pasuxad, politikaSi
ganxorcielebuli mkveTri cvlilebebis warumatebeli mcdelobebis
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miuxedavad, es axali socialuri moZraobebi SedarebiT warmatebuli iyvnen
am saganmanaTleblo mcdelobebSi, procesSi, romelic aisaxa
sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvnelovan cvlilebebSi sxvadasxva sakiTxebze,
rogoricaa genderi, rasa, garemo, mSvidoba da seqsualuri orientacia.
TiToeuli axali socialuri moZraoba aseve xasiaTdeboda kurikulumis
cvlilebis propagandiT da ZiriTadad, hyavda cota TanamgrZnobi msmeneli
maswavlebelTa ganaTlebaSi da saganmanaTleblo politikis SemmuSavebelTa
Soris.

ufro metic, sajaro ganaTlebis sistemebis pluralisturi mandati

umetes liberalur demokratiebSi moiTxovs `legitimuri~ sakiTxebis dRis
wesrigSi uwyvet ganaxlebebs, rac wardgenili unda iyos, rogorc
sayovelTao ganaTlebisa da demokratiuli moqalaqeobis nawili. aseTi
efeqtebi mniSvnelovnad matulobs ufro maRal doneebze, da, amgvarad,
axdens `politkoreqtulobaze~ universitetis kampusebSi bolodroindeli
debatebis forsirebas, gansakuTrebiT amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi (berube,
1994). mniSvnelovanwilad, mTeli es debati SeiZleba ganvixiloT axali
socialuri moZraobebis mniSvnelovani warmatebis TvalsazrisiT
humanitarul mecnierebebSi da mcire masStabiT socialur mecnierebebSi
(rac didi xnis manZilze ufro SesabamisobaSi iyo socialuri moZraobebis
wvlilTan) umaRlesi ganaTlebis arsis reformirebaSi – Tu fundamentur
transformirebaSi ara. umeteswilad, es cvlilebebi grZeldeboda
erTsakiTxian moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSi, rac xSirad tipiuria identobis
politikisaTvis. erTi Sedegi gaxldaT ganaTlebaSi rasas, klassa da sqess
Soris urTierTobis xelaxali gaazrebis saWiroeba (morou da toresi, 1994,
1995; toresi da mitCeli, ibeWdeba).

meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli axali socialuri

moZraobebis saganmanaTleblo reformebTan dakavSirebis mcdelobebi
mWidrod ukavSirdeba kulturul moZraobas, rac yvelaze zogadad
identificirdeba terminiT `kritikuli pedagogika~. Tumca, politikis
SemuSavebasa da kurikulumSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gamowvevis
TvalsazrisiT, kritikuli pedagogikis warumateblobam gamoiwvia kritikis
sxvadasxva formebi. yvelaze fundamenturad, amtkicebdnen, rom amgvari
mcdelobebi zogadi kritikuli pedagogikis gasaviTareblad da mis
gamosayeneblad skolebSi kontrhegemonuri rezistentulobis
gamowvevisaTvis ar Seesabameba gramSis hegemoniis Teorias, romelic exeba
`socialur da politikur moZraobebs, kerZod, 1968 wels safrangeTSi da
meqsikaSi, an 1970 wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi” (qernoi da levini,
1985:160). ufro uaryofiTad, amtkicebdnen, rom kritikuli pedagogikis
Teoriis warumateblobebi (rogorc, zogadad, `transformatiuli
pedagogikisa~) momdinareobs zustad socialur moZraobebTan istoriulad
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specifiuri kavSiris naklebobisgan: `kritikuli pedagogikis mizani aris
kidev ufro daacilos axali sociologebi warsuli, Tanamedrove da axlad
warmoqmnili socialuri moZraobebisgan; Secvalos universalurobiT,
saganmanaTleblo politikis specifiuri moTxovnebiT; da sabolood,
Seamciros is socialuri gageba, rac krZalavs istoriidan da politikidan
gaqcevas~ (veqsleri, 1987:87-88). miuxedavad amisa, postmodernistuli da
multikulturuli debatebis impulsiT, kritikuli pedagogika
Tanmimdevrulad Seecada gaeerTianebina axali socialuri moZraobebidan
xmaTa simravle, rogorc brZolis nawili `identobis politikis
separatistuli formebis damabneveli proliferaciis~ winaaRmdeg
(maklareni, 1995:187; agreTve ixileT volSi, 1996).

ufro metic, kritikuli pedagogikis kritikam saqmeSi CarTo Tavisi

erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. peter maklareni (1997a),
statiaSi, romelic mTlianad mieZRvna ernesto `Ce~ gevaras pedagogiuri
daskvnebis ganmartebas misi mkvlelobidan ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg, wuxiliT
aRniSnavs, rom

kritikuli pedagogika gaxda imdenad srulad fsiqologizirebuli, imdenad

liberalurad humanizirebuli, imdenad teqnologizirebuli da
konceptualurad postmodernizirebuli, rom misi amJamindeli
damokidebuleba ganmaTavisuflebel brZolebTan, rogorc Cans, metismetad
dasustebulia, Tu fatalurad likvidirebuli ara. konceptualuri qseli,
romelic cnobilia, rogorc kritikuli pedagogika, gadasrolilia ise
aSkarad da zogjer ise mourideblad, rom is asocirebuli gaxda
saganmanaTleblo praqtikis rTuli da savse wylebidan amoTreul nebismier
ramesTan, dawyebuli saklaso avejidan, romelic organizebulia
`dialogisaTvis mosaxerxebel~ wred, `kmayofilebis gamomwvev~
kurikulumebamde, romelic Sedgenilia moswavleTa TviTSefasebis
asamaRleblad. misi multikulturuli saganmanaTleblo ekvivalenti
SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos mravalferovnebis politikasTan, romelic
moicavs `gansxvavebis pativiscemas~ iseTi `eTnikuri~ dResaswaulebis da
Temebis aRniSvniT, rogoricaa `Savi istoriis Tve~ da `xuTi maisi (Cinco de
Mayo)”. Tu termini `kritikuli pedagogika~ mimdinare saganmanaTleblo
debatebis etapSia gardatexili, Cven unda miviCnioT igi ukve
damkvidrebulad. (3)

kritikuli pedagogikis amerikuli ganmartebis am kritikis miuxedavad,

socialuri moZraobebis praqtika iZleva potenciurad nayofier niadags
kritikuli `TviTSegnebis~ freiriseuli midgomisaTvis. socialuri
moZraobebi, Cveulebriv, eyrdnoba codnis safuZvels da xalxis brZolebs,
maTi organizaciuli SesaZleblobebisa da gasaWiris gaTvaliswinebiT. es

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saSualebas iZleva, Seiqmnas programebi TemebTan da Temebisgan da ara
TemebisaTvis, rogorc freirma aCvena uamrav naSromSi. misi Sexedulebebi
SeiZleba Sefasdes misi gamocdilebis konteqstSi, rogorc moRvawe
politikis SemmuSaveblisa san pauluSi, sadac Camoyalibebuli iyo
partnioroba socialur moZraobebsa da municipalur saxelmwifos Soris,
rac moZraobebidan adamianur resursebs akavSirebda saxelmwifos finansur
da teqnikur resursebTan; aRniSnuli ki Sedegad iZleoda ara mxolod
kurikulumis reformisaTvis ganaxlebul mcdelobebs, aramed aseve qmnida
braziliaSi moqalaqeobis axali gagebis Camoyalibebis safuZvels (o’kadizi,
vongi da toresi, 1998).

Sejameba

“Tqven metad skandalur ambebze saubari giyvarT, hari! saamisod ki

araviTari safuZveli ar gagaCniaT.”
“yvela Woris safuZveli uzneo rwmenaSia,” warmoTqva lord henrim da
sigarets moukida.
”oh, hari, SegiZliaT msxverplad SeswiroT vinc ar unda iyos Tqvens
satyvamoswrebulobasa da epigramebs.”
“adamianebi TviT sakuTari surviliT iswrafvian samsxverplod,” iyo pasuxi.
– oskar uaildi, dorian greis portreti

braian terneri (1990), romelic ganavcrobs T. h. marSalis ideebs,

amtkicebs, rom `moqalaqeoba, TiTqos, Cqardeba socialuri konfliqtebis da
socialuri brZolebis ganviTarebiT politikuri da kulturuli arenis
SigniT, resursebze xelmisawvdomobisaTvis socialuri jgufebis
erTmaneTTan Sejibrisas. moqalaqeobis aseTi Teoria agreTve moiTxovs
saxelmwifos gagebas iseT institutad, romelic moqceulia sakuTrebis
uflebaTa da politikur TavisuflebaTa Soris winaaRmdegobebSi. dabolos,
moqalaqeobis SesaZleblobebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi aris, an iyo
gazrdili saomari drois problemebiT, romelSic daqvemdebarebul jgufebs
SeuZlia efeqtiani pretenziebis wayeneba saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi~ (194).
terneris analizs unda davumatoT is, rom kritikuli modernizmis axali
Teoriebi, feminizmis, rasis kritikuli Teoriis da subordinaciuli
socialuri sivrceebis Teoriis CaTvliT, dafuZnebuli iyo
postkolonializmis Teoriuli qselis SigniT, xolo axali socialuri
moZraobebis praqtikam, aseve, gaafarTova moqalaqeobis SesaZleblobebi,
gansakuTrebiT multikulturul demokratiul sazogadoebebSi.

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postskriptumi: siRaribe da moqalaqeobis dualizacia

neba miboZeT, davubrunde T. h. marSalis Semacbunebel komentarebs

saarsebo minimumisa da saarCevno uflebis Sesaxeb: `saarsebo minimumisaTvis
garigebis aucilebloba iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelic saarsebo minimums
iRebs socialur uflebad, iseve absurdulia, rogorc arCevnebis
uflebisaTvis vaWroba sazogadoebaSi, romelic saarCevno uflebas
politikur uflebad iRebs” (marSali, 1963:16). rogorc peitmani (1996)
aRniSnavs sworad, aTaswleulis dasasruls, miuxedavad imisa, rom
arCevnebis ufleba axla TiTqmis universalurad miRebuli uflebaa,
saarsebo minimumebi ar aris miRebuli demokratiuli statusis garantiad.
es aris paraleluri diskusia im sakiTxze, rom urTierToba moqalaqeobasa
da siRaribes Soris mniSvnelovania ramdenime mizezis gamo. amjerad,
neoliberalur programas (romelic aqamde Warbobs globalizaciis
konteqstSi) da marSalis modelis neokonservatorul reinterpretacias
mivyavarT mtkicebamde, rom socialuri uflebebi qmediTia mxolod sxva
uflebebis misaRwevad da damokidebulia saxelmwifos fiskalur
simdidreze. amitomac am perspeqtividan, socialuri uflebebi konkretulia,
da ara universaluri (rogorc arCevnebis uflebebi); socialuri uflebebi
aris mxolod naklebmniSvnelovani uflebebi, an saerTod ar aris uflebebi.

Cven ar SegviZlia gavaTanabroT globalizaciis procesi da

neoliberaluri programebi; maT aqvT sxvadasxva logikuri safuZveli da
dinamika da erT-erTis – anu, globalizaciis, rogorc istoriuli procesis
arseboba ar amarTlebs meoris _ neoliberalizmis, rogorc hegemonuri
procesis zrdas. miuxedavad amisa, globalizaciis procesSi cvlilebebis
(rogorc ganxilulia mesame TavSi) da neoliberalizmis ideologiuri
safuZvlis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxelmwifos eniWeba naklebad cnobili roli
mosaxleobis didi segmentebisaTvis moqalaqeobis struqturisa da
socialuri servisebis miwodebaSi. arsobrivad, es iwvevs solidarobis
dakargvas, rac socialuri uzrunvelyofis politikaSi savsebiT Camjdaria,
radgan kerZo filantropias ar SeuZlia gaaumjobesos CarTuli servisebis
masStabi, mravalferovneba da finansuri sidide. Tuki solidaroba ikargeba
TemSi, rac miewereba saxelmwifos cvalebad rols, es warmoSobs
mniSvnelovan problemebs demokratiuli TeoriisaTvis. amis msgavsad,
mosaxleobis segmentebis gaRatakeba saSiS situacias qmnis
saxelmwifoebrivi politikisa da moqalaqeobisTvis an, ubralod rom
vTqvaT, qmnis ormag moqalaqeobas an meore klasis moqalaqeebs,
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris arsebuli
ganxeTqilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

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ormagi moqalaqeoba

postmodernizmis ramdenime versiis (morou da toresi, 1995) mixedviT,

politikuri perspeqtividan, Zalaufleba fragmentirebuli da gafantulia.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis moralur krizisze dakvirvebiT, analizSi
mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens is mosazreba, rom différance–gansxvavebebs
(rom gavakeToT burdies parafrazireba) adamianebi mihyavs gansxvavebulobis
kategoriebis konstruirebamde.10 gacnobierebuliEekonomikuri, socialuri
Tu moraluri krizisisaTvis bralisa da pasuxismgeblobis `sxvaze~,
rogorc gantevebis vacze gadataniT, gabneulia an ignorirebuli eTikuri
da politikuri dilemebi, romelic warmoiSoba mSromelTa da socialur
Temebis struqturebSi. amgvarad, bralis gadadeba `sxvebze~ (aralegal
emigrantebze, zarmac muSebze, `umciresobebze~, da a.S.) xels uwyobs
pedagogiur diskurss, romelsac saxelmwifodan bazarze gadaaqvs yvela
moqalaqisaTvis maRali xarisxis ganaTlebis miwodebis pasuxismgebloba.
bolos da bolos, bazari, rogorc moulodneli gadarCena (deus ex machina),
diskriminacias gauwevs naklebad Zlier individebs, xolo yvelaze Zlier
invividebs ki, waaxalisebs. maSasadame, resursebis ganawileba (anu bazris
mowodebisa da moTxovnis dinamikebi) gansazRvravs saSualebebsa da miznebs
da yvelaze motivirebuli, saukeTeso ganaTlebis mqone da yvelaze
`produqtiuli~ individebisaTvis warmatebis miRwevas SesaZlebels xdis.

bazris logikiT, argumenti gveubneba, rom warmatebuli individebi

Tavisufali iqnebian saxelmwifo Carevisagan da saxelmwifos mxridan
klientelizmisa da patrimonializmis praqtikebisgan. isini SeZleben
TavianTi Tavisufali nebis mixedviT swrafvas gare Carevebis gareSe
saqonlisa da servisebis ufro Tavisufali gacvlis konteqstSi, rac
regulirdeba bazris meqanizmebiT. es pozicia SeiZleba miCneul iqnes
libertarianizmis filosofiad individualizmis miseuli gamwvavebiT,
romelic didad ar iRwvis solidarobis formebis gasaviTareblad
naTesauri kavSirebisa da mcire jgufebis farglebs gareT.
arakvlificirebuli bazris mTliani orientacia individebsa da Tavisufal
individTa cnebis socialur reprezentacias mimarTavs Temis socialurad
konstruirebuli cnebebis da socialur cvlilebisken mimarTul
koleqtiur mcdelobaTa winaaRmdeg. Temis Seqmna Tanamedrove da
fragmentirebul kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi, kapitalisturi
ganviTarebis gamomricxveli bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, moiTxovs socialuri
stimulebis Seqmnas – individualuri eTikis farglebs gareT –
didsulovnebisa da solidarobis xelSesawyobad. garda amisa, igi moiTxovs
socialuri kontraqtebis (an socialuri faqtebis) principebs, romelic
SeiZleba miRweul iqnes imisda miuxedavad, rom individualuri avtonomiisa

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da Tavisuflebis funqcionirebadi cnebebi SeiZleba, rusoseuli dilemis
mixedviT, kvalificirebuli iyos, an zogjer SezRudul iqnes; amgvarad
SesaZloa mTel Tems xeli miuwvdebodes Tavisuflebis ufro maRal da
komunikabelur doneebze.

analogiurad, postmodernistuli Sexedulebis mixedviT (romlis

Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo aris umetesad socialuri regulireba, socialuri
regulirebis nebismieri krizisi niSnavs ara mxolod Rrma bzarebs
sazogadoebaSi (magaliTad, rasac habermasi uwodebda legitimurobis
deficits gvian kapitalizmSi), aramed aseve saxelmwifos tipiur problemebs
gvian kapitalizmSi (koneli, 1987; efli, 1993a, 1982g, 1988b). paradoqsia is,
rom socialuri regulirebis krizisebma da saxelmwifos rolSi arsebiTad
radikalurma cvlilebebma SesaZloa axsnas solidarobis daknineba.

miuxedavad amisa, pedagogiuri subieqtis ganaxlebuli Teoria

gveubneba, rom gansxvavebulobis cnebas aqvs mravali gamoxatuleba, rac
mouwodebs skolebSi kulturuli mravalferovnebis principisaken. modiT,
erTi wuTiT ganvixiloT situacia laTinur amerikaSi, sadac skolis
sistemebSi seriozuli darRvevebis mravali maCvenebeli arsebobs.
magaliTad, maswavleblebi SesaZloa miiCnevdnen, rom moswavleebi
gulgrilebi arian kognituri unarebis Seswavlisadmi, an maT ar gaaCniaT
aranairi interesi sajaro diskusiebisadmi. moswavleebi SesaZloa
maswavleblebs (da zogadad mozrdilTa sazogadoebas) miiCnevdnen TavianTi
(moswavleebis) interesebisa da codnis socialuri formirebisgan
daSorebulad (codnis safuZvlisagan daSorebulad, romelic Sedegia
globaluri masobrivi kulturis miTvisebisa).

sxva magaliTi, romelic axlos aris amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

gamocdilebasTan, ukavSirdeba identobis politikis Sesaxeb debatebs,
rogorc ganxilulia winamdebare wignSi. Tavisi yvelaze ukiduresi versiiT,
identobis politika da umciresobis jgufTa reprezentacia skolebsa da
universitetebSi SeiZleba eTanxmebodes nulovanjamovani sazogadoebis
Teorias. nulovanjamovani midgomiT, araTanabrad warmodgenili individebis
erTi jgufis uflebebis dadastureba da istoriuli gasaWiris
dasakmayofileblad resursebis ganawileba, an diskriminaciis
identificirebadi procesis modificireba arsobrivad niSnavs, rom
resursebi erT jgufs CamoerTmeva arasakmarisad warmodgenil individTa
meore jgufis xarjze. amgvarad, Sedegad viRebT uwyvet konfliqts
mravalferovan dainteresebul mxareTa Soris, romlebic warmoadgenen
umciresobas, qalebs, klasze, SesaZleblobze dafuZnebul da sxva
arasakmarisad warmodgenil jgufebs, im brma (da farTod gavrcelebuli)
rwmenis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom resursebi fiqsirebulia, an araelastiuri.

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 ra aris am sididis darRvevebis Sedegebi identobis politikis
relokaciisTvis da gansxvavebisTvis laTinur amerikaSi da sadme sxvagan?
SesaZlebelia, rom moiZebnos solidarobis modeli an sistema, romelic
mTlianad ar aris damokidebuli socialur faseulobebze orientirebuli
saxelmwifos muSaobaze, an saxelmwifos intervenciis nebismier
rekonstruirebul cnebaze, rac neoliberaluri saxelmwifosgan mkveTrad
gansxvavebuli SeiZleba gaxdes? es sakiTxi moiTxovs analizis sxvadasxva
doneebs. dasawyisisaTvis, socialuri regulirebis cneba, romelic wamoayena
fukom, Zalze xelsayrelia struqturebis muSaobisa (funqcionirebisa) da
individualur aqtorTa mier codnis miRebis, adaptaciis, rezistentulobis
da xelaxali SemuSavebis dasakavSireblad. SesaZlebelia, rom socialuri
regulacia konkurentuli ideologiebisgan damoukideblad muSaobdes? Tu
SesaZlebelia, maSin TaobaTa Soris konfliqti, an saxelmwifo intervenciis
Semcireba solidarobis xelSewyobaSi ar unda iyos problema. regulirebis
wesebi da instrumentebi sxva xelSi gadava da ufro mniSvnelovan adgils
dauTmobs sabazro gacvlebs. codna iqneba ara mxolod fragmentirebuli,
aramed aseve segmentirebuli socialuri ierarqiebiT. isini, vinc SeZleben
ufro da ufro mzardi samomxmareblo gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, kvlavac
ganagrZoben sakuTari SvilebisaTvis ganaTlebis micemas da maT Svilebs
SesaZlebloba eqnebaT xeli miuwvdebodeT codnis im maragze, romlis
SeTavazebac sazogadoebas maTTvis SeuZlia. isini ki, vinc ver SeZleben
sxvadasxva tipis mzardi gasasaxadebis gadaxdas, martivad iqcevian
marginalur nawilad ZiriTad codnasTan (da sazogadoebriv struqturebTan)
mimarTebaSi.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis socializaciasTan

dakavSirebiT, romlebic ecnobian axal teqnologiebs, kompiuterebs, an
komunikaciis sxva novatorul xelsawyoebs. teqnologiaSi
gaTviTcnobierebuloba gaxdeba ZiriTadi komponenti regionSi socialuri
diferenciaciis konteqstSi. materialurad saukeTesod uzrunvelyofili
kerZo da sajaro skolebi isargebleben am axali teqnologiebiT rogorc
swavlebis, ise swavlis TvalsazrisiT. es ki, Tavis mxriv, gazrdis saSualo
da maRali klasis moswavleebis Sexebas yvelaze SemoqmedebiT da
produqtiul (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT yvelaze Semosavlian) teqnologiebTan.
is sajaro skolebi ki, romlebsac ar miuwvdebaT xeli sakuTari
teqnologiuri struqturis modernizebisaTvis saWiro damatebiT
finansirebaze, specializirebuli maswavleblebisa da teqnikosebis
daqiravebaze da saukeTeso moswavleebis mizidvaze TavianTi gavlenis
areebSi, sakmaod Sors darCebian avangarduli treningisa da
socializaciisagan.

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 diferenciaciis am mzardi procesebiT, saganmanaTleblo sistema
iqneba gamoricxvis da ara inkluziis kidev erTi forma, rac asaxavs
sazogadoebis dualizacias. dualuri sazogadoebebi aSkarad gviCvenebs Tu
rogor gansxvavdebian individebi imiT, Tu rogor miuwvdebaT maT xeli
simdidreze, Zalauflebaze, gavlenasa da politikur reprezentaciaze. ar
arsebobs mizezi, saxelmwifos mier Tavisi sajaro mandatis gauqmebisasTan
erTad, Tu ratom unda SesTavazos sazogadoebam ufaso da savaldebulo
ganaTleba sakuTar moqalaqeebs. saskolo ganaTleba gaxdeba ufro da ufro
dualizirebuli.

laTinuri amerikis sazogadoebebi, msoflios masStabiT bevri sxva

sazogadoebis msgavsad, ufro da ufro dualuri xdeba, sadac mdidari da
Raribi seqtorebi Zalze Sordeba erTmaneTs. klasobrivi struqturebis es
dualizacia mxolod laTinur amerikas ar exeba, aramed igi warmoadgens
msoflio masStabis proporciis fenomens. amitom, socialur moqalaqeobasa
da politikur moqalaqeobas Soris seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi,
daZabulobebi da disbalansi arsebobs. socialuri moqalaqeoba gamoixateba
efeqtiani xelmisawvdomobiT garkveuli xarisxis saqonelsa da
momsaxureobebze, rogorc materialur, ise simbolurze, rac aSkarad
gansazRvravs individebis cxovrebis xarisxs. politikuri moqalaqeoba
gamoixateba Tanaswori da universaluri xmis micemis uflebis
saSualebebiT da uflebebisa da movaleobebis ganxorcielebiT.

am ori tipis moqalaqeobas Soris arsebuli ganxeTqileba, rogorc

sazrianad amtkicebda T. h. marSali, xels Seuwyobs damokidebulebebis,
Sexedulebebisa da Rirebulebebis proliferacias, romelic antagonisturia
im demokratiuli stabilurobisa da legitimaciis formulebisa, romelsac
efuZneba demokratiuli reJimebi. ra Tqma unda, roca maswavleblebi
miiCneven, rom unda gadascen eris koleqtiuri Rirebulebebi bavSvebsa da
axalgazrdebs, ar aris gasakviri, rom maswavlebelTa liderebi da rigiTi
wevrebi SesamCnevad Sewuxebuli arian sajaro ganaTlebaSi investirebis
SemcirebiT, rac aRiqmeba kidev erT tendenciad dualizaciis am procesSi.
am konteqstSi legitimuria vikiTxoT, am or moqalaqeobas Soris
wonasworobis darRveva ganmartavs Tu ara ganaTlebasa da savaldebulo
saskolo swavlebaSi saxelmwifo investirebis Sewyvetas. es Sewyveta, rac
SesaZloa gamowveulia struqturuli regulirebis ganpirobebiT, aisaxeba
saganmanaTleblo biujetebze da sabolood, Caricxvebis raodenobis
Semcirebaze, kerZod, sajaro saSualo ganaTlebaSi.

saskolo ganaTlebis dualizacia Sedegad mogvcems (da magaliTi

iqneba), sul mcire, moqalaqeTa or did tips: erTi, romelsac me vuwodeb
`sammag–A moqalaqeebs~ (triple-A citizens), rom gamoviyeno laTinur amerikaSi

188
moduri termini, rac waagavs nomenklaturas da romelic gamoiyeneba
institutebis obligaciebisa da sakredito reitingebis xarisxis
klasificirebisaTvis, da meore, romelsac vuwodeb `araarsebiT~
moqalaqeebs, B klasis an meore klasis moqalaqeebs. `sammagi–A moqalaqeebi~
arian isini, visac SeuZlia politikuri reprezentaciisa da monawileobis
modelis gamoyeneba, romelic maT surT, ara mxolod TavianTi xmis micemiT,
aramed aseve politikuri qmedebiT, radgan isini dakavSirebuli arian
Zalauflebis qselebTan. maT SeuZliaT swrafad moagrovon informacia
axali kibernetikuri teqnologiebis meSveobiT – da mzardi `sainformacio
supermagistralis navigaciiT – da SeuZliaT inteleqtualTa kulturuli
kapitalis simboloebiT manipulireba.

`araarsebiTi~ moqalaqeebi arian isini, visi marginaluroba

konstruirebulia masmediis reprezentaciis procesis, da amasTan erTad,
politikuri izolaciisa da fragmentaciis meSveobiT. isini aseve ganicdian
seriozul ekonomikur zewolebs; bevri maTgani ukve miekuTvneba siRaribis
sartyels, romelic gars ekvris laTinuri amerikis did qalaqebs, an
ganlagebulia qalaqebis degradirebad seqtorebSi, gansakuTrebiT qalaqebis
centralur nawilebSi. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gadarCenis maTeuli
strategiebi gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre nebismieri sxva
aqtivobebi, politikis CaTvliT. orive tipis moqalaqeebi erTdroulad
moqceulni arian internacionalizebuli masmediis zemoqmedebis qveS,
romelic iswrafis mesakuTruli individualizmis Seqmnisaken, Tu
gamoviyenebT makfersonis mier popularizebul termins demokratiis
liberaluri Teoriebis miseul sazrian kritikaSi (makfersoni, 1962).
laTinur amerikaSi es aris is, rasac kulturis kritikosma uwoda
simboluri bazrebis calmxrivi Crdilo amerikanizacia (garsia kanklini,
1992).

dualuri moqalaqeoba da siRaribe

dualuri moqalaqeobis sakiTxi svams maradiul kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb,

Tu vin aris gaTvaliswinebuli da vin aris gamoricxuli savaldebulo
saskolo ganaTlebidan. socialuri jgufebis gaTvaliswineba da gamoricxva
saskolo ganaTlebidan ganxilul unda iqnes mzardi samomxmareblo
gadasaxadebis, decentralizaciis, privatizaciis da municipalizaciis
politikebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es politikebi ar exeba mxolod laTinur
amerikas, da amdenad, am diskusias aqvs inteleqtualuri da politikuri
mimzidveloba, rac sakmaod scildeba individualur, Tu regionalur
mosazrebebs. detalurad Sesaswavli rCeba is masStabi, romliTac
struqturuli regulirebis gampirobebulobebma gazarda klasis
struqturebisa da moqalaqeobis dualizacia, an dualizaciis am process
189
aqvs Tu ara damoukidebeli dinamika, romlis Senelebac ver SeZlo
struqturulma regulirebam an, piriqiT, ubralod daaCqara. miuxedavad
amisa, siRaribis sakiTxi jer kidev bundovnad Cans demokratiul
sazogadoebebSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb fiqrisas.

naTelia, rom moqalaqeobis Teoria, saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis

Teoriis fundamenturi damateba, SeuZlebelia ganviTardes, Tuki ar
Sesruldeba sam principTagan erT-erTi, romelic exeba uflebebis SeZenas
(wamoyenebuli marSalis mier). rogorc sxvaganac iqna miTiTebuli (boroni
da toresi, 1996), xelis SemSleli faqtori moqalaqeobis CamoyalibebisaTvis
laTinur amerikaSi da saganmanaTleblo praqtikasa da politikaSi aris
laTinuri amerikis sazogadoebebis farTo seqtorebis daCqarebuli
gaRatakeba (boroni da toresi, 1996). am sitaucias mohyveba seriozuli
Sedegebi demokratiisaTvis da ekonomikuri modernizaciis, an socialuri
reformis proeqtebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.

bolodroindeli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom laTinur amerikaSi 210

milioni adamiani siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeba. ufro metic, situacia
ukavSirdeba aseve dasaqmebisa da xelfasis donis sakiTxs regionSi.
laTinuri amerikis qveynebisaTvis ekonomikurma komisiam (ECLA) aRniSna, rom
1995 wlis xelfasebi 1980 wlis xelfasebze dabalia da rom 1995 wels
minimaluri xelfasi laTinuri amerikis 17 Seswavlili qveynidan 13 qveyanaSi
1980 wlis minimalur xelfasze dabalia. magaliTad, CileSi, 1996 wels
Semosavlis TvalsazrisiT, zeda 20-ma procentma miiRo erovnuli
Semosavlis 57.1 procenti, maSin, roca 1992 wels maT hqondaT mxolod 52.4
procenti. mosaxleobis uRaribesma 20-ma procentma 1996 wels miiRo
erovnuli Semosavlis mxolod 3.9 procenti, maSin, roca manamde 1992 wels
miRebuli hqonda 5 procenti. Ciles 14 milioni moqalaqidan 3.3 milioni
cxovrobs siRaribis zRvars miRma. argentina Zalian ar gansxvavdeba:
umdidresma 20-ma procentma 1997 wlis maisSi miiRo erovnuli Semosavlis
52.9 procenti, maSin roca uRaribesma 20-ma procentma miiRo mxolod 4.3
procenti. 12 wliT adre, umdidresma 20-ma procentma miiRo Semosavlis 49.4
procenti, xolo uRaribesma 20-ma procentma miiRo 5.9 procenti. maSasadame,
ara mxolod mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris Semosavlis ganawilebaSi didi
sxvaoba gaizarda, aramed aseve Raribebis xelfasebi Semcirda da dasaqmebac
ufro metad SemTxveviTi gaxda (gazeTi Clarin, 1997:27).

laTinur amerikaSi siRaribis problema Znelad gadasawyveti Cans,

dominanturi klasis neoliberalur ekonomikur azrovnebaSi aSkarad mZime
hegemoniis gaTvaliswinebiT. sxvadasxva kvlevebma miuTiTa saSiS
winaaRmdegobebze, romelic warmoiSoba maSin, roca gamomricxveli da
marginalizebadi ekonomikuri modeli, romelic socialuri aparteiris
190
manamde ucnob formebs uSvebs, upirispirdeba demokratiul reJims, romlis
legitimuroba eyrdnoba politikuri integraciis, an `realuri~
moqalaqeobis masebis molodinebs (boroni, 1994a; 1994b). es aris situacia,
sadac moqalaqeobis kulturuli atributebi (anu moqalaqeoba, rogorc
sajaro Rirseba) nawilobriv unda daemTxvas moqalaqeobis struqturul
dinamikebs, rac iZleva garantias individTa umravlesobis socialuri
uflebebisa, saarsebo minimumis CaTvliT, da politikuri ekonomiisa, rac
maT saSualebas aZlevs ganaxorcielon moqalaqeoba, rogorc sajaro
Rirseba.

neoliberalizmsa da demokratias Soris arsebuli es winaaRmdegoba

gacilebiT ufro seriozuli problemaa, vidre ubralod Teoriuli, an
ritorikuli problema. igi asaxavs uzarmazar sirTuleebs, rac laTinuri
amerikis demokratiebs eliT am tipis politikuri reJimis sami
fundamenturi imperativis SeTavsebis TavianT mcdelobaSi: samarTlianoba,
xelmisawvdomoba da reprezentacia. erTdroulad, laTinur amerikaSi
demokratiuli reJimebi dgeba sxva sastiki realobis winaSe, rac
warmoiSoba struqturuli regulirebis11 moulodneli, Tumca sasurveli,
Sedegebisgan, konteqstSi, romelSic, sajaro seqtori funqcionirebis unars
moklebulia (TiTqmis gamonaklisis gareSe) administraciuli qmediTobis
Tundac minimalur doneze.

boroni da toresi (1996) amtkiceben, rom arsebobs sami ZiriTadi

problema siRaribesa da demokratias Soris urTierTobaSi da rom am
problemebs pirdapiri gavlena aqvs im rolze, romelsac ganaTleba
asrulebs siRaribis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. pirveli eTikuri xasiaTisaa:
seriozuli Seteva samarTlianobaze, romelic warmoSobilia
neoliberaluri politikebisgan da romelic tvirTad daawva dabal socio-
ekonomikur klasebs stabilizaciis xarjebiT da struqturuli
regulirebiT. sxvadasxva stilis miuxedavad, am politikebis ZiriTadi
principebi msgavsi iyo laTinuri amerikis sxvadasxva qveynebSi: socialur
xarjebSi zogadi Semcireba; sagadasaxado Semosavlebis arapirdapiri
gadasaxadebis zrdiT, rac kidev ufro amwvavebs gadasaxadis struqturebis
regresiul xasiaTs; muSa-mosamsaxureTa xelfasebis gayinva, gansakuTrebiT
sajaro seqtorSi; da Sromis bazrebis `fleqsibilizacia~, evfemizmi
masobrivi daTxovnebis, dausaqmeblobisa da arasruli dasaqmebis
dasabuTebisaTvis. fleqsibilizacia gamoiyeneba imdenad, ramdenadac
arsebobs iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa nikaragua, romelSic SesaZlebelia
iTqvas, rom dausaqmebel adamianTa ricxvi ufro maRalia, vidre formalur
Sromis bazrebze dasaqmebul pirTa saerTo raodenoba. Raribebis raodenoba
izrdeba, xolo siRaribe warmoudgenel doneebs aRwevs.

191
 meore problema ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa: ra donemde SeTavsebadia
siRaribe laTinuri amerikis kapitalizmisa da im ekonomikuri reformebis
makroekonomikuri `racionalurobis~ gaumjobesebis saWiroebasTan, romelic
mimarTulia garkveuli miznebis miRwevisaken, rac azianebs xalxis
seqtorebs maTi Semosavlis da moxmarebis modelebis dazianebiT da
individTa molodinebis da koleqtiuri progresis SemcirebiT? ar aris
aucilebeli, rom mivyveT msoflios katastroful xedvas, raTa gavigoT,
rom gaRatakebul sazogadoebas gauWirdeba, gazardos Tavisi moxmareba an
imis SeZleba, rom miaRwios gazrdil konkurentulobas, rac saSualebas
miscemda saerTaSoriso bazrebis boboqar wylebSi yofiliyo
konkurentunariani – bazrebis, romelSic `erebis konkurentuli
upiratesobebi~ efuZneba maTi samuSao Zalebis ganaTlebis, jandacvisa da
cxovrebis xarisxis maRal doneebs.

mesame sakiTxi ukavSireba axali demokratiebis ideologiur

safuZvlebze orTodoqsuli (struqturuli) regulirebis Sedegebs.
laTinuri amerikis sazogadoebebSi, demokratiuli legitimurobis
principebs aklda is simZlavre, rac sxva regionebSi arsebobda. es sisuste
demokratiis ideologiur principebSi warmoadgens mniSvnelovan
winaaRmdegobas demokratiis konsolidaciisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom demokratiis efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis,
aucilebelia gvqondes imedi administraciul efeqtianobaSi sandoobis
SedarebiT maRali donisa da saWiroa gagvaCndes pozitiuri Sexeduleba mis
unarianobaze sazogadoebis `zogadi interesebis” warmodgenis
TvalsazrisiT.

miuxedavad amisa, am mrisxane tendenciebs demokratiis kolafsisken ar

mivyavarT. `ekonomikuri reduqcionizmi~, romelic socialur mecnierebaTa
garkveul sferoebSi dominanturi iyo meoce saukunis 70-ian wlebSi,
rogorc memarjvene, ise memarcxene wreebSi, polemikas iwvevda laTinuri
amerikis demokratiuli reJimebis gaxangrZlivebis gamo gasuli saukunis 80-
iani wlebis mSfoTvare aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. bolodroindelma
empriulma kvlevam damajereblad aCvena, rom axlovadian perspeqtivaSi
mainc, ekonomikuri krizisebi maincdamainc ar daaCqarebs demokratiuli
reJimebis dezartikulacias. ufro metic, laTinuri amerikis demokratiebma
aCvena, rom flobs gasaocar Zalas. miuxedavad amisa, es daskvnebi SeiZleba
gamogvadges naadrevi aRelvebis Sesarbileblad. marTalia is mosazreba,
rom demokratiuli mTavrobebi, romlebic ugrZnobelni arian Raribebis
gadaudebeli saWiroebebis mimarT da indiferentulni rCebian mzardi
siRaribisadmi, namdvilad iTxrian sakuTar samares.

192
 dasavluri politikuri azrovnebis tradicia erTxmad ambobs:
gavrcelebuli siRaribe SeuTavsebelia demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis
sulTan da praqtikebTan. platoni (1941) akritikebda polisis oligarqiul
mTavrobebs, radgan maT gamoiwvies ori qalaqis Zalismieri Tanaarseboba:
Raribebis qalaqisa da mdidrebis, romlebic `erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg mudmiv
konspiraciaSi iyvnen, rac warmoadgenda areulobis saTaves da romelsac
SeeZlo bolo moeRo TavisuflebisaTvis~ (551.d, 552.d). TiTqmis ori aTasi
wlis Semdeg, ruso (1967) Teoriulad msjelobda im pirobebze, romelic
uzrunvelyofda demokratiis da Tavisuflebis arseboba/Tanaarsebobas. am
miznis miRwevisaTvis, igi gamoTqvamda rekomendacias, rom `SesaZleblobis
farglebSi SeemcirebinaT sxvadasxva klasebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi~
ise, rom aRar yofiliyvnen arc maTxovrebi da arc Zalian mdidrebi. es
jgufebi (erTi monetis ori mxare) demokratiis momavlisaTvis saxifaTo
movlenad miiCneoda, radgan `swored maT Soris dgindeba samoqalaqo
Tavisuflebis garigeba: zogi yidulobs mas, xolo zogi – yidis” (292-293).

SeniSvnebi

1
marTlac, moqalaqeobis cneba ganmanaTleblobaSi gaukritikebeli ar darCenila.
magaliTad, rom giCvenoT ganmanaTleblobis safuZvlebis garkveuli kritika,
ganmanaTleblobis kritikosebis ZiriTadi principi aris is Sexeduleba, rom
yovlismomcveli mTavari narativi aris metismetad abstraqtuli da ar
iTvaliswinebs istorias da ar SeuZlia gaigos narativi xalxisa, romelic Tavisi
gamocdilebis droiT aspeqtsa da lokaciaSia moqceuli. amgvarad, amas ewoda
gaTviTcnobierebuli (ra Tqma unda, agresiulad gaTviTcnobierebuli)
antiistoriuli, antinaratiuli, antirelaciuri, naturalisturi konceptualuri
sistema. Margaret Somers, “Narrativity, Narrative Identity, and Social Action: Rethinking English
Working-Class Formation,” Social Science History 16, no. 4 (Winter 1992): 593.
2
C. B. Macpherson, “Do We Need a Theory of the State?” Archives Européennes de Sociologie 18, no. 2
(1977). es miTiTeba makfersonis mniSvnelobaze demokratiuli moqalaqeobis srulad
ganviTarebul TeoriasTan mimarTebaSi Seesabameba braian terneris ZiriTad
kritikas T. h. marSalis moqalaqeobis Teoriaze, roca terneri Tamamad ambobs:
`moqalaqeobis nebismierma Teoriam aseve unda Seqmnas saxelmwifos Teoria,
marSalis moRvaweobis es aspeqti yvelaze sustad gaxldaT ganviTarebuli~. Bryan S.
Turner, “Outline of a Theory of Citizenship,” Sociology 24, no. 2:193.
3
entoni gidensi aris gamoCenili kritikosi, romelic marSalis ganviTarebis sam
stadias, rogorc teleologiur da evoluciur logikas, eWvqveS ayenebs. garda
amisa, gidenss eWvi Seaqvs imaSi, rasac igi miiCnevs marSaliseul politikisa da
saxelmwifos metismetad gamartivebad, vinaidan marSalma sakmarisi yuradReba ar
miaqcia socialuri brZolebis rols, ramac gadawyvetisas, Seqmna pirobebi
saxelmwifo koncesiisaTvis, da piriqiT. gidenis kritikis Sejamebisa da marSalis
poziciis dacvisaTvis ixileT: David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State (Stanford, Calif,:
Stanford University Press, 1989), 193-195; gacilebiT windaxeduli dacvisaTvis ixileT:
Turner, “Outline of a Theory”.

193
4
unda gvaxsovdes, rom, rogorc istorikosi devid taiaki Segvaxsenebs, `amerikul
ganaTlebaSi regulirebis mizani xSirad iyo seriozuli uTanasworobebis
koreqtireba, rogoricaa SavkanianTa segregacia, an unarSezRudul, an emigrant
bavSvTa ugulvebelyofa” (186). Tumca, daregulirebam, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi
skolebSi zrdis gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas adgilobriv Tu saolqo
doneebze, SeiZleba warmoqmnas sawinaaRmdego socialuri Sedegebi
samarTlianobisa da Tanasworobis TvalsazrisiT. ixileT: David Tyack, “Restructuring in
Historical Perspective: Tinkering toward Utopia,” Teachers College Record 92, no. 2:170-191.
5
ixileT Tavi 2 feminizmis sxvadasxvaobebis mokle SesavlisaTvis. aseve ixileT:
Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); Donna Haraway,
“A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s,” in Coming to Terms:
Feminism, Theory, Politics, ed. Elizabeth Weed (New York: Routledge, 1984), 130-143; Donna Haraway,
“Ecce Homo, Ain’t (Ar’n’t) I a Woman, and Inappropriate/d Others: The Human in a Post-Humanist
Landscape,” in Feminists Theorize the Political, ed. Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott (New York: Routledge,
1992), 86-100; Rosemary Hennessey, Materialist Feminism and the Politics of Discourse (New York:
Routledge, 1992); Carmen Luke and Jennifer Gore, eds., Feminisms and Critical Pedagogy (New York:
Routledge, 1992); da Raymond Morrow and Carlos Alberto Torres, Social Theory and Education (Albany:
State University of New York Press, 1995).
6 Tumca, am pozicias mravali forma aqvs miRebuli, dawyebuli maternaluri
feminizmisa da zrunvis eTikis dacvidan, samarTlianobis mamrobiTi eTikisgan
gansxvavebiT, rac Warbobda liberalizmSi, politikaSi qaluri Rirebulebebis
SemoRebis mcdelobamde, sazogadoebrivi sferos rogorc `politikuris~
artikulaciis dapirispirebis ideamde da romelSic gabatonebuli iyo mamrobiTi
Rirebulebebi, kerZo sferos, rogorc ojaxis Rirebulebebis artikulaciis –
kerZos feministuri politikis aRniSvnamde.
7 ra Tqma unda, es aRwera amerikis SeerTeuli Statebis SemTxvevaSi, unda
moicavdes mis koloniur gamocdilebas filipinebze, kubasa da puerto rikoSi;
xolo yofili sabWoTa kavSiris SemTxvevaSi, mis koloniur batonobas aRmosavleT
evropasa da avRaneTSi. mravali konservatori analitikosisaTvis samwuxarod da
misi socialisturi istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, kuba kvlavac warmoadgens
kolonialisturi doqtrinis gamonakliss.
8 sakmaod sainteresoa, rom sociologia, rogorc empiriuli mecniereba da
eTnografia, rogorc Tanamedrove anTropologia sakmaod iyo ganviTarebuli
kolonizaciis procesis SualedebSi im mecnierTa mier, romlebic muSaobdnen
kolonialur mmarTvelobebSi. magaliTad, SesaniSnavi kvleviTi programis
reduqcionistuli wakiTxvis mcdelobis gareSe, emil durkhaimis naSromi
(safrangeTSi – magaliTad, misi suicidi – ) iyo mcdeloba, Sexeboda zogierT
ZiriTad daZabulobas industrializebad sazogadoebebSi meqanikuridan organul
solidarobaze gadasvlisas. amgvaradve, gasuli saukunis dasasrulisa da am
saukunis pirveli meoTxedis eTnografiuli naSromebis umravlesoba (umetesad
aRsaniSnavia franguli eTnografia) uaRresad mniSvnelovani da gavleniani iyo im
xalxis kulturis, wes-CveulebaTa da qcevis gagebisaTvis, romlis kolonizaciac
xorcieldeboda.
9 es nawili warmoadgens im teqstis dazustebas, romelic daiwera raimond

morousTan erTad sxva mizniT da sxva gamocemisaTvis. ixileT: Raymond Morrow and
Carlos Alberto Torres, “The State, Social Movements, and Educational Reform,” in Comparative Education:
The Dialectics of the Global and the Local, ed. Robert F. Arnove and Carlos Alberto Torres (Lanham, Md.:
Rowman & Littlefield, ibeWdeba).
10 me am kategorias viyeneb ufro struqturalisturi midrekilebiT, vidre deridas

cnebaa – “différance”. rogorc medan serapi xsnis, `deridam SeimuSava es cneba

imisaTvis, rom aReniSna ori urTierTdakavSirebuli, magram sxvadasxva koncepti:

194
pirveli, `gansxvavebulobis~ (to differ) cneba – `ara msgavsi an gansxvavebuli
xasiaTis, xarisxisa da formis qona~ – da `dayovneba~ (to defer) – `Seferxeba,
gadavadeba (frangul zmnas différer aqvs es orive mniSvneloba) ... deridaseulma
huserlis analizma igi miiyvana enis, rogorc aRmniSvnelTa usasrulo TamaSad
aRweramde. mas Semdeg, rac mitovebulia damoukidebeli aRmniSvneli aRmniSvnelebi
mimarTavdnen sxva aRmniSvnelebs, romelic kidev mimarTavdnen aRmniSvnelebs.
amgvarad, ena aris TamaSi gansxvavebebisa, romelic warmoqmnilia aRmniSvnelebis
mier, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, am gansxvavebebis produqts warmoadgenen. derida
différance-is mniSvnelobaSi debs dayovnebis (deferring) mniSvnelobas. Madan Sarup, An
Introductory Guide to Post-Structuralism and Postmodernism (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989),
48-49. aq gamoyenebuli différance–is cneba aRniSnavs faqtors, romelic mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli burdies kulturul kapitalTan imdenad, ramdenadac sxvadasxva
kulturuli praqtikebi aRiarebulia da iswavleba saganmanaTleblo sistemis mier.
burdies analizSi damaxasiaTebelia oTxi elementi: (1) Sexeduleba, rom TiToeuli
socialuri klasi kulturul kapitals erTi Taobidan gadascems momdevno Taobas;
(2) idea, rom skolis sistema maRali klasebis kulturuli kapitalis sistematur
legitimacias axdens da afasebs mas, daqvemdebarebuli klasebis kulturuli
kapitalis arsebiTad devalvaciiT; (3) faqti, rom kulturuli kapitali aseve
xsnis, Tu diferencirebuli akademiuri moswreba rogor warmodgeba
diferencirebul simdidreSi; da (4) idea, rom skolis sistema axerxebs (an
socialuri, kulturuli an ekonomikuri) ierarqiebis warmoqmnas, da socialuri
ierarqiebi gadahyavs akademiur ierarqiebSi. burdies analizisaTvis ixileT: Morrow
and Torres, Social Theory and Education.
11 `neoliberalizmi~ da `neoliberaluri saxelmwifo~ aris terminebi, romelic

gamoiyeneba axali tipis saxelmwifos aRsaniSnavad, romelic warmoiSva laTinur

amerikaSi gasuli ori aTwleulis manZilze. rogorc ganmartebulia meore TavSi
(romelic ukavSirdeba neokonservatoruli mTavrobebis gamocdilebebs, rogoricaa
inglisSi margaret tetCerisa da jon meijoris, ronald reiganis – amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi da braian malrunis – kanadaSi), laTinur amerikaSi
ganxorcielebuli neoliberalizmis pirveli gamocdileba aris neoliberaluri
ekonomikuri programa, romelic ganxorcielda CileSi salvador aliendes
Camogdebis Semdeg 1973 wels, general pinoCetis diqtatorobis dros. ufro
mogviano periodSi, argentinaSi karlos saul menemis, meqsikaSi karlos salinas
de gortarisa da ernesto sedilios da braziliaSi fernando enrike kardosos
mTavrobebis mier ganxorcielebuli sabazro modelebi warmoadgens neoliberalur
models, romlebic xasiaTdeba argentinuli, meqsikuri da braziliuri garemoebebis
TaviseburebebiT. neoliberaluri mTavrobebi xels uwyobs Ria bazrebis,
Tavisufali vaWrobis, saxelmwifo seqtoris Semcirebis, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Carevis Semcirebisa da bazrebis deregulaciis cnebebs. istoriulad da
filosofiurad, neoliberalizmi asocirebulia struqturuli regulirebis
programebTan. struqturuli regulireba gansazRvrulia rogorc programebis,
politikebisa da ganpirobebulobebis wyeba, romelic rekomendebulia msoflio
bankis, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da sxva finansuri organizaciebis mier.
miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflio banki erTmaneTisgan gamijnavs stabilizacias,
struqturul regulirebas da regulirebis politikebs, igi aseve acnobierebs, rom
am terminebis gamoyeneba arazusti da araTanmimdevrulia. stabilizaciis da
regulirebis am programebma saTave daudo politikis ramdenime rekomendacias, maT

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Soris saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebas, valutebis devalvacias eqsportis
xelSesawyobad, importze tarifebis Semcirebas da saxelmwifo da kerZo
danazogebis zrdas. rogorc ukve xazi gavusvi, am modelis ZiriTadi aspeqti aris
mkveTri Semcireba saxelmwifo seqtorSi, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo warmoebebis
privatizaciis, xelfasebisa da fasebis liberalizaciis da industriuli da
sasoflo sameurneo produqciis eqsportisken reorientaciis meSveobiT. amgvarad,
struqturuli regulirebisa da stabilizaciis politikebi eswrafvis Tavisufal
saerTaSoriso gacvlas, amcirebs fasis struqturebSi damaxinjebas, amarcxebs
proteqcionizms da xels uwyobs bazris gavlenis zrdas laTinuri amerikis
ekonomikebSi. ixileT: Larissa Lomnitz and Ana Melnick, Chile’s Middle Class: A Struggle for Survival in
the Face of Neoliberalism (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner, 1991), 9-47; Joel Samoff, “More, Less, None?
Human Resource Development: Responses to Economic Constraint” (Palo Alto, Calif., June 1990),
mimeograph; Sergio Bitar, “Neo-Conservatism versus Neo-Structuralism in Latin America,” CEPAL Review 34
(1988): 45.

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5
demokratia

winamdebare Tavi ganixilavs demokratiisa da saxelmwifos Teoriebis

tradiciaTa Soris arsebul kavSirebs da yuradRebas amaxvilebs aRniSnul
sferoSi k. b. makfersonis mier Setanil wvlilze. warmodgenili Tavi
gviCvenebs, rom demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gavrcelebuli formaa
liberaluri demokratia da amasTanave, ikvlevs kapitalistur
sazogadoebebSi demokratiis krizisis zogierT mizezs da mis gavlenas
ganaTlebaze. mravali kritikosis yuradRebis mTavar obieqts warmoadgens
socialuri dekapitalizacia, rac amZimebs kriziss da agreTve, gavlenas
axdens moqalaqeobis Camoyalibebaze. saxelmwifos Teoriebs,
globalizaciis Teoriebs, moqalaqeobis Teoriebsa da
multikulturalizmis Teoriebs Soris tranziciis ganxorcielebiT,
winamdebare Tavi, paulo freiris Sromis Sesabamisad, iwyebs demokratiuli
ganaTlebis pirobebisa da misi politikuri gamowvevebis sistematur
kvlevas. aRniSnuli Tavi sruldeba demokratiisa da postsocializmis
Sesaxeb gakeTebuli komentariT.

demokratiis Teoriebi

meoce saukunis 90-iani wlebis paradoqsi is gaxlavT, rom demokratia

ufro popularulia, vidre odesme, magram seriozuli safrTxis winaSe
dgas is pirobebi, romlis mixedviTac, yvela moqalaqes SeuZlia
isargeblos saxelmwifos sruluflebiani wevrebis statusiT.

– qerol peitmani, `demokratizacia da moqalaqeoba meoce saukunis 90-ian

wlebSi~

demokratiis TeoriaSi politikuri azrovnebis sami istoriuli

tradicia Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. pirveli aris mmarTvelobis sami tipis
aristoteleseuli klasikuri Teoria, romelic moicavs demokratias, yvela
moqalaqis mmarTvelobas, romlebic moqalaqeobis privilegiebiT
sargebloben, rac gansxvavdeba monarqiis mmarTvelobisagan, erTaderTi
mmarTvelis mmarTvelobisgan, rac, Tavis mxriv, gansxvavdeba aristokratiis
mmarTvelobisgan, ramdenime mmarTvelis mmarTvelobisgan. meore aris
Suasaukuneebis Teoria, romelic moicavs romaul samarTals da saxalxo

197
suverenitets, rac qmnis Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis safuZvels da
umaRles Zalauflebas xalxis xelSi tovebs. gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT,
es Zalaufleba gadaecema (magram mxolod droebiT) mocemul mmarTvels –
aqedan, amboxis ufleba, roca mmarTveli ver axerxebs adamianTa uflebebis
ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofas. mesame istoriuli tradicia aris
demokratiis Tanamedrove doqtrina, romelic ZiriTadad nikolo makiavelis
naSroms efuZneba da romelic Tanamedrove erovnuli saxelmwifos
dasawyisSi scnobs istoriulad Sedgenili mTavrobis mxolod or ZiriTad
formas: monarqiuls da respublikurs. imave tradiciiT, Jan-Jak rusosaTvis,
respublika, romelic warmoadgens mmarTvelobis WeSmaritad yvelaze
popularul formas, zustad emTxveva demokratiuli reJimebis
maxasiaTeblebs (boblio, mateuCi, da paskvino, 1987-1988).

Tavad demokratiul reJimebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba, gamomdinare

maTi organizebidan. isini SeiZleba gamoirCeodnen TavianTi iuridiul-
instituciuri implementaciiT (mag., saprezidento Sepirispirebuli
saparlamentosTan); politikuri partiebis artikulaciiT demokratiuli
reJimis implementaciaSi (mag., orpartiuloba mravalpartiul sistemebTan
SepirispirebiT); politikuri kulturis fragmentaciiT (mag., centridanuli,
centriskenuli politikuri kulturebis SepirispirebiT); an, rogorc es
mocemulia robert dalis (1956) mier gansazRvrul tipologiaSi, mis
naSromSi: demokratiuli Teoriis Sesavali, medisoniseuli, populisturi da
poliarqiuli modelebi.

vamjobineb, winamdebare wignSi detalurad gamovikvlio formalur da

warmomadgenlobiT demokratias (Substantive democracy) Soris arsebuli
gansxvaveba. sanam amas ganvaxorcielebde, msurs daviwyo demokratiis im
sxvadasxva modelebiT, romelic k. b. makfersonis (1962, 1973) memkvidreobaSi
warmodgenili tradiciis mier aris dadgenili. konoli (1993), makfersonis
ideebis mixedviT, gamoyofs oTx ZiriTad models. pirveli aris
proteqciuli demokratiis cneba, romelic formulirebuli iyo jeremi
benTamis da jeims milis mier da varaudobda sabazro ekonomikis hegemonias.
igi eswrafoda arCevnebs sabazro interesebis gansaviTareblad da am
garemoSi tiraniisagan saxelmwifos dasacavad“ (105).

meore aris ganviTarebadi demokratiis (developmental democracy) cneba,

romelic konolis (1993) SexedulebiT, `warmoadgens mniSvnelovan winsvlas
demokratiul idealizmSi. misi saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi iyvnen jon
stiuart mili da T. h. grini. mTavari problema iyo muSaTa klasis
adamianebis moazrovne arsebad qceva... milis koncefciaSi, `adamianis
modeli~, rogorc mesakuTre individualistis – anu adamianis, rogorc
`konfliqturi, egoisturi momxmareblisa da mesakuTris modeli~,
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Secvlilia adamianis, rogorc `sakuTari Zalis an SesaZleblobebis
ganviTarebis unaris mqone arsebis~ koncefciiT. demokratiuli monawileoba
aseve gaxda ZiriTadi gza TviTganviTarebisaken (196).

mesame cneba _ wonasworobis demokratia, romelic cnobilia agreTve,

rogorc pluralisturi demokratia, wamoayena jozef Sumpeterma 1942 wels.
es modeli `saTanadod ver afasebs monawileobis mniSvnelobas, Tumca
afasebs apaTiis funqcionalur mniSvnelobas. moqalaqeTa umravlesobaSi
amJamad apaTia demokratiisaTvis funqcionaluri xdeba, radgan intensiuri
monawileoba ar aris sakmarisi racionaluri individebisaTvis. monawileoba
aaqtiurebs avtoritarizms, rac isedac latenturia masebSi da
gadatvirTavs sistemas moTxovnebiT, romlis dakmayofilebac mas ar ZaluZs
(196-197). klaus ofes (1984, 1985) analizi im poziciidan, romelic
saxelmwifos fiskaluri krizisis TeoriasTan ufro axlos aris, vidre
elitisturi demokratiis TeoriasTan, gviCvenebs am Teoriis variants gvian
kapitalizmSi legitimurobis krizisis miseul analizSi da gviCvenebs aseve,
umarTaobis sakiTxs. rogorc konolis (1993) mier aris aRwerili
(gamokveTili), `wonasworobis modeli warmoadgens tiraniisgan dacvas,
magram igi cudad muSaobs maSin, roca Sefaseba ganviTarebadi demokratiis
standartebiT xorcieldeba” (197).

sabolood, Cven varkvevT, rom k. b. makfersonis monawileobiTi

demokratiis Teoria rusos paradoqsis garSemo aris agebuli: `Cven ar
SegviZlia mivaRwioT ufro met demokratiul monawileobas socialur
uTanasworobasa da cnobierebaSi winaswari cvlilebis gareSe, magram
amasTanave, ar SegviZlia mivaRwioT cvlilebebs socialur uTanasworobaSi
da cnobierebaSi demokratiul monawileobis winaswari zrdis gareSe” (100).
makfersonisTvis (T. h. marSalis msgavsad da igive mosazrebiT, rac rusos
aqvs) miaxloebiTi Tanasworoba warmoadgens winapirobas efeqtiani
demokratiuli modelebisaTvis, maSin roca efeqtiani demokratia
warmogvidgeba miaxloebiTi Tanasworobis miRwevis winapirobad.
makfersonisaTvis, monawileobiT demokratias moaqvs Temis, asociaciis,
damegobrebis da gaerTianebis, mTlianis nawilad SegrZneba ufro
tolerantul, magram amave dros politikurad efeqtiani sistemis
struqturaSi. es asea, radgan rogorc makfersoni (1973) amtkicebs,
monawileobiT demokratias `moaqvs Temis SegrZneba, ... rogor unda moxdes
adamianis unarebiT sargebloba da maTi ganviTareba, Cveulebriv, sxvebTan
kavSirSi, TemTan garkveul mimarTebaSi~ (33).

rogorc jein mensbriji (1993) Segvaxsenebs, es aris qerol peitmanis

sazriani analizis safuZveli, roca peitmanis monawileoba da demokratiul
TeoriaSi (1970, citirebulia mensbrijTan) amtkicebs, rom `monawileobis

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mTavari funqcia monawileobiTi demokratiis TeoriaSi aris...
saganmanaTleblo funqcia, saganmanaTleblo yvelaze farTo gagebiT” (42).
ufro metic, peitmani (1970) aseve amtkicebs, rom monawileobis gamocdileba
`ganaviTarebs da xels Seuwyobs demokratiul pirovnebas~ (64). peitmanis
analizi Zalian axlos dgas makfersonis demokratiis TeoriasTan, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, Zlier davalebulia ganviTarebadi demokratiisagan, vinaidan
igi varaudobs (rusos msgavsad da hegelis mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod –
cnobierebis apropriacis Sesaxeb cnobierebis mier), rom adamianis unarebs
aqvs Zala ganviTardes sxva adamianebisaTvis sakuTari unarebis
ganviTarebaSi xelis SeSlis gareSe. miuxedavad amisa, makfersonis (1962)
analizi aris iseTi sazogadoebis Zieba, romlis regulirebac ar xdeba
adamianTa Soris eqspluataciuri gacvlebis batonobiT. Tumca, makfersonis
mesakuTre individualizmis Teoria, romelic misTvis aRniSnavs
liberalizmis, rogorc politikur TeoriaSi tradiciis sxvadasxva
variantebis erTianobas, damokidebulia ideaze, rom mflobeloba moicavs
individualobas, Tavisuflebas da Tanasworobas da rom, rogorc karensi
(1993) gvaxsenebs, `demokratia konceptualizdeba mxolod, rogorc sakuTari
mmarTvelebis arCevis saSualebebi da dasabuTebulia, rogorc principis
gavrcoba, rom individualuri mflobelebi Tavisufali unda iyvnen
arCevanis gakeTebisas imaSi, Tu rogor ganaxorcielon sakuTari interesebi
saukeTesod, Tu davuSvebT, rom Tavad sakuTrebis flobis bazisuri sistema
ar aris ganxilvis sagani~ (2-3).

Tanasworoba da Tavisufleba aris Rirebulebebi, romelic

konteqstualizdeba zogierTi sazogadoebebis istoriul gamocdilebaSi da
SeuZlebelia CaiTvalos universalur imperativebad, radgan maTi sakuTari
definiciebi sadavoa. miuxedavad amisa, isini, faqtiurad, miiCneva eTikur
imperativebad adamianis universalur uflebaTa TeoriebSi. ufro metic,
isini ar aris advilad SeTavsebadi, da Cveulebriv, saxelmwifoebrivi
politikis swrafva, romelic STagonebulia TiToeuli principisaken
swrafviT, gviCvenebs maT Soris arsebul Zalian seriozul uxerxulobas da
winaaRmdegobebs.

amitom, liberalizmis Zlier tradiciaSi, demokratia warmoadgens

yvelaze Sesabamis politikur garemos respublikur sazogadoebebSi da
asaxavs adamianis qcevisa da arCevanis winapirobebs: individebi erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli arian sabazo gacvlebis meSveobiT da rogorc tali (1993)
aRiniSnavs, es aris `maTi egoisturi swrafva usasrulo survilebisaken
[rac] yvelaze did sikeTes moutanda yvelaze did raodenobas~ (37). am
utilitarulma perspeqtivam, romelsac makfersoni ase marTebulad aRwers
da akritikebs Tavis mesakuTre individualizmis TeoriaSi, SeaRwia
liberalur azrovnebaSi; arCevanis Tavisufleba da racionaluri, Tumca
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egoisturi arCevanisadmi swrafva aqcia fonad warmoebis kapitalisturi
socialuri urTierToebebis ganviTarebisaTvis social-liberal-
demokratiuli kontraqtis konteqstSi. miuxedavad amisa, umTavres sakiTxs
kvlav warmoadgens demokratiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierToba.

demokratia da saxelmwifo

adamiani warmoadgens erTaderT cxovels, romelic Zarcvavs Tavis umweo

Tanamemamules – eufleba mis mamuls da aZevebs iqidan, an anadgurebs mas.
adamiani ase iqceva yvela epoqaSi. dedamiwaze miwis erTi akric ki ar
arsebobs iseTi, romelic mis kanonier mflobels miekuTvnebodes, an rom
ar gadascemodes erTi mflobelidan meores, am ciklurobis dacviT,
ZaladobiT da sisxlisRvriT.

– mark tveni, werilebi dedamiwidan

winamdebare wignSi, saxelmwifo gansazRvrulia, rogorc erovnuli da

sociopolitikuri proeqtebis brZolis adgili; aseve gansazRvrulia,
rogorc batonobis faqti, rogorc korporatiuli aqtori, romelic sakuTar
Tavze iRebs saxalxo suverenitetis reprezentacias da rogorc politikuri
Zalaufleba, romelic axorcielebs demokratiul mmarTvelobas. demokratia
aseve gansazRvrulia, rogorc politikuri reprezentaciisa da politikuri
monawileobis sistema, sadac, saboloo jamSi, subieqturobebi da wesebi ar
aris (da ar unda iqnes) Semofargluli Zalauflebis, sqesis,
rasis/eTnikurobisa da simdidris mniSvnelobebiT. amgvarad, saxelmwifo
asrulebs mTavar rols demokratiisa da moqalaqeobis SeqmnaSi,
gansakuTrebiT, multikulturul sazogadoebebSi.

demokratiuli saxelmwifos rolis dasazusteblad, me erTmaneTisgan

gavmijnav demokratias, rogorc meTods da demokratias, rogorc arss.
rogorc meTodi, demokratia aris upirvelesad politikuri reprezentacia,
romelic moicavs xmis micemis regularul procedurebs, Tavisufal
arCevnebs, saparlamento da sasamarTlo sistemebs (romelic aRmasrulebeli
kontrolisgan Tavisufalia), sistemaSi Zalauflebis urTierTkontrolisa
da ganawilebis cnebas, individualuri uflebebis upiratesobas koleqtiur
uflebebTan SedarebiT da sityvis Tavisuflebas. demokratia, rogorc arsi,
asocirdeba sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi adamianebis politikur
monawileobasTan. es dakavSirebulia xalxis ZalauflebasTan (rac nebismier
sxva regulatorul institutze upiratesia, rogoricaa mefoba, Tu
samTavrobo biurokratia), yvela moqalaqisaTvis Tanabari uflebebis
ideasTan da gansakuTrebiT, aSS-s konstituciaSi egalitarianizmis
politikur filosofiasTan. garda amisa, demokratia, rogorc arsi

201
gulisxmobs Zalauflebis cvlilebebs individTa Soris interaqciebSi,
rogorc mikro (mag., ojaxebSi araeqspluatatoruli genderuli
urTierTobebis miRweva), ise makro doneze (mag., genderuli Tanasworobisken
swrafva socialur da ekonomikur gacvlebSi).

demokratiis Teoriebis ganxilvisas saxelmwifos cneba axal

normatiul da politikur masStabebs iZens. liberalur demokratiul
tradiciaSi, saxelmwifo icavs universalistur, racionalur da Sesabamis
kanonebs, ramac unda uzrunvelyos yvelasaTvis Tanabari situacia
warmatebis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT. swored aq, meoTxe TavSi mocemuli
rasis kritikuli Teoriis warmomadgenlebis mier gamoTqmuli kritika
gansakuTrebuli ZaliT exmianeba demokratiuli ideis xelaxal gaazrebas.
amave dros, demokratiuli saxelmwifo iyenebs saxelmwifoebriv politikas
Tanamedrove moqalaqeobis Sesaqmnelad, erTiani nebisgan individTa kerZo
interesebis gamoyofiT. demokratiuli praqtikis orasze meti wlis Semdeg
gasagebia, Tu ramdenad rTulia am miznis miRweva da ramdenad
SrosmWvretelurad JRers amJamad aleqsandr hamiltonis gafrTxileba:
`bedniereba iqneboda Cveni arCevani marTuli rom iyos Cveni WeSmariti
interesebis keTilgonivruli SefasebiT, gaurTulebeli da miukerZoebeli
im mosazrebebisgan, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli sazogadoebriv
sikeTesTan. magram es ufro iseTi ram aris, rac Zalian unda gvsurdes da
ar gvqondes misi seriozuli molodini~ (hamiltoni, medisoni da jei,
1961:33).

demokratiuli saxelmwifos Teoriebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kritikuli

Sexedulebebi asabuTebs, rom konfliqti ganuyofelia saxelmwifos
struqturisgan. martin qernoi da henri levini (1985) asabuTeben, rom
saxelmwifoebrivi politika aris ZiriTadi socialuri konfliqtis
produqti, konfliqtis, romelic saxelmwifo arenaze TamaSdeba. maT
kvlevaSi saganmanaTleblo politikis warmoebaze, rac miRebulia
klasobrivi konfliqtisa da socialuri moZraobebis Sedegad,
ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebi Canan, rogorc socialuri
brZolis adgili. kanroi da levini amtkiceben, rom ganaTlebis
transformaciis aRsaqmelad, saWiroa, erTdroulad gvesmodes Sromis
procesSi mimdinare cvlilebebi da is, Tu rogor ganpirobeben es procesebi
erTmaneTs. am midgomiT, saganmanaTleblo cvlileba aRiqmeba, rogorc
nawili farTo socialuri konfliqtisa, romelic momdinareobs Semosavlis
uTanasworobebisgan da kapitalisturi warmoebis socialuri
Zalauflebisagan.

amgvarad, politikuri batonobis administraciul sistemad aRqmuli

saxelmwifo SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc sazogadoebaSi politikuri
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Zalauflebis mTlianoba, miuxedavad donisa (erovnuli, provinciuli Tu
lokaluri), romelzec igi operirebs. demokratiuli saxelmwifo, romlis
politikac mimarTulia kapitalizmis Seqmnisa da reproduqciisaken, icavs
sasaqonlo warmoebis sistemas sxvadasxva safrTxeebisgan da warmarTavs mis
transformacias. amasTan erTad, igi Zlevs seqtorul, Tu fraqciul
moklevadian moTxovnilebebs da davebs individualur kapitalistebsa, Tu
korporaciul jgufTa Soris.

Tumca saxelmwifo agreTve asaxavs demokratiis dinamikas. adamianis

ZiriTadi uflebebi daculia kanonebiT, romelic dadgenilia da
aRsrulebulia demokratiuli saxelmwifos mier, rogorc es ganxilulia
mesame TavSi. bevr demokratiaSi saxelmwifo seqtori samoqalaqo uflebebis
ganviTarebis mcdelobiT, gaxda dasaqmebis ZiriTadi wyaro
umciresobebisTvis da qalebisTvis. jandacvis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa
da ganaTlebis politikebi warmoadgens gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare
sferoebs moqalaqeTa demokratiuli ltolvis dakmayofilebis
mcdelobisaTvis. amgvarad, demokratiulma saxelmwifoebma win wamowies
demokratiis saqme socialuri uzrunvelyofis politikis, progresuli
kanonebis SemoRebis da umciresobebisa da qalebis dasaqmebis meSveobiT.
magaliTad, Cven vaCveneT, rom braziliis konteqstSi, demokratiuli
miznebisken swrafvaSi ZiriTad figurebs warmoadgenen pirveladi
organizaciebi, socialuri moZraobebi da politikuri partiebi, rogoricaa
Partido dos Trabaljadores, romelsac Zlieri mxardaWera aqvs pirveladi
organizaciebisgan (o’kadizi, vongi da toresi, 1998).

Semdgomi ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens is sakiTxi, aris Tu ara

socialur moZraobaTa mier xelSewyobili es axali socialuri da
saganmanaTleblo politikebi politikurad Sesrulebadi da
ganxorcielebadi, teqnikurad kompetenturi da eTikurad jansaRi. da mainc,
cxadia, rom cvlilebebs saxelmwifos formaSi da politikur sistemaSi,
aseve cvlilebebs demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis samarTlebriv
safuZvlebSi, SesaZloa mohyves seriozuli Sedegebi demokratiuli
programis ganviTarebaSi, demokratiuli ganaTlebis SeqmnaSi, moqalaqeobis
SeqmnaSi, rac efuZneba samarTlebriv safuZvlebs da moqalaqeobriv
Rirsebebs, da zogjer rasis, klasis, genderisa da kulturis rTulad
gadasawyvet sakiTxTa gadaWraSi, kerZod, multikulturul sazogadoebebSi,
romelic imarTeba liberaluri demokratiebiT.

liberaluri demokratiis triumfi

vercerTi Secdoma mxilebas ver wauva.

– publiusi
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 demokratiis cneba, rac hegemonuri gaxda meoce saukunis dasasruls,
aris liberalur-warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia Tavisi principiT aqtiuri
moqalaqis Sesaxeb. rogorc heldi gansazRvravs (1995), igi Seadgens `wesebis,
procedurebisa da instituciebis erTobliobas, rac saSualebas iZleva
moqalaqeTa umravlesobis maqsimalurad aqtiurad CarTvisaTvis, ara
politikur sakiTxebSi rogorc aseTi, aramed warmomadgenelTa SerCevaSi,
romelTac damoukideblad SeuZliaT politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba~
(97).

rogorc zemoT vmsjelobdi, mosaxerxebelia, rogorc amas italieli

politologi umberto Ceroni (1976) akeTebs, demokratia, rogorc arsi
Tavidanve gavmijnoT demokratiisgan – rogorc meTodisgan. demokratia
warmoadgens upirvelesad demokratiuli reprezentaciis meTods.
demokratiis, rogorc arsis cneba dakavSirebulia demokratiis, rogorc
sazogadoebriv sakiTxebSi xalxis politikuri monawileobis sistemasTan.
Tumca, demokratiis radikaluri cneba aRemateba eqskluziis formebis
prevenciis mcdelobas, rac xels uSlis politikur da socialur
monawileobas. radikaluri demokratia gvTavazobs radikalur
Tanasworobas rasobriv/eTnikur, klasobriv da genderul interaqciebSi,
rogorc sazogadoebrivi sferos doneze, ise ojaxur siaxloveSi. amgvarad,
pirveli mniSvnelovani daZabuloba gvxvdeba demokratiul reJimebs Soris,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen formaluri wesebis Sesrulebas, magram aSkarad
ver axerxeben demokratiis dacvas klasobriv, rasobriv/eTnikur da
genderuli interaqciebis TvalsazrisiT.

meore mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens imis axsna, Tu rogor

mWidrod daukavSirda demokratiis cneba im ideas, rom kapitalizmi
warmoebis yvelaze xelisSemwyobi wesia demokratiuli sistemebis
gansaviTareblad. samuel boulsi da herbert gintisi (1986) gvTavazoben
Zalze damajerebel arguments. isini amtkiceben, rom demokratiis dinamika
efuZneba kapitalisturi sistemis, piradi uflebebis da sakuTrebis
uflebebis eqspansiis or logikas, romelic xSirad upirispirdeba
erTmaneTs. konfliqtis dinamika am or logikas Soris, romelic, SesaZloa,
warmodgenilia SejaxebaSi biznesis ideologiasa da ganviTarebul
industriul kapitalizmsa da ganviTarebaze damokidebul kapitalizmSi
socialur moZraobebs Soris, Seexeba ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi
resursebis gamoyenebas da misakuTrebas, aramed aseve socialuri qcevis
eTikuri standartebis dadgenas.

miuxedavad amisa, kapitalizmi, rogorc saqonlis akumulaciis,

warmoebis, reproduqciisa da ganawilebis ekonomikuri da socialuri

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sistema, niSandoblivad konfliqturia da axasiaTebs Sinagani
winaaRmdegobebi. klaus ofe (1984:244) miuTiTebs ganviTarebuli kapitalizmis
ekonomikur da politikur substruqturebs Soris axlad warmoqmnil
funqcionalur uTanxmoebaze. ofe kapitalisturi saxelmwifos struqturul
problemas Semdegnairad aRwers: `kapitalisturi saxelmwifo itanjeba
saWiroebebis da moTxovnebis siWarbisagan, romlis arc dakmayofileba
SeuZlia ekonomikis kapitalisturi xasiaTis ganadgurebis gareSe da arc
ignorireba, sakuTari demokratiuli instituciuri struqturisa da
klasobrivi konfliqtis regulirebis dazianebis gareSe” (246).

gvian kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi socialuri Zalaufleba,

Cveulebriv, araerTgvarovani da gafantulia; demokratiis imave dinamikam
bolo ori saukunis manZilze Seqmna bevri socialuri moZraoba, romlebic
iswrafis demokratiuli sistemis mimarTulebisa Tu xasiaTis Secvlisaken.
es moZraobebi ganixilavdnen klasisa da Sromis, rasis, genderis, garemos,
birTvuli ganiaraRebisa da globaluri mSvidobis sakiTxebs. faqtiurad,
yvelaze bolodroindeli socialuri moZraobebi amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, dasavleT evropaSi da laTinur amerikaSi (rogorc memarjvene,
ise memarcxene wreebidan), rogorc ganvmarte meoTxe TavSi, ar aris
distribuciuri Tavisi xasiaTiT, magram isini gamoxataven moralur da
kulturul swrafvas da risxvas.

Tu kapitalizmi konfliqturi sistemaa, xolo demokratias aqvs

ganviTarebis ori gansxvavebuli logika, maSin sakiTxi ase dgas: ratom
xdeba demokratiisa da kapitalizmis erTmaneTSi Sereva da ratom ar iSleba
politikisa da ekonomikis es samuSao urTierTobebi. Boulsi da gintisi
(1986) amtkiceben, rom demokratiasa da kapitalizms Soris kavSiri sistemis
oTxi istoriuli akomodaciis meSveobiT ganxorcielda: (a) evropaSi, lokis
winadadeba, romelic sistemis uzrunvelyofas axdens finansurad
SeZlebulTa politikuri monawileobis SezRudvis meSveobiT; (b) amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi jefersonis winadadeba imis Taobaze, rom sakuTrebis
ganawileba (anglo-saqsuri warmoSobis) moqalaqeTa Soris sistemis
xelaxal uzrunvelyofas axdens, miuxedavad mzardi politikuri
daZabulobebisa; (g) medisonis politikuri winadadeba imis Taobaze, rom
xeli SeewyoT moqalaqeTa Soris interesis sakmao araerTgvarovnebisaTvis,
raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT RaribTa saerTo politikuri programis
warmoSoba; da (d) keinsis modeli, romelSic ekonomikuri zrda da
Semosavlis ganawileba warmoSobs uqonelTa da mdidarTa Soris interesTa
erTobas.

arsebobs sistemis axali uzrunvelyofa, miuxedavad demokratiis

amJamindeli krizisisa? rogoria demokratiisa da kapitalizmis situacia

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aTaswleulis dasasruls? igi kidev erTxel ofes (1984) mixedviT SeiZleba
daxasiaTebul iqnes, rogorc demokratiis umarTaobis problema
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi – an Tuki boulsis da gintisis mixedviT
CamovayalibebT, sistemis axali istoriuli uzrunvelyofis ararseboba
sarisko Cixs iwvevs.

ofe umarTaobas Semdegnairad aRwers:

misi konotaciebia interesTa dapirispirebul jgufebisa da partiebis

mxridan `mzardi molodinebi~, rac vrceldeba mediis mier; Sedegad
miRebuli metismeti gadatvirTva saxelmwifo biurokratiebisa, romlebic
imyofebian fiskaluri SezRudvebis gavlenis qveS da ar ZaluZT amgvari
molodinebis dakmayofileba; saxelmwifo Zalauflebis moSla, rac
saWiro iqneba mzardi moTxovnebis mimarT mtkice winaaRmdegobisaTvis;
moqalaqeTa mxridan saxelmwifos mimarT damokidebulebebis
TvalsazrisiT, undoblobis, eWvisa da frustraciis mzardi done da
ekonomikuri stabilurobis safuZvlebisa da zrdis potencialis neli,
magram gardauvali paralizi. (164)

umarTaobis cneba aSkarad ukavSirdeba neokonservatorebis

Sexedulebas, romlebic akritikeben imas, rasac aRiqvamen liberaluri
politikis koroziad da maT mier socialur faseulobebze orientirebuli
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg uaryofiTi reaqciis xelSewyobad, gansakuTrebiT,
mzardi da progresiuli gadasaxadebis dabegvris sakiTxis garSemo.
amgvarad, ofes (1984) mixedviT umarTaoba gulisxmobs, rom demokratiuli
politikis instituciebis konfliqtis gamowvevis potenciali bevrad
gadawonis konfliqtis gadawyvetis maTeul unars~ (164). am konteqstis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorc memarcxeneebi amtkiceben, arsebobs demokratiuli
politikis avtoritaruli transformacia, romelic xasiaTdeba demokratiis
dinamikasTan mimarTebaSi didi kapitalisa da korporaciebis vetos
Zalauflebis zrdiT, rasac progresuli Sexedulebis mqone zogi
analitikosi mihyavs skeptikur saubramde korporaciaTa mier msoflios
marTvisa da demokratiis Sesyidvis Sesaxeb (korteni, 1996).

ofe (1984) acnobierebs, rom garkveuli simarTle marTlac arsebobs

memarcxeneTa am mtkicebaSi, magram igi aseve eTanxmeba memarjveneTa
diagnozis ZiriTad elementebs, romelic gmobs demokratiul umarTaobas,
da askvnis, rom `rogorc konfliqtis artikulaciis instituciuri
funqciebi, ise konfliqtis gadawyveta Semcirebulia; da saxelmwifo xdeba
represiuli da umarTavi erTdroulad. im ori funqciidan (romelic,
liberalur-demokratiuli Teoriis mixedviT unda Sesruldes saxelmwifosa

206
da individis damakavSirebeli instituciuri xidis mier) arcerTis
Sesruleba ar aris SesaZlebeli~ (166).

umarTaoba asaxavs liberalur demokratiaSi SeuzRudavad

Tavisuflebisken swrafvasa da SeuzRudavad radikaluri Tanasworobisken
swrafvas Soris arsebul ZiriTad daZabulobas. aleqsis de tokvili, Tavis
cnobil kvlevaSi, Tamamad acxadebs konservatiul Sexedulebas, rom adre
Tu gvian demokratiuli sistemebi Tavisuflebis xarjze Tanasworobis
mopovebas Seecdebian. liberalebi, tokvilis msgavsi Zlieri
konservatiuli midrekilebiT, udavod yvelaferze metad Tavisuflebas
afaseben. amitom, tokvili Zalze SeSfoTebuli iyo im demokratiiT, rac man
amerikaSi naxa: `tokvilisaTvis eris demokratiuli safuZvlebi aixsneboda
aristokratiis, sazRvris ararsebobiT da damkvidrebuli eklesiis
eqskluziiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobda moqalaqeobis radikaluri
tradicia, rac gamoxatuli iyo damoukidebeli miliciis ideiT, amerikuli
demokratia mainc ganagrZobda arsebobas, ganxeTqilebis gamomwvevi
rasistuli da eqspluatatoruli samxreTis gverdigverd” (terneri, 1990: 208).

tokvilis terneriseuli kritika sakmaod mwvavea. saukunis win,

tokvili kamaTobda amerikuli demokratuli sistemis saocrebebze da xazs
usvamda, rom monebis, adgilobrivebisa da Raribebis (romelTac
municipaluri sistemebi uzrunvelyofs) garda, aravin iyo amerikaSi iseTi,
visac ar SeeZlo, yofiliyo amomrCeveli da, amdenad, monawileoba miiRo
(Tumca arapirdapir) kanonis formulirebaSi. sakmaod sainteresoa, rom
tokvili qalebis, monebis, adgilobrivebisa da socialur uzrunvelyofaze
myofi Raribebis (sxva sityvebiT, aSS-s imdroindeli mosaxleobis naxevarze
metis) gamoricxvas ar miiCnevda individTa demokratiuli uflebebis
ganxorcielebis darRvevad. swored rom piriqiT. tokvilisaTvis
demokratiis dadastureba iyo imis gageba, rom kanonis mier amomrCevlad
gamocxadebul yvela individs SeeZlo, da ra Tqma unda, neba hqonda, xma
mieca. es faqti, TavisTavad, warmoadgens procedurebis tipiur demokratias,
an demokratias rogorc meTods, da rogorc aseTi, mowmobs da adasturebs
demokratiuli sistemis arsebobas.1

tokvilis moqmedebis SeuzRudavi Tavisufleba sadavo unda gaxdes,

riTac ganisazRvreba demokratiuli Taviseburebebi, romelic imperatiulia,
raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli moqalaqeobis sociologiuri modeli,
romelic gamocxadebulia monoliTur da erTian koncefciad. am kamaTSi T.
h. marSalis mier Setanili uzarmazari wvlilis miuxedavad, moqalaqeobis
misi erTiani koncefcia saWiroebs kritikas. unda gaviTvaliswinoT ara
mxolod identobis bundovaneba, aramed agreTve sazRvrebisa da
gamoricxvebis arseboba. aseve mniSvnelovania, kvlav gavusvaT xazi

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demokratias, rogorc meTods da demokratias, rogorc arss Soris arsebul
gansxvavebas. es gansxvaveba gvexmareba, gavigoT moqalaqeTa ganaTlebis
meSveobiT formirebis cneba – ganmanaTleblobis umTavresi mizani – ara
rogorc monoliTuri, an dadgenili identoba, aramed rogorc `moraluri
aqtivobis sazogadoebrivi da kerZo definiciebi politikuri aqtivobis
sazogadoebrivi sivrcis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT; da gavigoT moqalaqeobis
aqtiuri da pasiuri formebi, im TvalsazrisiT, moqalaqe
konceptualizebulia, rogorc absoluturi Zalauflebis mxolod subieqti,
Tu aqtiuri politikuri agenti” (terneri, 1990: 209). es gansxvavebebi
mniSvnelovania moqalaqed Semdgari demokratiuli pedagogiuri subieqtis
cnebisaTvis da aseve, liberaluri demokratiis krizisis cnebisaTvis. magram
sanam ganvixilavde demokratiis krizissa da ganaTlebas Soris arsebul
kavSirebs, Sevexebi socialuri dekapitalizaciis, rogorc am krizisisaTvis
erT-erTi umTavresi laitmotivis, cnebas. es pozicia wamoyenebulia
tokvilis mimdevari zogierTi Tanamedrove Teoretikosis mier, vinc
samoqalaqo asociaciebSi wevrTa raodenobis Semcirebas demokratiis
seriozul problemad aRiqvams.

liberaluri demokratia da socialuri kapitali

Rirebulebebi Rirebulebebia, sagnebi, romelTac uSualod garkveuli

Tandayolili Tvisebebi aqvT... Sexeduleba, rom sagnebi, rogorc
pirdapiri Rirebulebebi Seesabameba azrsa da diskurss, efuZneba
kauzaluri kategoriebis uSualo TvisebebiT aRrevas.

– jon diui, gamocdileba da buneba

demokratiebis marTvadobis krizisma wina planze wamowia is roli,

romelsac ganaTleba da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba asrulebs socialuri
kapitalis SeqmnaSi, reproducirebasa da moxmarebaSi. aleqsis de tokvili
(1969) Tavis wignSi demokratia amerikaSi gansakuTrebulad aRniSnavda
samoqalaqo asociaciebisadmi amerikelTa midrekilebas. igi acxadebda, `Cemi
SexedulebiT, araferi imsaxurebs imaze met yuradRebas, rasac imsaxureben
inteleqtualuri da moraluri asociaciebi amerikaSi” (513).

tokvilis magaliTis msgavsad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

sociologebi amtkicebdnen, rom socialuri institutebis muSaobaze Zlieri
gavlena aqvs (rogorc patnemi (1995) amtkicebs) `samoqalaqo CarTulobis
normebsada qselebs ... [da] rom warmatebuli Sedegebi ufro mosalodnelia
moqalaqeobrivad CarTul TemebSi~ (66).

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 erTi sociologi, romelmac xeli Seuwyo socialuri kapitalis
cnebis gavrcelebas, aris gansvenebuli jeims koulmani (1988, 1990). koulmani
adgens socialuri kapitalis sam aspeqts, romlebic dakavSirebulia
socialur qselebTan: (1) valdebulebebi da molodinebi, romelic
damokidebulia socialur garemos sandoobaze; (2) socialuri struqturis
informaciuli nakadis potenciali; da (3) normebi, romelic aregulirebs
socialur qselebs; amas ki Cveulebriv, Tan axlavs sanqciebi maTTvis, vinc
arRvevs normebs. magaliTi, romelsac koulmani iyenebs sakuTari
Sexedulebis ilustrirebisas, aris samrevlo kaTolikuri skolebis
ukeTesi muSaoba sajaro skolebTan SedarebiT. misi mtkicebiT, samrevlo
skolebi ufro efeqtiani aRmoCnda ZiriTadi unarebis swavlebaSi, sandoobis
gaziarebuli grZnobis im urTierTobebSi gadatanis gamo, romelic Warbobs
mrevlSi da im faqtis gamo, rom, am qselebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mSoblebs,
maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs Soris urTierTobebi xels uwyobs
informaciis ufro Tavisuflad da swrafad gadaadgilebas, vidre, ufro
anonimur da fragmentirebul sajaro skolebSi. dabolos, am socialuri
qselebis (anu socialuri kapitalis) arseboba, rasac wvlili Seaqvs ufro
warmatebuli saganmanaTleblo Sedegis miRwevaSi, warmoqmnis adamianuri
kapitalis ufro maRal xarisxs, rac Tavis mxriv, usasrulo cirkularul
procesSi warmoqmnis ufro maRali xarisxis socialur kapitals, roca
qselebi gaumjobesdeba da daixveweba da a.S. msgavsi mosazreba gamoTqves
stenton-salazarim da dornbuSma (1995:116-135), romlebmac meqsikuri
warmoSobis amerikuli skolis moswavleTa SerCeuli nimuSis sainformacio
qselebis Sesaxeb monacemebi gamoikvlies. akademiuri warmateba ukavSirdeba
moswavleebs, maswavleblebsa da aRmzrdelebs Soris umniSvnelovanesi
kavSirebis formirebas.

es socialuri qselebi umniSvnelovanesia warmatebuli ekonomikuri

Sedegis miRwevisaTvis, xolo samoqalaqo CarTulobis es normebi da
qselebi miiCneva ZiriTad elementebad, romlebic warmomadgenlobiT
mmarTvelobis muSaobaze axdens gavlenas. robert patnemi (1995) Tavisi
empiriuli analizidan italiaSi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis Sesaxeb ayenebs
or ZiriTad hipoTezas: pirveli, rom `marTvis xarisxi gansazRvruli iyo
samoqalaqo CarTulobis (an misi ararsebobis) mravalwliani tradiciiT~
(66); da meore, rom organizebuli Tanaziarobisa da samoqalaqo
solidarobis es qselebi aris ara modernizaciis Sedegi, aramed
warmoadgens ufro mis winapirobas.

aqedan, socialuri kapitalis cneba, romelic samoqalaqo

CarTulobisaTvis normebisa da qselebis kombinaciis sinTezirebas axdens:
`analogiiT fizikuri kapitalisa da adamianur kapitalis cnebebTan –
saSualebebiT da momzadebiT, rac aumjobesebs individualur
209
produqtiulobas – `socialuri kapitali~ miuTiTebs socialuri
organizaciis maxasiaTeblebze, rogoricaa qselebi, normebi da socialuri
ndoba, rac xels uwyobs koordinaciasa da TanamSromlobas ormxrivi
sargeblobisaTvis” (66). amgvarad, Temebi, romelTac aqvT socialuri
kapitalis maRali aqciebi, ukeTesad imuSaveben, vidre isini – visac es ar
aqvs. ratom? imitom, rom socialuri kapitali gavlenas axdens
ganzogadebul Tanaziarobis normebze (Tanaziarobisa da solidarobis
Tavdapirveli erTeulebis farglebs gareT, mag. rogoricaa ojaxi) da amave
dros, xels uwyobs socialuri ndobis warmoSobas:

aseTi qselebi xels uwyobs koordinaciasa da komunikacias, amaRlebs

reputacias da amgvarad, koleqtiuri qmedebis dilemaTa gadawyvetis
saSualebas iZleva. roca ekonomikuri da politikuri molaparakebebi
Caflulia socialur interaqciis mWidro qselebSi, Semcirebulia
oportunizmis stimulebi. amave dros, samoqalaqo CarTulobis qselebi
warsuli warmatebis realizebas axdenen TanamSromlobiT, rac SeiZleba
gamodges momavali TanamSromlobis kulturul modelad. dabolos,
interaqciis mWidro qselebi, savaraudod, gaafarToebs monawileTa mier
sakuTari mes SegrZnebas, `me~-s gardaqmnis `Cven~-ad, an (racionaluri
arCevanis Teoriis warmomadgenlebis eniT rom vTqvaT) aumjobesebs
monawileTa `gemovnebas~ koleqtiuri sargebelis TvalsazrisiT. (66)

amgvarad, socialuri qselebi da samoqalaqo CarTuloba gavlenas

axdens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze, zrdis monawileobis xarisxs da aseve
amdidrebs pirad cxovrebas. Tumca, ZiriTadi problema is aris, rom
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganaTlebis saSualo xangrZlivoba (romelic, patnemis
mosazrebiT, miiCneva politikuri monawileobis individualuri donis
prognozirebis saukeTeso saSualebad) mkveTrad gaizarda bolo Taobis
periodSi, faqtiuri politikuri monawileoba (romelic izomeba xmis
micemiT) mudmivad mcirdeba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. patnemi (1995)
CamoTvlis sxvadasxva mizezebs, romelic xsnis, Tu ras SeeZlo daeCqarebina
socialuri ndobis dacema, miuxedavad ganaTlebis maCveneblis matebisa.
pirveli gaxlavT amerikuli mTavrobisadmi mzardi undobloba. meore aris
is faqti, rom religiuri sentimentebi ufro naklebad dakavSirebuli xdeba
institutebTan da ufro metad TviTgansazRvrulia. mesame gaxlavT is
faqti, rom tradiciuli asociaciebi, romelmac biZgi misca politikur
monawileobas, rogoricaa kavSirebi da mSobelTa da pedagogTa asociaciebi,
aseve ganicdian wevrebis raodenobis klebas. meoTxe, aseve mcirdeba
samoqalaqo asociaciebi, romelic efuZneba moxaliseobas, rogoricaa
mTavari samoqalaqo asociaciebi (mag., wiTeli jvari da amerikis
boiskautebi), saZmoebi (mag., lomebi, losebi), an Tundac amerikelTa

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monawileoba socialuri garTobis organizebul formebSi, rogoricaa
boulingis ligebi. meoreuli asociaciebis Semcireba SemaSfoTebeli
tendenciaa, romlis kompensirebac SeuZlebelia. patnemis analizis mixedviT,
mTliani suraTi ver Seicvleba mesameuli asociaciebis SedarebiTi zrdiT,
(rogoricaa erovnuli ekologiuri asociaciebi, klubi siera, feministuri
asociaciebi qalTa erovnuli organizaciis msgavsi, an pensionerTa
amerikuli asociacia da a.S.) radgan isini ar warmoadgenen socialuri
dakavSirebulobis imave dones, rogorc samoqalaqo CarTulobis pirveladi,
an meoreuli asociaciebi.

Semdeg, socialuri dekapitalizacia miewereba socialuri kavSirebis

Sesustebas rogorc gafarToebul, ise nuklearul ojaxSi. Tavis mxriv,
maSin roca asociaciebis wevroba zrdis socialur ndobas, arasamTavrobo
organizaciebSi wevrTa raodenobis zrda, gansakuTrebiT arakomerciuli
momsaxurebis saagentoebSi, romlebic aRmavlobis gzazea (dawyebuli
oqsfamidan, damTavrebuli iseTi organizaciebiT, romlebic afinanseben
filarmoniul orkestrs) bevrs verafers hmateben saWiro socialur
dakavSirebulobas. xolo socialuri daxmarebis jgufebi (mag., anonimuri
alkoholikebi da anonimuri moTamaSeebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom warmoadgenen
socialuri kapitalis mniSvnelovan formas, rac Seexeba individualuri
mcdelobis emociur da inteleqtualur mxardaWeras, xSirad ver TamaSoben
imave rols, rasac tradiciuli samoqalaqo organizaciebi. isini SeiZleba
ufro mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen piradi cxovrebis gamdidrebaSi,
vidre sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis stimulirebaSi.

socialuri kapitalis Semcirebis mizezebs Soris, qalebis masiuri

Sesvla samuSao ZalaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg, miiCneva im tendenciad,
romelmac radikalurad Seamcira `is dro da energia, rac arsebobda
socialuri kapitalis Sesaqmnelad~ (patnemi, 1995:74). meore mizezi gaxlavT
amerikuli mosaxleobis didi mobiluroba, romelic metismetad xSirad
sacxovrebel adgils atovebinebs individebs maT TemebSi da qmnis
`xelaxali CarTvis~ problemis hipoTezas. aseve mTavar rols asrulebs
teqnologia, romelsac garToba sazogadoebrividan kerZo sferoSi
gadahyavs. dabolos, cvlilebebi klasobriv struqturaSi, romelic
gavlenas axdens saSualo klasebze (romlebic ukve iTvleboda politikuri
monawileobisadmi midrekilad dabal klasebTan SedarebiT), miiCneva
pasuxismgeblad socialur dekapitalizaciaSi. amgvarad, socialuri
kapitalis aRdgena warmoadgens samoqalaqo CarTulobisa da socialuri
ndobis aRdgenis winapirobas.

socialuri kapitalis cnebis Teoriuli gamosadegoba kvlav

sakamaToa. cxadia, rom igi warmoadgens socialuri dakavSirebulobisa da

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organizebuli solidarobis Teoriul alternativas ganviTarebul
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi, romlebic dganan socialur faseulobebze
orientirebuli saxelmwifos Semcirebisa da misi momsaxurebaTa qselis
demotaJis winaSe. socialuri kapitalis cnebis Sesaxeb erT-erTi mTavari
sakiTxi (rogorc ganxilulia portesis da lendoltis (1996) naSromSi) aris
misi analitikuri gamosadegoba. msgavsi problema aris korporaciuli
cnobiereba, romelmac SeiZleba mkveTrad gazardos instituciis (mag.,
policiis) socialuri kapitali, magram ramac, Tavis mxriv, mTlianobaSi
SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebis Semcirebuli socialuri solidaroba da
keTildReoba. faqtiurad, patnemi iRebs sxvadasxva kritikosebis
winadadebas, `romlebic xazs usvamen imas, rom mWidrod Sekruli
socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri organizaciebi midrekili arian
araefeqtiani kartelizaciisken da imisken, rasac politikuri ekonomistebi
aRniSnaven terminiT `rentis Zieba~, xolo Cveulebrivi adamianebi uwodeben
korufcias” (76).

meore probleba, ra Tqma unda, aris rasis ganxilvis warumatebloba

socialuri kapitalis cnebis SemuSavebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom klassa da
sqess mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia patnemis analizSi da SedarebiT
naklebad mniSvnelovani koulmanis analizSi, rasa, rogorc centraluri
identoba, faqtiurad, marginalizebulia. sakmaod mniSvnelovania, rom
identobis Teoriul cnebas (ara mxolod rasobriv da eTnikur identobas)
swrafad aqvs gverdi avlili analizSi da mis adgils ikavebs
universalurobis cneba (mag., sazogadoebrivi ndobis cneba), rac garkveul
momentSi, socialur agentTa umetesobas (Tu yvelas ara), savaraudod,
moswonda da rac am bolo dros daZvelda. patnemis analizSi pozitiuri
tendenciebi, romelsac igi aRiqvams socialuri kapitalis eroziasTan
dakavSirebulad, (gansakuTrebiT aratolerantobisa da aSkara
diskriminaciis mniSvnelovani kleba) udavod dakavSirebulia ganaTlebis
(da kerZod, multikulturuli ganaTlebis) da samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis
mebrZoli socialuri moZraobebis wvlilTan.

maSasadame, miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri kapitali originaluri

cnebaa sazogadoebis Tanamedrove diskomfortis zogierTi problemis (da
SesaZlo gadawyvetebis) gansamartavad, samoqalaqo asociaciebisa da
samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi CarTulobis mniSvnelovnebis xazgasmiT, saqme
paradoqsSia, romelzec xdeba cnebis gamosadegobis daSeneba. anu,
paradoqsi, rom socialuri kapitali knindeba ganviTarebul kapitalistur
sazogadoebebSi, maSin `roca liberalurma demokratiam gawminda brZolis
veli, rogorc ideologiurad, ise geopolitikurad” (patnemi, 1995: 78),
efuZneba demokratiis, rogorc meTodis ideas da ara demokratiis, rogorc
substanciur arss. patnemisaTvis meore paradoqsi is aris, rom socialuri
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ndoba TanafardobaSia ganaTlebasTan. Tumca, socialuri kapitalis
Teoretikosebi SeSfoTebulni arian imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
`saganmanaTleblo doneTa mkveTri zrdis gamo socialuri ndobis mTliani
kleba kidev ufro TvalsaCinoa” (patnemi, 1995:78). es analizi efuZneba
metismetad gamartivebul msjelobas imis Sesaxeb, rom saganmanaTleblo
gamocdileba erTgvarovania yvela individisaTvis, visTvisac xelmisawvdomia
saganmanaTleblo institutebi da, rom Sedegad, ganaTleba yovelTvis
gamoiwvevs (an unda gamoiwvios) socialuri ndobis zrdas. vamtkiceb, rom
amaSi ar aris ironia; radgan saganmanaTleblo sistema fragmentirebulia,
gamocdileba ganaTlebaSi ar aris erTgvarovani: igi damokidebulia klasze,
rasaze, sqesze, geografiul da uTvalav sxva ganmasxvavebel niSanze. ufro
metic, rogorc socialuri da kulturuli reproduqciis procesi, rasis,
klasis, sqesis da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb safuZvliani codnis mier wamoweuli
mniSvnelovani analitikuri daskvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kulturuli
politika gadakveTs identobis politikas da sxvadasxva perspeqtividan
SeiZleba sadavo gaxdes ganaTlebis savaraudod mwyobri, unitaruli,
xazovani da dadebiTi Sedegi.

magaliTad, dawyebuli monitoringiT da unarebis mixedviT

dajgufebiT (rogorc klasebis resegregaciis miRwevis saSualebiT),
dasaqmebis bazris dinamikasa da saganmanaTleblo reproduqciis dinamikas
Soris SeusabamobamiT damTavrebuli, saganmanaTleblo gamocdilebebi
TiTqmis ar aris erTi da igive mocemuli mosaxleobis yvela wevrisaTvis da
ar iZleva ndobis SemuSavebis erTsa da imave Sedegs. socialuri kapitalis
analizSi albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani problema is aris, rom kulturuli
kapitali ar aris mxedvelobaSi miRebuli, aseve ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli
burdiesa da paseronis (1977) mier popularizebuli idea skolebSi
simboluri Zaladobis Sesaxeb. es gvaZlevs sxvadasxvanair Sedegs
multikulturul ganaTlebasa da demokratiasTan dakavSirebiT. am
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania SevexoT demokratiis krizissa da ganaTlebas
Soris arsebul kavSirebs.

liberaluri demokratiis krizisi da ganaTlebis roli

Tanamedrove ganaTlebis didi nawili warumatebelia, radgan igi

ugulvebelyofs skolis, rogorc Temis cxovrebis formis am
fundamentur princips.
– jon diui, `Cemi pedagogiuri kredo~

dasavlur sazogadoebebSi ganaTlebasa da demokratias Soris

urTierTobis dadgenis safuZveli iyo demokratiis, rogorc politikuri
reprezentaciis cneba da ganmanaTleblobis principebze dafuZnebuli
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moqalaqeobis politikuri kulturis ganviTarebis mcdeloba. italiel
politolog roberto bobios ganmartebiT, Tanamedrove demokratiis
paradoqsebi demokratiasa da ganaTlebas Soris kavSirebs kidev ufro
arTulebs.

bobio amtkicebs, rom, pirveli, `adamianebi mudmivad iTxoven ufro met

demokratias gacilebiT naklebad xelsayrel obieqtur pirobebSi
(citirebulia naSromSi: qernoi, 1984:160)~. anu, Tanamedrove kapitalizmis
obieqturi pirobebi ufro da ufro naklebad demokratiulia, xolo didi
organizaciebi (da gansakuTrebiT, kapitalisturi korporaciebi, saxelmwifo
organizaciebidan dawyebuli multikulturuli korporaciebisa da did
kvleviT universitetebiT damTavrebuli) demokratiuli TamaSis wesebis
pativiscemas rTul amocanad miiCneven. meore, TamaSis wesebis formaluri
racionalizaciis uzrunvelyofasa da kontrolirebaze pasuxismgebeli
instituti, saxelmwifo, zomiT gaizarda da gaxda ufro ierarqiuli da
aSkarad, naklebad demokratiuli moqalaqeobis aqtiuri monawileobis
xelSewyobis TvalsazrisiT. mesame, da ganaTlebisaTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani, kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi gaxda imdenad rTuli, rom
problemebi saWiroebs ufro da ufro met teqnikur gadawyvetebs, rac, Tavis
mxriv, SesaZlebelia mogvardes mxolod maRalkvalificiuri
teqnokratiisaTvis mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi. es warmoSobs winaaRmdegobebs
demokratiasa da teqnokratias Soris, rac winaaRmdegobas qmnis abraam
linkolnis cnobili sityvebis Sinagan arssa da suls Soris, romelic man
warmoTqva getisbergis erovnul sasaflaoze 1863 wlis 19 noembers,
`mTavroba xalxisa, xalxis mier da xalxisaTvis ar unda gaqres
dedamiwidan.” linkolnis gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, mTavroba ufro da
ufro damokidebuli xdeba teqnokratiaze, specializebul nou-hauze da
ezoTerul codnaze, romelic pirdapir gamodis saxalxo kontrolis
sferodan. bobiom SesaniSnavad aRniSna: `industriuli sazogadoebis
momxrea mecnieri, specialisti, eqsperti; demokratiuli sazogadoebis
momxre ki – Cveulebrivi moqalaqe, rigiTi adamiani, quisque e populo”
(citirebulia naSromSi: qernoi, 1984:160).

demokratiasa da eqspertul codnas Soris kavSirebis kritikisas,

bobio, veberis saxiT, momxre kompanions aRmoaCens. veberi ganaTlebisa da
treningis racionalizaciaze da gansakuTrebiT, specialuri gamocdebis
(magaliTad, advokatTa kolegiaSi misaRebi gamocdebis) rolis Sesaxeb
msjelobisas, amtkicebs, rom

demokratia aseve ikavebs ambivalentur pozicias specializebul

gamocdebTan mimarTebaSi, iseve rogorc amas akeTebs biurokratiis yvela

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 fenomenis SemTxvevaSi – Tumca Tavad demokratia uwyobs xels am
movlenebs. specialuri gamocdebi, erTi mxriv, niSnavs, an rogorc Cans,
unda niSnavdes yvela socialuri fenidan da ara mxolod maRali wris
warmomadgenelTa mmarTvelobidan imaT `SerCevas”, visac aqvs saTanado
kvalifikacia. meore mxriv, demokratia SiSobs, rom damsaxurebaTa sistema
da saganmanaTleblo sertifikatebi Sedegad mogvcems privilegirebul
`kastas.~ (veberi, 1958:240)

dabolos, bobio, imeorebs ra paulo freiris Zvel ideas, miiCnevs, rom

demokratia (da demokratiuli ganaTleba) gvTavazobs adamianis unarebis
srul da Tavisufal ganviTarebas, rasac xels uSlis masifikaciis Sedegi,
romelic Trgunavs individualuri pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas – rac
warmoadgens demokratiuli gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da demokratiuli
ganaTlebis qvakuTxeds.

ara mxolod politikuri kultura (romelic xazs usvams

demokratiuli ganaTlebis gamofitvas), aramed aseve misi yvelaze
`instrumentuli~ miznebi ganicdis uaryofiT gavlenas maSin, roca
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi sustdeba saqonlis gacvla. ofes (1984)
mosazrebiT:

saskolo ganaTleba da wvrTna miznad ar isaxavs axalgazrdebis codniTa

da unarebiT uzrunvelyofas; maT aqvT mizani, rom individebi iseT
poziciaSi Caayenon, rom maT sakuTari samuSao Zala gamoiyenon ise,
rogorc saqoneli Sromis bazarze, da am mizniT, codna da unarebi
iTvleba umniSvnelovanes sidideebad. is, Tu ramdenad efeqtianad da
racionalurad muSaobs saganmanaTleblo politika, SeiZleba dadgindes
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu davakvirdebiT racionalurobasa da
efeqtianobaSi zrdas, rac kerZo seqtorSi gvxvdeba; anu gvxvdeba sabazro
interaqciaSi samuSao Zalis mflobelTa da fuladi kapitalis
mflobelTa Soris, romlebsac surT am samuSao Zalis gamoyenebisaTvis
gadaixadon xelfasebi. ar arsebobs `kargi~ politikis `Sida~ kriteriumi,
saqonlis interaqciis garda. (137)

miuxedavad imisa, rom ar aris aucilebeli srulad daveTanxmoT ofes

instrumentalizms saskolo ganaTlebisa da wvrTnis miznebis dadgenaSi,
ueWvelia, rom kapitalizmi SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod misi unaris gamo –
miawodos rentabeluri saqoneli, masobrivi moxmareba xelmisawvdomi
gaxados moqalaqeTa umravlesobisaTvis. amis Sesruleba kapitalizmisaTvis
niSnavs, rom daqiravebuli muSebi unda arsebobdnen sakmarisi raodenobiT,
Sesabamisi fasiT da minimaluri kvalifikaciiT. dausaqmebloba,
araformaluri Sromis bazrebi, mzardi siRaribe da masiuri ekonomikuri
Semcirebebi zians ayenebs dasaqmebasa da ganaTlebas Soris arsebul

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kavSirebs da aucileblad mZime Sedegis momtani iqneba demokratiuli
ganaTlebis mamoZravebel ZalisaTvis.

demokratiul ganaTlebaze gavlena SeiZleba iqonios saganmanaTleblo

reformis mzardma procesma, romelic warmoadgens saskolo reformis
programis nawils, rac wamowyebul iqna amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da
sxva qveynebSi, da rac orientirebulia `restruqturizaciaze~ da arsebuli
sistemebis efeqtianobis mxolod transformirebaze. restruqturizacia
cdilobs skolis sistemebis miznebis, varaudebisa da meTodebis
transformirebas (darling-hamondi, 1993:xi). ar aris gasakviri, rom
reformebis es programa xorcieldeba seriozuli finansuri Semcirebis
periodSi yvelgan sajaro ganaTlebaSi, da didi yuradReba eqceva
kompetenciis testirebas, sertifikacias, erovnul gamocdebs; anu mokled
rom CamovayaliboT, yuradReba eqceva swavlebasa da swavlaSi ostatobis
gaumjobesebis mravalferovan mcdelobebs.

ara mxolod teqnokratiuli winadadebebi (rac mkveTrad gansxvavdeba

sajaro ganxilvisa da reformis procesSi mosaxleobis mzardi
monawileobisgan), aramed aseve zogierTi didi da Zlieri asociacia, Tu
korporacia axorcielebs reformis programas, romelic iswrafis
ganaTlebis miznebis homogenizebisaken, rac warmoSobs kvlevis politikisa
da praqtikis Zalze specifiur saganmanaTleblo models da rac ZiriTadi
demokratiuli angariSvaldebulebis farglebs scildeba. saSinao doneze
magaliTi gaxlavT biznesis mrgvali magida amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,
udidesi transnacionaluri korporaciebis aRmasrulebel direqtorTa
nacionaluri asociacia, romelic axorcielebs programas saxelmwifoebrivi
politikisaTvis.

maSin roca, ufro meti biznes organizaciebi, rogoricaa erovnuli

savaWro palata da mwarmoebelTa erovnuli asociaciebi moicavs rogorc
did, ise mcire firmebs, romlebic warmoadgenen bevr sxvadasxva interessa
da perspeqtivas, mrgvali magidebis wevrTagan yvela aris didi
transnacionaluri korporacia, romelic orientirebulia ekonomikuri
globalizaciis programaze. ... mrgval magidas, namdvilad amerikis
yvelaze eqskluziur da yvelaze nakleb mravalferovan sawevro
organizacias, aqvs uCveulod viwro warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
Seadgens erovnul sakiTxebze azrovnebis profils. mcire gamonaklisebiT
(Tuki saerTod arsebobs rame gamonaklisi), misi wevroba SezRudulia da
masSi Sedian TeTrkaniani mamakacebi, romelTa asaki aRemateba 50 wels,
xolo maTi wliuri anazRaureba saSualod 170-jer aRemateba aSS-s erT
sul mosaxleze mTlian nacionalur produqts. misi wevrebi
xelmZRvaneloben korporaciebs, romlebic ar cnoben erovnuli
interesebis mimarT valdebulebaze pasuxismgeblobas da mniSvnelovan

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 mogebas iReben ekonomikuri globalizaciisgan. poziciebis gansazRvris
Semdeg, mrgvali magida politikuri misaRebobis misaRwevad awarmoebs
agresiul kampaniebs, misi wevri aRmasrulebeli direqtorebis mier
`TavianT individualur~ senatorebTan da warmomadgenlebTan
ganxorcielebuli vizitebis CaTvliT. (korteni, 1996: 145-146)

saerTaSoriso doneze varkvevT, rom msoflio banks mniSvnelovani

gavlena gaaCnia, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad msoflioSi. amgvarad, arsebobs
konfliqti teqnokratiasa da demokratias Soris ganaTlebaSi; aseve
arsebobs konfliqti erovnul suverenitetsa da avtonomias Soris dRis
wesrigTa da politikis prioritetTa dasaxvisas, gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba
multilateralur da bilateralur saerTaSoriso saagentoebs, romelic
demokratiuli kontrolisa da angariSvaldebulebis sferos farglebs
gareT xvdeba.

ganaTlebas, demokratiasa da kapitalizms Soris am daZabulobebisa da

winaaRmdegobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenime mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom
aucilebelia demokratiuli ganaTlebis moTxovna. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia paulo freiris wvlili.

demokratiuli ganaTlebis moTxovna

Cven SeiZleba vsargeblobT Cveni amJamindeli demokratiuli

TavisuflebiT imdenad, ramdenadac amaze gatacebiT vocnebobT.
miuxedavad amisa, Tavisuflebisadmi es siyvaruli da gataceba
avtoritarul tradiciebTan da praqtikebTan Tanaarsebobs, rac
warmoSobs Cvens gaurkvevlobaTagan erT-erTs.
– paulo freiri, qalaqis pedagogika

paulo freiri aviTarebs ganaTlebis politikur anTropologias,

romelic gvTavazobs saganmanaTleblo praqtikebisa da sazogadoebebis
demokratizaciis Sesaxeb azrovnebis Zlier perspeqtivebs laTinur
amerikaSi da sxva qveynebSi (toresi, 1980). freiris politikur
anTropologias, romelic efuZneba faqtebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris
pozitivisturi gansxvavebis waSlas da im Sexedulebis dacvas, rom
ganaTleba ar aris neitraluri, wvlili Seaqvs demokratiul ganaTlebaSi
or doneze. pirveli, igi exeba demokratiis seriozul dilemas,
demokratiuli moqalaqis Camoyalibebas. meore, meoce saukunis 60-in wlebSi
man wamoayena (sakmaod adre, Tu SevadarebT 80-iani wlebis
postmodernistul dainteresebas) ganaTlebaSi sazRvrebis gadakveTis
sakiTxi. Ffreiri (1998) inglisurad Targmnil mis erT-erT bolo wignSi
SesaniSnavad ambobs:

217
 saganmanaTleblo praqtikis sazRvrebis mixvedra aucileblad saWiroebs
politikur gaTviTcnobierebas pedagogTa mxridan, TavianT proeqtTan
mimarTebaSi. es moiTxovs, rom pedagogma Tavisi praqtikis politikuri
arsi sakuTar Tavze unda aiRos. ar aris sakmarisi imis Tqma, rom
ganaTleba politikuri aqtia, iseve rogorc ar aris sakmarisi, vTqvaT,
rom politikuri aqtebi aseve saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobisaa. saWiroa,
sakuTar Tavze aviRoT ganaTlebis politikuri buneba. sakuTar Tavs ver
moviazreb progresul adamianad, Tu skolis sivrces aRviqvam mxolod,
rogorc raRac neitralurs, romelsac SezRuduli kavSiri aqvs, an
saerTod ar aqvs kavSiri klasobriv brZolasTan; romelSic (skolaSi)
moswavleebi aRiqmebian mxolod rogorc Semswavlelebi, romlebic
floben mxolod SezRudul sferos codnisa, rasac me ganvmsWvalav
jadosnuri ZaliT. me ver gavacnobiereb politikur-saganmanaTleblo
praqtikis sazRvrebs, romelSic CarTuli var, Tu naTlad ver verkvevi,
vis sasargeblod vmuSaob. im sakiTxis garkveva, Tu vis sasargeblod
vmuSaob, me mayenebs garkveul poziciaSi (rac klass ukavSirdeba),
romelSic me movifiqreb, Tu vis winaaRmdeg vmuSaob da, uTuod, ra
mizezebis gamo vmuSaob – anu im ocnebis, im tipis sazogadoebis, romelTa
sasargeblod visurvebdi saqmeSi Cabmas, moqmedebas da monawileobas. (46)

modiT, ganvixiloT orive sakiTxi; daviwyoT demokratiuli ganaTlebis

cnebiT. demokratiis cneba moiTxovs demokratiuli moqalaqeobis cnebas,
sadac agentebi pasuxismgebeli da monawileobis unaris mqone arian, irCeven
TavianT warmomadgenlebs da sakuTar muSaobas akontroleben. es aris ara
mxolod politikuri, aramed aseve pedagogiuri praqtikebi, vinaidan
demokratiuli moqalaqis Camoyalibeba varaudobs pedagogiuri subieqtis
Camoyalibebas. individebi Tavisda uneburad mzad arian politikaSi
monawileobis misaRebad. maT unda miiRon ganaTleba demokratiul
ganaTlebaSi ramdenime saSualebiT, maT Soris, normatiuli safuZvlebis
swavlebiT, eTikuri qceviT, demokratiuli procesebis codniT da teqnikuri
SesrulebiT. pedagogiuri subieqtis Camoyalibeba warmoadgens ZiriTad
konceptualur problemas, demokratiis dilemas. martivad rom vTqvaT,
demokratia gulisxmobs monawileobis process, sadac yvela monawile
Tanasworad aris miCneuli. miuxedavad amisa, ganaTleba moicavs process,
romlis meSveobiTac `umwifarni~ iZulebuli arian sazogadoebis
`mowifuli~ wevrebis cxovrebis principebisa da formebis solidaruli
iyvnen. amgvarad, demokratiuli pedagogiuri subieqtis Camoyalibebis
procesi aris ara mxolod kulturuli aRzrda-ganaTlebis procesi, aramed
igi aseve moicavs pedagogiuri da demokratiuli socializaciis
manipulirebis principebs im subieqtebSi, romlebic arc sufTa dafas
warmoadgenen kognituri da eTikuri TvalsazrisiT da arc srulad
aRWurvilni arian sakuTari demokratikuli uflebebisa da movaleobebis
gansaxorcieleblad.2 Tumca, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa CamoyalibebaSi,
218
pedagogiuri demokratiuli subieqtis Camoyalibeba eyrdnoba im safuZvlebs,
romelic, paradoqsulad, aris winapiroba da amave dros, erovnuli
solidarobis (moqalaqeobis, kompetenciis Seqmnisa da TanamSromlobis
CaTvliT) wina gamocdilebebisa da politikis Sedegi.

freiris meore mniSvnelovani mosazrebis mixedviT (romelic pirvelad

gvxvdeba CagrulTa pedagogikaSi da Semdeg, sxva uamrav naSromebSi
meordeba), saganmanaTleblo procesis pedagogiuri subieqtebi arian ara
erTgvarovnebi, aramed kulturulad mravalferovani individebi.
kulturuli mravalferovnebis sakuTari Sexedulebidan, igi gamoyofs
ganaTlebaSi sazRvrebis cnebas da acxadebs, rom arsebobs sazRvrebis
gadakveTis eTikuri imperativi, Tu vcdilobT mivceT ganaTleba
uflebamosilebiT aRWurvisaTvis, da ara CagvrisaTvis. Cems naSromSi,
romelic dawerilia adriana puigrosTan (1997) erTad, Cven vamtkicebT, rom
Zalian adre paulo freirma CagrulTa pedagogikaSi Semoitana sazRvrebis
gadakveTis, gansxvavebulobis, hibridi kulturebisa da laTinur amerikaSi
asinqronuli ganviTarebis Tu cnebebi ara, udavod, mniSvnelobebi mainc.

ganaTlebaze Teoriuli msjelobis freiriseuli saSualebebi xazs

usvams pedagogiuri samuSaos politikur Sedegebs. freiri amtkicebs, rom
Cagvrisa da batonobis cnebebi integraluria tradiciul klasebSi
maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs Soris pedagogiuri urTierTobebisaTvis.
amgvarad, `eqstencionizmis~ cneba, romelic ase popularuli iyo gasuli
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi da ukavSirdeboda `mwvane revoluciis~ (anu,
glexebisaTvis dominanturi saganmanaTleblo diskursiT uzrunvelyofa
agraruli reformebis konteqstSi) winsvlas, wamoyenebuli iyo ara mxolod
rogorc pedagogiuri diskursisaTvis integraluri, aramed aseve (da, ra
Tqma unda, ufro relevanturi), rogorc ganviTarebasa da agrarul
modernizaciaze politikuri diskursisaTvis integraluri. freiris
fundamenturi Sexeduleba aris is, rom ganaTlebis socialuri da
pedagogiuri subieqtebi warmoadgenen ara ucvlel, xelSeuval, mouqnel
`raobebs~, aramed erToblivad cvalebad urTierTobaTa wyebebs, TavianTi
relaciuri arsis gaTvaliswinebiT – anu, maswavlebeli warmoadgens
moswavles, xolo moswavle – maswavlebels. kulturuli da pedagogiuri
Sedegebi is aris, rom maswavleblis adgili da roli ar aris yovelTvis,
an aucileblad TeTrkaniani mamrobiTi mozrdili adamianis rolis
ganvrcoba, an piruku, mdedrobiTi sqesis maswavleblis mier Sesrulebuli
roli miekuTvneba hegemonuri maskulinurobis diskurss (koneli, 1987; 1983).
miuxedavad imisa, aRiarebs ra Sesaswavli sagnis mniSvnelobas da imis
saWiroebas, rom maswavlebeli ukiduresad kompetenturi unda iyos codnis
TvalsazrisiT, paulo freiri saskolo codnas ar aRiqvams mxolod
evropuli logocentruli azrovnebis produqtad; igi aRniSnavs `pueblos~
219
da socialurad daqvemdebarebuli seqtorebis gamocdilebisa da sibrZnis
gamoyenebis mniSvnelovnebas. ufro metic, skolis codna ara mxolod
aisaxeba skolebSi, aramed aris aseve davisa da winaaRmdegobis sagani.
miuxedavad imisa, rom freiri akritikebs dasavlur skolas laTinur
amerikaSi, rogorc sabanko ganaTlebas da rogorc avtoritetul meqanizms
(anu, rogorc meqanizms, romelic gadascems oficialur codnas da amave
dros, ugulvebelyofs moswavleebs, rogorc sakuTari ganaTlebis
subieqtebs), misi gaTavisuflebis pedagogika aris dialogisken mowodeba
TavisuflebisaTvis mravali politikuri da socialuri brZolis
konteqstSi. dialogi warmoadgens ara mxolod pedagogiur instruments,
aramed aseve dekonstruqciis meTods imisa, Tu rogor aris Sedgenili
pedagogiuri da politikuri diskursebi.3

freiris ZiriTadi wignebis gamoqveynebidan ocdaaT welze meti xnis

Semdeg (gadoti da sxvebi,. 1986; toresi, 1995), dialoguri ganaTlebis cneba,
romelic eWvqveS ayenebs pozitivistur gansxvavebas SefasebiT msjelobasa
da empiriul msjelobas Soris, SeiZleba gamoCndes, rogorc demokratiuli
saSualeba rTuli kulturuli konfliqtebis mogvarebisaTvis laTinuri
amerikis ganaTlebis uTanasworo da kombinirebuli ganviTarebis
konteqstSi; misi gamoyenebadoba ganviTarebul industrialur
sazogadoebebSi kargad aris dokumentirebuli; xolo ganaTlebaSi
politikuri demokratiuli utopiis misi (freiris) gzavnili/Setyobineba
aris saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa politikuri gamowveva.

politikuri gamowveva: saganmanaTleblo utopia da

demokratiuli politika

saganmanaTleblo praqtika aris nebismieri sazogadoebis

superstruqturis nawili. am konkretuli mizezis gamo, saganmanaTleblo
praqtika, sazogadoebebis transformaciis socialur-istoriul
procesebSi Tavisi fantastiuri mniSvnelovnebis miuxedavad, TavisTavad
ar warmoadgens transformaciisaTvis mniSvnelovan saSualebas,
miuxedavad imisa, rom igi fundamenturia... rasakvirvelia, Zalauflebis
elitas ar moewoneba im pedagogiuri formisa Tu gamoxatulebis
ganxorcieleba, rac zrdis socialur winaaRmdegobebs da romlebic
amJRavnebs elitis Zalauflebas. gulubryviloba iqneba, vifiqroT, rom
Zalauflebis elita sakuTar Tavs gamoamJRavnebs imis meSveobiT, rasac
pedagogiuri procesi warmoadgens da rac, saboloo jamSi, maTsave
winaaRmdeg imuSavebs.

– paulo freiri, karlos a. toresis naSromSi,

ganaTleba, Zalaufleba, da personaluri biografia

220
 paulo freiri amtkicebda, rom ganaTlebasa da politikas Soris
kavSirebi SeuZlebelia Teoriulad Camoyalibebul iqnes mxolod
Zalauflebasa da ganaTlebas Soris gadakveTebis TvalsazrisiT, an mxolod
da mxolod Zalauflebasa da codnas Soris urTierTobaTa TvalsazrisiT –
es aris Teoriuli msjeloba, romelmac WeSmaritad ganmsWvala freiris
naSromebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom freiri dauRalavad ganmartavda
`ganaTlebis politikurobas~, igi amave dros mogviwodebda,
gagvecnobierebina urTierTobebi ganaTlebasa da moqalaqeobisTvis
momzadebas Soris; igi gansakuTrebiT xazs usvamda demokratiuli
ganaTlebis istoriul, normatiul da ontologiur safuZvlebs da
moqalaqeobis uflebebsa da pasuxismgeblobebs.

freirisaTvis, ganaTlebisa da demokratiis Sesaxeb debatebi,

umTavresad, unda Seexos utopiis cnebas. ra Tqma unda, freieris winadadeba
– ganaTleba gaTavisuflebisaTvis kvlav gamoirCeva Tavisi siTamamiTa da
utopiuri xasiaTiT. freiri (1972) hegeliseuli qaragmebiT wers:

WeSmaritad, mxolod CargulT SeuZliaT warmoidginon maTi awmyosagan

srulebiT gansxvavebuli momavali, imdenad ramdenadac, isini aRweven
dominirebuli klasis cnobierebas. mCagvrelebs, rogorc dominirebad
klass, ar SeuZliaT warmoidginon momavali, Tu es ar aris maTi, rogorc
mCagvrelTa, awmyos dacva. amgvarad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom CagrulTa
momavali mdgomareobs sazogadoebis revoluciur transformaciaSi,
romlis gareSec maTi gaTavisufleba ver dadasturdeba, mCagvrelis
momavali mdgomareobs sazogadoebis martiv modernizaciaSi, rac misi
klasis upiratesobis gangrZobis saSualebas iZleba. (32)

es utopiuri faqtori gamoxatavs ormag daZabulobas: gancxadebas da

denonsacias. imdenad, ramdenadac maswavlebeli axorcielebs sakuTar
utopiur rols, igi gadaiqceva sistemisaTvis saSiS winaswarmetyvelad.
funqcioneris rolis Sesrulebis nacvlad (vinc warmoebis wesis
ideologiuri cnobierebis elementebis reproducirebas axdens), pedagogi
xdeba kulturuli kritikosi, ganaTleba ki xdeba sazogadoebrivi sfero,
sajaro ganxilvis arena, romelic arc saxelmwifosgan da arc bazrisgan ar
kontroldeba. veforti (1967), ganaTlebis freiriseuli politikuri
filosofiisa da meTodis sawyisebTan dakavSirebiT ambobs:

magram Tu Tavisuflebis pedagogika asaxavs amboxebis Canasaxs, am

mizezisaTvis swori ar iqneba imis dadastureba, rom amboxeba gvxvdeba
pedagogis miznebs Soris. Tu es xdeba, mxolod da mxolod imitom, rom
kritikuli `TviTSegneba~ ganasxvavebs realur situacias, romelSic
yvelaze xSiri faqtebia brZola da Zaladoba. Secnoba araviTar

221
 SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs ideologizirebas, an wesrigis sityvaTa
wamoyenebas. Tu kritikuli `TviTSegneba~ gzas uxsnis socialur
daukmayofileblobaTa gamoxatvas, es imitom xdeba, rom arsebobs Cagvris
situaciis realuri komponentebi: bevria muSa, romelTac es-es aris wera-
kiTxva aiTvises, SeuerTdnen muSaTa moZraobebsa Tu kavSirebs, da es
imitom, rom maTTvis, es sakuTari da TanamSromelebis interesebis dacvis
legitimur gzad Cans. dabolos, Tu saxalxo klasebis kritikuli
`TviTSegneba~ niSnavs radikalizacias, es mxolod imitom aris ase, rom
saxalxo klasebi radikaluria. (13)

paulo freiris adreul naSromebSi ganaTleba aRqmulia, rogorc

instrumentuli faqtori mamakacebisa da qalebis dasaxmareblad, rom isini
dafiqrdnen sagnis sakuTar ontologiur mowodebaze, aagon sakuTari
realobis kritikuli `TviTSegneba~ (rogorc misi gansazRvrebebis
umetesobebis, ise misi potenciuri SesaZleblobebis). miuxedavad amisa,
ganaTlebis politikuri Sedegebi cxadi, Tumca winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. neba
mogveciT, ganvmartoT. freirma, miuxedavad imisa, rom Zalian kargad icis
ganmaTavisuflebeli ganaTlebis politikuri Sedegebi, igi aseve kargad
erkveva am ganaTlebis winaaRmdegobebSi. erTi mxriv, yovelTvis arsebobs
cnobierebis manipulaciisa da ideologizirebis SesaZlebloba, anu
ganaTlebisa da meTodologiebis mimarTva batonobis proeqtis samsaxurSi;
meore mxriv, freirs sjera, rom SeiZleba garkveuli kavSiri damyardes
saganmanaTleblo praqtikasa da politikur praqtikas Soris, viwro gagebiT.
pedagogs ekisreboda Zireulad SeemuSavebina wignierebis swavlebis da
kritikuli `TviTSegnebis~ proeqti, maSin roca `profesionali~
politikosis pasuxismgebloba iyo Cagrul seqtorTa organizebis amocanis
ganxorcieleba politikuri struqturebis TvalsazrisiT. veforti (1967)
Cveni argumentis dadasturebas axdens, roca acxadebs:

am pedagogma [freirma] icis, rom misi amocana moicavs politikur

Sedegebs da icis ufro metic, rom es Sedegebi ubralo adamianis
interesebSia da ara elitis interesebSi. magram man aseve icis, rom misi
dargia pedagogika da ara politika da rom mas ar SeuZlia, rogorc
pedagogs, Secvalos revolucioneri politikosi, romelic
dainteresebulia codniTa da struqturuli tranformaciiT. igi uaryofs
ganaTlebis, rogorc `progresis berketis~ tradiciul cnebas; eqneba
azri, amas rom davupirispiroT misi Tanabrad gulwrfeli Tezisi
`ganaTleba rogorc revoluciis berketi~? Tavisuflebis pedagogikas
SeuZlia saxalxo politikisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva, vinaidan kritikuli
`TviTSegneba~ niSnavs socialuri struqturebis, rogorc batonobisa da
Zaladobis saSualebebis gagebis xelSewyobas. magram gacnobierebis am
zrdis orientirebis amocana specifiurad politikuri mimarTulebiT
ekuTvnis politikoss, da ara pedagogs. (16)

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 uamravi Carevisas freiri postulatad ayalibebs, rom ar arsebobs
saganmanaTleblo revolucia politikuri revoluciis gareSe. arcerT
saganmanaTleblo qmedebas ar SeuZlia Zalauflebis revoluciis gamowveva.
ganaTleba ar aris mxolod miznis misaRwevi saSualeba; igi ufro aris
veli im ideologiuri brZolebisa, romelic unda warimarTos, xolo
moqalaqeobis politizacia aris SesaZlo Sedegi. freiri (1978a) amtkicebs,
rom:

rodesac gaunaTlebelma adamianma angikosidan, prezident gulartis

winaSe ... gamoacxada, rom igi aRar iyo `masa~ (“Masa”), aramed iyo xalxi
(“gente”), es mxolod winadadeba ar gaxldaT: man gacnobierebulad
daadastura arCevanis ufleba. man airCia gadamwyveti monawileoba,
romelic mxolod xalxs aqvs da uaryo masebis emociuri gaqaneba. igi
gaxldaT politizirebuli. (145)

es politizireba SesaZloa daexmaros adamianebs, daiwyon sityvebis –

`sityva~ da `samyaro~ sworad warmoTqma; samyarosi, romelic ufro da
ufro mravalferovani da multikulturulia da, ra Tqma unda, ayenebs imis
saWiroebas, rom gadaixedos demokratiasa da ganaTlebas Soris
interaqciebi.

demokratia da ganaTleba

Cveni civilizacia SesaniSnavia warmtacad da moCvenebiTad, SesaniSnavi,

mecnierul saocrebebSi da moCvenebiT saswaulebSi; SesaniSnavi, Tavis
materialur inflaciaSi, romelsac igi uwodebs winsvlas, progressa da
sxva saalerso saxelebs; SesaniSnavi – bunebis saidumloebaTa kvleviT da
misi jiuti kanonebis damorCilebiT; SesaniSnavi, araCveulebrivi
finansuri da komerciuli miRwevebiT; SesaniSnavi, Tavisi fulis
SimSiliT da misi mopovebis meTodisadmi indiferentulobiT. ... es
gaxlavT civilizacia, romelmac gaanadgura cxovrebis simartive da
simSvide; misi bedniereba, misi poezia, misi msubuqi romantikuli ocnebebi
da xedva fulis cieb-cxelebiT, binZuri idealebiT, vulgaruli
ambiciebiT da ZiliT Secvala, romlis ganaxlebac SeuZlebelia.

– mark tveni, werilebi dedamiwidan

istoria gviCvenebs aSkara kavSirebs sajaro ganaTlebas, rogorc

saxelmwifos funqcias, demokratiasa da moqalaqeobis Camoyalibebas Soris.
magaliTad, ted mitCeli (1997), naSromSi “respublika, romlis simbolosac
igi warmoadgens”4 gvTavazobs damajerebel istoriul ganmartebas imis
Taobaze, Tu ratom iyo revoluciur amerikaSi sajaro skolebi ise
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mowyobili, rom Camoeyalibebina moqalaqeebi: `periodi revoluciasa da 1812
wlis oms Soris gaxldaT ganaTlebis potencialis Sesaxeb intensiuri
aRtacebis periodi, risi micemac presas ar SeeZlo da rasac verc
regularuli armia miscemda: `balansis regularul kalibracias
Tavisuflebasa da wesrigs Soris TiToeuli bavSvis mkerdSi, da qmnida
saxelmwifos moqalaqeebis – im drois Taobis CamoyalibebiT” (5).

amiT, revolucionerebma sajaro ganaTleba pirvelad aRbeWdes axali

eris politikur filosofiaSi da Seqmnes didi raodenobiT kurikulumis
masalebi, romelSic Setanili iyo axali respublikis politikuri
Rirebulebebi. magram, amerikuli erovnuli saxelmwifos damfuZneblebma
bavSvebis ganaTleba miiRes ucvlel gadawyvetad kanonis, wesrigisa da
Tavisuflebis prognozirebadi problemebisaTvis. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa,
rom es gadawyveta istoriulad realizebadi iyo, igi ucvleli ar gaxlavT:
moqalaqeobis definicias Secvlis tendencia axasiaTebs, xolo
moqalaqeobis ideaSi cvlilebebs mivyavarT skolebSi cvlilebebamde
(mitCeli, 1997:9).

Tumca, ganaTlebaSi es cvlilebebi mxolod sustad aris

dakavSirebuli erovnuli saxelmwifos saWiroebebTan, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi ganaTlebis adgilobrivi kontrolis xasiaTisa da im faqtis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom skolebi (da gansakuTrebiT maswavleblebi)
inarCuneben profesionaluri avtonomiis mniSvnelovan xarisxs. aqedan,
`Tumca skolebi moqceuli iyvnen saxelmwifos orbitaSi, isini ar
warmoadgendnen saxelmwifos qmnilebebs~ (mitCeli, 1997:10).

mitCeli (1997) gvTavazobs politikur msjelobas ganaTlebis

funqcionalurobis Sesaxeb axladwarmoqmnil revoluciur saxelmwifosa da
mis instituciur SedegebTan mimarTebaSi. nacvlad imisa, rom moexdina
ganaTlebaze, rogorc samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciis xelSemwyob
instrumentze, an rogorc moralisa da eTikis principze fokusireba,
mitCelis politikuri da istoriuli analizi `cdilobs pirvelad
ganixilos politika da seriozulad miudges ganaTlebasa da demokratias
Soris identobis ritorikas, [da] bolomde Seicnos da aCvenos, rom
efeqtianoba (sajaro ganaTlebis miReba) damokidebulia mis unarsa da
mzadyofnaze – moaxdinos Tavisuflebis struqturireba _ da cdilobs
Tavisuflebasa da wesrigs Soris balansi wesrigis mxares gadaxaros” (13).

am argumentis daskvna, mitCelis (1997) mixedviT, aris is, rom rodesac

skolebi warmatebas aRweven adamianebis uflebamosilebis xelSewyobaSi da
amiT, `balanss gadaxrian Tavisuflebis mxareze, maTdami mxardaWera
elitaSi sustdeba da diskusiebi kidev erTxel ubrundeba misawvdomobaze

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msjelobas~ (14). mitCeli am fenomenis tipiur magaliTad axasiaTebs am
saukunis dasasruls kaliforniis da amerikis sxva StatebSi mcxovrebi
emigrantebis winaaRmdeg gamovlenil uaryofiT reaqcias, neokonservatorTa
ganmeorebiTi moTxovna ganaTlebis departamentis gauqmebis Taobaze da
mxolod inglisurad moZraobis politikaze.

revoluciuri saxelmwifosaTvis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganaTlebis

xelSewyobis Tavdapirvel impulss warmoadgenda ori ZiriTadi mizani:
pirveli, kvlav monarqiaSi dabrunebis Tavidan acileba – maSasadame,
saWiroeba, SeeqmnaT axali socialuri konsensusi da axali hegemonia axlad
Seqmnili respublikisaTvis; da meore, gazrdili demokratiuli monawileoba
rom gadaerCinaT Tavisuflebasa da wesrigs Soris balansis sabolood
gadawonisagan da qveynis anarqiaSi Cagdebisagan. jeims medisoni (hamiltoni,
medisoni da jei, 1961) gansakuTrebiT gamijnavda wminda demokratias, an
pirdapir demokratias (romelic ramdenime SezRudul sivrciT sferoSi
SeZlebda sabolood arsebobas) da respublikas Soris. ufro metic, masSi
ukidures eWvs iwvevda pirdapiri demokratia imis gamo, rasac igi aRiqvamda
Warbi monawileobisa da fraqciulobis mavne tendenciebad, romelic wminda
demokratias warmoaCens rogorc, araefeqturs: `wminda demokratias ... ar
SeuZlia dauSvas fraqciebis urCobis sawinaaRmdego zomebi ... radgan maT
iseTive xanmokle cxovreba aqvT, rogoric ZalmomreobiTi sikvdili~ (81).

garda respublikis Senebisa, ganaTleba aseve gulisxmobda amerikelTa

erovnuli xasiaTis Seqmnis xelSewyobas; maSasadame, mcdelobas, SeeqmnaT
kurikulumi da saxelmZRvaneloebi, romelic, revoluciur amerikas, Tundac
enobrivi TvalsazrisiT, inglisisagan ganasxvavebda. dabolos, ganaTlebis
xelis Sewyobis idea demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis revoluciur
amerikaSi aseve daaCqara axali revoluciuri elitis saWiroebebma.
revoluciur elitas surda Tavidan aecilebina evropul (britanul)
skolebsa da kolejebSi sakuTari STamomavlebisaTvis ganaTlebis micema, an
(rac revoluciuri elitis legitimaciisaTvis seriozuli dartyma iqneboda)
TavianTi SvilebisaTvis maswavleblebis evropidan Camoyvanis tradiciuli
praqtikis gagrZeleba.

sajaro ganaTlebis sistemis Seneba, Semdgom, mravalmxriv funqciebs

Seasrulebda: `ganaTlebis samoqalaqo, da ara kerZo sferos nawilad
qceviT, revoluciurma Taobam skolebi daukavSira axali politikuri
kulturis dinamikas, rogorc am kulturis Semqmnelma da misma produqtma~
(mitCeli, 1997:35).

revolucionerTa mier ganxorcielebul ZiriTad meTodologias –

daenerga moqalaqeobrivi Rirseba saskolo praqtikebis meSveobiT – unda

225
miemarTa gmirTa pedagogikisaTvis, romelsac hyavda jorj vaSingtoni da
benjamin franklini ZiriTad misabaZ modelebad. es iyo ikonografia,
romelic aseve cnobili gaxda istoriis swavlebisas bevr dasavlur
qveyanaSi, sadac ambis monawile personaJebi ubralod Secvlili iyvnen.
gmirTa pedagogikisa da gmirobis funqcionaluroba naTeli iyo: miuxedavad
imisa, rom uaryofdnen piradi interesis cnebas, rogorc socialuri
moqmedebis ZiriTad (egoistur) motivs, Rirsebebis momateba zogierTi
moqalaqisaTvis (vinc iqca niSnad (an xatad) konkretuli Rirsebebisa) kvlav
aqcevda – miuxedavad garegnulad winaaRmdegobrivi orientaciebisa –
mesakuTre individis cnebas da sazogadoebrivi sikeTisken swrafvas
ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis mqoned axali respublikuri politikis SeqmnisaTvis.

mitCelis (1997) daskvna imsaxurebs srul citirebas:

sajaro skola iqca moqalaqeobis arsis da amerikuli erovnuli

saxelmwifos arsis Sesaxeb paeqrobis mTavar adgilad. igi aseve gaxda
kritikuli ganxilvis iseTi sagani, rogoric ar yofila respulikis
daarsebis Semdeg. praqtikisa da misawvdomobis Sesaxeb debatebi gviCvenebs
konsensusis naklebobas skolebis rolis Taobaze [situacia, romelic
faravs mis mier SerCeuli xuTi kritikuli periodis analizs] ... istoriis
kurikulumis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb sakiTxebi avlens srul, SeSfoTebas
Sinaarsis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. wignis msjelobis konteqstSi, es
debatebi amJRavnebs im riskebs, romelsac Seicavs eris istoriis
gadakeTeba, rac im mizniT xdeba, rom istoriam ufro metad moicvas
aqamde dabeCavebuli jgufebis moRvaweoba da amgvarad, gafarTovdes
efeqtiani politikuri moqmedebis sazRvrebi. winadadebebi emigrantTaTvis
ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis SezRudvis Taobaze, rogorc Cans,
adasturebs (pirvelad orasze meti wlis manZilze), rom skolebi ar
warmoadgens efeqtian meqanizmebs politikuri socializaciisaTvis.
dabolos, sajaro skolebis (vauCerebisa da sxva saSualebis meSveobiT)
gauqmebisaTvis mebrZoli moZraobebi, aseve, daJinebuli mowodebebi
ganaTlebis federaluri departamentis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, gviCvenebs, rom
saxelmwifos roli swavlebis uzrunvelyofaSi da politikuri
ganaTlebis formirebaSi yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomia. kvlav am wignis
msjelobis konteqstSi, es gaxlavT imis Sedegi, rom skolebma ver
Seasrules efeqtiani saSualebis roli socialuri kontrolisa,
`Rirebulebisa~, ramac Tavdapirvelad sajaro skolebisaTvis sayrdeni
Seqmna. (22)

amerikuli saxelmwifos istoriuli gamocdileba araviTar SemTxvevaSi

ar aris unikaluri, swored rom piriqiT, magram, is Zalze gavleniani iyo
skolis sistemebis Seqmnisas postkoloniur saxelmwifoebSi, dawyebuli
laTinuri amerikis qveynebis damoukideblobidan. mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes
226
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi demokratiis, moqalaqeobisa da ganaTlebis
CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebuli daZabulobebis Sesaxeb, sanam momdevno
TavSi demokratiisa da moqalaqeobis problemebis multikulturul
gadawyvetas SevexebodeT. miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare wignis
gansaxilvel sakiTxs ar warmoadgens, ar SemiZlia demokratiasa da
ganaTlebaze saubari davasrulo da ar vaxseno demokratiuli socializmis,
rogorc alternativis arsebobis SesaZlebloba.

postskriptumi: demokratia da socializmi

roca guSindeli progresivistebi da dRevandeli pragmatikosebi amboben,

rom axla isini demokratiisTvis ibrZvian, ganagrZoben socializmisa da
demokratiis dapirispirebas, riTac imeoreben Zvel Secdomas: kerZod,
mcdarad varaudoben, rom demokratia burJuaziis eqskluziuri
sakuTrebaa. isini amJRavneben demokratiis ukiduresad meqanistur gagebas,
imdenad meqanisturs, rom ar svamen kiTxvebs Rirebulebebis,
Sexedulebebis Tavisuflebisa da yofna-aryofnis Sesaxeb.
– paulo freiri, werilebi kristinasadmi

ueWvelia, `realuri~, Tu `realisturi~ socializmis samyaro aRar

arsebobs. seriozul mizezTa gamo veWvob, rom igi Cvens Sesawuxeblad kidev
dabrundes. `realisturi~ socializmi aris, ra Tqma unda, istoriuli
kategoria. cota adamiani Tu moiZebneba iseTi, vinc jer kidev wuxs mis
dasrulebaze, wuxs imaze metad, vidre sakuTari cxovrebis galevas
biurokratiuli koSmaris xelSewyobisa, Tu misken swrafvaSi, an nanobs
sakuTari biurokratiuli privilegiebis dakargvas. cota adamiani SeiZleba
glovobdes `realistur socializms~, radgan, rogorc freiri (1996)
Segvaxsenebs, `Cemi azriT, `realisturi socializmis~ warumateblobis erT-
erTi mizezi iyo Tavisuflebisaken miswrafebis nakleboba, misi
avtoritarizmi, misi inteleqtualuri biurokratizacia, ramac cxovreba
uZraobamde miiyvana. es iyo istoriis meqanisturi wvdoma, romelmac
istorias SesaZleblobebi mouspo, nulamde daiyvana Tavisufleba, arCevani,
gadawyvetileba da rwmena da Tavad daasrula sicocxle” (165).

Tumca, socialisturi impulsi, romelmac sicocxle STabera

alternatiuli warmoebis wesis, ganawilebas da politikas,
kapitalizmisaTvis ramdenime mizezis gamo kvlavac inarCunebs
mniSvnelovnebas. efli (1982c) Segvaxsenebs, rom demokratizacia gulisxmobs
`praqtikas, romelic efuZneba mSromelTa umravlesobis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebaTa kontrols... praqtikas, romelic SemoizRudeba ara
politikuri sferoTi, aramed, vTqvaT, ekonomikiT da umTavresad, genderuli
urTierTobebiT” (172).

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 Ceroni erTmaneTisagan mijnavda demokratias, rogorc meTods da
demokratias, rogorc arss. es gamijvna sakmaod mniSvnelovania, radgan igi
xazs usvams radikaluri, socialistur-demokratiuli perspeqtividan
radikaluri Tanasworobis postulirebis saWiroebas rasobriv, eTnikur,
klasobriv da genderul urTierTobebSi, rogorc sazogadoebriv sferoSi,
ise ojaxis doneze. maSin saWiro aRar aris winaaRmdegoba demokratiasa da
socializms Soris, rogorc freiri (1996) moTminebiT ganmartavs Tavisi
enTuziazmiT aRsavse sityvebiT: `miuxedavad imisa, rom var radikaluri da
arsebiTi demokrati, socialistic var. SeuZlebelia erTi meores
daupirispiro. amis gakeTeba egreT wodebuli realisturi socializmis
erT-erT tragikuli Secdomaa” (114).

es ara mxolod mgznebare sityvebia, aramed ufro mniSvnelovani

movlenaa, radganac asaxavs freiris gamocdilebas, roca igi gaxda
politikis SemmuSavebeli san pauluSi, sadac igi cxovrobda. igi gaxldaT
municipalitetis ganaTlebis ministri san pauluSi, kapitalisturi
braziliis megaqalaqSi da finansur centrSi. es iyo politikis
eqsperimenti, romelSic freiri xelmZRvanelobda kulturis sferos
muSakebs, politikur aqtivistebs, maswavleblebsa da mSoblebs ganaTlebisa
da kurikulumis reformis SesaniSnavi modelis SeqmnaSi, wignierebis
swavlebaSi da demokratiul-radikaluri da socialisturi principebis
mixedviT skolis marTvaSi (o’kadizi, vongi da toresi, 1998).

postsocialistur mdgomareobis Sesaxeb sxva mniSvnelovan

Sexedulebas gvTavazobs nensi freizeri (1997). igi gansazRvravs
postsocializms, rogorc `arcerTi sarwmuno yovlismomcveli kritikuli
proeqtis ararseboba brZolis frontTa gamravlebis miuxedavad; aRiarebis
kulturuli politikis zogadi gaTiSva gadanawilebis socialuri
politikisagan; da Tanasworobis moTxovnaTa decentrireba, miuxedavad
agresiuli marketizaciisa da mkveTrad zrdadi materialuri
uTanasworobisa~ (3).

freizeri gvTavazobs sam mniSvnelovan rCevas. pirveli aris

`gavrcelebuli ‘postsocialisturi’ undoblobis skeptikuri distanciis
gardaqmna naratiul, ‘Semajamebel’ azrovnebad~ (4). ueWvelia, rom
ganaTlebaSi demokratiis, moqalaqeobisa da multikulturalizmis
dakavSirebis nebismieri interesi politikis TvalsazrisiT, moiTxovs
midgomas, romelic normatiulia, eTikuri safuZvlis mqonea da
politikurad pragmatulia. freizeris meore gonivruli rCeva aris
demistifikacia `postsocialisturi~ ideologiebisa, rac gadanawilebidan
aRiarebaze gadayvanas axorcielebs” (4). es aris gadamwyveti dakvirveba.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSnavdi, Tanamedrove kapitalizmSi arsebuli

228
socialuri brZolebi ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes nulovanjamovan TamaSad.
bevri ram aris saWiro politikuri aliansebis zrdisaTvis
multikulturul asociaciebSi, imis warmoudgenlad, rom rasac koaliciis
erTi segmenti miiTvisebs, an moiTxovs, mas meore segmenti kargavs.
sabolood, freizeri miiCnevs, rom ufskruli gaRatakebul masebsa da
dakninebis gzaze mdgar saSualo klasebs Soris moiTxovs ganawilebiT
politikas, raTa moqalaqeobis moTxovnebi efeqtiani gaxdes (5).

laTinuri amerikis gamocdilebam, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba naTeli

mohfinos socializmsa da demokratias Soris arsebul kavSirebs. am
regionSi adgili hqonda socialisturi Seferilobebis mqone demokratiebis
radikalur gamocdilebebs. magaliTad, cnebebi, rogoricaa saxalxo
demokratia, romelic efuZneba saxalxo suverenitetis (saxalxo,
socialurad daqvemdebarebuli socialuri klasebis Rirsebisa da
interesis) dacvas, erovnuli suverenitetis dacvas (regionSi metropoliuri
erovnuli saxelmwifoebis arsebobis winaaRmdeg, romlebic gabatonebas
cdiloben, TavianTi imperialisturi Zalauflebis pirobebSi, da
multinacionaluri korporaciebis arsebobis winaaRmdeg, romlebic
cdiloben gabatonebas sakuTari mZlavri ekonomikuri Zalauflebis
gaTvaliswinebiT), da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis, rogorc sazogado
keTildReobis ideis dacvas, da koleqtivis uflebis upiratesobas
individTa uflebasTan SedarebiT – yvela es principi gviCvenebs Zlier
kavSirs socializmsa da demokratias Soris, an demokratias rogorc arss,
da ara ubralod politikuri reprezentaciis meTods Soris. erovnuli
gamocdilebebi moicavs meqsikur revolucias (1911-1921), 1952 wlis boliviur
revolucias, kuburi revoluciis adreul gamocdilebebs, CileSi salvador
aliendes mmarTvelobisas (1970-1973) egreT wodebul mSvidobian tranzicias
socializmisken, da nikaraguis gamocdilebas, gansakuTrebiT 1979 da 1984
wlebs Soris, roca qveyana srulad CaTreuli aRmoCnda samoqalaqo omSi,
romelic stimulirebuli da dafinansebuli iyo reiganis administraciis
mier. adgilobrivi gamocdilebebi bevria, CapasSi 1994 wels frente
sapatistas amboxebidan dawyebuli adgilobrivi Temis kontrolis
(gvatemalis armiis mier ganxorcielebuli) mwvave represiis mtkivneuli
gamocdilebebiT (menCu, 1983) da Temis TviTmmarTvelobis da saTemo
ganaTlebis sxva mravali mikrogamocdilebiT damTavrebuli (toresi, 1980).

winamdebare Tavis postskriptumSi sakmaod Segnebulad gadavwyvite

damewera demokratiisa da socializmis Sesaxeb. ratom? ara imitom, rom
socializmi istoriuli kategoriaa, rogorc amas neoliberalebi amayad
icaven ideologiaTa dasasrulisa da istoriis dasasrulis TeoriiT,
aramed imitom, rom liberalur sazogadoebebSi socializmis gageba
liberalebis, konservatorebis, neoliberalebisa da neokonservatorebis
229
mier yovelTvis gulisxmobda arsebiT, TiTqmis ontologiur
diferenciacias socializmsa da demokratias Soris. aRniSnuli ki qmnida
popularul ganxeTqilebas, ramac socialisti inteleqtualebisaTvis
gaarTula am or ideas Soris arsebuli napralis likvidireba, imis
mtkicebiT, rom arsebobs arsebiTi demokratiuli impulsi socialistur
proeqtSi. Tumca, me vamtkiceb, rom saxalxo demokratiisa Tu socialisturi
demokratiis cneba CarTuli unda iyos diskusiaSi. faqtiurad, k. b.
makfersonis da qerol peitmanis monawileobiTi demokratiis cnebebi,
dakavSirebulia socialistur-demokratiul tradiciasTan, iseve rogorc
(Tumca ufro periferiulad da kritikulad) ernesto laklosa da Santal
mufis (1985) radikaluri demokratiis cneba. paulo freiri (1996) kvlav
gvaCvenebs gzas: `Tuki burJuaziis warmoSobili ocneba iyos kapitalizmi,
rogorc burJuaziuli demokratiis niSani, aseve xalxis umravlesobis
ocneba dRes aris socializmi, rogorc saxalxo demokratiis niSani.
ZiriTadi idea aris ara demokratiis dasruleba, aramed misi daxvewa, da ara
kapitalizmis, aramed mis sanacvlod socializmis arseboba” (137).

imisaTvis, rom gadavarCino mniSvnelovani kavSirebi demokratiasa

(rogorc mmarTvelobis universalur sistemas, rac ganmanaTleblobis
ganStoebaa da xels uwyobs kanonebSi mocul moraluri qcevis wesebsa da
standartebs, institutebs da saxelmwifoebs, romlebic pativs scemen
sicocxles, Tavisuflebas, bednierebisaken swrafvas, Tanasworobas, Zmobisa
da dobisaTvis) da socializms (rogorc warmoebis sistemas, ganawilebas,
da politikur monawileobas) Soris – kavSirebi, romelic SeuZlebelia ar
iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli multikulturuli demokratiuli moqalaqeobis
cnebis ganxilvisas – msurs gaviTaviso erik hobsbaumis (1997) sityvebi
marqsTan dakavSirebiT, sityvebi, romlebic advilad SeiZleba iqnes
gadatanili demokratiuli socializmis idealebze: `kvlav ganvagrZob
Rrmad, Tumca ara kritikis gareSe, imis pativiscemas, rasac iaponelebi
uwodeben senseis, inteleqtual maswavlebels, romlis valic marTebs
adamians da romlis dabrunebac SeuZlebelia~ (ix).

SeniSvnebi

1
ixileT tokvilisa da kelsenis poziciaTa Soris paralelebis gonivruli
analizi umberto Ceronis naSromSi, La libertad de los modernos (Barcelona: Martinez Roca,
1972) (pirveli italiuri gamocema, 1968).
2
madlobeli var valter fainbergisa piradi urTierTobisas mocemuli am
rCevisaTvis.
3
ixileT: Carlos Alberto Torres and Adriana Puiggró s, eds., Latin America Education: Comparative
Perspectives (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1996). pedagogiuri subieqtis cneba ukavSirdeba
ernesto laklaus mier mis zog naSromSi SemuSavebuli socialuri subieqtis
cnebas. magaliTad, ixileT: Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemonía y estrategía socialista
230
(Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1987); da Ernesto Laclau, New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Times (London:
Verso, 1991).
4
Ted Mitchell, “The Republic for Which It Stands: Public Schools, the State, and the Idea of Citizenship in
America” (Los Angeles, 1997). mitCeli ikvlevs ganaTlebasa da moqalaqeobas Soris
kavSirSi arsebul xuT umniSvnelovanes moments: revoluciuri epoqidan
dawyebuli 1812 wlis omamde; samoqalaqo omis ganmavlobaSi, konfederaciis
kontrsaxelmwifos ganviTarebaSi; rekonstruqciis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT
ikvlevs gaTavisuflebulTa biuros (Freedmen’s Bureau) rols yofil monaTagan
moqalaqeebis CamoyalibebaSi; amerikuli imperiis eqspansiis ganmavlobaSi,
mecxramete saukunis dasasruls; da pirveli msoflio omis ganmavlobaSi. igi
amtkicebs, rom am mexuTe mniSvnelovani momentis, pirveli msoflio omis
dasasrulisTvis saxelmwifos, samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da moqalaqeobas Soris
Tanamedrove urTierTobis safuZvlebi ukve institucionalizebuli iyo.

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6
multikulturalizmi

winamdebare Tavi ganixilavs ganaTlebaSi multikulturalizmis

Teoriebs. multikulturalizmis zogierTi ZiriTadi Temis kvlevis
dawyebiT, me gTavazobT multikulturalisturi moZraobis kritikul
wakiTxvas, rogorc es asaxulia multikulturul ganaTlebaSi kritikis
Sesabamisi magaliTiT liberaluri wreebidan, neokonservatoruli
moZraobidan da memarcxeneebidan. kulturuli gansxvavebis sakiTxze
yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, giCvenebT zogierT winaaRmdegobas, rac
ganaTlebaSi multikulturalizmis TeoriebTan asocirdeba. me aqcents
vakeTeb rogorc multikulturalizmze (rogorc socialur moZraobaze), ise
multikulturul ganaTlebaze. winamdebare wignis Teoriuli orientaciisa
da programuli miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, samoqalaqo ganaTlebaze
diskusiisaTvis SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos am wignSi mocemuli ZiriTadi
argumentebi, magram igi saWiroebs specifiur analizs da kurikulumis
kritikas winamdebare wignis miznebis da arsebuli moculobis farglebs
gareT.1

multikulturalizmi, rogorc socialuri moZraoba, rogorc

multikulturuli ganaTleba da rogorc moqalaqeTa ganaTleba:
TeTrkanianobis sakiTxi

gansxvavebulobis axali kulturuli politika arc martivad

opoziciuria rom Seejibros wamyvan mimarTulebas (an mamrobiT
mimarTulebas), da arc transgresiuli, tradiciul burJuaziul
auditoriaTa avangardistuli azriT aRSfoTebis gamowvevaSi. aramed igi
warmoadgens kulturaSi niWier (da, Cveulebriv, privilegirebul)
wvlilis SemtanTa mkafio artikulaciebs, romelTac surT daexmaron
demoralizebul, demobilizebul, depolitizebul da dezorganizebul
adamianebs, raTa gaaZlieron da SesaZlebeli gaxadon socialuri qmedeba
da, Tu SesaZlebelia, koleqtiuri amboxeba gamoiyenon Tavisuflebis,
demokratiisa da individualurobis gasavrceleblad.
– kornel vesti, `gansxvavebulobis axali kulturuli politika~

kornel vestis es epigrama warmarTavs am diskusias.

multikulturalizmi nebismieri saxiT, formiT Tu feriT dakavSirebulia
gansxvavebulobis politikasTan da rasisa da sqesis mixedviT
232
diferencirebul da klasizmis mimdevari sazogadoebebis gamo warmoqmnil
socialur brZolebTan. miuxedavad amisa, multikulturalizmis ganxilva
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi unda daiwyos odnavi, Tumca mniSvnelovani
diferenciaciiT multikulturalizms, rogorc socialur moZraobasa da
Teoriul midgomas, multikulturul ganaTlebas, rogorc reformebis
moZraobasa da samoqalaqo ganaTlebas, rogorc kurikulumze orientirebul
specialobas Soris, ramac (gansakuTrebiT, aSS-s rasobrivi struqturis
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT), mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos rasobrivi
identobis da moqalaqeobis SenebisaTvis, rogorc antirasistuli
pedagogikis, kulturuli mravalferovnebis sakiTxebi.

rogorc socialuri moZraoba, multikulturalizmi aris

filosofiuri, Teoriuli da politikuri orientacia, rac scdeba saskolo
reformas da cdilobs mTlianobaSi gadaWras sazogadoebaSi rasis,
genderul da klasobriv urTierTobaTa sakiTxebi.2 modiT, aviRoT,
magaliTad, formulireba, romelic maklarenma (1997) Camoayaliba kritikuli
multikulturuli moZraobis arsebul gamowvevebze:

Cvenma saklaso kvlevebma da los anJelesSi qalaqis pedagogebTan

gamarTulma diskusiebma aseve gvaiZula, xelaxla gagveazrebina
multikulturuli ganaTlebis sakiTxi. vwuxdiT rasobrivi segregaciis
gamo, rasac vxedavdiT mTlianobaSi mTeli qalaqis masStabiT, skolebis
sportul moednebze da sasadiloebSi. aqedan zog rames Cven vakavSirebT
iZulebiTi asimilaciis politikasTan, rac asaxulia kanonis norma 187-Si;
aRorZinebul mxolod inglisurad moZraobasTan; respublikur
kanonmdeblobaSi da respublikelTa warmomadgenlebis mier bilingvur
ganaTlebisadmi ieriSTan; akademiuri monitoringis daJinebulobasTan;
laTinofobiur, antiemigraciul sentimentebTan, rac grovdeboda meoce
saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan; deindustrializaciasTan; da
eTnikuri da rasobrivi moZraobebis warmoSobasTan, romlebic saWiroebs
aRiarebas. Cveni mosazrebiT, aseve saWiroa multikulturalizmis
ganxilva ufro farTo suraTis TvalsazrisiT, anu farTomasStabiani da
uwyveti emigraciuli nakadebis axali msoflio sistemis, subalterni da
gardamavali kulturebis, arasaxelmwifoebrivi korporaciebis da
qalebis, rasobrivi umciresobebisa da manamde periferiuli erebidan
emigrantTa postindustriuli samuSao Zalis aTvlis wertilidan. (210)

rogorc programuli reformatoruli moZraoba, liberaluri

multikulturuli ganaTleba orientirebulia skolebSi Tanasworobis
uzrunvelyofaze. am konteqstSi, am moZraobis yvelaze liberaluri
segmentebi miiCneven, rom multikulturuli tolerantobis cnebis
ganviTareba maTi miznebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc

233
freizeri (1997: 174) aanalizebs, Tanasworobisa da aRiarebisaTvis brZolas
Tan unda axldes gadanawilebisa da TanasworobisaTvis brZola da ara
mxolod samarTlianobisaTvis brZola. es Sexeduleba saSualebas gvaZlevs
ufro radikalurad SevicnoT problema, rom multikulturalizmTan
dakavSirebiT diskusia unda daiwyos TeTrkanianobis sakiTxiT.

`TeTrkanianobis~ Sesaxeb diskusia unda ganTavsdes antirasistuli

filosofiebis konteqstSi, romlebic akritikeben TeTrkanianobis cnebas da
TeTr terors, rasis struqturas; TeTrkanianobas ki xedaven, rogorc
rasobriv praqtikas. sakiTxi ase dgas: SeiZleba Tu ara TeTrkanianobis
Sesaxeb diskusia gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc antirasistuli politikisken
swrafvis iaraRi. am TvalsazrisiT Jiro gvTavazobs bel huqsis (1990)
poziciis daxvewil kritikas. misi mtkicebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom
TeTrkanianebi sakuTar Tavs xedaven, rogorc gamWvirvales da uxilavs –
anu isini sakuTar Tavs rasobrivi TvalsazrisiT ver aRiqvamen – isini
aRiqmebian, rogorc TeTri terori imgvarad, rom SavkanianTa da
TeTrkanianTa Soris interaqciebi sagrZnobia SavkanianTaTvis.3 Tumca, henri
Jiro gveubneba, rom TeTrkanianobis cneba ar SeiZleba gagebuli iyos
eqskluziurad TeTrTa batonobisa da rasizmis saerTo gamocdilebis
TvalsazrisiT. TeTrkanianoba, JirosaTvis, reartikulirebuli unda iyos
antiesencialisturi TvalsazrisiT. antirasistulma pedagogikam, romelic
seriozulad udgeba TeTrkanianTa gamocdilebis niuansebs, saSualeba unda
misces studentebs gascdnen danaSaulisa da aRSfoTebis poziciebs.
faqtiurad, Jiro (1997) amtkicebs (da es aris antirasistuli samoqalaqo
ganaTlebisaTvis mniSvnelovani diskusia), rom `saWiroa TeTrkanianoba
guldasmiT iqnes Teoriulad Camoyalibebuli misi potencialis
gaTvaliswinebiT – uzrunvelyos studentebi rasobrivi identobiT, ramac
SeiZleba gadamwyveti roli Seasrulos antirasistuli politikis xelaxal
formirebaSi, rac ganapirobebs farTo, radikalur demokratiul proeqts~
(16). TeTrkanianoba maklarenisaTvis (1997b:237-293) aris eTnikurobis
atributi, xolo TeTri terori Seadgens kritikuli multikulturalizmis,
rogorc farglebs gareT swavlebis socialuri moZraobis leitmotivs.

maklareni (1997) multikulturul ganaTlebas ukavSirebs kritikul

pedagogikas, eWvqveS ayenebs `TeTrkanianobis, rogorc artikulaciuri
praqtikis tipis politikas, rac SeiZleba ganTavsebul iqnes
kolonializmis, kapitalizmisa da subieqtis formirebis konvergenciaSi~
(268). sakmaod sainteresoa maklarenis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
TeTrkanianoba aris rogorc miTopoeturi (imdenad ramdenadac igi adgens
koleqtiuri socialur warmosaxvas, rac emyareba evropuli da amerikuli
socialuri subieqtis ontologiur upiratesobas), ise metastruqturuli
(vinaidan igi am koleqtiur warmosaxvas ukavSirebs kapitalis kulturul,
234
socialur da ekonomikur hegemonias globalur doneze, socialur
gansxvavebaTa mravalricxovani fenebis CaTvliT).

analogiurad, riCard daieri (1997) amtkicebs, rom `TeTrkanianobis

diskurss araTeTri subieqti ulmoblad dahyavs TeTri subieqtis
funqciamde, ar aZlevs mas sivrcisa Tu avtonomiis saSualebas, ar aZlevs
arc msgavsebaTa aRiarebisa da arc gansxvavebaTa miRebis nebas, garda im
SemTxvevisa, roca es saWiroa TeTri me-s (self) SecnobisaTvis~ (13).
TeTrkanianoba, roca gatolebulia adamianobasTan, `uzrunvelyofs
Zalauflebis pozicias~ (9), da amdenad, TeTrkanianebi sakuTar Tavs xedaven
`ara rogorc calke aRebul rasas, isini ubralod warmoadgenen adamianTa
modgmas~ (9).

garda amisa, TeTrkanianobis diskursi da reprezentacia, rogorc

neitraluri, emsaxureba socialuri jgufis, rogorc adamianuri
Cveulebrivi ramis asaxvis mizans da faravs Zalauflebis urTierTobebsa
da privilegias, rom TeTrkanianad yofnis faqti axdens mobilizebas (ra
Tqma unda, imgvarad, rom TeTrkanianobis garSemo koaliciebi ufro mZlavri
mobilizaciis momxdeni Cans, vidre, vTqvaT, klasi); da, ra Tqma unda,
TeTrkanianoba Cndeba, rogorc esTetikuri upiratesobis simbolo, rogorc
aSkara ideali: `miuxedavad imisa, rom TeTrkanianobis simZlavris
mniSvneloba yvelaferze maRla imyofeba yvela Tavisi arastabilurobiT da
aSkara araneitralurobiT, feri atarebs moralis da aseve esTetikuri
upiratesobis ufro met mkafio simbolur mniSvnelobas” (70).

TeTrkanianobis am kritikis umTavres `ontologiur~ winapirobad

miRebiT, radikalurma multikulturalizmma da kritikulma pedagogikam
koncentracia unda moaxdinon politikur ekonomiasa da kritikul
pedagogikaze, da rogorc maklareni (1997) amtkicebs, `pedagogebisaTvis
brZolis am werilSi arsebiTia is, rom daSalon Zalauflebisa da
privilegiis diskursebi da socialuri praqtikebi, romlebic
epistemologiurad gardaiqmna qsonofobiuri nacionalizmis axal da saSiS
formad, romelSic arsebobs istoriis erTaderTi universaluri subieqti –
TeTri, anglo, burJuaziuli privilegiebis heteroseqsuali mamrobiTi
sqesis adamiani~ (214).

ueWvelia, rom samoqalaqo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb yvelaze

bolodroindel diskusiebSi multikulturuli miznebis arsebobas, sul
mcire, eWvi Seaqvs da saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki, saerTod cvlis samoqalaqo
ganaTlebis kurikulumis sferos. zogierTi mkvlevari da maT Soris jeims
benqsi (1997) yvelaze gasagebad amtkicebs, rom multikulturul

235
sazogadoebaSi moqalaqeebisaTvis ganaTlebis micema moiTxovs
multikulturul ganaTlebas.

multikulturalizmi, rogorc socialuri moZraoba da rogorc

Teoriuli midgoma

vin adgens avTentur identobas? vis aqvs uflebamosileba, gasces

wevrobis damadasturebeli bileTebi? sazRvrebi gadaadgildeba drosa da
sivrceSi. msgavseba ukavSirdeba kulturas da klasifikaciis mizans.
gamvlelisaTvis, an mTvlelisaTvis (mosaxleobis aRwerisas) me
TeTrkaniani var. antisemitisaTvis – ubralod, ebraeli. germaneli
ebraelisaTvis, SeiZleba erT-erTi aRmosavleli ebraeli viyo;
SefardebisaTvis – aSkenazi ebraeli; israeleli ebraelisaTvis –
amerikeli; religiuri ebraelisaTvis – saero piri; memarjvene
sionistisaTvis – renegati var, an saerTod ar var ebraeli.
– tod gitlini, saerTo ocnebebis bindi

ganaTlebis problemebis gagebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia identobis

sakiTxi. miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba saxelmwifos diskusiidan identobis
da moqalaqeobis Camocileba. saxelmwifos pirveli movaleoba – rogorc
ted mitCeli (1997) amtkicebs Tavis istoriul naSromSi, rodesac devid
klintonis (1822 wels niu iorkis Statis gubernatoris) sityvebis citirebas
axdens – `aris samsaxuris gaweva misi moqalaqeebisTvis, raTa isini iyvnen
zneobrivni; samsaxuris gaweva inteleqtualuri swavlebisa da moraluri
disciplinis meSveobiT, maTSi ganaTlebis SetaniT, maTi gulebis ganwmendiT
da maTTvis maTi uflebebisa da movaleobebis swavlebiT~ (1).

Tumca, rogorc mitCeli cxadad ganmartavs Tavis istoriul analizSi,

moqalaqeobis cnebas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs miRebuli droTa
ganmavlobaSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da sxvadasxva garemoebSi
adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufebisaTvis.

mitCelis (1997) analizi gviCvenebs, rom oras welze meti xnis winaT,
revoluciuri saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili axali saganmanaTleblo sistema
cdilobda gadaeWra daZabuloba Tavisuflebasa da wesrigs Soris. mitCelis
(1997) sityvebiT: `aq mokled Camoyalibebuli problema iyo ormagi da
mdgomareobda, pirveli, Tavisuflebasa da wesrigs Soris Sesabamisi da
xangrZlivi wonasworobis moZebnaSi da meore, instituciuri saSualebebis
damkvirdebaSi, romliTac es balansi iqneboda daculi” (3).

mitCelis istoriulma analizma, ganaTlebaSi axali

institucionalizmis tradiciebis Sesabamisad, aCvena, rom revoluciuri
amerikuli saxelmwifos mizani iyo ganaTleba, romlis aSkara orientiri

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iqneboda moraluri wvrTna, rac daexmareboda individTa da axal
saxelmwifos Soris kavSirebis damyarebas.4 mitCelis analizis gavrcobiT,
davasabuTeb, rom calkeuli moqalaqeebi, romlebsac gulisxmobdnen
damfuZneblebi (ar aris gasakviri, vinaidan manamde ase moxda inglisSi)
iyvnen Tavisufali TeTrkaniani mamrobiTi sqesis adamianebi. amerikeli
indielebis, afroamerikelebis (maTgan umetesoba cxovrobda monobis
pirobebSi) da qalebis ganaTleba, umetesad, ugulebelyofili iyo
revoluciur periodSi.

moqalaqeobisa da demokratiuli ganaTlebis sakiTxi ar SeiZleba, da

ar unda iyos gamoyofili im sakiTxisgan, Tu vin arian is moqalaqeebi,
romelTa swavleba unda ganxorcieldes, rogor icvlebian es moqalaqeebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi TavianTi demografiuli, politikuri, kulturuli da
Tundac simboluri konfiguraciis TvalsazrisiT, da, Tanmimdevrulad, im
TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogor aRiqvamen am cvlilebebs moqalaqeebi – rasac
devid taiaki (1993) uwodebs gansxvavebis konstruirebisas saxalxo
kulturas. ufro metic, umniSvnelovanesia, gavigoT, Tu rogor icvleba
Tavad moqalaqis pirovneba saxelmwifoSi da globalizaciis procesSi
cvlilebebis konteqstSi. dabolos, umniSvnelovanesia aRmovaCinoT, Tu
rogor icvleba instituciuri garemoebi (romelSic moqalaqis Rirsebebi
mJRavndeba), rasac Tan axlavs seriozuli gamowvevebi im rolisadmi,
romelsac saganmanaTleblo sistema da politikuri kultura unda
asrulebdes moqalaqeobis Camoyalibebisas. mokled rom vTqvaT, amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi mainc – da, vityodi, rom msoflios masStabiTac –
demokratias, moqalaqeobasa da ganaTlebas Soris urTierTobebi ar
SeiZleba multikulturalizmis sakiTxisagan izolirebulad iqnes
ganxiluli.

am istoriuli gamafrTxilebeli sityvis gaTvaliswinebiT, usafrTxoa

vimsjeloT, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom multikulturalizms, rogorc
Teoriul midgomas ufro energiuli forma hqonda miRebuli meoce saukunis
70-ian da 90-ian wlebSi, multikulturalizmis sakiTxi amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi iseTive Zvelia, rogorc qveynis mcdeloba, daefuZnebina masobrivi,
savaldebulfo ganaTleba. samwuxarod, multikulturalizmze diskusia
formulirebuli iyo gavrcelebuli dominanturi-daqvemdebarebuli jgufis
urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, sadac

dominanturi jgufi skolebs iyenebda sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebidan

bavSvebis integrirebisa da sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisaTvis
mosamzadeblad; exmareboda pansionebs, daeZliaT indiel amerikelTa
kulturuli da tomobrivi kavSirebi; gamoricxavda rac SeiZleba met
afroamerikels, romlebic cdilobdnen saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi
237
 moxvedras, im imediT, rom ganaTleba maT xels Seuwyobda kargi samuSaos
da socialuri mobilobis miRwevaSi; da mTlianad uaryofda
laTinoamerikelTa samsaukunovan arsebobas da gavlenas amerikaSi. (la
beli da uardi, 1994:9)

saukunis dasawyisSi da SesaZloa ufro adrec, swavleba gamoiyeneboda

enis, gamocdilebisa da mravalferovan jgufTa Rirebulebebis
homogenizebisTvis, rac uzrunvelyofda imas, rom amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi Camosuli emigrantebis didi jgufebis qcevis, Rirebulebebisa da
wes-Cveulebebis asimilireba moxdeboda `sadnobi qvabis sazogadoebaSi~,
rogorc Cafiqrebuli iyo axali msoflio saxelmwifos oficialuri
codniTa da kulturis oficialuri politikiT. rogorc taiaki (1993)
aRniSnavs, j.f. makklaimeris citirebisas, 1916 wlisTvis `kulturuli
mravalferovneba ganisazRvreboda, rogorc erovnuli krizisi” (15).

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi uSualod omisSemdgomma gamocdilebam

da mzardma kulturulma brZolebma gamoiwvia debatebis seria
jgufTaSoris urTierTobebze, mravalferovnebaze da imaze, rasac
ganaTlebis organoebi miiCnevdnen uTanxmoebis gamomwvev brZolebad
sxvadasxva interesTa jgufebsa da dainteresebul eTnikur mxareTa Soris,
romlebic ibrZodnen saganmanaTleblo politikisa da praqtikis
formirebisaTvis. taiaki aRwers konfrontaciis dinamikas da xazs usvams,
rom pluralizmis konkurentuli struqtura

moiTxovda saxalxo kulturis axal definicias (rac ubralod ki ar

ganadidebs kulturul gansxvavebebs da Semdeg ganagrZobs saSualo
klasis amerikul individualizmze dafuZnebuli zogadi Rirebulebebis
arsis Sefasebas). pluralizmis axali versia aSkarad politikuri iyo da
eWvi Sehqonda ara mxolod tradiciul akademiur wesebSi, aramed aseve
ganamtkicebda interesebs, romelic aZlierebda rasizms. ar aris
gasakviri, rom am konkretulma Sexedulebam warmoSva gacilebiT meti
kamaTi, vidre interkulturuli ganaTlebis adreulma formebma. (19)

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi socialuri brZolebis bedis

cvalebadobis gaTvaliswinebiT, multikulturalizmi ar gaxldaT
erTgvarovani socialuri moZraoba. igi arc aris warmodgenili erTaderTi
Teoriuli paradigmiT, saganmanaTleblo midgomiTa Tu pedagogikiT. amdenad,
miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom isini xSirad mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli,
multikulturalizmis cneba, rogorc aseTi, ar SeiZleba ajamebdes
kulturuli identobis politikis vrceli samyaros reprezentacias (arturi
da Sapiro, 1995). zogierTi adamiani aRiqvams multikulturalizms, rogorc
antirasistul filosofias, zogi – rogorc meTodologias
238
saganmanaTleblo reformisaTvis, sxvebi ki – saswavlo programebis SigniT
specifiuri Sinaarsis nawilTa wyebas. multikulturalizmi sxvadasxva
adamianTaTvis sxvadasxva rames niSnavs.

tod gitlini (1995) miuTiTebs swored termin `multikulturalizmis”

universalobaze da ambivalentobaze mis gamoyenebaSi, mizansa da
leitmotivSi:

es sityva mravalfardovania, faqtisa da Rirebulebis nazavi,

gavrcelebuli, radgan sakmaod bundovania imisaTvis, rom pasuxobdes
amden interess. momxreebma SeiZleba gamoiyenon es termini imisaTvis, raTa
daicvan gansxvavebis aRiareba, an daupirispirdnen dampyroblebis mier
Tavsmoxveul politikasa da ideebs, an daicvan kosmopolitizmi –
daintereseba da siamovneba, romelic TiToeulma SeiZleba miiRos
usazRvro adamianurobiT. identobis politikis puristebi mas iyeneben,
raTa daicvan dausrulebeli daSla, monokulturebis didi raodenoba.
meore mxriv, multikulturalizmi da misi demonuri tyupi,
`politkoreqtuloba~ konservatorebisTvis warmoadgens saxelebs,
maTTvis saZulvel saganTa nazavis gamosaxatad – umciresobaTa
uflebebis gamaRizianebeli daJinebuli moTxovnis CaTvliT. (228)

mzardi multikulturuli literaturis sistematuri analizi

gviCvenebs, rom multikulturuli ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebi icvleba.
pirveli, isini icvleba eTnikuri da kulturuli wignierebis Seqmnidan (mag.,
im eTnikuri jgufebis istoriisa da wvlilis Sesaxeb informaciis xarisxis
gazrda, romlebic tradiciulad kurikulumidan gamoricxuli iyvnen)
pirovnul ganviTarebamde (mag., sakuTar identobaSi siamayis ganviTareba).
meore, isini icvleba damokidebulebebis cvlisa da Rirebulebebis
garkvevidan (mag. winaswarSeqmnili cru warmodgenebis, stereotipebis,
eTnocentrizmis da rasizmis eWvqveS dayeneba) multikulturuli
kompetenciis xelis Sewyobamde (mag., swavla imisa, Tu rogor unda
davamyaroT urTierToba adamianebTan, vinc Cvengan gansxvavebulia, an rogor
unda gavigoT kulturuli gansxvavebebi). mesame, isini icvleba ZiriTad
unarebSi ostatobis ganviTarebidan (mag., kiTxvis, werisa da maTematikuri
unarebis gaumjobeseba adamianTaTvis, romelTa eTnikuri, rasobrivi, da/an
klasobrivi gamocdileba gansxvavebulia ZiriTadi kulturuli
kapitalisgan, romelic gabatonebulia formalur skolebSi) ganaTlebaSi
Tanasworobisa da srulyofilebis erTdroulad miRwevisaken swrafvamde
(mag., swavlebis arCevanTa SemuSaveba, romelsac sasurveli Sedegi moaqvs
sxvadasxva kulturebSi da swavlebis stilSi). meoTxe, isini icvleba
individualuri gaZlierebisaken swrafvidan socialuri reformis
miRwevamde (mag., moswavleebSi damokidebulebebis, Rirebulebebis, unarebis,
Cvevebisa da disciplinis xelSewyoba, raTa isini gaxdnen socialuri
239
agentebi, romlebic Tavdadebuli arian skolis reformebis da
sazogadoebisTvis, da aqvs mizani, aRmofxvran socialuri uTanasworoba,
rasizmi da genderuli da klasobrivi Cagvra, da maSasadame, gaaumjobeson
saganmanaTleblo da profesiuli SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba
yvelasaTvis).

benqsi da benqsi (1993), magaliTad, multikulturuli ganaTlebisadmi

oTx midgomas gamoyofen: (1) sxvadasxva kulturuli jgufebisa da
individebis wvlilis Sesaxeb swavlebas, midgomas, romelsac SeiZleba
ewodos saerTo konservatiuli multikulturalizmi; (2) aditiur midgomas,
romelic Seicavs multikulturul gakveTilebs, rogorc saswavlo
erTeulebs, romelic avsebs, an xdeba danarTi arsebuli kurikulumisa, anu
tipiur liberalur multikulturul midgomas; (3) transformaciul
midgomas, romelic cdilobs ZiriTadi kurikulumisa da swavlebis Secvlas,
raTa asaxos mravalferovani kulturuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi da
socialuri jgufebis perspeqtivebi da gamocdilebebi – socialur
demokratiul multikulturalistur midgomas; (4) politikis SemuSavebis
midgomas, romelic efuZneba qveyanaSi socialur brZolaTa istorias (mag.,
qalTa moZraobas, samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobas, vietnamis omis
moZraobas, sityvis Tavisuflebis moZraobas), romelic moswavleebs
aswavlis, rom jgufTaSorisi urTierTobebi yovelTvis warmoadgens
sazogadoebaSi socialur da istoriul konfliqtTa integralur nawils
da rom maT unda gamoiyenon – burdies sityvebiT – TavianTi kulturuli
kapitali, habitusi da garemo, raTa CaerTon politikur moqmedebaSi
yvelasaTvis ufro meti Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa da
samarTlianobisaTvis, amave dros dascildnen kapitalizmis socialuri
organizaciis principebs – socialistur multikulturul midgomas.

es CamonaTvali (benqsis CamonaTvalis odnav modificirebuli versia)

gansazRvravs multikulturalizmis, rogorc multikulturuli ganaTlebis
organizebis, oTx princips. miuxedavad amisa, igi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
warmoadgens multikulturalizmis sxvadaxva tipebis ganmsazRvrel
klasifikacias.

kristin sliteris da karl grantis (1987) mniSvnelovani naSromi aseve

gamoyofs xuT gavrcelebul kategorias, romlebic gamodgeba uamravi
multikulturuli midgomisa da kurikulumis, swavlebisa da swavlis
gamocdilebaTa sinTezirebisaTvis, romlis ganxorcielebac xdeba amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi. isini moicavs (a) kulturulad gansxvavebuli
moswavleebis swavlebas, raTa isini miesadagon sazogadoebis ZiriTad
nakads; (b) adamianuri urTierTobebis midgomas, rac xazs usvams
mravalferovan adamianTa harmoniul Tanacxovrebas; (g) erTi jgufis

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Seswavlis midgomas, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli specifiuri jgufebis informirebulobis pativiscemisa da
aRiarebis ganviTarebaze; (d) cru Sexedulebebis Semcirebaze da
saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobisa da socialuri
samarTlianobis yvelasTvis uzrunvelyofaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba; da,
dasasruls, (e) socialuri rekonstrucionistuli midgoma, romelic xels
uwyobs analitikur da kritikul azrovnebas, romelic koncentrirebas
axdens Zalauflebis, simdidrisa da sazogadoebis sxva resursebis
gadanawilebaze mravalferovan jgufTa Soris.

sanam gadavidodeT multikulturalizmisa da multikulturuli

ganaTlebis kritikaze, mniSvnelovania vaCvenoT maTi kavSirebi demokratiasa
da samoqalaqo ganaTlebasTan. am TvalsazrisiT, jeims beqnsis wvlili
WeSmaritad fuZemdebluria.

demokratia, multikulturalizmi da samoqalaqo ganaTleba:

jeims benqsis Tvalsazrisi

erTi mravalTagani (e pluribus unum)

demokratiasa da multikulturalizms Soris kavSirebis Sesaxeb

Zalian cota analizi arsebobs. jeims benqsis (1997) bolodroindeli
naSromi warmoadgens erT-erT gamonakliss da imsaxurebs, rom ganxilul
iqnes rogorc fuZemdebluri naSromi, romelic mWidrod ukavSirdeba
liberalur tradicias.

benqsis (1997) amosavali wertilia demokratiuli xarvezebi, anu

gansxvavebebi amerikul idealebsa da amerikul realobebs Soris:
`demokratiul kurikulumSi, saWiroa moswavleebs vaswavloT amerikuli
demokratiuli Rirebulebebi da saWiroa maT hqondeT aRniSnulis aTvisebis
saSualeba, maSin roca amave dros isini swavloben amerikuli realobis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa rasis, sqesisa da socialuri klasis safuZvelze
diskriminacia, rac eWvqveS ayenebs im idealebs~ (9).

benqsi (1997) amtkicebs, rom multikulturalizmi aris mzardi

ganviTareba erSi da rom igi integrirebuli gaxdeba socialur
mecnierebebis kurikulumSi. igi, rogorc TavisuflebisaTvis ganaTleba,
mniSvnelovania demokratiul idealebsa da demokratiul praqtikebs Soris
arsebuli xarvezebis Sesavsebad sami mniSvnelovani TvalsazrisiT: (a)
moswavleebs misces TavianTi genderuli, rasobrivi da kulturuli
identobebis dadasturebis saSualeba; (b) uzrunvelyos moswavleebi
TavisuflebiT, rom TavianTi movaleobebi Seasrulon eTnikuri da

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kulturuli farglebis gareT; da (g) saSualeba misces moswavleebs,
aiTvison saWiro unarebi, raTa icxovron Tanamedrove demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi (26).

benqsis analizis ZiriTadi varaudia is, rom vinaidan socialuri

mecnierebis kurikulumi asaxavs ZiriTad socialur, politikur da
ekonomikur movlenebs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, isini kvlav
`ganagrZobs amerikuli cxovrebis ZiriTad sakiTxTa da daZabulobaTa, aseve
eris idealebis, miznebis, miswrafebebisa da konfliqtebis asaxvas~ (31).
konstruqtivistuli perspeqtividan,5 codnam SeiZleba wvlili Seitanos
moazrovne moqalaqis SeqmnaSi, rac aris socialuri mecnierebis
kurikulumisa da swavlebis umTavresi mizani (benqsi, 1997: Tavi 4,5).

benqsisaTvis (1997), multikulturalizmi iZleva sistematur pasuxs

samoqalaqo ganaTlebis sakiTxze. igi gvTavazobs arsis sistematur
integracias da codnis konstruirebis procesisadmi sistematur midgomas,
iseTi ZiriTadi kategoriebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa klasi, rasa da
sqesi; miznad isaxavs individualuri da institucionaluri crurwmenebis
Semcirebas; funqcionirebs im pedagogikis meSveobiT, romelic aqcents
akeTebs srulyofilebasa da Tanasworobaze, da amgvarad, feradkaniani
moswavleebi aRmoaCenen miukerZoeblobis pedagogikas TavianT
maswavleblebSi, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs miaRwion ukeTes akademiur
moswrebas; dabolos, wvlili Seaqvs gamaZlierebeli skolis kulturisa da
socialuri struqturis SeqmnaSi. multikulturuli pedagogika efuZneba
codnis mravalganzomilebian cnebas, romelsac benqsi (1997:85) yofs sam
ZiriTad ared: pedagogiur codnad, Sesaswavli sagnis codnad da
multikulturul codnad.

benqsisaTvis demokratiuli moqalaqeobis Seqmna gulisxmobs ara

mxolod imas, rom maswavlebeli unda flobdes zemoaRniSnul sam areSi
safuZvlian codnas, aramed aseve imas, rom arsebobs pedagogiuri Carevebis
wyeba specifiurad moswavleTa rasobrivi damokidebulebebis
modificirebisaTvis. es Carevebi moicavs gamaZlierebel kvlevebs, anu
mcdelobebs, rom gavlena moaxdinon cvlilebaze bavSvebis fsiqologiur
profilze pozitiuri gaZlierebis xazgasmiT, rasobrivi crurwmenebis
dasaZlevad; percefciuli diferenciaciis kvlevebi, rac moicavs Carevebis
sxvadasxva tipebs, gansakuTrebiT nawilebs da gakveTilebs, romelic
moswavleTa da maswavlebelTa rasobriv damokidebulebebSi gamocdilebaTa
stimulirebas axdens; dabolos, TanamSromlobiTi swavlisa da
interrasobrivi kontaqtebis xelSewyobas skolebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
acxadebs skolis totaluri reformis saWiroebas, benqsi multikulturuli
ganaTlebisaTvis udidesi mniSvnelobis mqoned aRiarebs maswavleblis

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rols rasobrivi tolerantobisa da gagebis xelSewyobaSi da
multikulturuli klasebis SeqmnaSi (96-97).

demokratiuli skolebis SeqmnisaTvis, maswavleblebma da

administratorebma mravalferovani rasobrivi, eTnikuri da kulturuli
jgufebidan unda Seiswavlon sakuTari kulturuli varaudebi,
mikerZoebuli damokidebulebebi, qcevebi, codna da paradigmebi, romelzec
maTi pedagogika da im sagnis codnaa dafuZnebuli, romelsac isini
aswavlian. isini aseve unda daexmaron moswavleebs imis dadgenaSi, Tu
rogor aris Sedgenili codna, romelic Sesulia kurikulumSi.

benqsis (1997) samoqalaqo ganaTlebis modelis sayovelTaod

aRiarebuli winapiroba, romelic efuZneba Zlier liberalur safuZvels,
aris amerikuli saxelmwifos arseboba, romlis ndobac nebismier bavSvs
unda hqondes, miuxedavad misi eTnikuri, sqesobrivi Tu socialuri
jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobisa. amgvarad, rekomendebulia samsafexuriani
procesi: pirveli, eTnikuri identifikacia; meore, erovnuli identifikacia;
da am orze dayrdnobiT, mesame rekomendebuli safexuri, globaluri
demokratiuli identifikacia. `iseve rogorc skolisaTvis kulturuli
demokratiis asaxva da moswavleTa kulturebis wvdomaa mniSvnelovani, aseve
mTeli amerikeli axalgazrdobisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania
gonivruli da naTeli erovnuli identifikaciisa da amerikuli politikuri
idealebisadmi Zlieri erTgulebis SemuSaveba~ (129). am sam safexurSi
arsebobs miznis erTianoba, rac scdeba eTnikuri da amerikuli identobis
farglebs da cdilobs miaRwios globalur identifikacias: `mjera, rom
kulturuli, erovnuli da globaluri identifikacia bunebiT
ganviTarebadia da rom individs SeuZlia miaRwios jansaR da gonivrul
erovnul identifikacias mxolod maSin, roca mas mopovebuli aqvs jansaRi
da gonivruli kulturuli identifikacia; individebs SeuZliaT ganiviTaron
gonivruli da pozitiuri globaluri identifikacia mxolod mas mere, rac
eqnebaT realisturi, gonivruli da pozitiuri erovnuli identifikacia~
(139).

maSasadame, benqsisaTvis arsebobs winapirobebi, romelsac unda

mivyveT, raTa mivaRwioT jansaR demokratiul pluralistur politikur
kulturasa da moqalaqeobas. skolebma SesaZlebeli unda gaxadon am sam
(anu, eTnikur, erovnul da globalur) identifikaciaTa, Tu identobaTa
Soris kavSirebis arseboba; kurikulumi unda aswavlides, rogorc
mikerZoebuli Sexedulebebis dominirebis da demokratiul xarvezebis,
eqspuataciisa da dominirebis CaTvliT, ise sxvadasxva eTnikuri, socialuri
da kulturuli jgufebis miRwevebis Sesaxeb da aseve imaze, Tu rogor
SeiZleba yvelam Seitanos wvlili erTis mTlianobaSi (e pluribus unim).

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 miuxedavad imisa, rom benqsi ikvlevs demokratiisa da moqalaqeobis
zogierT dilemas, igi cdilobs bednieri, optimisturi saxe misces
situacias da iyenebs sociofsiqologiur da kurikulumis saSualeebs, raTa
moaxdinos Careva rasizmis da rasobrivi crurwmenis radikaluri
Semcirebisa da multikulturalizmis gavrcobis mcdelobisas. miuxedavad
amisa, misi Sexeduleba, romelic Seqmnilia, rogorc tipologiaTa
kombinacia, kvlevis Sesaxeb ukiduresad mokle istoriuli analizis
CaTvliT, ver axerxebs im distanciis sirTuleebis mxedvelobaSi miRebas,
romelic me davadgine demokratias, rogorc meTodsa da demokratias,
rogorc arss Soris (rac gacilebiT metia vidre mxolod sxvadasxvaoba
demokratiul idealebsa da sazogadoebriv realobebs Soris). amis msgavsad,
benqsi ver axerxebs, amoicnos is sirTuleebi, romelic asocirdeba
identobis cnebasTan TavisTavad da Tu raoden Znelia identobis
(identobaTa) dakavSireba demokratiis TeoriasTan. amis gamo, amerikuli
sazogadoebis kapitalisturi bunebis miseuli kritika ufro mkiTxvelis
grZnobebisadmi da ara gonebisadmia mimarTuli da saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi,
zerelea. dabolos, miuxedavad benqsis codnisa da keTili miznebisa,
moqalaqeobis sirTuleebisa da multikulturalizmTan kavSirebis miseuli
analizi ver axerxebs multikulturul sazogadoebebSi demokratiuli
moqalaqeobis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobebisa da dilemebis gaSuqebas.

cxadia, multikulturalizmis zemoT Camoyalibebuli gansxvavebuli

miznebi, Teoriul, epistemologiur da politikur sxva perspeqtivaTa
mravalferovnebasTan erTad (romlebic aSuqeben multikulturalizms,
rogorc socialur moZraobasa da multikulturul ganaTlebas), qmnian
memarcxeneTa da memarjveneTagan reagirebaTa simravles, tradiciuli
liberalizmis da kritikaTa mimarT, romelsac momdevno qveTavebSi Sevexebi.

liberaluri kritika

`mgznebare indiferentuloba” moiTxovs ufro mets, vidre aRiarebuli da

TviTkritikuli tendenciurobaa. iZulebuli varT, veZeboT perspeqtiva im
Tvalsazrisebidan, romlebic SeuZlebelia winaswar cnobili iyos da
romelic gvpirdeba raRac sakmaod eqstraordinaruls, anu codnas,
romelsac SeuZlia Seqmnas dominirebis RerZebiT naklebad organizebuli
samyaroebi.

– dona harauei, adamianis msgavsi maimunebi, kiborgebi da qalebi

liberalizmi multikulturalizmis moZraobis suli da gulia da

zogjer aRwerilia, rogorc multikulturuli ganaTlebis sayrdeni
ideologia. miuxedavad amisa, liberalma mkvlevrebma gamoTqves seriozuli

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kritika, maTi azriT, multikulturalizmis yvelaze radikaluri
liberaluri mimdinareobebis Sesaxeb. ZiriTadi problema aRweril iqna
artur Slezingeris (1991) evropis dacvaSi imis winaaRmdeg, rasac igi
aRiqvams multikulturalizmisa da `eTnikuri~ ideologiebis Seuracxyofad:

rac ar unda iyos evropis danaSauli, es kontinenti aris aseve wyaro –

unikaluri wyaro – im ganmaTavisuflebeli ideebisa individualuri
Tavisuflebis, politikuri demokratiis, kanonis mmarTvelobis, adamianis
uflebebisa da kulturuli Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romelic Seadgens
Cvens yvelaze Zvirfas memkvidreobas da romliskenac dResdReobiT
iswrafvis msoflios udidesi nawili. es gaxlavT evropuli ideebi, ara
aziuri, arc afrikuli, arc axlo aRmosavluri ideebi (Tumca SeiZleba
gaTavisebuli iyos maT mier). (76)

Slezingeri (1991) SiSobs, rom multikulturalizmma SeiZleba

amerikuli kultura araTanamimdevrulobasa da qaosSi CaZiros. Slezingeri
SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu debatis emociuri
mimarTuleba, da ufro mniSvnelovnelovani, kulturis sakiTxebze kamaTi
rogor asustebs zogadi (dasavluri) kulturis (da maSasadame zogadi
kanonis) avtoritets; zians ayenebs kulturuli kavSirebis simyares, rac
isedac daZabulia TiToeuli kulturis Cveuli konfliqtebiT; qmnis
fragmentirebul kulturas, romelic savsea getoebiT, tomebiT da
anklavebiT, rac Tavs gvaxvevs garkveul kulturuli da lingvisturi
`aparteidis~ cnebas; da Sedegad, Zlier azianebs amerikuli kulturis
erTgvarobas da originalobas: `kavSirebi Cvens sazogadoebaSi sakmaod
aramyaria, an me meCveneba, rom azri ara aqvs maT daZabvas kulturuli da
lingvisturi aparteidis xelSewyobiT da qeba-didebis SesxmiT~ (137-138).
amiT, Slezingeri (1990) amtkicebs, rom eTnikuri kvlevebi aris amerikuli
interesebis sawinaaRmdego, radgan bolos da bolos, isini xels uwyobs
mosaxleobis kulturul balkanizacias (A14).

amerikul akademiaSi liberaluri azrovnebis mTavari moTamaSe,

jerald grafi (1992) ar eTanxmeba Slezingers. piriqiT, grafi iWers
multikulturalist da feminist kritikosTa umetesobis mxares, romlebic
amtkiceben, rom es daZabulobebi, winaaRmdegobebi da kamaTi arsebobs
damoukideblad da udavod arsebobda manamde, sanam romelime moZraoba
miaqcevda maT yuradRebas. ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom `am jgufTa kamaTi
eTanxmeba ara saerTo kulturuli gamocdilebis ideas, aramed am ideis,
rogorc uTanasworobisa da usamarTlobis sababad gamoyenebas~ (46).
rogorc grafis wignis qvesaTauri asaxavs, `kulturuli omebis~ farglebs
gareT gasvla gviCvenebs imas, Tu `rogor SeiZleba gamoacocxlos
amerikuli ganaTleba konfliqtebis swavlebam.~

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 aRsaniSnavia, rom grafi Zalian SeSfoTebulia ganaTlebis
politizirebiT. igi miiCnevs, rom tradiciuli analitikur filosofiuri
gadawyveta, rac mouwodebs profesorebs sakuTari politikuri
Sexedulebebis klasis gareT datovebas, usargebloa, da SesaZloa
metismetad gamartivebulic, magram miuxedavad amisa, igi SeSfoTebas
gamoTqvams iseT lozungebTan dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa `yvelanairi
swavleba politikuria~, arapirdapiri, Tu cxadi ara, miniSneba kulturis
muSakTa analizze, rac dakavSirebulia kritikul pedagogikasTan.
magaliTad:

igive exeba naSromTa mzard moculobas, romelic moiTxovs opoziciur

kurikulums, transformaciul saganmanaTleblo praqtikas, `CagrulTa
pedagogikas.~ es radikaluri saganmanaTleblo naSromi ganuwyvetlad
svams kiTxvas, Tu rogor unda moviqceT im maswavleblebTan da
moswavleebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebsac ar surs radikalizeba. (grafi,
1992:169).

msgavs wuxils vxvdebiT, roca igi ikvlevs kulturuli kvlevebis

programebis” mzard popularobas, rac faqtiurad ara mxolod martivi
konceptia, romelic iZleva disciplinebis dakavSirebis da integrirebis
saSualebas, aramed dargi, romelic

gaxda memarcxeneTa kvlevebis evfemizmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturis

kvlevebi, Cemi azriT, warmoadgens gamaerTianebel cnebas disciplinebis
dakavSirebisa da integrirebisaTvis, mas TiTqmis ar SeuZlia am miznis
Sesruleba – da igi, udavod, ver asrulebs Tavis demokratiul
pretenziebs – Tu igi gamoricxavs Tavisi orbitidan yvelas, vinc jer ar
daTanxmebula memarcxeneul postulatebs kulturis politikuri bunebis
Taobaze. (169)

miuxedavad amisa, grafisaTvis multikulturalizmis arsi sworia:

iseTi kurikulumis Sedgenis unaris gaumjobeseba, romelic ar warmoadgens
ucvleli kanonis gamoxatulebas. grafi ironiulad Segvaxsenebs, rom
rodesac mahaTma gandis hkiTxes, Tu ras fiqrobda igi dasavlur
kulturaze, man upasuxa, rom es kargi idea iyo. afroamerikeli mwerali da
literaturis kritikosi henri luis geitsi (1992) Segvaxsenebs, rom
arazusti kanonebi paradoqsulia, radgan, rogorc grafi (1992) geitsis
mixedviT amtkicebs:

Tumca, jgufis gamoxatulebis kriteriumi, romelmac legitimuroba

mianiWa amerikul kanons, miCneuli iyo mcdarad da Seuracxmyofelad,
rodesac igi gamoiyeneboda umciresobis kulturebis gamoxatulebis

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 dasasabuTeblad. da dRes, roca Savkanianebi, mesame msoflios xalxebi da
sxvani jgufis gamocdilebas mouxmoben imisaTvis, rom ganacxadon
sakuTari literaturebis didi mniSvneloba, maT ucxadeben sayvedurs
literaturuli Rirebulebis nacvlad politikuri da demografiuli
zewolis ganxorcielebis gamo. es gaxlavT klasikuri SemTxveva Cvens
ukan kibis zeviT awevisa, mas mere rac igi Tavad gavakeTeT. (155-156)

grafis argumenti gaxlavT kargad cnobili liberaluri argumenti,

romelic, mogvwons Tu ara, umTavresia multikulturuli ganaTlebis
gavrcelebis xelSewyobaSi. Tumca igi gakritikebul iqna rasis kritikuli
Teoretikosebis ledson-bilingsisa da teitis (1995) mier, romlebic
aRniSnaven, rom multikulturuli paradigmi aris `Cafluli liberalur
ideologiaSi, romelic raime radikalur cvlilebas ar sTavazobs
amJamindel mdgomareobas~ (62). grafis (1992) argumenti aris is, rom `Cvenma
sagnebma daimsaxures sakuTari gza kurikulumisaken TavianTi RirsebebiT,
magram maTi (masSi xvdebian mxolod politikuri zewoliT) umuSevrobis
SemweobiTa Tu daxmarebiT” (156).

aRniSnuli sulac ar aris gasakviri, me Tavad bevrjer gavxdi am

situaciis Semswre amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Cemi akademiuri karieris
manZilze. sakmarisia, aRvweroT ramdenime epizodi: rodesac 1990 wels Ria
saerTaSoriso akademiuri konkursis Semdeg kaliforniis los anJelesis
universitetSi SemomTavazes pozicia (romelic amJamad mikavia), ufrosma
profesorma (amJamad gadamdgarma) kaliforniis universiteti-berklidan
gamoTqva mosazreba, rom sxva kandidats (TeTrkanians, konservatiul
profesors niu-iorkis saxelmwifo universitetidan) aklda `Sesabamisi
eTnikuroba aRniSnuli TanamdebobisTvis~.

misTvis namdvilad ar hqonda mniSvneloba imas, rom kaliforniis los

anJelesis universitetis aspiranturam, romelic meoce saukunis 90-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi fantaziis nebismieri daZabviT Znelad Tu moiazreboda
multikulturuli ganaTlebis warmomadgenel institutad, SemarCia me sxva
kandidatebis nacvlad fakultetis xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobiT
radgan, rogorc miTxres, Cemi dosie, gamoqveynebul naSromTa sia da
kvleviTi programa yvelaze STambeWdavi iyo, xolo Cemi programa ukeT
Seesabameboda fakultetis ZiriTadi nawilis programul miznebs.

msgavsi, Tumca sawinaaRmdego incidenti moxda oTxi wlis Semdeg,

rodesac fakultetis TanamSromelTa jgufi wamyvan saxelmwifo
universitetSi cdilobda Cems ayvanas ganaTlebaSi ufros poziciaze, rasac
uwodebdnen (profesor-maswavlebelTa orazrovani sibrZniT) `varskvlavebis
Ziebas~. rodesac komitetis mier SerCeul kandidatTa siaSi yvelaze zemoT
aRmovCndi, fakultetis TanamSromelma, romelic Cems kandidaturas mxars
247
uWerda, rogorc aRniSnes, gamoTqva azri, rom sakmaod iRbliani damTxveva
iyo, rom maT am poziciaze SeZles moenaxaT brwyinvale mecnieri, romelsac,
amave dros, SeeZlo gaeumjobesebina maTi monacemebi kompensatorul
diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebiT. ra Tqma unda, am institutSi zogierTma
TanamSromelma (romlebic Cemi megobrebi arian) mirCia maSin (da Cveni
azrebi daemTxva), rom am garemoebebSi azri ar hqonda am Tanamdebobis
dakavebas, Tu iarsebebda Tundac simboluri SeniRbuli safrTxe imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom Cemi daniSvna moxdeboda ara samecniero damsaxurebis
kriteriumis gamo.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am incidentebis gamo arasodes minerviulia,

henri luis geitsis bavSvobis Sesaxeb mravlismetyveli moTxrobis
wakiTxviT, garkveulwilad gaverkvie Cems sakuTar grZnobebSi am
situaciebTan dakavSirebiT. SesaniSnav wignSi literaturuli kritikosi
geitsi (1992) gviyveba Tavis bavSvobisdroindel incidents. erTxel dRisiT
kafeteriaSi moulodneli Sexvedris Semdeg, man sakuTar mamas gaocebulma
hkiTxa, Tu ratom uwoda misalmebisas mamas `jorji~ batonma uilsonma,
wynarma TeTrkanianma pidmontidan (dasavleT virjinia), (geitsis mamas ar
erqva jorji). mamam ki upasuxa, rom batoni uilsoni yvela feradkanians
jorjs uwodebda.

geitsis mogoneba Wkuis saswavlebelia, radgan igi gviyveba, rom

mamamisTan am saubris Semdeg, `xangrZlivi dumili Camovarda. `xdeba xolme~,
rogorc dedaCemi ityoda. maSinac ki, ase adre, vicodi, rodis xdeboda
xolme ase, rac garRveuli fardis meSveobiT sxva samyaroze wuTier
STabeWdilebas iZleoda; samyaroze, romelzec gavlenis moxdena ar
SegveZlo, Tavad ki – zegavlenas axdenda Cvenze~ (131).

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi cxovrebisas mcire epizodebidan

viswavle is, rom vinaidan rasa aris socialuri konstruqti (amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi rasobrivi formirebis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT)
yovelTvis veqvemdebarebi imas, rac `xdeba xolme~. miuxedavad amisa, sakuTar
sityvebad viyeneb dasavleT kaliforniis universitetis iuridiuli
fakultetis iurisprudenciis profesoris, robert s. Cangis sityvebs,
romelic ambobda, `iseve rogorc memkvidreobiT maqvs miRebuli
diskriminaciuli memkvidreoba azieli amerikelebis (termini, romelic
SesaZloa Seicvalos da mainc asaxos nebismieri feradkanianis
gamocdileba) mimarT, me aseve memkvidreobiT maqvs miRebuli brZolis
memkvidreoba” (1995: 331).

rom davubrundeT multikulturalizmis liberalur struqturas,

vfiqrob, rom igi saukeTesod aris Sejamebuli grafis (1992) mier, romelic
amtkicebs, rom:
248
 iqneb unda SevecadoT da amerikul kulturaze vifiqroT, rogorc
sxvadasxva xmebs Soris saubarze – Tundac es iyos saubari, romelSi
CarTvac zogierTma Cvenganma am bolo dromde ver SeZlo... [da
ganaTlebaze] rogorc am saubris xelovnebaSi mopatiJebaze, romelSic
vswavlobT xmebis garCevas, romelTagan TiToeuli ganpirobebulia
samyaros gansxvavebuli aRqmiT. saRi azris Tanaxmad, ver gavaTanabrebT
msoflios kulturuli memkvidreobis 90 procents, Tu namdvilad gvsurs
msoflios Seswavla... saRi azri (gramSis da sxva) Segvaxsenebs, rom Cven
yvelani varT eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebi da yvelani vawydebiT
eTnikuri Sovinizmis gadalaxvis problemas. (175)

amgvarad, arsebobs skolebis mowodeba imis Taobaze, rom maT

uzrunvelyon dialogi sxvadasxva tomebSi da tomTa Soris da arsebobs
kulturul gagebaze dafuZnebuli kulturuli tolerantobis xelSewyobis
saWiroeba: `gamowveva, romlis winaSec iqneba amerika momaval saukuneSi,
aris sabolood WeSmaritad sazogado kulturis formireba, kulturis,
romelic TanaugrZnobs didi xnis manZilze dadumebul feradkanian
kulturebs. Tu uars vityviT amerikaze, rogorc mravali xalxisgan Semdgar
erze, amiT Cven uars vambobT Tavad im eqsperimentze, rasac amerika
warmoadgens~ (176).

Tumca, dialogi varaudobs riskebs, maT Soris dialogis dasasruls

da, amgvarad, konfliqtis dausrulebel gagrZelebas. dialogis gagrZeleba,
garkveul momentSi, gulisxmobs, rom winapirobebi, romlebmac SesaZloa
warmoqmna dialogi, gansxvavdeba – materialurad da simbolurad – da rom
am dialogSi sxvadasxva mosaubreTa mdebareoba ar aris mxolod ubralod
sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli, aramed ierarqiulad gansxvavebulia Zalauflebis,
simdidrisa da prestiJis TvalsazrisiT. rasakvirvelia, dialogis aqtis
gageba aseve aris diskursebis araTanazomierebis SesaZleblobisa da piradi
interesis potenciur winaaRmdegobebis aRiareba. dabolos, Tavad dialogis
SesaZlebloba gulisxmobs imas, rom kulturul gagebaze dafuZnebuli
kulturuli tolerantoba saWiroze metia. aucilebelia, rom aseTi
dialogi, tolerantoba da gageba warimarTos SezRudvebis politikuri
ekonomiisa da moqalaqeobis SesaZlelobebis konteqstSi da aseve,
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi demokratiis SezRudvebisa da
SesaZleblobebis konteqstSi.

saxalxo kulturam, romlis daxmarebis, xelaxla aSenebisa da

pativiscemis imedic aqvs grafs multikulturalistur amerikaSi, romelic
xdeba iseTive transnacionaluri, rogorc axalgazrdebis gemovnebis
`kalifornizacia~, SeiZleba ziani miayenos kritikas, rom ritualizebuli
mimarTva `gansxvavebulobisadmi~ SesaZloa kargavdes Tavis unars –
249
warmoSvas codnis axali formebi, an rom kritikulma poziciam, romlis
klasificirebasac grafi (1992) ase advilad axdens zRvrebze, `SeiZleba
amowura Tavisi strategiuli mniSvneloba, rogorc poziciam, romlidanac
unda warimarTos Teoriuli msjeloba im antinomiaTa Sesaxeb, romlebmac
warmoSves igi, rogorc Seswavlis obieqti” (192).

grafis argumenti sakmaod sainteresoa, Tumca igi marcxdeba,

upirvelesad imitom, rom kritikuli kvlevebi aRar aris saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebaTa zRvarze amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. cxadia, rom maTi
wvlili sakmao gavlenas axdens saganmanaTleblo intervenciebis mraval
arenaze – magaliTad, ufro cxadad maswavleblebis ganaTlebaSi, vidre
politikis SemuSavebaSi dawesebulebaTa SigniT. garda amisa, Tu yvelaze
uares SemTxvevaSi kritikuli argumentacia Tmobs Tavis poziciebs, rogorc
grafi gulisxmobs, an saukeTeso ASemTxvevaSi aRwevs Tavis maqsimums, ar
arsebobs imis mizezi, rom davijeroT, rom politikuri debatebi
gagrZeldeba tradiciuli ganxeTqilebebiT Semofargluli, an rom
sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis, saTemo organizaciebis, arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvela tipis institutebis
politikuri aqtivizmi SeiZleba moeqces istoriis dasasrulis sistemaSi,
rac wamoayena fukuiamam (1992). arc imis miniSneba arsebobs, rom
sazogadoebriv moZraobaTa politikuri narativebi unda asrulebdnen
logikis, tolerantobisa da kulturuli wvdomis imave wesebs, rasac
moiTxovs grafi.

miuxedavad misi hipoTezisa, rom `konfliqtebis swavlebam SeiZleba

gamoacocxlos amerikuli ganaTleba~, grafi, rogorc Cans, ver acnobierebs,
rom politikis xelovneba yovelTvis ar mihyveba imave wesebs, rasac
ganaTlebis xelovneba. maSin roca yovlismomcveli mizani ganaTlebaSi aris
darwmuneba saukeTeso argumentis, Teoriuli msjelobis da xelmisawvdomi
monacemebis gamoyenebiT, politikis yovlismomcveli mizania gamarjveba
yvelaze efeqtiani saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, rasac ar unda warmoadgendnen
isini. amitom, multikulturalizmis Sesaxeb disputi aris disputi
identobis politikis da kulturis politikis Sesaxeb, xolo
neokonservatiuli kritika Tavisi gziT viTardeba, TiTqmis rogorc
multikulturalizmis (rogorc sazogadoebrivi moZraobis) winaaRmdeg
kampania.

multikulturalizmi, rogorc laSqroba: neokonservatiuli

kritika

sistemis yvela nawilSi warmodgenilia profesional reformatorTa didi

raodenoba. maT ufro metad Tanasworoba ainteresebT, vidre

250
 srulyofileba... brZola sajaro skolisaTvis warimarTeba adgilobriv
doneze, sadac mSoblebi da `safuZvlebTan dabrunebis pedagogebi~
aliansSi aRmoCndebian konservatiul TeTr saxlTan.
piter brimelou, “Shock Waves from Whoops Roll East”

neokonservatorebi amtkicebdnen, rom multikulturalizmi aris

SeTqmuleba dominanturi kulturis normis winaaRmdeg da kampania eTnikuri
jgufebis ZiriTadi moTxovnebis gansaxorcieleblad. memarjvene mecnierebi
da politikosebi, Cveulebriv, politkoreqtulobis Sesaxeb debatebs
ukavSireben imas, rasac Tavad multikulturalizmis erTgvarovan
programad miiCneven. amis msgavsad, multikulturalizmis sxva mtrebi
kamaToben `multikulturalizmis kultis~ sawinaaRmdegod, romelsac isini
miiCneven identobis (sxvadasxva eTnikurobebisa Tu specialur interesTa
jgufebis) kulturuli politikis warmomadgenlad. ufro metic,
kritikosebi acxadeben, rom multikulturalizmis moZraoba gamoxatavs
Zlier `evrofobias~, rac azianebs amerikeli eris erTianobas da saerTo
kulturas.

rogorc mocemulia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis socialuri

mecnierebis kurikulumis neokonservatiul analizSi, liberalur da
progresul inteleqtualebs brali edebaT amerikuli sazogadoebis
problemebis SeqmnaSi da im Sexedulebis CamoyalibebaSi, rom
multikulturalizmi azianebs amerikuli civilizaciis safuZvlebs
specifiuri socialuri jgufis saWiroebebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT:

progresulma da axali kursis inteleqtualebma muSaTa klasi miiRes,

rogorc maTi favoriti autsaideri da, rogorc vnaxeT herbert kroulis,
jon diuis, Carlz o. birdis da v. l. peringtonis SemTxvevaSi, iwonebdnen
demokratiul socializms, rogorc amerikuli cxovrebis Sesrulebuli
dapirebis gansaxierebasa da kapitalisturi senis gankurnebis saSualebas.
bolo dros, roca socialisturi ocneba gaqra, magram mtruli
damokidebuleba kvlav rCeba Cvens civilizaciaSi, Cven mowmeni varT rasis
da sqesis (rogorc ZiriTadi autsaideri jgufebis ganmsazRvrelis) xelis
Sewyobisa, romlebic imsaxureben gansakuTrebul daxmarebasa da
waxalisebas. (lerneri, nagai da rotmani, 1995:155)

Jiros (1988) gancxadebiT, kritikosebi Cveulebriv iyeneben

nacionalizmis formas da `nacvlad multikulturalizmis analizisa,
rogorc rTuli, legitimuri da saWiro uwyveti molaparakebebisa
umciresobebs Soris asimilaciis winaaRmdeg ... kulturuli gansxvavebis
CarTvaSi xedaven naklebad produqtiul daZabulobas, da ara uTanxmoebis
gamowvevis damasustebel unars” (50).
251
 antimultikulturalizmis moZraobis yvelaze nakleb eqstremaluri
formebi gansxvavebis politikas aRiqvams patriotizmis, nacionalizmis,
erovnuli erTobisa da tradiciuli Rirebulebebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
safrTxed, maSin roca yvelaze eqstremaluri formebi gansxvavebis
politikas aRiqvams amerikeli eris qristianuli Rirebulebebis, an qveynis
umwikvlo TeTrkaniani evropuli rasobrivi memkvidreobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul safrTxed (Jiro, 1997).

amgvarad, multikulturalizmis kritika aris axali memarjveneebis

programis nawili. Tu arCevani aris raindi, gamowyobili neokonservatiuli
saxelmwifos brwyinvale abjarSi, rogorc vasabuTebdi meore TavSi,
multikulturalizmi gaxlavT misi mosisxle mteri. yvelasaTvis cnobilia,
rom gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi rasa
efeqtianad gamoiyeneboda reiganisa da buSis administraciebis mier axali
neokonservatori umravlesobis Sesaqmnelad da SesakavSireblad.
ganaTlebaSi es strategia moicavda multikulturalizmis Znelad
gadasaWreli sakiTxebis mogvarebas. eWvgareSea, rom bevri neokonservatori
`evrocentrulia~ im TvalsazrisiT, rom isini uaryofen, an meoreul
pozicias akuTvneben eTnikuri da erovnuli jgufebis (da ara dominanturi
TeTrkaniani an evropuli kulturebis) istoriuli da simboluri
konstruqciebis legitimurobas. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc vesti (1993a) ase
damajereblad amtkicebs, multikulturalizmis dapirispireba
evrocnetrizmTan gaurkvevels xdis am sakiTxis Teoriul da politikur
interpretacias.

vesti (1993a) Tavisi struqturirebuli da gaTviTcnobierebuli stiliT

amtkicebs, rom Cven unda gavcdeT multikulturalizmsa da evrocentrizmze
kamaTs

radgan es niSnavs, rom Tavidanve eWvi unda SevitanoT wminda

tradiciebisa Tu sufTa memkvidreobis nebismier cnebaSi, an nebismier
civilizaciasa Tu kulturaSi, romelsac monopolia aqvs Rirsebasa Tu
gaTviTcnobierebulobaSi. Tavad terminebi, multikulturalizmi da
evrocentrizmi, ar aris analitikuri kategoriebi, isini warmoadgenen
kategoriebs, romelic gaanalizebul unda iqnes niuansebis
gaTvaliswinebiT istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, da aseve, daxvewili
socialuri analiziT. (4)

tradiciuli argumentebi gansazRvravs dasavluri azrovnebis wyaroebs

evropuli, mamrobiTi sqesis da heteroseqsuali moazrovneebis warmoqmnaSi;
maTi ZiriTadi principi aris swrafva kanonikuri teqstebisadmi, rogorc
liberaluri ganaTlebis safuZvlisadmi. albaT mosalodnelia, rom amdeni
sajaro debatis Semdeg, evrocentrizmis Seupovrad daumorCilebeli,
252
calmxrivi da erTganzomilebiani versiebi, odesRac cnobili rom iyo
neokonservatiul moZraobaSi, daTmobebze wava amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da multikulturalizmis Sesaxeb
neokonservatiul poziciebTan mimarTebaSi. miuxedavad amisa,
evrocentrizmis miniSnebebi SigadaSig Tavs iCens iseT moZraobebSi,
rogoricaa moZraoba mxolod inglisurad kaliforniaSi. Tumca, es kamaTi,
Tundac neokonservatorebis SigniT, ar aris zustad gansazRvruli, imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom neokonservatizmi aris mravalferovan jgufTa
arastabiluri amalgama da mravalferovan dainteresebul mxareTa aliansi.
magaliTad, respublikur partiaSi debatebi kaliforniaSi kanonis norma
187-sa da 209-s Sesaxeb, romelic aralegal emigrantebs uzRudavs
komunaluri momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobas, warmoadgens am sakiTxebis
sirTuleebisa da neokonservatorTa Soris gansxvavebuli poziciebis
gamomxatvel karg magaliTs.

neokonservatori inteleqtualebi cdilobdnen ganexilaT

multikulturalizmis mniSvnelovneba amerikuli ganaTlebisaTvis da
eTnikur multikulturalizms upirispirebdnen kulturul pluralizms da
asabuTebdnen am ukanasknelis upiratesobas pirvelis
(multikulturalizmis) saSiS tendenciebTan SedarebiT. imis miRebiT, rom
multikulturalizmi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aris `eTnikuri da
rasobrivi umciresobebis mgrZnobiarobis aRiareba, igi ar unda agverios
kulturul pluralizmSi... [e]Tnikuri jgufebi unda SenarCundes rogorc
amerikeli eris identificirebadi Semadgenlebi, im unikaluri wvlilis
gamo, romelic maT SeaqvT amerikuli kulturis simdidresa da
mravalferovnebaSi~ (safrani, 1994:69).

miuxedavad imisa, rom neokonservatorebi eTanxmebian im mosazrebas, rom

kulturuli pluralizmis cnebebs SeiZleba hqondes rasistuli gaqaneba,
vinaidan isini bundovans xdian rasas, kulturas da erovnulobas, isini ar
miiCneven kulturul pluralizms (gansxvavebiT multikulturizmisadmi
midgomebis umravlesobisgan) eTnorasobrivad. rogorc uiliam safrani (1994)
ambobs:

miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturuli pluralizmis momxreebis umetesoba

srulad iRebs `erovnul~ kulturas – Cveulebriv, umravlesobis
kulturas – rogorc upiratess, anu, rogorc kulturas, romelic
intereTnikuri komunikaciis saSualebis daniSnulebas asrulebs,
multikulturalizmi xSirad, tendenciisamebr, kulturulad
izolacionisturia an `separatistuli~. ufro metic,
multikulturalizmis bevr momxres sjera, rom maTi umcirosobis
eTnikuri kultura ara mxolod Tanasworia, aramed upiratesic ki aris
umravlesobis eTnikur kulturasTan SedarebiT. Tumca kulturuli
253
 pluralizmi konservatiulia, multikulturalizmi aris radikaluri
imaSi, rom igi uaryofs didi xnis Camoyalibebul kulturul tradiciebs,
romlis SenarCunebac surT rogorc dominantur, ise umciresobis
elitebs. miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli pluralizmi SeiZleba
Tanamedroveobis Zala iyos, radgan igi sTavazobs adgils eTnikuri
umciresobis kulturebs, romlebic garkveul SemTxvevebSi, ufro
ganviTarebuli SeiZleba iyos, vidre umravlesobis kultura, maSin roca
multikulturalizmi aris antimodernuli imdenad, ramdenadac igi xazs
usvams kompensatorul diskriminacias da askrifciul (damsaxurebaze
dafuZnebulis sapirispirod) daqiravebas. (69-70)

ra Tqma unda, es pozicia gansxvavdeba jeims benqsis (1993, 1997)

argumentisagan, romlis mixedviT, multikulturuli ganaTleba iswrafvis
ganaTlebis maRali xarisxiT uzrunvelyos yvela moswavle skolebSi, maTi
sqesis, eTnikurobis, rasis, kulturis, socialuri klasis, religiisa, Tu
gansakuTrebulobis miuxedavad. garda amisa, multikulturuli ganaTleba,
rogorc benqsi amtkicebs, eswrafvis skolaSi diskriminaciis
aRmofxvrisaken da multikulturalizms reformebis moZraobad
gansazRvravs, romelic warmoiSva meoce saukunis 60-iani da 70-iani wlebis
samoqalaqo uflebebisa da saprotesto moZraobebisgan; da igi Seadgens
saerTaSoriso reformebis moZraobas, romelic cdilobs daexmaros
moswavleebsa da maswavleblebs `ganiviTaron pozitiuri damokidebulebebi
rasobrivi, kulturuli, eTnikuri da lingvisturi mravalferovnebisadmi~
(benqsi, 1993:3).

ar aris gasakviri, rom neokonservatiuli xedviT, multikulturalizmi

erTiani moZraobaa. es Sexeduleba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
multikulturalizmis, rogorc kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da
politikuri programebis gamoxatulebis da organizaciasa da struqturul
urTierTobebs Soris alternatiuli Sexedulebebis konfrontaciis arenis
tipiuri liberaluri analizisgan, kerZod, rasis, eTnikurobis, kulturis,
klasisa da sqesis dinamikaze amerikul ganaTlebaSi. amgvarad,
neokonservatorTaTvis, eTnorasobrivi multikulturalizmi (anu,
multikulturalizmis Sexeduleba, romelic eyrdnoba eTnikurobis, rasis,
kulturisa da erovnebis socialuri konstruqtis cnebebs) aris
antimodernuli, radgan igi amaxinjebs meritokratias da sadiplomo
diskriminacias da ganacxadebs Tavis pretenziebs askrifciul statusze,
tradiciasa da identobis politikaze, da ara damsaxurebaze dayrdnobiT.
safranis (1994) SeniSvnebi exmaureba zogad neokonservatiul pretenzias,
romelic wamoayenes lernerma, nagaim da rotmanma (1995) imis Taobaze, rom
multikulturalizmi SezRudulia, aklia universalizmi da Seadgens

254
akademiasa da saganmanaTleblo garemoSi politkoreqtulobis moZraobis
Zalis kidev erT nimuSs:

meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos studenturi amboxebebi da

sauniversiteto ganxeTqilebebi gamudmebiT axdenda amerikuli
universitetis transformirebas. axali memarjveneebis zrdam da
gavrcelebam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kolejebSi da universitetis
kampusebSi, xeli Seuwyo im azris legitimacias, rom yvela amerikul
instituts, maT Soris saganmanaTleblos, mniSvnelovani nakli hqonda,
romelic saWiroebda radikalur cvlilebas. protestis pasuxad
kolegebisa da universitetebis mier miRebul iqna mravali politika:
kodeqsebi, romelic xels uwyobda studentTa gacilebiT Zlier
TviTgamoxatvas, niSnebis inflacias, tradiciul akademiur
standartebisaTvis nakleb zrunvas, moTxovnebis gauqmebas, zogadi
ganaTlebis TiTqmis gauqmebas da axali departamentebis Seqmnas
SavkanianTa da, mogvianebiT, qalTa kvlevisaTvis. es zomebi uSvebda imas,
rom Tu universitetebi gaauqmebdnen moTxovnebs da daadablebdnen
Sefasebis standartebs, dawyebiT da saSualo skolebsac, SesaZloa, maTi
magaliTisaTvis miebaZaT. da asec moxda. (safrani, 1994:44)

multkulturalizmi aseve aRiqmeba, rogorc qalTa moZraobisa da

feminizmis gadaWarbebuli Zalis gamoxatuleba skolebSi saerTo
kurikulumis dazianebis TvalsazrisiT, magram umTavresad igi aRiqmeba,
rogorc swored ganaTlebis xarisxis damangreveli. lerneris, nagais da
rotmanis (1995) empiriuli kvleva am sakiTxze, tipiuri neokonservatiuli
midgomis poziciidan askvnis, rom:

saxelmZRvaneloebi xSirad icvleba. maikl kirsti sakuTari, rogorc

kaliforniis ganaTlebis saxelmwifo saskolo sabWos wevris
gamocdilebis aRwerisas, romelsac surda saxelmZRvaneloebis donis
gazrda, gadmogvcems, rom 1980 wlisaTvis arcerT gamomcemels ar hqonda
wigni, romelic asaxavda, rogorc maRal akademiur standartebs, ise
akmayofilebda feministur kriteriumebs: Zveli saxelmZRvaneloebi
seqsisturi gaxldaT, maSin roca ufro axali wignebi absurdamde
gamartivebuli iyo. (43)

neokonservatorebisTvis, multikulturalizmis xelSewyobaze

pasuxismgebeli jgufebi igive skolis maswavleblebi arian, romlebic
ukiduresad proaqtiuri gaxdnen amerikul ganaTlebaSi da ver zRudaven
sakuTar qmedebebs. rogorc lerneri, nagai da rotmani (1995) asabuTeben:
`sakiTxebi, romelsac vikvlevT, im dasabuTebasTan erTad, romelsac
moviZiebT, migviTiTebs udidesi mniSvnelobis faqtoris arsebobaze amerikis
politikuri da samoqalaqo kulturis formirebaSi: esaa eris pedagogTa

255
TvalTaxedva da mrwamsi. amerikelma pedagogebma sakuTar Tavze aiRes didi
Zalaufleba, rac imsaxurebs sajaro ganxilvas.~ (5).

neokonservatorTaTvis, feminizmi namdvilad pasuxismgebelia am

situaciaze:

daian reviCisa da Cester i. fin umcrosis (1987) kvlevis monacemebi

gviCvenebs mniSvnelovan feministur gavlenas imaze, Tu ras kiTxuloben
skolis moswavleebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. paradoqsia, magram
amerikelebs sjeraT, rom ganaTleba kontroldeba adgilobriv doneze. da
miuxedavad amisa, ueWvelad, feministuri cvlilebebis moTxovna ar
wamosula mSoblebisa da adgilobrivi saskolo sabWos wevrebisagan.
(lerneri, nagai da rotmani, 1995:55)

ufro metic, problema aRiqmeba, rogorc `teqnikuri~ istoriuli

problema. anu, istoriaSi ar moipoveba qalebis arsebobis sakmarisi
magaliTebi, radgan istoria umetesad Sedgenili iyo mamakacebis mier
(romlebic iyvnen gmirebi, jariskacebi, saxelmwifo moRvaweebi da a.S.). am
Tvalsazrisidan, neokonservatorebi nanoben, rom politkoreqtulobis
moZraobis gadametebuli ZalauflebiT, maT scades, gadaeWraT qalebis
arsebobis nakleboba istoriaSi metismetad gamartivebuli politikuri
gadawyvetilebiT, rasac lerneri, nagai da rotmani uwodeben `Semavsebel
feminizms~ (filler feminism) da ignorirebas ukeTeben istoriaSi mamakacTa
moRvaweobaze istoriul faqtsa Tu simarTles:

Tumca, arsebobs erTi ZiriTadi problema istoriis araseqsisturi

saxelmZRvaneloebis werisas. amerikuli istoriis udidesi nawili
dominirebulia mamakacTa mier, nawilobriv imitom, rom umetes StatebSi
qalebs ar hqondaT ufleba, monawileoba mieRoT xmis micemaSi
federalur arCevnebSi, an Tanamdeboba daekavebinaT meoce saukunemde.
samwuxaroa, Tumca, faqtia. ra unda qnas, am SemTxvevaSi, amerikis
istoriis saxelmZRvanelos `araseqsistma~ damwerma? amis pasuxia
`Semavsebeli feminizmi~ – romelic aqcents akeTebs meorexarisxovan
moqmed pirebsa da movlenebze, amerikis istoriis standartuli panoramis
ZiriTadi pirovnebebisa da movlenebis asaxvis srulad SezRudvis gareSe.
(56)

multikulturalizmi aRiqmeba, ara mxolod rogorc kampania, aramed

aseve, rogorc samuSao Zalis mravalferovnebis ganviTarebis mcdeloba,
romelic Cans, rogorc politkoreqtulobis moZraobis bolo sazRvari
(linCi, 1995:32).

256
 linda Cavesi intensiurad werda imisaTvis, rom moexdina
multikulturalizmis demistifikacia. CavesisaTvis (1994),
multikulturalizmi efuZneba araswor demografiul Sexedulebas, TiTqos
TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis raodenoba mkveTrad mcirdeba araTeTrkanian
mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT. meore, gaurkvevloba arsebobs rasas da
kulturas Soris gansxvavebaSi: `multikulturalistebi daJinebiT iTxoven
rasis da eTnikurobis ganxilvas ise, TiTqos isini sinonimuri iyos
kulturasTan~ (26). multikulturalizmis ZiriTadi varaudi – rac sruliad
uaryofilia neokonservatorebis mier, Cavesis msgavsad – aris is, rom ar
arsebobs saerTo amerikuli kultura. faqtiurad, igi am kulturis
damaxasiaTebel niSnad xedavs unars, moicvas bevri erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli jgufi da Seqmnas axali mTlianoba calkeuli nawilebisgan.
CavesisaTvis, es kultura gamodga ise mZlavri, rom emigrantebis mravali
talRa, romelic movida amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, Seewyo da
asimilirda ise, rom isini (emigrantebi) meore Tu mesame TaobaSi TavianT
mSobliur enas (an Tundac masTan myar kavSirebs) ukve aRar inarCuneben:
`ironiulia, rom multikulturalistebis aqcenti ganaTlebaze asustebs
maT arguments, rom kultura ganucalkevebelia rasisa Tu erovnuli
warmomavlobisgan... [m]aT, rogorc Cans, sjeraT, rom multikulturuli
indoqtrinaciis Zlieri dozis gareSe, emigrantebi ver gauweven
winaaRmdegobas~ amerikul kulturasTan asimilacias” (30).

zogierTi multikulturalistisaTvis, maTi strategiebisa da

saboloo Sedegis gamo, amerikis gaTiSva-gancalkevebis dabralebasTan
erTad Cavess sjera, rom multikulturalizmi ar warmoadgens avtonomiur
pirvelad partiul moZraobas. piriqiT, igi `Seiqmna, ganviTarda da
gavrcelda samTavrobo politikis meSveobiT~ (32). anu, multikulturalizmi
warmoadgens socialur faseulobebze orientirebuli saxelmwifos kidev
erT warmonaqmns, an, Tanamdev produqts mainc, da demokratiul partiaSi
liberalizmis gamovlenas. igi araorazrovnad acxadebs, rom `advilia
brali davdoT ideologebsa da radikalebs, romlebic amerikas gaTiSvisken
ubiZgeben, rom gamoviyenoT artur Slezingeris fraza, magram realuri
damnaSaveebi arian isini, vinc multikulturalists uzrunvelyofen fuliT
da xelmisawvdomobiT, rom maT Tavisi saerTo saqme gaitanon~ (32).

neokonservatiuli saxelmwifos `dayavi da ibatone~ strategiis

nawilad rasis gamoyeneba ar yofila SeumCneveli. multilingvur,
multieTnikur da multikulturul sazogadoebebSi (rogoricaa amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi) kurikulumebis sirTuleTa gaTvaliswinebiT,
neokonservatorebi raRac momentSi unda SeTanxmebuliyvnen, rom gmirebis,
dResaswaulebisa da eTnikur umciresobaTa miRwevebis Sesaxeb swavleba
dadebiTad moqmedebs eTnikur siamayeze. miuxedavad amisa,
257
multikulturalizmze da multikulturuli kurikulumis xelis Sewyobaze
debati, neokonservatorTa TvalsazrisiT (safrani, 1994), sruliad
angarebiani da oportunistulia:

am politikam SeiZleba samuSaoTi uzrunvelyos eTnikuri umciresobis

inteleqtualebi da administratorebi; TavianTi poziciebis
gasamarTleblad – da eTnikuri umciresobis axali biurokratiis
SesanarCuneblad – isini SeiZleba cdilobdnen sakmaod didi raodenobis
klienturis mizidvas umciresi saerTo maxasiaTeblis apelirebiT,
magaliTad, kursebis SeTavazebiT Cikano samzareulosa da cekvaSi (jer
kidev SemorCenili, an nostalgiuri eTnikuroba) da socioekonomikur
problemebis Sesaxeb qalaqis espanurenovan kvartalSi (Cagvris kvleva) da
ara espanur enasa da literaturaSi. taqtikuri mokavSireebis
mosapoveblad, multikulturalizmis momwodeblebi xSirad saerTo
saqmisTvis erTiandebian araeTnikur multikulturalistebTan da eTnikur
kulturaze kursebis Serevas axdenen kursebTan genderul (magaliTad,
feministur) kulturaze da alternatiuli cxovrebis stilis kulturaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es midgomebi iswrafvis umravlesobis kulturis
dominanturobis moSlisaken, isini, saboloo jamSi, sapirispiro Sedegis
momtania eTnikuri umciresobisaTvis, radgan maT SeiZleba erTmaneTi
gaabaTilon da xeli SuSalon misi kulturis sicxadesa da prestiJs. (69-
70)

kulturis `siwmindisa~ da `prestiJis~ dakargvaze, an misi socialur

qmediTobis daqveiTebaze CivilTan erTad, neokonservatorTa
multikulturuli strategia xazs usvams gansxvavebebs da iRebs
mravalferovnebis cnebas, ramdenadac es gansxvavebuli kulturuli
jgufebi Tanxmdebian, rom moaxdinon TavianTi identobebis formireba,
misaReb normebTan mimarTebaSi. es normebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros zemdgom
kulturad, dadgenili kulturuli gaTviTcnobierebulobis TvalsazrisiT,
an misaReb da rekomendebul politikur enTuziazmad da qcevad, rogoricaa
patriotizmi. kulturul SetakebebSi tolerantobaze liberaluri
instruqciebis gamoyenebiT, pragmatikosi/utilitaristi neokonservatorebi
(gansxvavebiT doqtrineri neokonservatorebisgan), amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi kulturaTa oms gansazRvraven, rogorc gadaulaxavi
dapirispirebulobis Semqmnels erTgvarovani identobebis konstruirebaSi,
Tuki ar avirCevT erTaderT gzas kulturuli brZolis Sedegad miRebuli
qaosis Tavidan asacileblad: davadgenT myar principebs an safuZvels imisa,
rac TiToeulma kultura SeiZleba gamoiyenos erovnul konteqstSi.

neokonservatiuli argumenti dadebiTad aRiqvams Sida da

TviTdestruqciul brZolas umciresobaTa jgufebSi. dadebiTad aRiqvams

258
aseve, monoliTuri, specifiuri kulturuli identobebis Seqmnis nebismier
mcdelobas. tokvilis yvelaze konservatiuli Sexedulebebis gamoyenebiT,
neokonservatorebi wuxils gamoTqvamen kulturaSi siwmindis dakargvis da
im faqtis gamo, rom sayrdenebi aRar aris SemorCenili:

aristokratur sazogadoebebSi, mmarTveli klasi – is, romelic tons

aZlevs da wamyvania saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebSi, xalxze maRlaa
dayenebuli da sakuTar Tavze didi Sexeduleba aqvs. es Sexedulebebi da
maTTan dakavSirebuli pativi ganswavlul adamianebs aiZulebs iswavlon
sakuTari TavisaTvis – rasac tokvili uwodebs `WeSmaritebis
grandiozul, TiTqmis RvTiur siyvaruls.~ (lerneri, nagai da rotmani,
1995:462)

neokonservatorebi asabuTebdnen, rom dResdReobiT amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi, pedagogis profesias (romelSic didi gavlena aqvs liberalur da
egalitarul ideologiebs) aRebuli aqvs dapirispirebuli pozicia
amerikuli wesis mimarT. amave dros, qveyanas aklia garkveuli saSualebebi,
rac, tokvilis momxreebis mosazrebiT, aicilebda demokratiis defeqtebis
gavrcelebas. amgvarad, `istoriis swavleba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, skolis
istoriis teqstebze dayrdnobiT, ufro da ufro metad dominirebulia
radikali egalitaristebis mier. amerikul sazogadoebasa da kulturaSi
Tanamedrove cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es, savaraudod, ar Seicvleba
axlo momavalSi~ (lerneri, nagai da rotmani, 1995:157).

Tumca, neokonservatiuli kritikis bolodroindelma interpretaciam

Secvala diskursis Sinaarsi da asabuTebs (neokonservatoruli pragmatuli
perspeqtividan), rom problema aRar arsebobs, radgan, rogorc naTan
gleizeris (1997) axali wignis saTauri garkveviT ambobs, `Cven axla yvelani
multikulturalistebi varT.~ da amgvarad, Cans, rom neokonservatoruli
laSqroba multikulturalizmis winaaRmdeg aris fuWi mcdeloba, xolo
sistemuri kooptacia SeiZleba srulad ganviTardes. rodesac koncefcia
safrTxis Semcvelia, an miuTiTebs saSiS mimarTulebebze, romelis
gamowvevac zogierTma adamianma SeiZleba scados, arsebobs ramdenime
strategia, romelic sjobia kooptacias da arCevanis ZiriTad diskursSi
CarTvas.

naTan gleizeri iwyebs im varaudiT, rom kulturuli aRiarebisaTvis

istoriuli biZgis Semdeg, multikulturalizmi sakmaod miRebulia. ra Tqma
unda, kulturuli mravalferovnebis cnebis miRebis energiuli cdiT,
gleizeri (1997) acxadebs, rom `Savkaniani moswavleebi warmoadgenen am
sakiTxis arss~ (9). misi argumenti Semdegia

259
 rodesac vambob, rom multikulturalizmma gaimarjva, da rom `Cven axla
yvelani multikulturalistebi varT~, vgulisxmob, rom Cven yvelani
axla keTilganwyobiT vxvdebiT amerikis istoriaSi, socialur
mecnierebebSi da skolis literaturis gakveTilebze umciresobebisa da
qalebis rolisadmi gamomJRavnebul Zlier yuradRebas. is mcirericxovani
adamianebi ki, visac surs, rom amerikuli ganaTleba daubrundes im
periods, romelSic sxvadasxva subkulturebi ignorirebuli iyo, da
romelSic amerika warmodgenili iyo, rogorc civilizaciis piki da
saboloo produqti, savaraudod, ver miaRweven progress skolebSi. (14)

garda amisa, gleizeris azriT, amerikis ideam srul warmatebas

miaRwia. igi, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, damarwmuneblad (Tumca nostalgiuri
toniT) acxadebs:

me xazs vusvam, rom ver avicilebT Tavidan im fazas, romelSic amJamad

amerikuli ganaTleba da sazogadoeba imyofeba, imas, rom saukuneebis
manZilze vawydebiT amerikuli rasobrivi da eTnikuri gansxvavebis
sakiTxebs. es ar gaxlavT faza, romlis miRebac gulwrfelad SegviZlia,
da imedi maqvs, rom Cemi sakuTari sinanulis SegrZneba, rom aqamde
movediT, miaRwevs mkiTxvelamde. (21).

maSasadame, skolis kurikulumSi multikulturalizmis

ganxorcielebis sirTule mdgomareobs detalebSi. gleizeri (1997) askvnis,
rom mas Semdeg, rac diskusiaTa emociuri Sinaarsi sruldeba, bolos,
ganaTlebis garkveuli miznebisaken iswrafian, rogorc
multikulturalistebi, ise maTi oponentebi. es moicavs `yvela
jgufebisaTvis umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRwevas, samoqalaqo harmoniis
kriteriums, im amocanaTa SesrulebaSi kompetencias, romelic ZiriTadia
ekonomikuri produqtiulobisaTvis. yvela es moiTxovs sxva Tvisebebs,
rogoricaa wesiereba, pasuxismgebloba da komunikaciis unari~ (83).

SeiZleba ar daeTanxmon am saqeb miznebs, da mainc, gleizeris

pragmatuli neokonservatizmi saWiroebs Semdgom daxvewas, raTa srulad
misaRebi iyos multikulturalisturi moZraobis umetesi liberaluri da
radikaluri fraqciebis mier. am analizis principi is aris, rom moZraoba,
romelic adre kulturuli pluralizmis saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili, axla
iwodeba multikulturalizmad. es, politikuri, eTikuri da
epistemologiuri perspeqtividan, ubralod iluziaa (gleizeri, 1997:97).
axla saqme imaSi ki ar aris, rom identobis politikas mivyavarT aRiarebis
politikamde, aramed is, rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
gansxvavebisadmi tolerantobasa da identobis politikis miRebas Soris,
socialuri Zalauflebis struqturaSi (klasis, sqesisa da rasis
TvalsazrisiT) cvlilebebis mzardi moTxovnebis CaTvliT socialur
260
moZraobaTa mxridan, raTa mxedvelobaSi iyos miRebuli feministuri
moZraobis, subalterni sivrceebisa Tu rasis kritikuli Teoriebis
moTxovnebi, rogorc ganvixile meoTxe TavSi.

saxelmwifos Teoriebis guldasmiTi Seswavla ganaTlebaSi gvexmareba,

davadginoT da gavakritikoT neokonservator inteleqtualTa mier
gaziarebuli poziciebis safrTxeebi da analitikuri Seusabamoba. es
gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa imis danaxvisaTvis, Tu rogor aRiqmeba
ganaTlebaSi multikulturalizmi neokonservatorTa mier separatistul
moZraobad, romelic amerikuli sazogadoebis socialur qsovils azianebs.
da ufro sasargebloa am argumentis Sedareba memarcxeneTa (romelsac
qvemoT moviyvan) da rasis kritikuli Teoriis warmomadgenelTa
argumentebTan, romelic, piriqiT, dominant liberalur
multikulturalistur moZraobas aRiqvamen TeTri konservatiuli
warmomadgenlobis sasargeblod momuSaved.

neokonservatiuli argumentis am susti aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

naTelia, Tu rogor xedaven neokonservatorebi kulturul pluralizms,
romelic multikulturuli sazogadoebebis resursebs iyenebs, Tumca
individTa SerCevas axorcielebs miRwevisa da moqmedebis mixedviT. saero da
zomier neokonservatorebSi, neoliberalTa msgavsad, gasaocaria is
garemoeba, rom isini iwoneben Tavisufal vaWrobas da kulturebisa da
ekonomikebis globalizacias uWeren mxars, radgan globalizacia
aumjobesebs kapitalis mobilobas. magram, maTTvis samwuxarod,
globalizacia – rogor ganvmarte mesame TavSi – aseve zrdis Sromis
mobilobas. amgvarad, paradoqsulia, rom isini aRSfoTebuli arian
emigraciasa da multikulturalizmze, rac ekonomikaTa globalizaciis
xelSewyobis sakiTxis meore mxarea. maSasadame, globalizacia udavod ar
niSnavs globalurad moazrovneobas. ufro metic, qristiani
fundamentalistebisaTvis da neokonservatizmis SigniT arsebuli sxva
eqstremaluri konservatiuli fraqciebisaTvis, globalizacia yovelTvis ar
aris sasurveli procesi – rac kidev erTi gamoxatulebaa
winaaRmdegobebisa, romelic arsebobs neokonservatiul moZraobis SigniT.

miuxedavad amisa, multikulturalizmi, rogorc seleqtiuri

socialuri mobilobis saSualeba, SeuZlebelia Tavidan iqnes acilebuli
neokonservatiuli saxelmwifos logikaSi. neokonservatorTaTvis,
multikulturalizmze debatis gadawyveta ar SeiZleba darCes bazris
logikis farglebSi. neokonservatorebi iswrafvian fuZemdebluri codnis
SemuSavebisaken, oficialuri codnisaken, romlis zemoqmedebis qveSac unda
iyos yvela kultura, raTa moxdes maTi kulturuli wvdomis formireba,
Tumca, amave dros, unda SenarCundes maTi folkloruli xasiaTi.

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 Tumca, rogorc erTma kritikosma ganacxada, codnis TiToeuli
definicia warmoadgens konfliqtis safuZvels `kulturasa da Zalauflebas
Soris urTierTobebis Taobaze, klasis, rasis, sqesisa da religiuri
TvalsazrisiT~ (efli, 1993a:5). neokonservatorTaTvis, individualuri
pasuxismgebloba da arCevani warmoadgens safuZvels kulturul
saqmianobaSi dinamiur bazrebze.

Tumca, arsebobs mniSvnelovani uxerxuloba: Tu bazari rCeba

gaukontrolebeli da intensiuri debati warmoiSoba kulturis sxvadasxva
scenarebSi, sxvadasxva kulturaTa moralurma Tavdadebam SeiZleba
sabolood Camoayalibos individualuri pasuxismgebloba da arCevani.

vinaidan neokonservatorebma gamoiyenes rasis politika, rogorc

efeqtiani saSualeba dezintegraciisa da fragmentaciisaTvis da, rogorc
dayavi da ibatones politika amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politikaSi,
`gansxvavebulobis~ cneba gamoyenebuli iyo, rogorc jokeri
neokonservatiuli politikis warumateblobis gadasabraleblad naklebad
mZlavri TemebisaTvis. multikulturaluri moZraobis sxvadasxva fraqciebs
Soris fragmentacia da konfliqti misaRebia da waxalisebulic ki aris
neokonservatiul wreebSi; xolo multirasobrivi koaliciebi da
Tanasworobisa da radikaluri demokratiisaTvis socialuri moZraobebi ki
– ara.7 neokonservatorTa mier gavleniani multikulturalistebi
separatistad SeiZleba iyvnen miCneuli.

ufro metic, winaaRmdegoba arsebobs establiSmentis bevr nawilSi,

rogorc aRniSnulia terstromisa da terstromis (1997) naSromSi, Tu
mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom rasobrivi segregacia kvlav arsebobs
skolebSi, rom dominireba da Cagvra farTod gavrcelebulia amerikul
sazogadoebaSi da, arsebiTad, skolebSi, da rom dominireba da Cagvra
gavlenas axdens ara mxolod Savkanian, aramed aseve didi mravalferovnebis
mqone socialur da rasobriv jgufebze.

aqamde Camoyalibebuli diskusia TeTrkanianobaze, romelic mihyveba

Jiros, maklarenisa da sxvaTa analizs, tabudadebul Temas warmoadgens
mraval neokonservatiul wreSi. Amis msgavsad, idea, romlis gavrcobac
xdeba, magaliTad, terstromisa da terstromis (1997) mier, rom amerika
TeTrsa da SavSi erTi da ganuyofelia, araferia Tu ara istoriuli
cnobierebis Seqmnis kidev erTi ganxorcieleba, romelic cdilobs, aCvenos
Tu rogor SeiZleba aSendes warmatebuli sazogadoeba imis mxedvelobaSi
miRebis gareSe, rom instituciurma rasizmma ZiriTadi roli Seasrula
amerikuli kapitalizmis SeqmnaSi. terstromisa da terstromis (1997)
argumentSi gamorCenilia is faqti, rom demokratiuli eTosi CaiSala

262
kapitalisturi socialuri urTierTobebisa da ierarqiebis meSveobiT.
dabolos, isini, rogorc Cans, ar cnoben, rom sabolood, socialuri
moZraobebi, ara mxolod cdiloben dadgenil struqturebSi arsebuli
specifiuri moTxovnebis gadawyvetas (magaliTad, specifiuri eTnikuri
jgufebis aRiarebis politikis, an identobis politikis) da, Sedegad,
ubralod zrdian saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobis xarisxs, aramed rom
multikulturalisturi moZraobis sxvadasxva fraqciebi kamaToben
radikaluri demokratiisa da mniSvnelovani sistemuri cvlilebisaTvis,
rogorc Camoyalibebulia mexuTe TavSi, demokratiis, rogorc arsis da
monawileobiTi demokratiis cnebiT. liberaluri pasuxi didad
gansxvavebuli ar yofila neokonservatiuli pragmatizmisgan. Tumca,
memarcxeneebis mxridan kritika brals sdebs multikulturalistebs rasis,
klasisa da sqesis Serwymasa da ganmanaTleblobis wvlilis
ugulebelyofaSi.

klasi, rasa da ganmanaTlebloba: kritika memarcxeneTa mxridan

sauniversiteto praqtikebis farTo speqtris – kurikulumis cvlilebis,

misaRebi standartebis, finansuri daxmarebis, stipendiebis miniWebis,
disciplinaruli kodeqsebis, daqiravebisa da saStato Tanamdebobaze
yofnis, pedagogiuri datvirTvebis, kvlevaze daxarjuli drois,
akreditaciis standartebis, Tundac, davamtkicebdi, rom, zednadebi
xarjebis dasafari Tanxebis araswori gamoyenebis kvleva – aris
mcdeloba, im filosofiuri da instituciuri safuZvlebis
deligitimirebisa, romlidanac socialuri da kulturuli kritika
tradiciulad modioda. es aris konteqsti, romelSic
politkoreqtulobisa da multikulturalizmis Sesaxeb debatebis
formireba moxda.

– joan v. skoti, `multikulturalizmi da identobis politika~

SeuZlebeli iqneba kritikis im mravalferovnebis sinTezireba, romelic

memarcxeneebis mxridan arsebobda multikulturalizmis ZiriTadi
tendenciebis mimarT, multikulturalizmis moZraobis, rogorc SigniT, ise
mis farglebs gareT. me SevarCie mxolod ramdenime magaliTi, romelic
warmogvidgens mravalferovan poziciebs, romelic im tipis kritikis
ilustrirebas axdens, rasac multikulturalizmi (rogorc socialuri
moZraoba da, rogorc multikulturuli ganaTleba) awydeba axali da Zveli
memarcxeneebisgan.

memarcxene poziciidan zogi kritikosi, rogoricaa magaliTad, kameron

makkarti, warmogvidgens ganaTlebaSi rasobrivi uTanasworobis problemis
konservatiuli da liberaluri, multikulturuli da neomarqsistuli
263
midgomebis kritikul Sefasebas da xazs usvams arasinqronul da Tundac
winaaRmdegobriv urTierTobas klass, rasasa da sqess Soris (makkarti da
efli, 1988:9-39). makkarti (1993:289-305) amtkicebs, rom `multikulturalizmi
ar warmoadgens rasobrivi problemis gadawyvetas, Tamamad acxadebs, rom
multikulturalizmi aris amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi saxelmwifos,
gansxvavebuli rasobrivi umciresobisa da umravlesobis jgufebs, da
politikis inteleqtualebs Soris urTierTobebis garkveul istoriul
garemoebaTa damTxvevis Sedegi, rodesac skolebis Sesaxeb msjeloba
rasobrivad diferencirebuli xdeba” (289).

makkarti acnobierebs, rom multikulturalizmi, rogorc socialuri

moZraoba, efuZneba feradkanian adamianTa legitimur survilebs, dominantur
kulturaSi asimilaciis riskebis gadalaxvis Taobaze, da amave dros,
cdilobs gadaWras is riskebi, romelsac feradkaniani adamianebi awydebian
diskriminaciis, Cagvris da batonobis barierebTan Sexebisas. igi aseve
eTanxmeba multikulturalizmis damcvelebis saukeTeso ganzraxvebs da
pirdapir exeba kurikulumis rekonstruqcias, rac sakamaTos xdis
oficialur codnas, romelic ignorirebas ukeTebs feradkanianTa istorias
da simbolur produqcias feradkanianTa mier. makkartisaTvis,
multikulturuli ganaTleba, rogorc kurikulumis reforma `unda
exebodes reprezentaciis sakiTxebs, da aseve, materialuri resursebisa da
Zalauflebis araTanabar ganawilebas skolis karebs gareT~ (291).

miuxedavad amisa, multikulturalizmi Secdomas uSvebs, radgan

zogierTi fraqcia moZraobaSi isev ukan sistemaSi aRmoCnda `Sewovili~,
rogorc amas miukerZoeblad acxadebs makkarti (1993): multikulturuli
ganaTlebis damcvelebi `kompensirebas~ axdenen radikaluri Temebisa,
romelic asocirebulia TeTrkanianTa mier dominirebuli skolis
kurikulumisa da skolis sistemis subaltern cvlilebebTan, da sanacvlod,
xazs usvamen normatiul ritorikas, romelic iRebs amerikuli
sazogadoebisa da amerikuli cxovrebis wesis farTo struqturul da
kulturul parametrebs da Rirebulebebs (290).

maSasadame, ZiriTadi multikulturuli tradiciebi eWvqveS ar ayenebs

sazogadoebis kapitalistur organizacias. piriqiT, `es swored `kargi
burJuaziuli~ cxovrebis usafrTxo socialuri mizanmimarTulebaa Raribi
umciresobisaTvis, romlis xelSewyobiskenac saboloo mizniT iswrafvis
multikulturalizmi~ (290).

es kritika msgavsia im kritikisa, romelic wamoyenebul iqna rasis

kritikuli Teoriis warmomadgenlebis ledson-bilingsisa da teitis (1995)
mier, romlebic akritikebdnen multikulturalizms, rogorc ukan sistemaSi

264
`Sewovils~ da imave defeqtebis mqones, rogoricaa tradiciuli samoqalaqo
uflebaTa kanoni. isini amtkiceben, rom multikulturalizmis liberaluri
safuZvlebi sadavos ar xdis arsebul socialur wesrigs da amdenad, ar
iZleva im socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri problemebis radikalur
gadawyvetas, romelic asocirdeba diskriminaciasTan, uTanasworobasa da
eqspluataciasTan. multikulturalizmis Tanamedrove praqtika (kritika
grZeldeba) amcirebs models trivialur kulturul magaliTebamde,
romelic xels uwyobs pativiscemas da tolerantobas; magram cota diskusia
Tu mimdinareobs (Tu saerTod mimdinareobs raime diskusia), romelic
axdens im mzardi daZabulobebis identifikacias, romelic arsebobs
multikulturalisturi afiliaciis mqone sxvadasxva jgufebSi da maT
Soris. amdenad, ledson bilingsisa da teitisaTvis (1995) rCeba ori
problema. pirveli, aris faqti, rom `mudmivad mzardi multikulturuli
paradigma liberalizmis tradiciebs mihyveba – rac gansxvavebis
proliferaciis saSualebas iZleva. samwuxarod, am gansxvavebebs Soris
arsebuli uxerxulobebis garkveva iSviaTad xdeba, ivaraudeba ra
`gansxvavebis mTlianoba~ anu, rom yvela gansxvaveba aris rogorc
analogiuri, ise ekvivalenturi~ (62).

meore, arsebobs paraleluri analogia multikulturalizmsa da

samoqalaqo uflebaTa kanons Soris. rasis kritikuli Teoriis
warmomadgenlebs eWvebi hqondaT tradiciul samoqalaqo uflebaTa kanonisa
da multikulturalizmis Taobaze, radgan isini sadavos ar xdis
sakuTrebis uflebebs. amgvarad, `samoqalaqo uflebaTa kanonis
pirovnebisadmi upativcemulobis gareSe, rasis kritikuli Teoriis iuristi
mkvlevrebi axdenen im saSualebebis dokumentirebas, romelSic samoqalaqo
uflebaTa kanoni regularulad maxinjdeba TeTrkanianTa sasargeblod. Cven
vamtkicebT, rom amJamindeli multikulturaluri paradigma funqcionirebs
samoqalaqo uflebebaTa kanonis msgavsad~ (ledson-bilingsisa da teitis,
1995:62).

am poziciis magaliTebi uamravia. magaliTad, ramdenime wlis win

multikulturalisturi organizacia aRmosavleT los anJelesidan, boil
haitsis dawyebiTi instituti, dafinansda kerZo filantropiis meSveobiT da
ganxorcielda laTino bavSvebisaTvis saganmanaTleblo SesaZlebelobebis
Tanasworobis xelSemwyobTa mier. aRmoCnda, rom igi aris efeqtiani,
materialurad damoukidebeli wamowyeba da ramdenime magistranti da
doqtoranti kaliforniis los anJelesis universitetidan boil haitsSi
moxalised, an TanamSromlad muSaobs. am institutis erT-erTi mizania
mexuTe da meeqvse klaselebis unarianobis gazrda, raTa maT SeZlon skolis
damTavrebisas kaliforniis universitetis sistemis moTxovnebis
dakmayofileba, romelic kanonis Tanaxmad, iRebs kaliforniis
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skoladamTavrebulTa 12.5%-s, Tumca kampusis pirveli arCevani ar aris
garantirebuli.

espanurenovan studentTa mSoblebis jgufi institutidan miwveuli iyo

kaliforniis los anJelesis universitetis doqtorantebis mier
koordinirebul Sexvedraze, rac aseve gulisxmobda profesor-
maswavleblebis da institutidan studentTa jgufis xelmZRvanelebis
monawileobas. aSkara iyo im espanurenovani laTinoamerikeli dedebisa da
martoxela mamebis gaoceba, rolebic eswrebodnen am Sexvedras. Tavis
Sesaval komentarebSi, jgufis warmomadgenelma, moridebulma, magram
sicocxliT savse qalbatonma el salvadoridan, gviTxra, rom miuxedavad
imisa, rom Tavad iyvnen aRmosavleT los anJelesidan (kaliforniis los
anJelesis universiteti mdebareobs los anJelesis dasavleTiT, samxreT
kaliforniis erT-erT yvelaze uZvires raionSi, da amboben, rom am raions
erT sul mosaxleze rols roisebis yvelaze didi koncentracia aqvs
msoflioSi) isini iyvnen ara kriminalebi, aramed patiosani adamianebi.
mSromeli qalis Rirsebis gancxadebis Semdeg, man gviTxra, rom kampusSi
SemosvlisTanave hqonda moTxovnileba, daekocna is miwa, romelzec fexs
adgamda, magram verasodes ifiqrebda, rom misi warmoSobis mqone adamiani
odesme SeZlebda kaliforniis los anJelesis universitetSi moxvedras.
Semdeg man msmelelebs gaando Tavisi sanukvari ocneba: mas Zalian surda,
rom mis Svilebs SeZlebodaT aseT prestiJul universitetSi swavla, da
rom, swored es iyo mizezi imisa, rom igi CarTuli gaxldaT boil haitsis
dawyebiT institutSi.

es saubari, romelic espanur enaze mimdinareobda, gadavida imis

analizze, Tu rogor SeuZliaT Rarib, emigrant da espanurenovan
laTinoamerikel bavSvebs am universitetSi moxvedra da Tu ratom aris
sauniversiteto ganaTlebis miReba mniSvnelovani. erTi studentis deda
los anJelesidan wamodga da ganacxada, rom igi yovelTvis eubneba Tavis
vaJs, rom maT mezobels, romelsac universiteti aqvs damTavrebuli, hyavs
araCveulebrivi, axalTaxali wiTeli sportuli manqana. dedam SvilTan
saubrisas xazi gausva imas, rom universitetSi swavliT, mas (Svils)
saSualeba eqneboda mieRwia mezoblis xajvis donisaTvis da eyida msgavsi
saukeTeso manqana.

aravis Seutania eWvi am varaudSi, maT Soris, arc me. didi xnis
manZilze vfiqrobdi, Tu zogma Cvenganma, romlebic im darbazSi visxediT,
da vinc umaRles ganaTlebas ar miviCnevT ubralod bileTad `kapitalistur
karg cxovrebaSi~ (Tumca es udavod warmoadgens ZiriTad elements amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi feradkaniani adamianebis mobilobisaTvis, rogorc

266
martin qernoi [1994] adasturebs empiriulad), ratom ar gavxadeT sadavo
misi Sexedulebebi demokratiul saubarSi.

SesaZloa es, ubralod, iyo saxalxo codnis gamoxatuleba da imis

SegrZneba, rom profesor-maswavleblebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,
faqtiurad, mmarTvelobiTi kapitalizmis privilegiebiT sargebloben, ramac
SesaZloa xeli SegviSala, sadavo gagvexada misi Sexedulebebi. bolos da
bolos, ratom uarvyoT mTeli msoflios winaSe, is rac adamians namdvilad
SeuZlia moipovos misaRebi reputaciiTa da mudmivi samuSaoTi?

SesaZloa, bevr Cvengans im darbazSi hyavda axlaTaxali sportuli

manqana, wiTeli an sxva feris, iseTi, mas rom Tavisi SvilisTvis surda, da
amdenad, yvelaze gavrcelebuli varaudi gaxldaT ara is, rom eWvi
Segvetana kapitalizmSi, rogorc sasaqonlo warmoebisa da moxmarebis
sistemaSi, aramed gagvezarda Raribebis SesaZlebloba, iseTive yidvis unari
hqonodaT, rogorc saSualo klass aqvs – rogorc aqvs
multikulturalizmis zogier warmomadgenels, rogorc es makkartis
sjera. SesaZloa arsebobda imis molodini, rom universitetSi swavlis
damTavrebisas axalTaxali wiTeli manqanis yidvis motivacia mis Svils
(espanurenovan emigrants aRmosavleT los anJelesidan) waaxalisebda, rom
Sesuliyo universitetis sajaro demokratiul sferoSi da Sexeboda
garkveul demokratiul diskurss, romelsac gvjera, rom zogi Cvengani
xels uwyobs da romelsac, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlia msoflios Secvla.

SesaZloa aravis SeekamaTa am qalbatons, radgan arsebobda `simboluri~

socialuri distanciis mniSvnelovani dabrkoleba universitetis
profesorebsa da saxalxo seqtorebidan gamosul adamianTa Soris, rogorc
freiri (1997a) amtkicebda. es ambavi rom momxdariyo laTinur amerikaSi,
savaraudod, adamianebi socialurad daqvemdebarebuli seqtorebidan
iTanamSromlebdnen zogierT universitetis profesorTan saxalxo
ganaTlebis proeqtebSi, rac ar gansxvavdeba im SemTxvevebisgan, roca zogi
Cvengani muSaobs saTemo organizaciebTan didi los anJelesis areSi, da,
maSasadame, profesor-maswavleblebsa da mSoblebs gansxvavebuli saubari
gveqneboda, kerZod, is, romelic daeyrdnoboda azrs, rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom isini ar iyvnen Tanasworni (liberaluri ocneba), isini brZolis erTsa
da imave procesSi kompanionebi iyvnen.

am pirobebSi, dialogi da Ria gacvla SesaZlebelia xelSewyobili

yofiliyo, xolo `simboluri~ distancia daukavSirdeboda im Sexedulebas,
rom akademiuri uflebamosileba, Tumca CarTulia saxalxo ganaTlebaSi,
magram ar rCeba urTierTkontrolisa da Zalauflebis ganawilebis gareSe
da xdeba kidev erTi wyaro demokratiul saubarSi.

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 rogori axsnac ar unda hqondes amas, me jer kidev mosvenebas ar
maZlevs mogoneba im wiTeli, axalTaxali sportuli manqanisa, rogorc
multikulturuli saSualebisa, romelic mamrobiTi sqesis
laTinoamerikeli moswavleebis akademiuri moswrebis gaumjobesebis
stimuls warmoadgens.

makkarti (1993) amtkicebs, rom multikulturalistebi

gansxvavdebian imgvarad, rogorc moZraobis warmomadgenlebs esmiT rasas,
kulturasa da mravalferovnebas Soris arsebuli kavSirebi. igi gamoyofs
sam ZiriTad tips. pirveli, romelsac igi ukavSirebs relativistur
perspeqtivas, dainteresebulia ZiriTadad kulturuli wvdomisa da
informirebulobis xelSewyobiT. meore, romlis identificirebasac igi
axdens kulturul pluralistur perspeqtivasTan, ZiriTadad aRiqvams
multikulturalizms, rogorc moZraobas, romelic CarTulia kulturuli
kompetenciis gaumjobesebaSi. mesame tipi, romelic wina or tips scdeba,
identificirebulia, rogorc `kulturuli emansipacia~, rac boil haitsis
dawyebiTi institutis miznebis msgavsia. igi reformistuli
multikulturuli kurikulumis meSveobiT cdilobs xeli Seuwyos
axalgazrdebis ganaTlebaSi warmatebasa da ekonomikur momavals. am
strategiaTa potencialis (Tumca SezRudulis) sargeblobis uaryofis
gareSe, makkarti (1993) mainc kritikulad aRniSnavs, rom: `multikulturul
pedagogebs, romlebic xels uwyoben kulturuli emansipaciis ideas,… didad
swamT saganmanaTleblo sistemis mxsneli Tvisebebisa da Sromis bazarsa da
sazogadoebaze pozitiuri gavlenis moxdenis unarisa” (292).

makkartis ZiriTadi kritika is aris, rom multikulturuli

diskursis zemoaRniSnuli sami tipi, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTmaneTisagan
aqcentiT gansxvavdebian, mainc udides mniSvnelobas aniWeben
damokidebulebebis tols rasizmis Seqmnasa da aRdgenaSi. swrafva xdeba
ganwyobiseuli da kognituri qcevis cvlilebisken, magram makkartisaTvis es
miznebi mainc ver aRwevs imas, rac saWiroa.

makkarti (1993) amtkicebs, rom skolebi, upirveles yovlisa, unda

konceptualizdes, rogorc Zalauflebisa da kamaTis adgili, romelSic
sxvadasxva rasobriv jgufebs aqvs sxvadasxva xelmisawvdomoba:
`mniSvnelovanwilad, multikulturalizmis damcvelebi ver axerxeben im
SesaZleblobaTa diferencirebuli struqturis gaTvaliswinebas, romelic
gvexmareba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi rasobrivi urTierTobebis
gansazRvraSi~ (293). meore, igi miuTiTebs, rom rasobrivi urTierTobebis
kodirebisa da dekodirebis sirTule SigadaSig iwvevs kognitur da
ganwyobiseul cvlilebebs, dawyebuli sxvebis mimarT mgrZnobiarobis
swavlebidan sawinaaRmdego Sedegebis miRebiT damTavrebuli, ise, rom isini

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ganzraxul miznebs ver warmoqmnian. mesame, ganwyobiseul cvlilebebze
fokusireba ar iswrafvis im miznisaken, romelic, makkartisaTvis (1993), unda
iyos aTvlis wertili multikulturalizmis xelaxal gaazrebaSi:
`amerikuli skolis kurikulumis (rac aSS-s akavSirebs evropasTan da
`dasavlur civilizaciasTan~) eTnocentruli safuZvelis diskursis
garkveva~ (294).

imis dadasturebiT, rasac uwodebs `kritikul emansipatorul

multikulturalizms~, makkarti (1993, 1998) gvTavazobs am modelis
ganxorcielebis ramdenime gzas. upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa amerikuli
skolis kurikulumis evrocentrizmis da dasavlurobis detaluri kritika.
Semdeg, saWiroa moviTxovoT, rogorc skolis kurikulumisaTvis
mravalferovnebis cnebis centraluroba, ise mravalferovnebis
damaxasiaTebeli relacionaluroba. skolis kurikulumi mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli adamianur interesebTan da asocirdeba araTanabar
socialur urTierTobebTan. amerikuli skolebi, Tumca lokalur
dinamikaSia CarTuli, sargeblobs uTanasworobis globaluri dinamikiT,
rac axasiaTebs mzardad globalizebuli msoflio sistemis
funqcionirebas, romelSic arseboben privilegirebuli aqtorebi da
romelTac araTanabari urTierTobebi aqvT periferiul erebTan.

ganaTlebaSi da popularul kulturaSi (kerZod, mediaSi)

dominanturi da daqvemdebarebuli jgufebis ideologiuri reprezentaciis
sakiTxis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, amocana, romelic Tavis bolodroindel
wignSi kulturis daniSnulebebi (1998) daisaxa makkartim – WeSmaritad
multikulturuli kurikulumi SeuZlebelia miRweul iqnas. ideologiuri
reprezentaciis am sakiTxma unda gaiTvaliswinos mniSvnelovani pirobebi,
rom: (a) umciresobis kulturuli identobebi aris ara fiqsirebuli an
monoliTuri, aramed mravali mniSvnelobis mqone da, Tundac,
winaaRmdegobrivi (makkarti, 1993:290); da (b) arsebobs winaaRmdegobriv
lokaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, kerZod, `axali~ Savi da yavisferi
saSualo klasis warmoSobasTan (magaliTad, dikusiebi `Sav burJuaziaze~),
da Savkanian da TeTrkanian neokonservator inteleqtualTa rolTan
dakavSirebiT (lourens-laiTfuti, 1994:5-9, 296). makkarti Zalze cxadad
saubrobs im faqtis Sesaxeb, rom `SeuZlebelia SevajeroT umciresobis
jgufTa politikuri qceva mxolod da mxolod rasis Sesaxeb
varaudebidan. xSirad umciresobis jgufTa SigniT klasis interesebi
ikveTeba rasobriv politikasTan~ (298).

bob konelis naSromebis Sesabamisad, makkarti (1993) akeTebs daskvnas,

rom poziciuri midgoma unda iqnes gamoyenebuli kritikuli emansipatoruli

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multikulturuli kurikulumis formulirebisaTvis da zogadi codnidan
miRebisaTvis:

umniSvnelovanesi multikulturuli kurikulumi, romelic xazs usvams

antirasistul da antiseqsistur cvlilebebs da socialur
reorganizacias da iyenebs Cagrul umciresobaTa da muSaTa klasis
qalebisa da kacebis Sexedulebebsa da gamocdilebebs, rogorc ZiriTadi
kurikulumis pirvelad safuZvels, Seadgens fundamentur nabijs
kompleqsur da diferencirebul msoflioSi moswavleTa demokratiuli
monawileobisaTvis momzadebis mimarTulebiT. (301)

Tumca, makkartis `zogadi codnis~ midgomam unda gaacnobieros

freiris gamafrTxilebeli sityvebi mis CagrulTa pedagogikaSi, rom
mCagvreli aseve imyofeba Cagrulis cnobierebaSi. maSasadame,
multikulturulma pedagogebma ar unda gaanivTon Cagrulebi aqtivizmis
meSveobiT, rac maT gaucxoebas axdens, Tu maT veubnebiT `komunikeebis~
saSualebiT (romelic ase brwyinvaled gaakritika paulo freirma (1973)
sakuTar naSromSi eqstencionizmze), Tu ras warmoadgenen isini, vin arian da
rogor unda gadalaxon sakuTari mdgomareoba. multikulturulma
pedagogebma arc xalxis codna da saxalxo sibrZne unda miiRon kritikis
gareSe, TiTqos daqvemdebarebuli seqtorebis msoflmxedveloba imunitetis
mqone iyos kapitalisturi hegemonuri saRi azrisa da meritokratiuli
ideologisadmi, es midgoma freirma (1997a) gansazRvra, rogorc `basizmi~.
ufro metic, makkartisaTvis, kritikuli emansipatoruli multikulturuli
kurikulumi, romelic efuZneba poziciur midgomas, unda aRiarebdes, rom
codna socialurad aris konstruirebuli da bunebiT relacionaluri da
heterogenulia, da rom codnasa da Zalauflebas Soris urTierTkavSirebi
unda Sefasdes dekonstruqciuli da relacionaluri analizis meSveobiT.

makkartis zogierT ZiriTad mosazrebasTan kritikul dialogSi

maklareni gvTavazobs kritikuli multikulturalizmis proeqts, romelsac
igi uwodebs revoluciur multikulturalizms. TavSi, romelsac
Camafiqrebeli saTauri aqvs, `TeTrkanianobis daviwyeba, demokratiis
xelaxali gaazreba~, maklareni axdens revoluciuri multikulturalizmis
postulirebas, ara mxolod rogorc multikulturuli ganaTlebisa,
aramed, rogorc mTliani socialuri moZraobisa, romlis mizania scnos
politikuri ekonomia, rac materialurad struqturizebas axdens Cveni
cxovrebisa, warmoebis urTierTobebisa, romelSic Cven yvela vimyofebiT, da
materialuri da simboluri pirobebisa, romelic warmoqmnis Cvens
subieqturobas da aisaxeba Cvens mier gamovlil gamocdilebebze. weris
maneriT, romelic mogvagonebs gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis diskusiebs
revoluciurad ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis, da ara socialuri
urTierTobebis reformirebis saWiroebaze, maklareni (1997b) amtkicebs:
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 revoluciuri multikulturalizmi aris socialist-feministuri
multikulturalizmi, romelsac eWvi Seaqvs im istoriulad daleqil
procesebSi, romelTa meSveobiTac rasobrivi, klasobrivi da genderuli
identobebia Seqmnili kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi. amdenad,
revoluciuri multikulturalizmi ar aris SezRuduli mxolod
ganwyobiseuli diskriminaciis tranformirebiT, aramed mowodebulia,
moaxdinos politikuri ekonomiis, kulturisa da Zalauflebis Rrma
struqturebis reformireba Tanamedrove socialur wyobaSi. igi exeba, ara
kapitalisturi demokratiis reformirebas, aramed mis transformirebas
misi SemakavSirebeli adgilebis gadaWriTa da socialuri wesrigis
xelaxali aSenebiT, CagrulTaTvis xelsayreli adgilidan. (287)

es perspeqtiva efuZneba axal politikur ekonomiaSi lokalursa da

globalurs Soris winaaRmdegobebis postfordiseuli industriuli
organizaciis meTodiT wakiTxvas da im Sexedulebas, rom rasobrivi
formirebebi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, garkveul
lokaciebSi (los anJelesis msgavsad), mzadaa afeTqdes. maklarenis
analizSi mniSvnelovani daudevroba aris mis mier globalizaciis procesis
gaTanabreba neoliberalur kapitalizmTan da globalizaciis gaTanabreba
postfordizmTan. kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomiis sirTuleebis am
saerTo SefasebiT, mas faqtiurad aRar rCeba politikuri alternativa,
garda revoluciis mowodebisa an apokalifsisa. maklarenisaTvis, momwifda
dro axali enis konstruirebisaTvis, romelic dagvexmareba, ara mxolod
axali identobebis SeqmnaSi, aramed aseve kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi
rasobrivi, genderuli da klasobrivi gacvlebis faqtiuri mdgomareobis
transformirebaSi (Tundac Zaladobis gziT). maklarens surs,
multikulturalizmi da kritikuli pedagogika liberaluri pluralizmis
sazRvrebs gadaacilos revoluciuri demokratiis mimarTulebiT, da igi
klasobriv, rasobriv da genderul winaaRmdegobebsa da dinamikas xedavs,
rogorc wvlilis Semtans am revoluciur dasasrulSi (ixileT, maklareni,
1997b:294-304). Tumca, politikuri pirobebi, romelic am revolucias xels
Seuwyobs, sociologiuri analizi imisa, Tu romeli aqtorebi iswrafvian
revoluciuri alternativebisaken sazogadoebis konteqstSi, rogoricaa
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, da saganmanaTleblo reformisaTvis
politikis romeli alternativebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, TiTqmis
ignorirebulia. kargi ganzraxvebia, vwuxvar, magram ar iZleva kargi
Teoriis garantias.

tod gitlinis mier (1995) warmodgenilia Zveli axali memarjveneebisgan

radikalurad gasxvavebuli TvalTaxedva. imis mtkicebiT, rom identobis
politikis dinamika TviTdamkvidrebadia, gitlini asabuTebs, rom arsebobs
tendencia fundamentalisturi identobis kulturis swrafvisaken da rom

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`kulturuli gansxvavebis dRevandel xelSewyobas axasiaTebs maJoritaruli
azrovnebis dakninebis tendencia~ (163). ufro metic,

politikis identobis bevri damcveli fundamentalistia – akademiuri

eniT, `esencialistebi~ – xolo jgufis arsebiTi gansxvavebebis rwmena
advilad icvlis mimarTulebas upiratesobis rwmenisken. identobis
azrovnebis yvelaze mZime versiaSi qalebi, Cveulebriv, bunebrivad
TanamSromlobisken arian midrekili, xolo afrikelebi, Cveulebriv,
SemoqmedebiTebi arian, da a.S. esencialistebi, roca gamoeyofian
sazogadoebrivs, arRveven mas. (165)

identobis politikis, rogorc esencialisturis am kritikas avsebs

poziciuri midgomis mkacri Sexeduleba. es midgoma, poziciuri midgoma –
epistemologiuri perspeqtiva, romelic sazrdoobs feministuri moZraobis
rigebSi, Semdegnairad aris gansazRvruli nel nodingsis (1995) mier:

bevri feministi uaryofs, rom codnis mtkiceba garkveulwilad sustdeba,

roca is Seferilia mcodnis piradi miznebiTa da interesebiT. es
moazrovneebi, romelTac xSirad `poziciur~ epistemologebs uwodeben,
daJinebiT amtkiceben, rom garkveuli privilegia moipoveba maT mier, vinc
ganicdis Cagvras. amgvarad, qalebs xeli miuwvdebaT privilegirebul
codnaze genderis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, Raribebs – siRaribesTan
dakavSirebiT, Savkanianebsa da sxva eTnikur umciresobebs – rasasTan,
xolo moswavleebs, SesaZloa, swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. miaqcieT
yuradReba, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri filosofosi Tanxmdeba, rom
mecnierul codnaze SeiZleba xorcieldebodes da, savaraudod, amgvari
gavlena xorcieldeba, poziciuri midgomis mimdevrebs ar sjeraT, rom
Cven `simarTles~ vuaxlovdebiT Cveni mikerZoebuli damokidebulebebis
aRiarebiTa da aRmofxvriT. piriqiT, isini amtkiceben, rom poziciurad
datvirTuli mtkicebebi da angariSebi epistemologiurad ufro mdidaria
da ufro zusti, vidre isini, romelic warmoSobilia tradiciulad
obieqturi meTodebiT. (183)

gitlini (1995), romelic gvTavazobs zustad imis sawinaaRmdego

mosazrebas, rasac makkarti aRiqvams, rogorc radikaluri kritikuli
emansipatoruli multikulturuli kurikulumis erTaderT arCevans,
amtkicebs, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom identobis politika, kanadeli
filosofosis Carlz teiloris sityvebiT, `organulad amoizrdeba
universaluri Rirsebis politikidan~, poziciuri midgoma Zlier azianebs
universalurobis ideas, romlis gadarCenasac igi cdilobs. gitlini (1995)
ganagrZobs:

am argumentis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma dResdReobiT aris egreT

wodebuli poziciuri feminizmi, is idea, rom egreT wodebuli obieqturi
realoba da egreT wodebuli emansipacia araferia, Tu ara samuSaoze

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 imperiuli maskulinuri egos atributebi, romelic STanTqavs, anadgurebs,
an faravs yvelafers Tavis gzaze. am TvalsazrisiT, patriarqatis
mrisxaneba mbrZaneblobisaTvis aris gardauvali Sedegi dekartis
iluziaze, rom goneba aris gancalkevebuli sxeulisagan da livlivebs
Tavisufal sivrceSi, RvTis Tvalis msgavsad da samyaros aRiqvams,
rogorc obieqts. mamrobiTi batonoba da ekologiuri katastrofa Tavis
safuZvelSi erTnairad moicavs mcdar varauds, romlis mixedviT,
samyaros sakuTari cxovreba ar gaaCnia da igi arsebobs mxolod
(TeTrkaniani, dasavluri, heteroseqsisti) mamrobiTi egos siamovnebisa da
gulis monadirebisaTvis. (214)

SeiZleba gitlinis kritika metismetad calmxrivia da axdens

poziciuri midgomis gardaqmnas feminizmis instrumentad, maSin, roca, igi
faqtiurad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, TavisTavad, rogorc
epistemologiuri instrumenti, SesakiTxad `vin saubrobs?~ rogorc
nodingsi (1995) aRniSnavs, Savkaniani feministebi Zlier aqcents akeTeben
mosaubris/mcodnis gancdiT aspeqtebze xolo, Sesabamisad, naklebs –
mosaubris argumentze (183).

amgvarad, argumenti fasdeba, ara mxolod misi Sinagani logikisa Tu

damajereblobis TvalsazrisiT, aramed aseve misi valdebulebisa da
mosaubris CarTulobis TvalsazrisiT. am Tvalsazrisma SeiZleba
migviyvanos seriozul Tavsatexamde: rogor SevafasoT gamocdileba
tradiciul argumentTan Tu obieqtur realobasTan mimarTebaSi da ra
adgili unda hqondes logikas, Sinagan artikulacias, Tanmimdevrulobas,
mtkicebebsa da faqtebs Soris kavSirs gadatanili gamocdilebis
mniSvnelovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca, SesaZlebelia yoveli gadatanili
gamocdileba, Tavisi arsiT, kargad ar iyos gagebuli. Cven yvelam viciT,
rom gamocdileba aris codnis wyaro, magram ar viciT, rogor
ganvaxorcieloT gadasvla advilad wyarosa da gamocdilebis ufro
detalurad damuSavebul ganmartebas Soris. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Cven
SeiZleba raRac gamocdileba gvqonda, magram mainc ar gvesmodes, ra aris
es; miuxedavad amisa, mainc SegviZlia gavacnobieroT zogierTi konturi im
STabeWdilebisa, romelic moaxdina gamocdilebam Cvens mraval identobebze.

codnasa da gamocdilebas Soris urTierTobis es sakiTxi warmoadgens

seriozul epistemologiur problemebs, romelic mimdinareobs nebismieri
kvleviTi procesis ganmavlobaSi dawyebuli kvleviTi problemis SerCevidan,
Teoriisa da meTodebis SerCevamde, nimuSebis SerCevamde, monacemTa
mogrovebamde, da monacemTa analizamde, da kvlevisas miRebul monacemebsa
da politikis Sedegebs Soris kavSirebamde – kvlevis prezentaciis
strategiebisa da gavrceleba/gadacemis Sesaxeb arCevanTa CaTvliT.

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 sxva tipis poziciuri midgomis (romelsac me vuwodebdi termins
`maternaluri feminizmi~) enTuziazms moklebuli dacvis warmodgeniT,
nodingsi (1995), cdilobs ra Sors darCes esencializmis nebismieri
formisgan, kvlav asabuTebs, rom `saukuneebis gamocdilebam Tavisi kvali
daamCnia qalebis azrovnebis tipsa da im Rirebulebebs, romelic maT aqvT
SeTvisebuli da am tipebidan da Rirebulebebidan yvela ar unda iqnes
uaryofili, rogorc Cagvris memkvidreobis nawili~ (180). gamocdilebis,
rogorc codnis wyaros araRiareba, epistemologiurad rom vTqvaT,
asustebs Teoriasa da praqtikas; garda amisa, araRiareba gamocdilebasa da
codnas Soris kavSirebisa da im analitikuri kategoriebis ganviTarebis
aucileblobisa, romelmac SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos gamocdilebis codnad
gardaqmnas da aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikad gadaqcevas, politikurad rom
vTqvaT, iwvevs dasustebas da demobilizebas.

rom davubrundeT gitlinis programas, poziciuri midgomis miseuli

kritikis Semdeg dgas identobis politikis politikuri kritika. identobis
politikis SesaZlo mcdari Sedegi – romelic, gitlinis azriT, ar mihyveba
saR azrs – aris separatizmi. gitlini erTmaneTisgan gamijnavs Zvel axal
memarjvene, universalisturi imedis Rrma rwmenis mqone da separatistuli
risxvis yvelaze bolodroindel axal memarjvene politikebs (146). ufro
metic, igi SeSfoTebulia politikur brZolebSi mdgomareobaTa ironiuli
cvlilebiT, ara mxolod Tavad memarcxeneebSi, aramed aseve memarcxene da
memarjveneTa Soris: `ucnaurobaa, rom memarcxeneebi, romlebic Tavis droze
universalur Rirebulebebs icavdnen, rogorc Cans, dResdReobiT mxars
uWeren SerCeul identobebs, maSin roca memarjveneebi, romlebic didi xnis
manZilze asocirdebodnen privilegirebul interesebTan, icaven
sazogadoebrivi sikeTes~ (36). ironiulia, rom, rogorc gitlini asabuTebs,
saxelmwifoebrivi politikis amJamindeli mdgomareoba gviCvenebs, rom `maSin
roca memarjveneebs dakavebuli hqondaT politikuri sistemis simaRleebi,
jgufebis nakrebi, romelic emxroboda memarcxeneebs, inglisuri
departamentis sawinaaRmdego saprotesto msvlelobebs awyobdnen~ (148).

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da yvelaze liberalur demokratiebSi

politikuri reformis gamocdileba, gitlinis azriT, efuZneba koaliciebis
Seqmnas, umravlesobis aliansebis SeqmnisaTvis darwmunebisa da
molaparakebebis unaris CaTvliT, aliansebis, romelTac SeuZlia, saarCevno
SejibrSi, warmatebiT gaataron reformis idea mis ganxorcielebasTan
erTad. separatizmi, rogorc riski identobis politikaSi, winaaRmdegobaSia
koaliciis SeqmnasTan, gansakuTrebiT iseT mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi,
rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romelic moicavs interesTa da
Zalauflebis jgufTa farTo diapazons: `politika multirasobriv
sazogadoebaSi aris aliansebis Seqmna, xolo aliansebis Seqmnis samuSao ar
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miiRweva ricxvebis SekrebiT. ... identobis politikis mebrZol aqtivistTa
Soris arsebuli varaudi, rom bunebrivi aliansebi arsebobs
araTeTrkanianobis niadagze, sruliad sentimentaluria~ (114, 117).

magram identobis politikis kritikis farglebs gareT, politikisa da

epistemologiis TvalsazrisiT, ZiriTadi elementi kvlav aris
multikulturalistebis saerTo ocnebis ararseboba. Tumca, rogorc Tavad
gitlinma (1995) ikiTxa, Tu Cven varT saerTo ocnebis bindSi, rogor moxda
am saerTo ocnebis formulireba? safuZveli, yvelaze abstraqtul,
epistemologiur doneze, advili dasadgenia. es gaxlavT ganmanaTlebloba.
amerikaSi sakmaod Znelia konkretul, politikur da istoriul doneze
saerTo kulturis cnebis identificireba.

gitlinis mosazrebiT, SesaZloa es yvelaferi arsebiTad warmoadgens

amerikuli ocnebis, da ara amerikuli kulturis cnebas, `rom movaxdinoT
lipmanis parafrazireba: amerika jer ar arsebobs. is aris koleqtiuri
molodini. magram rogor xdeba potencialis gaziareba?~ (47). saerTo
kultura araferia Tu ara yvela adamianisaTvis universaluri uflebebis
SegrZneba, an, gitlinis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, amerikis konstituciis
jefersoniseul Sesavals rom davakvirdeT, igi efuZneba `sicocxlis,
Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisaken swrafvisaTvis~ Ziebis cnebas, fraza,
romelsac gitlini (miuxedavad imisa, rom igi darwmunebulia adamianis
uflebaTa universaluri deklaraciis mniSvnelovnebaSi), miiCnevs Tavissave
arsTan dapirispirebaSi myof frazad (48).

amgvarad, gitlini ar icavs garkveul zogad kulturas, raTa igi

SenarCundes, an energia Seematos kulturuli normis meSveobiT. faqtiurad,
igi amtkicebs, rom erT-erTi, rac gahyveba aSS-s gamocdilebas Tu
politikur kulturas, aris, ara imdenad uitmenis gamonaTqvami `mravali
erisgan Sedgenil erze~, aramed is, rac aSS-s gamocdilebisaTvis unikaluri
Cans da tipiuria Zlieri libertarianuli elferis mqone liberaluri
filosofiis upiratesobisTvis, `farTod gavrcelebuli mowoneba
xelisuflebisadmi upativcemulobisa” (43). gitlini icavs garkveuli
ocnebis aRdgenas da misTvis sicocxlis dabrunebas individualurad da
koleqtiurad demokratiuli samoqalaqo Rirsebebisken swrafvisas.

misi analizidan gamomdinareobs is, rom ganmanaTlebloba Sesabamisi

safuZvelia am ocnebisaTvis, miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom poziciuri
midgomebi (rasac igi uwodebs `perspeqtivizms~) `ver axerxeben, an ar surT
imis gacnobiereba, rom maTi daintereseba multikulturalizmiT,
identobebiT, perspeqtivebiT, araTanazomieri msoflxedvelobebiT da a.S.
warmoudgeneli iqneboda, rom es ar yofiliyo ganmanaTleblobis
principebis farTod miRebisaTvis, iseTi principebis miRebisaTvis,
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rogoricaa yvela individis mniSvnelovneba, Rirsebis ufleba da socialuri
wesrigi~ (214). miuxedavad amisa, gitlini gvafrTxilebs, rom
ganmanaTleblobam `aRmarTa azrovnebis Zlieri struqturebi, magram man
aseve Seqmna mJava am struqturebis dasarRvevad~ (216).

mokled, es aris universaluri uflebebis maradiuli memkvidreoba, rac

identobis politikas aZlevs epistemologiur safuZvlebs, radgan ufleba –
iyo gansxvavebuli, aris adamianuri ufleba. am TvalsazrisiT,
multikulturalizmi dagvanaxebs moqalaqeobis sazRvrebs, magram igi aseve
dagvanaxebs saxelmwifos sazRvrebsac, mesame TavSi adamianis uflebebze da
globalizaciaze Cveni diskusiis mimarTulebiT.

maSin, gitlinis rekonstruirebuli kritikuli modernizmis mixedviT,

ra aris multikulturalizmis, rogorc identobis politikis
alternativebi? gitlini (1995) sasowarkveTilebiT aRsavse Cans, roca wers:
`sakiTxi ase dgas, rogor SevuwyoT xeli solidarobis suliskveTebas
gansxvavebaTa sazRvris orive mxares – solidarobas `nebismier adamianTan,
romelic itanjeba~. vinaidan, cxadia, rom es suliskveTeba spontanurad ver
warmoiSoba gaZlierebuli jgufebis SigniT, romelTagan TiToeuli
dakavebulia sakuTari gansxvavebebis daxvewiT sxva jgufebisgan
damoukideblad~ (217).

gitlinis multikulturalizmis kritika, aSkarad, sruliad

gansxvavdeba makkartis kritikisagan. gitlini braldebebs uyenebs
multikulturalizms, ara mxolod imitom, rom misi miznebi bundovania,
misi politika ganxeTqilebis gamomwvevi, xolo misi logika
reduqcionisturi, da xels uwyobs `perspeqtivistul~ an poziciur
midgomebs, romlebic efuZneba kerZo da ara universalur Taviseburebebs;
aramed aseve, klasikuri poziciidan, imitom, rom mravalferovneba ar
SeiZleba dacilebuli iyos ubralo xalxisgan. gitlini amtkicebs: `Tu
multikulturalizmi ar aris gamagrebuli saydeniT ubralo xalxSi, maSin
centridanuli energia daZlevs nebismier Tavdadebas zogadi sikeTisadmi”
(236).

Tavis daskvnaSi gitlini ar aris maRalfardovani an apokalifsuri,

aramed sakmaod TavSekavebuli da windaxedulia, SesaZloa imitom, rom
SeZrulia mis winaSe mdgari amocanis mniSvnelovnebiT. gitlini (1995)
askvnis:

ueWvelad – erTianobis gza ar iZleva utopiur miznebs. igi, faqtiurad

gvTavazobs uamrav siZneles. umravlesobebi modian da midian; maTi
Tavmoyra ar aris advili saukeTeso garemoebebSi. wes-Cveulebebi da
rasebi farTod miRebulia – arsad ufro metad, vidre saocrad guluxv,

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 mravalferovan, poliglot amerikaSi. aSkarad, adamianebi motivirebuli
arian klanis, religiisa da rasisadmi loialobiT. amasobaSi, kapitali
miemarTeba sazRvrebis gaswvriv sinaTlis siswrafiT, maSin roca samuSao
Zala moZraobs adamianuri siCqariT. (237)

gitlinis pozicia mkveTrad gansxvavdeba, magaliTad, peter maklarenis

revoluciuri multikulturalizmis (1997b) bolo paragrafebisgan. misi
postskriptumi ase iwyeba: `haerSi sisxlis sunia. SeSlilTa reJimi iyureba
sibnelidan, romelic dasaSvebad emzadeba. es sibnele moitana
neoliberalizmis cru dapirebebma da liberaluri demokratiis cru
imedebma~ (301). igi asrulebs: “la linea-s samxreTiT, meqsikaSi, gangsteri biWebi
nesaualkoiotlidan, romlebsac aZlierebs La Banda da politikuri mamacoba,
dadian blokebiTa da ocnebebiT mokirwylul quCebSi. es isaa, risganac
corridos (baladebi) aris Seqmnili. ... xolo kapitalizmis wvrilzolian
kostiumebian gangsterebs urCevniaT, TrTodnen misi mokrZalebuli sidiadis
winaSe da gaaqrolon bentli qalaqgareT apokalifsis dadgomamde~ (301).

miuxedavad maklarenis apokalifsuri gafrTxilebisa,

ganmanaTleblobis gitliniseuli dacva gzas uxsnis multikulturalizmis
(multikulturuli mravalferovnebisa da kulturuli pluralizmis
cnebebis CaTvliT) yvelaze Camafiqrebel braldebas amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, romelic SemogvTavaza rasel jekobim (1994). igi Tamamad acxadebs,
rom multikulturalizmi araferia Tu ara miTi da ideologia, axali
Jargoni:

multikulturalizmi da kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da kulturuli

pluralizmis monaTesave terminebi axal Jargons warmoadgens.
ganuwyvetlivi moxmobiT, isini aRniSnavs nebismier rames da yvelafers. es
ar aris mxolod daudevari sityvebis magaliTi; es frazebi iqca axal
ideologiad. ufro provokaciulad rom vTqvaT: multikulturalizmi,
rogorc programa ifurCqneba, xolo rogorc realoba – sustdeba.
kulturuli mravalferovnebis dafdafebis cema faravs arasasurvel
simarTles: kulturuli gansxvavebebi ki ar izrdeba, aramed mcirdeba.
kargia Tu cudi, mxolod erTi kultura xarobs amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, biznesis, muSaobisa da moxmarebis kultura. (121-122)

jekobisaTvis kulturebis mravalferovneba amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi momxmarebelTa sazogadoebis SigniT arsebobs. es mravalferovani
kulturebi alternativas ar sTavazoben konsumerizmsa da kapitalizms,
xolo multikulturalizmis ideologiis damcvelebi ubralod eZeben
`saukeTeso gzas amerikul meinstrimSi Sesasvlelad da keTildReobis
misaRwevad~ (123). konsumerizmisadmi maTi miswrafebis gamo da im faqtis
gamo, rom Cven yvela vyalibdebiT kulturuli politikis
globalizaciasTan SexebiT masmediis meSveobiT (rasac bevri
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daadasturebda, rom aris ubralod kulturis msoflio masStabiT
`amerikanizacia~), jekobi skeptikurad aris ganwyobili im garemoebisadmi,
rom amerikis kulturuli heterogenuloba asaxavs sxvadasxva kulturebs
Soris interaqciebs, Tundac afroamerikuli TemebisaTvis, sadac
`moxmarebis kultma gaJRinTa emociuri da kulturuli cxovreba
afroamerikeli bavSvebisaTvis damangreveli SedegebiT~ (124).

politikuri TvalsazrisiT, jekobis (1994) kritika nawilobriv

Tanxvdeba gitlinisa da makkartis kritikas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca igi
amtkicebs, rom multikulturalizmi aris

maneruli fraza eTnikuri da rasobrivi uTanasworobisTvis da zogjer

kompensatorul diskriminaciisTvis... [magram SeiZleba iseve usargeblo
iyos daJinebiT vamtkicoT rasobrivi jgufebis proporciuli
reprezentacia]. rasobrivi da eTnikuri uTanasworobebis, rogorc
kulturuli gansxvavebebis ganmarteba, ara mxolod arazustia, aramed
cud situacias kidev ufro uaresad aqcevs. igi xels uwyobs jgufis
Sovinizmisa da SuRlis gaRvivebas; igi gulisxmobs, rom yovel jgufs
aqvs gansakuTrebuli perspeqtiva da inteleqti, romelsac TiToeuli
wevri warmoadgens. afroamerikels, Semdgom, qiraoben, ara ubralod
samarTlianobis gamo, aramed kulturuli mizezebiT: igi atarebs
gansakuTrebul sensibilurobas. (126)

mokled, jakobisaTvis multikulturalizmis es ideologia saubrobs,

ara imdenad gansxvavebul cxovrebebze gansxvavebul kulturebSi, aramed
gansxvavebul cxovrebis stilebze amerikul sazogadoebaSi, romelSic
yvela miiswrafvis imisken, rom isiamovnos erTi da igive amerikuli
kapitalisturi da konsumeristuli meinstrimi cxovrebis stiliT.
miuxedavad misi mkveTrad gansazRvruli klasobrivi orientaciisa da
multikulturalizmis gaucxoebis kritikisa klasis da kapitalizmis
gagebis naklebobis gamo, jakobis kritikis zogierTi nawili SesaZloa,
bolos da bolos, nawilobriv Tanxvdebodes multikulturalizmis
neokonservatiuli kritikis ZiriTad komponentebs.

multikulturalizmis romel versiasac ar unda uWerdes mxars

adamiani, an iTvaliswinebdes kritikuli perspeqtividan, naTelia, rom
multikulturalizmze debatebi dakavSirebulia globalizaciaze,
emigraciaze, sazRvris identobebis politikaze, rasaze, eTnikurobasa da
postkoloniur literaturaze Teoriuli msjelobis axal formebTan.
SeiZleba (da ironiulia, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne) arsad ar aris ise cxadi,
rogorc multikulturalizmis (rogorc socialuri moZraobis da rogorc
multikulturuli ganaTlebis neokonservatiul) kritikaSi, rom kritika,
SemTxveviT gadaiqca multikulturalizmis winaaRmdeg kampaniad.

278
identobisa da multikulturalizmis kritikulad sadavo
sakiTxebi: daskvna

vin unda iTxovos patieba da vis SeuZlia miteveba? maT, vinc, amdeni wlis
ganmavlobaSi savse magidas usxdnen moyirWebamde, xolo Cven sikvdilTan
visxediT yovel dRe ise, rom aRar gveSinia misi? maT, vinc gaivses
TavianTi jibeebi da TavianTi sulebi formaluri sityvebiTa da
dapirebebiT? mkvdrebs, Cvens mkvdrebs, ise ulmoblad daxocilebs
`bunebrivi~ sikvdiliT, anu wiTelaTi, gripiT, tropikuli ciebiT,
qoleriT, tifiT, mononukleoziT, tetanusiT, pnevmoniiT, malariiTa da
kuW-nawlavisa da filtvebis sxva seniT? Cvens mkvdrebs, ise ulmoblad
daxocilebs, ise demokratiulad daxocilebs. Cvens mkvdrebs, romlebic
ise daixocnen, rom aravis dauTvlia da ar uTqvams bolos `sakmarisia?~
es azrs SesZenda am gardacvalebebs, ise rom vinme ikiTxavda saerTo
mkvdrebze, Cvens mkvdrebze, rom amjerad isini brundebian
sicocxlisaTvis da ara Tavidan mosakvdomad? maT vinc Cvens xalxs
mmarTvelobis ufleba da unari mouspo? maT, vinc Cvens wes-Cveulebebs,
fersa da enas pativi ar miago? maT, vinc Cven gveqceoda, rogorc ucxoebs
Cvensave qveyanaSi da vinc gvTxovda dokumentebsa da kanonebis
morCilebas, romelTa arsebobasa da samarTlianobasac Cven ignorirebas
vukeTebT? maT, vinc gvawamebda, gvapatimrebda da gvaqrobda, radgan surda
miwis nawili, didi nawili, da ara mcire, mxolod miwa, sadac SegveZlo
mosavlis aReba muclis amosavsebad? vin unda iTxovos patieba da vis
SeuZlia miteveba?

– Subcomandante Marcos, “¿De que nos van a perdonar?”

(inglisuri Targmanis avtori: juli en tompsoni)

es epigrafi, romelic aRebulia sapatista subkomandante markosis

cnobili werilidan Jurnali Proceso-saTvis meqsikaSi, 1994 wlis sapatista
amboxebidan mcire xnis Semdeg, ukiduresad naTlad asaxavs liberalizmis
sazRvrebs da gmobs mis Sedegebs. liberaluri multikulturalizmis
momxreebi amtkiceben, rom es (1) gazrdis samarTlianobas (amerikis
sxvadasxva eTnikurobebis diapazonisa da simdidris warmodgeniT) da (2)
gazrdis tolerantobas (moswavleTa istoriis mniSvnelobis
mravalricxovan perspeqtivebTan miaxlovebiT). `am TvalsazrisiT,
multikulturalizmi amerikuli identobis cnebas raodenobrivad zrdis
afroamerikelebis, amerikeli indielebisa da msgavsTa mimarT yuradRebis
moTxovniT, magram Tavis adgilze tovebs identobis erTian cnebas~ (skoti,
1992:13).
279
 me vasabuTebdi, rom multikulturalizmis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da
namdvilad orginaluri Tviseba efuZneba liberalur pluralistur
perspeqtivas, rac kargad aris warmodgenili mis kritikul midgomaSi jeims
benqsisa da kolegebis (1993) naSromSi. pluralistur farglebSi, identoba
`gagebulia, rogorc wes-Cveulebebis, praqtikebis da mniSvnelobebis
dadgenili wyebis referencialuri niSani da maradiuli memkvidreoba,
advilad identificirebadi sociologiuri kategoria, saerTo Tvisebebis
da/an gamocdilebebis wyeba~ (skoti, 1992:14).

egzistencialisturi da ara mxolod sociologiuri Tvalsazrisidan,

identoba aseve dakavSirebulia dacvis, mikuTvnebulobisa da aRiarebis
ZiriTad grZnobebTan da gamocdilebebTan. rogorc kornel vesti (naSromSi,
vesti, klori de alba da Sorris, 1991) ase damajereblad amtkicebs:

adamianebi sakuTari Tavis identificirebas axdenen garkveuli

saSualebebiT, raTa daicvan sakuTari sxeulebi, TavianTi Sroma, TavianTi
Temebi, cxovrebis wesi; raTa asocirebulni iyvnen im adamianebTan, vinc
maT miawers mniSvnelovnebas; da aRiarebis miznisaTvis, rom aRiarebuli
iyvnen, rom igrZnon, rom ekuTvnian jgufs, klans, toms, Tems. ise rom,
nebismier dros, rodesac vsaubrobT garkveuli jgufis identobaze drosa
da sivrceSi, Zalze zustad unda aRvniSnoT, Tu ra aris sarwmuno
alternativa maTTvis nebismier konkretul momentSi. (57)

miuxedavad amisa, mravalferovneba, rogorc swavlis procesi uwyvetad

aocebs Semswavlels da qmnis pirobebs identobisa da codnis mravalgzis
gancdisaTvis, ara mxolod, rogorc dacva, mikuTvnebuloba da aRiareba –
WeSmaritad egzistencialisturi moTxovnebi – aramed aseve, rogorc gza
WeSmariti, ganviTarebadi me-s sapovnelad, risi namdvilad gageba, gamoxatva
da Tundac saxeldeba bevr Cvengans ase rTulad miaCnia.

kantis azramde misvlis gareSe, romlis mixedviTac, Cven verasodes

SevZlebT srulad gagebas Cveni individualuri cxovrebis dadgenili
narativis, rogorc mravalferovani Temebis istoriaSi aRbeWdilisa,
romelsac Cven mivekuTvnebiT, identobis rogorc individualuri (da
koleqtiuri, aseve) swavlis aRiarebaSi arsebobs raRac warmoudgenlad
piradi, rac ukeT aris aRbeWdili poeziaSi, vidre analitikur
filosofiaSi.

qvemoT warmodgenili leqsi, romelic SeTxzulia berklis studentis

mier Cikano literaturuli Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb naSromis daweris Semdeg,
sakmaod kargad gadmogvcems identobis, rogorc samudamo, gasaocari
zeSTagonebis gancdis mniSvnelobas. identoba aris swavlis, codnisa da
aRiarebis gza.

280
 Cems kaleidoskopSi cqerisas vekiTxebi:

– gicnob?

borZikiT vpasuxob da veZeb sakuTar Tavs,

– ra vici...

ara mgonia arsebobdes `me~.

rom ganvsazRvro, vin var me, niSnavs SevzRudo Cemi Tavi imis gancdisgan, Tu
vin

var me

xval

SemiZlia giTxra, ra Sevicne Cemi Tavis Sesaxeb, da ras

vfiqrob, ra Seadgens Cems arsebas.

magram, vin `var me~,

Cemi pirovneba,

aris maradiuli

yoveldRiuri

gasaocari

zeSTagoneba;

igi arsebobs, radgan me varsebob

cvalebad drosa da sivrceSi

sxvadasxvanairad

arasodes var sakmarisad damkvidrebuli

magram cxovrebaSi, miwaze damyarebuli

var aq da axla.

erTxel mindoda, mivkrodi identobas

`laTina~ an `qali~, an ... nebismieri – magram axla,

axla vebRauWebi WeSmaritebas sakuTar Tavze;

Ddrois Sedgenil Sromas,

281
 Mme-s `poststruqturalistur~ cnebas,

sxvadasxva elementTa kulminacia, rac

marjved ar ergeba yuTs;

ar SemiZlia movniSno igi, rodesac mTxoven: daasaxeleT sakuTari vinaoba

rogorc:

laTina?

– diax,

laTinoamerikeli?

– vfiqrob, asea…

araTeTrkaniani laTinoamerikeli?

– hmm, ras niSnavs es?

mdedrobiTi sqesis?

– diax.

qali?

– ase vityodi. maram magiT ras gulisxmob mainc...?

imdeni gamouTqmeli elementi poulobs Tavis gzas

CemSi da gamoxatavs Tavs

yoveldRiurad.

isini Tavs iyrian ise, rom ar vici.

Tumca, ara Cemi aRiarebis gareSe –

me vafaseb maT mogzaurobas CemSi da Semdgom

aRmoCenas;

elementebi, romlebic mexebian –

gaurkvevlad,

TavianTi SeupovrobiT

uwyvetad marqmeven saxels,

maZleven guls, suls

cxovrebas.

282
 vafaseb swavlas,

gamocdilebas –

survils sicilisa da

imisa, rom vuyvarde,

siyvarulisa da cxovrebisa

dausrulebeli fiqriT imaze, Tu

vin var me.

identoba aris aRmoCenisa da swavlis procesi. Gloria ledson-

bilingsTan Cems saubarSi, man Zalze garkveviT aRniSna erovnul
identobasTan kavSirebze fiqris Sesaxeb: `rac kvlevisagan miviReT aris is,
rom unda arsebobdes garkveuli eTnikuri afiliacia, sanam adamiani
erovnul identobasTan kavSirs daamyarebs. nawili imisa, rac skolebSi
xdeba, aris eTnikurobis uaryofa da rasobrivi gansxvavebis uaryofa da
imis varaudi, rom Cven varT `sufTa amerikelebi~ (tores, 1998a:193).

mravalferovneba, meore mxriv, rogorc skoti (1992) amtkicebs: `niSnavs

identobaTa simravles da igi aRiqmeba, rogorc adamianuri arsebobis
mdgomareoba da ara gansxvavebaTa formulirebis Sedegi, rac Seadgens
Zalauflebis ierarqiebs da asimetriebs~ (14).

`analitikuri agonia~ aris termini, romelic gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom

yvelaze kargad aRweros am procesis sirTule: identoba da
mravalferovneba ar SeiZleba arc mivakuTvnoT da arc gamovacalkevoT
klasis upiratesobisgan. kornel vesti (naSromSi vesti, klori de alba da
Sorris, 1996) daeTanxmeboda, vinaidan igi asabuTebs, rom `saxeldebis es
istoriuli procesi aris nawili memkvidreobisa, ara mxolod TeTri
upiratesobisa, aramed klasis upiratesobisa~ (57).

imis saCveneblad, Tu ramdenad rTuli gadasawyveti SeiZleba iyos

identobis sakiTxi, modiT, davubrundeT gitlinis (1995) analizs. imis
aRniSvniT, rom zogierTi termini swrafad iqceva kliSed da rom
kategoriebi xdeba gazviadebuli, gitlini akritikebs skotis pozicias.
gitlini iwyebs skotis citirebas Semdegnairad:

[g]ansxvavebebi da sxvadasxva identobaTa Taviseburebebi warmoiSoba

diskriminaciiT. ... [g]ansxvaveba ukavSirdeba raRacas, rasac sasicocxlo
mniSvneloba aqvs individis, an jgufis me-s SegrZnebasTan da igi Seadgens
Zalauflebis urTierTobas interesTa da problemaTa wyebasTan erTad,
rac ar wydeba advilad, an Cerdeba universalizmis principiT. (204)

283
magram gitlini asabuTebs:

skotis meore citataSi pirveli winadadeba niSnavs, rom gansxvavebebi

daiyvaneba Zalauflebis urTierTobebze, rac aSkarad mcdaria. (rusebi
aRiqvamen, rom afrikelebi `gansxvavebuli~ arian, magram ara imitom, rom
maT aucileblad aqvT Zalaufleba afrikelebze, an imitom rom
afrikelebs rame Zalaufleba aqvT maTze.) Tu winadadebis pirveli nawili
niSnavs, rom gansxvaveba avtomaturad qmnis Zalauflebis urTierTobas,
igi aSkarad mcdaria. (qurTebi da tutsi gansxvavdebian, magram maT aqvT
Zalze mcire kavSiri, Tuki raime kavSiri saerTod arsebobs.) es niSnavs,
rom gansxvaveba qmnis mxolod Zalauflebis urTierTobas, rac aSkarad
mcdaria. (Tu me momwons Sister Souljah-s repi, es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas
Zalaufleba aqvs, maiZulos Tavisi kompaqt diskebis yidva.) Tu es imas
niSnavs, rom Zalauflebis urTierTobebi ar arsebobs gansxvavebis gareSe,
es tavtologiuria. ... am terminebis Seumowmebeli gamoyeneba varaudobs,
rom cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba tolfasia mxolod enisa da garemos
institutebisa. aseve, imis Tqma, rom identobebi (magaliTad, qalebi an
homoseqsualebi) `konstruirebulia~ istoriaSi, simarTles asaxavs, rom
iarliyebi icvleba, mxolod kategoriebi arseboben SezRuduli droiT,
magram xSirad imdenad ganfenilia, rom vivaraudoT, rom isini
arafrisganaa konstruirebuli. (204)

Zalaufleba da gansxvaveba multikulturalizmis narativSi yovelTvis

urTierTdakavSirebulia identobaze diskusiasTan. Tumca, erovnuli
identoba, teritoriuli solidarobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani forma,
romelic efuZneba erT erovnul saxelmwifos da patriotizmis
gamocdilebis, grZnobisa da saerTo kulturuli memkvidreobis cnebebs, ar
warmoadgens fiqsirebul markers, romelic waruZRveba moqalaqeebs
loialobebisa da solidarobebis maTeul arCevanSi. erovnuli identoba,
rogorc Jiro (1992) naTlad ayalibebs `yovelTvis aris cvalebadi,
gadauwyveteli kompleqsi istoriuli brZolebisa da gamocdilebebisa,
romlebic stimulirebulia, Seqmnilia da warmarTulia mravalferovani
kulturebis gavliT. rogorc aseTi, igi yovelTvis Riaa interpretaciisa da
brZolisaTvis~ (53).

ar aris gasakviri, rom Semdgom, erovnuli identobis cneba ukeT aris

gansazRvruli istoriulad `sxvebTan~ Sedarebis meSveobiT (mag., sxva
erovnul identobasTan, an eris mterTan), vidre eris ueWvel istoriul
TvisebebTan da misi xalxis, rogorc homogenuri jgufis erovnul
gamocdilebasTan SedarebiT. es sakiTxi iwvevs diskusias kanonsa da
kulturas Soris urTierTobaze, romelsac Sevudgebi momdevno TavSi.

amdenad, identobebi konstruirdeba davisa da brZolis procesSi da

eqvemdebareba mravalobiT interpretaciebs; identoba aris swavlis, codnisa

284
da aRiarebis gza. identobebi socialuri konstruqciebia masaliTa da
istoriuli safuZvlebiT da, ra Tqma unda, isini efuZneba an, Tu
viTvaliswinebT altiuseris Secdomas, interpelirebulia codnis aRqmiT,
xedvisa da grZnobis meTodebiT, da Zalauflebis gancdili gamocdilebiT,
gansakuTrebiT imiT, Tu rogori codna aris (an unda iyos) legitimurad
miCneuli da unda iyos mxedvelobaSi miRebuli; rogori gamocdileba unda
iyos aRniSnuli da gasaTvaliswinebeli, da rogor SeiZleba Zalaufleba
SeTanxmebul iqnes sxvadasxva codnaTa da gamocdilebaTa Soris. garda
amisa, gamocdilebis igive cneba, rac, rogorc Cans, safuZvlad udevs
identobis cnebas, rogorc joan skoti ase damajereblad amtkicebda, aris
raRac istoriulad, kulturulad da diskursiulad Seqmnili.
rasakvirvelia, arsebobs erovnuli identobis gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebi,
romelic `SemuSavda im kulturul gansxvavebaTa irgvliv, romlebic
konstruirebulia Zalauflebis ierarqiul urTierTobebs Soris da
romlebic iZleva uflebamosilebas, Tu vis SeuZlia da vis ar SeuZlia
ilaparakos legitimurad, rogorc amerikelma~ (Jiro, 1992, 53).

rogorc maikl efli (1982b, 1986b, 1993, 1997) oc weliwadze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi ase marTebulad amtkicebda, Zalauflebasa da codnas Soris
kavSirebi gaxda umniSvnelovanesi ganaTlebaSi kvlevis nebismieri
praqtikuli programisa da politikis SemuSavebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT,
konservatiuli aRdgenis am axal fazaSi.

identoba, rogorc vasabuTebdi, ar warmoadgens fiqsirebul markers,

aucilebel arss, rac zog adamians saerTo aqvs TavianTi warmoSobis, rasis,
religiuri afiliaciis, sqesobrivi upiratesobis, sqesis, an klasis
safuZvelze, aramed igi aris swavlis procesi, romelic damokidebulia
konteqstze da, ra Tqma unda, Riaa interpretaciisaTvis. rogorc aseTi, igi
aseve damokidebulia im brZolaTa istoriulobaze, romlebic gavlenas
axdens socialur cnobierebaze drois mocemul momentSi, qmnis
gamocdilebas da gamocdilebis gacnobierebas, wvdomis mniSvnelovan
process da mniSvnelobis Seqmnas im individTa mier, romlebic cdiloben,
gaigon sakuTar cxovrebaTa pirobebi. Tumca, gulubryvilo iqneboda
identobis gageba, rogorc mxolod ganviTarebadi narativisa, rogorc me-s
socialur konstruirebaSi sityvaTa dausrulebeli TamaSisa. identoba
ufro metia, vidre mxolod ritorika, argumentacia, an ganviTarebadi
socialuri (da individualuri) `teqsti~, romelic konstruirdeba
gamocdilebaTa sxvadasxva wyebebisa da codnis mier da meSveobiT.

poeti T. s. elioti (1934) ambobda, rom `Cven gvaqvs gamocdileba, magram

gvaklia mniSvneloba, mxolod mniSvnelobasTan miaxloeba aRadgens
gamocdilebas.~ eliotis gamonaTqvami gveubneba, rom mocemul
285
gamocdilebaze daSenebuli identobis cneba iseve bundovania, rogorc
identobis cnobierebis cneba, romelic TavisTavad, varaudobs gzis
dasrulebis garkveul SegrZnebas, mas Semdeg, rac miaRwevs
TviTidentifikaciis garkveul zRvars.

Tumca – da es gaxlavT Cemi analizis principi – simboluri

mniSvnelobis Seqmnis procesis, an cnobierebis gamocalkeveba SeuZlebelia
Cagvris, diskriminaciisa da gamoricxvis procesebisgan, rac Seadgens
adamianTa cxovrebas, miuxedavad imisa, SegviZlia am procesis amocnoba Tu
ara. es dakvirveba kidev ufro mniSvnelovania maSin, roca zogierTi
kulturuli forma cdilobs damkvidrdes, rogorc universaluri forma,
rogorc metafizikuri kanoni, romliTac unda moxdes sxva socialur
formirebaTa da cnobierebis Sefaseba, rogorc gvafrTxilebs skoti (1992):
`procesi, romelic amkvidrebs zogis upiratesobas, tipiurobasa Tu
universalobas sxvebis arasrulfasovnebis, atipiurobisa Tu
individualurobis TvalsazrisiT~ (14-15).

multikulturalizmisa da multikulturuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb

diskusia aris diskusia, ara mxolod kanonsa da kulturaze, aramed aseve
moqalaqeobisa da demokratiis momavalze kulturulad mravalferovan
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi – diskusia, romelic warmoudgeneli
sicxadiT gviCvenebs, diskursebis araproporciulobas da politikur
problemebze teqnikur reagirebaTa SezRudulobas. kidev erTxel
cocxldeba jon diuis landi kritikul dialogSi, romelsac paulo
freiri gvTavazobs. diuisaTvis, ganaTleba moiTxovs `keTebas~, radgan
codna, rogorc raobaTa mixvedra, uaryofilia im Sexedulebis
sasargeblod, romelic codnas akavSirebs realobis manipulirebasTan.
rodesac Cven raRac viciT, Cven viwyebT sxva gamocdilebebTan misi
kavSirebis gacnobierebas da Cven SegviZlia davakavSiroT igi Cvens sakuTar
interesebTan. maSasadame, ganaTleba moicavs moswavlis interesis
gamowvevas, ara ubralod, rogorc codnis ukeT gaxsenebis saSualebas,
aramed rogorc codnisa da interesis rTulad dakavSirebis saSualebas.

freirs Semoaqvs epistemologiuri xedva pedagogikaSi. diuis msgavsad,

mas sjera, rom `codna~ momdinareobs gamovlil gamocdilebaTagan da ara
mxolod racionaluri, `abstraqtuli~ wvdomidan – romelsac, Tu sworad
amocnobili da ganxorcielebulia, marTlac, SeuZlia gamovlil
gamocdilebaTa mxolod gamdidreba. problemebis dasaxvis ganaTleba,
romelic winaaRmdegobaSia problemebis gadawyvetis ganaTlebis
modelebTan, iwyeba Teoriis aRmoCeniT, romelic damalulia adamianuri
faqtorisa da socialuri moZraobebis praqtikaSi. freiris
epistemologiuri perspeqtiva iswrafvis, Tavis mxriv, axali codnis

286
Seqmnisaken, romelic warmmarTveli, STamagonebeli iqneba, xelaxla
gansazRravs da xels Seuwyobs praqtikis gagebas. Tumca, es ucnobi Teoria
jer ar SemuSavebula. igi unda aRmoaCinon, gamoigonon, Seadginon, an
xelaxla Seqmnan kritikul socialur Teorias da/an poeziisa da
literaturis esTetikasa da daZabuli, garTulebuli da winaaRmdegobrivi
praqtikebis moTxovnebs Soris inteleqtualur dialogSi.

ueWvelia, freiriseuli cnobismoyvareobis epistemologiam aRiara (im

politikur-pedagogiuri ganaTlebis dasawyisidanve, romelmac stimuli
misca mis Semoqmedebas) mravlobiTi identobebis cneba, rogorc swavlis gza
da, Sedegad, misi epistemologiuri pozicia, romelsac, sul mcire, ori
ZiriTadi Sedegi moaqvs pedagogikisaTvis. erTi mxriv, freiris wvlilidan
amozrdili kritikuli pedagogika dainteresebulia imiT, Tu rogor
SeuZlia emansipatorul ganaTlebas SemswavlelTa (sakuTari) kulturebisa
da diskursebis ganmtkiceba da amave dros maTi gaZliereba. meore mxriv,
freiris mier daZabulobebis aRiarebam obieqturobasa da subieqturobas
Soris, Teoriasa da praqtikas – rogorc adamianuri Zalisxmevis avtonomiur
da legitimuri sferoebs – Soris igi miiyvana (kidev erTxel diuisgan
gansxvavebiT) imis aRiarebamde, rom es diqotomiebi da daZabulobebi ver
daiZleva da verc maTi sruli kompleqsurobiT Seicnoba meinstrimi
meTodologiebis meSveobiT.

identobis formireba aris agonaluri procesi, kompleqsuri,

ukiduresad rTulad gasagebi/Sesasrulebeli siamovnebisa da tkivilis
nazaviT, rac moicavs mniSvnelobis Seqmnas individualur doneze, magram
igi aseve SeiZleba gacxadebuli iyos Temebisa da socialuri moZraobebis
doneze. ra Tqma unda, codnis konstruirebisa da swavlis procesi,
romelic SeiZleba dagvexmaros gamocdilebis amocnobaSi, iziarebs imave
`normebs~, romelsac identobis swavla. (aq me mivyvebi paulo freiris ideas,
rom cnobiereba Sedgenilia, rogorc sagangebo mTlianoba, romelic
droebiTad axdens simbolizebas-aRniSvnas). maSasadame, kritikuli
`TviTSegneba~ diapazoniT scdeba individualuri fsiqologiuri
cnobierebis maCvenebels; es, faqtiurad, aris fenomeni (vinaidan ar arsebobs
ukeTesi sityva), romelic scdeba froidis fsiqologiur cnobierebas (super
egos), da srulad interesdeba istoriuli da koleqtiuri cnobierebiT, anu,
egreT wodebuli intersubieqtivizmis sferoTi. identobis formirebisaTvis
cnobierebis am konceptualizaciis Sedegebi (romelic srulad aris
gagebuli kritikul modernistul analizSi) metismetad bevria imisaTvis,
rom aq iqnes moyvanili daumTavrebeli saxiT.

epigrafi, romelic stimuls aZlevs am Txrobas daskvniT nawilSi,

aRebulia braldebis teqstidan, romelic dawera laTino meqsikuri sistemis

287
subkomandante markosma CiapasSi, lakandonas tropikul tyeSi da
warmoadgens imis seriozul Sexsenebas, Tu ra dgas safrTxis winaSe maSin,
rodesac ganvixilavT multikulturalizms da kulturisa da identobis
politikaTa politikur gamowvevebs.

SeniSvnebi

1
moqalaqeobrivi ganaTleba moiTxovs imas, rasac tradiciulad ewodeboda
samoqalaqo ganaTleba, anu konstituciuri demokratiis swavleba. samoqalaqo
ganaTlebasTan Cveulebriv asocirdeba sami kategoria: (a) samoqalaqo codna,
romelic konstituciuri demokratiis konteqstSi moiTxovs ZiriTadi cnebebis
codnas, romelic gansazRvravs demokratiis praqtikas, rogoricaa saxalxo
arCevnebi, umravlesobis mmarTveloba, moqalaqeTa uflebebi da movaleobebi,
Zalauflebebis konstituciuri dayofa da sabazro ekonomikaSi demokratiis
ganxorcieleba, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ZiriTadi
winapirobebi; (b) samoqalaqo unarebi, romelic Cveulebriv niSnavs inteleqtualur
da monawileobiT unarebs, rac xels uwyobs moqalaqeTa saR azrsa da qmedebas; da
(g) samoqalaqo Rirsebebi, Cveulebriv ganisazRvreba liberalur principebTan
kavSirSi, rogoricaa TviTdisciplina, TanagrZnoba, tolerantoba da pativiscema.
amdenad, xazi gavusvaT, rom moqalaqeobrivi ganaTleba Serwymulia politikasTan
da, arsobrivad, sadavo cnebaa. igi dakavSirebulia cnebasTan, romelsac
sociologebi uwodeben `politikur socializacias~, cnebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
individTa formirebas ukavSirebs saxelmwifo politikas. arsebobs kiTxvebi imis
Taobaze, rom moqalaqeobrivma ganaTlebam xazi unda gausvas Tu ara samoqalaqo
ganaTlebas, samoqalaqo unarebs da samoqalaqo Rirsebebs, rogorc es
gansazRvrulia politikuri mmarTveli wreebis mier. Tu isini axdenen moqalaqis
rolis konceptualizacias, ZiriTadad, rogorc damTmoblobisa da
TanamSromlobis rolisa, maT SeiZleba daafason es qcevebi da aswavlon kanonisa
da mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb; Tu isini gansazRvraven rols ufro monawileobiTi
TvalsazrisiT, pedagogebma SeiZleba aswavlon moswavleebs is, Tu rogor
moaxdinon gavlena saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebze da sagangebo saxelmwifoebriv
politikaze. orive Tvalsazrisi uxvad gvxvdeba aSS-s moqalaqeobrivi ganaTlebis
literaturaSi~ (W. C. Parker, “Citizenship Education,” in Dictionary of Multicultural Education, ed. C.
A. Grant and G. Ladson-Billings, Phoenix: Oryx, 1997).
2
es ar aris adgili, sadac gakritikebul unda iqnes homogenurobis da
heterogenurobis Sesaxeb diskusia, rogorc is iqna warmarTuli, Cemi azriT,
sakmaod gamartivebuli da reduqcionistuli gziT (maniqevluri gza, SeiZleba,
ukeTes formulirebas warmoadgendes) wignis Multiculturalism: A Critical Reader (Oxford:
Blackwell, 1996) SesavalSi (romelic sxva mxriv, brwyinvaled aris dawerili) Teo
goldbergis mier.
3
ixileT misi Black Looks: Race and Representation (Boston: South End Press, 1992).
alternatiuli sociologiuri TvalsazrisisaTvis ixileT: Ruth Frankenberg, The Social
Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
4
ted mitCeli da axali institucionalisturi skola ganaTlebis istoriaSi
cdilobdnen eWvi SeetanaT gardauvalobis cnebaSi saganmanaTleblo institutebis
istoriaSi im brZolebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, romelic Seadgens realobis
transformaciis dinamikas. mitCelis TvalsazrisiT, es brZolebi Sualedur rgols
warmoadgens, formas aZlevs da xazs usvams saganmanaTleblo institutebSi
socialuri qmedebis institucionalizacias. institutebi iqmneba rutinebis,

288
wesebis, normebisa da struqturebis safuZvelze da isini warmarTaven qmedebas
qcevis garkveul sazRvrebsa da CarCoebSi. instituciuri Teoria cdilobs
gaarkvios saganmanaTleblo institutebSi socialuri qmedebis racionalizaciis
istoriuli da sociologiuri konfiguracia. misi momxreebi ganaTlebas xedaven
(kerZod, politikur socializacias), rogorc mizanmimarTuli racionaluri
demokratiuli qmedebis zrdis instruments. Sedegad, saxelmwifos roli
umTavresia instituciuri TeoriisaTvis. rogorc profesori mitCeli amtkicebs,
saganmanaTleblo institutebis istoriis nebismieri kvleva unda iTvaliswinebdes
`realur brZolebs, romlebmac Seqmna struqturebi da praqtikebi, romelTa
TavisTavad cxadad miRebac Cven Semdgom daviwyeT. ratom aris swavleba
SenarCunebuli xalxis xarjze? ratom gvaqvs niSnebi da swavlebis etapebi? bevri
profesionalisTvis da xalxis didi nawilisaTvis, am tipis kiTxvebze pasuxebi,
tendenciisamebr, eyrdnoba universaliebs, ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli da
institucionaluri determinizmis nairsaxeobebs. Tumca, am TvisebaTagan TiToeuls
aqvs kerZo, drosTan dakavSirebuli istoria da mizezTa wyeba. am istoriebisa da
maTTan dakavSirebuli konfliqtebis aRdgenas didi mniSvneloba aqvs kauzaciis
specifiurobis kargad garkvevisaTvis da es garkveva aucilebelia
nebismierisaTvis, araprofesionalisa Tu profesionalisaTvis, romelsac
ainteresebs Cveni saganmanaTleblo institutebis Secnoba da gaumjobeseba~ (Los
Angeles: UCLA, 1986, xelnaweri gv. 1). amgvarad, institucionalisturi Teoriis
warmomadgenelTaTvis ZiriTadi interesi aris saxelmwifo Zalauflebis eqspansia
da ganaTlebis, rogorc Tanamedrove iniciaciis ceremoniis roli. isini axdenen
saxelmwifo qmnadobis da ganaTlebis (rogorc moqalaqeobis erovnuli Senebis
umTavresi nawilis) sajaro sistemebis gaerTianebis, eqspansiisa da saxelmwifo
Zalauflebis ganvrcobis konceptualizacias mosaxleobaSi. magaliTad, mitCeli,
romelic iyenebs maikl kacis, devid taiakis, Bernard beilinis, lorens qreminis,
maikl eflis da saganmanaTleblo institucionalizaciis kulturis kritikosTa
naSromebs, cdilobs `aRadginos im gadawyvetilebaTa gageba, moqmedeba da
funqcionaluroba, romlebic miRebul iqna da romlebmac Cveni saganmanaTleblo
institutebis formireba moaxdina~. [maSasadame,] imis Cvenebam, garkveuli
gadawyvetilebebi Tu rogor asaxavda specifiur interesebs specifiur droze,
adamians SeiZleba Zalze gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebi miaRebinos, roca dro,
garemoebebi da Zalauflebis urTierTobebi icvleba. swored amgvarad, warsulis
moqmedebisa da brZolis aRdgeniT, SeiZleba istoria Tanamedrove politikuri
arCevanis relevanturi gaxdes~ (xelnaweri, gv. 2). am naSromis gasaocari adreuli
magaliTi gaxlavT mitCelis pirveli wigni, Political Education in the Southern Farmers’
Alliance (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987).
5
ixileT daskvna konstruqtivizmze diskusiisaTvis.
6
sasargebloa gvaxsovdes, rom sosiuri ganasxvavebs niSnebis pirobiT bunebas
simboloTa motivirebul bunebisagan. sosiurisaTvis niSnis mniSvnelobis cneba
aris misi poziciis funqcia asocirebul struqturaSi, an paradigmatuli da
SedarebiTi urTierTobebi, rac arsebobs wyebis yvela niSanTa Soris. ena, amdenad,
sosiuris modelSi, ubralod, aris urTierTdamokidebul terminTa sistema,
romelSic mniSvneloba, romelsac iRebs TiToeuli termini, miiReba meore terminis
erTdrouli arsebobiT.
7
neokonservativizmisadmi kritikuli poziciebisaTvis ixileT: Cameron McCarthy and
Warren Crichlow, “Theories of Identity, Theories of Representation, Theories of Race,” ii. Race, Identity,
and Representation in Education, ed. Cameron McCarthy and Warren Crochlow (New York: Routledge,
1993), xiii-xxix; Michael W. Apple, “Constructing the Other: Rightist Reconstructions of Common Sense,”
in Race, Identity, ad Representation, ed. McCarthy and Crichlow, 24-39; Cornel West, Race Matters (Boston,
Beacon Press, 1993); bell hooks and Cornel West, Breaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual Life

289
(Toronto: Between the Lines, 1991); Cornel West, “The Postmodern Crisis of the Black Intellectual,” in
Cultural Studies, ed. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula Treichler (New York: Routledge, 1992),
689-705; Cornel West, “Marxist Theory and the Specificity of Afro-American oppression,” in Marxism and
the Interpretation of Culture, ed. Larry Grossberg and Cary Nelson (Urbana: University of Illinois Press,
1988), 17-29; Antonia Darder, Culture and Power in the Classroom: A Critical Foundation for Bicultural
Education (New York: Bergin & Garvey, 1991).
8
imedi maqvs, rom Cemi diskomforti terminologiasTan dakavSirebiT, rac
deskrifciulia zogadi TvalsazrisiT, magram arasrulyofilia analitikurad,
gasagebi iyo mTeli am wignis masStabiT. mniSvnelovania is, rom teminologia iyos
Sesabamisi, roca misi potenciuri horizontis analitikurad gaSuqebas vcdilobT.
me mtkiced uarvyavi am wignSi termin `umciresobis~ gamoyeneba, rac exeboda
araTeTrkanian da araevropeoiduli rasis mosaxleobas, mxolod imitom, rom es
aris termini, romelic gadatvirTulia rasistuli RirebulebebiT da emociuri
konotaciebiT. is, rasac amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ewodeba umciresoba,
globaluri mosaxleobis perspeqtividan, aris umravlesoba, xolo `TeTrkanianebi~
an evropeoiduli rasa, ueWvelad, rCeba, demografiuli TvalsazrisiT,
umciresobad msoflio sistemaSi. zogierT StatSi, kaliforniis msgavsad,
gamoTvlilia, rom 2025 wlisaTvis umravlesoba (rac mosaxleobis 51 an met
procents gulisxmobs) iqneba laTino an Cikano warmoSobis adamiani. amgvarad,
termini `umciresoba~, (romelSic, Cveulebriv, laTinoamerikelebi Sedian) ar
Seexeba, zusti demografiuli TvalsazrisiT, kaliforniaSi mcxovreb
laTinoamerikelebs momavali saukunis pirveli meoTxedisTvis. `feradkaniani
adamianebi~ aseve problemuri kategoriaa, radgan TeTri feri ver gamoiyeneba,
rogorc ara-feri da verc orientirad gamodgeba, romelTanac mimarTebaSi yvela
sxva `feri~ SeiZleba Sefasdes. Tumca, `feradkaniani adamianebi~ SeiZleba iqces
politikur simbolod, vinaidan yvela Cvengani feris mqone adamiania, da Tu
viswavliT, rogor vceT pativi, SeviswavloT da ganvadidoT gansxvaveba da
gamoviyenoT mravalferovneba, rogorc warmoebis doneze, ise ganawilebis doneze
politikur ekonomiaSi, maSin Cven SegviZlia ganvaxorcieloT samoqalaqo
moZraobis andazuri gamonaTqvami, romelic Zalian popularuli gaxada martin
luTer kingma, rom Cven unda Segvafason Cveni xasiaTis SinaarsiT, da ara Cveni
kanis feriT. dabolos, unda vTqva, rom riCard daieris (1997) gadawyvetileba, imis
Taobaze, rom uwodos araTeTrkaniani warmoSobis adamianebs `araTeTrkanianebi~,
saboloo jamSi, warumatebelia, radgan igi iyenebs standartul `TeTr~
terminilogias, rogorc wess, romliTac unda Sefasdes gamonaklisebi.
9
xalxis ganaTlebis paradigmi, laTinuri amerikis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
wvlili saganmanaTleblo reformisadmi da mWidrod dakavSirebuli CagrulTa
pedagogikasTan, iyo inteleqtualuri da politikuri STagonebis wyaro mravali
reformatorisaTvis. laTinuri amerikis mikro eqsperimentTagan mravali, da misi
naklebad didmasStabiani eqsperimentebi, SeiZleba CaiTvalos inteleqtualurad da
politikurad yvelaze energiul reformatorul eqsperimentebad msoflioSi. kargi,
kompaqturi teqstisaTvis, romelSic mocemulia umetesi Teoriuli da zogierTi
praqtikuli gamocdileba, ixileT Moacir Gadotti and Carlos Alberto Torres, eds., Educação
popular: Utopia latinoamericana (ensaios) (Sã o Paulo: Cortez Editore-Editora da Universidade de Sã o
Paulo, 1994). Targmani mzaddeba publikaciisaTvis Zed Books–is mier (inglisi).
10
magaliTad, makkartis mohyavs konelis argumentis citireba: `sxvadasxva
Tvalsazrisebi iZleva gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs msoflioze da zogierTi
sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro amomwuravia da Zlieri. ... Tu gsurT aswavloT
eTnikurobasa da rasobriv urTierTobebze, magaliTad, ufro detaluri da Rrma
wvdomaa SesaZlebeli, Tu Tqvens kurikulums SeadgenT daqvemdebarebuli eTnikuri
jgufebis, da ara dominanturi jgufis Tvalsazrisidan. ... genderul

290
urTierTobebSi yvelaze naklebi upiratesobis mqoneTa Tvalsazrisma, feminizmSi
gamoTqmulma, moaxdina misi transformireba. Tanamedrove feminizmma Seqmna
socialuri cxovrebis farTo sferos xarisxobrivad ukeTesi analizi axal
cnebaTa farTo speqtris meSveobiT (sqesobrivi politika, patriarqati, samuSaos
sqesobrivi dayofa, da sxv.) da maTgan ganpirobebuli axali kvleva.~ R. W. Connell,
“Curriculum, Politics, Hegemony, and Strategies of Change.” (New South Wales: Macquarie University,
Department of Sociology), 16-18.
11
ixileT freiris hegeliseuli ganwyobebis Cemi analizi naSromSi ”Education and the
Archeology of Consciousness: Hegel and Freire,” Educational Theory 44, no. 4 (Fall 1994): 429-445.
12
“¿Quien tiene que pedir perdó n y quién puede otorgarlo? ¿Los que, durante años y años, se sentaron ante
una mesa llena y se saciaron mienras con nosotros se sentaba la muerte, tan cotidiana, tan nuestra que
acabamos por dejar de tenerle miedo? ¿Los que llenaron las bolsas y el alma de declaraciones y promesas?
¿Los muertos, nuestros muertos, tan mortalmente muertos de muerte ‘natural, es decir, de sarampión,
tosferina, dengue, có lera, tifoidea, mononucleosis, tetanus, pulmonía, paludismo y otras lindezas
gastrointestinales y pulmonares? ¿Nuestros muertos, tan mayoritariamente muertos, tan democráticamente
muertos, nuestros muertos que se iban nomás, sin que nadie llevara la cuenta, sin que nadie dijera, por fin, el
‘YA BASTA!’ que devolviera a esas muertes su sentido, sin que nadie pidieran a los muertos de siempre,
nuestros muertos, que regresaran a morir otra vez pero ahora para vivir? ¿Los que nos negaron el derecho y
don de nuestras gentes de gobernar y gobernarnos? ¿Los que negaron el respecto a nuestra costumbres, a
nuestro color, a nuestra lengua? ¿Los que no stratam como extranjeros en nuestra propia tierra y nos piden
papeles y obediencia a una ley cuya existencia y justeza ignoramos? ¿Los que nos torturaron, apresaron,
asesinaron y desaparecieron por el grave ‘delito’ de querer un pedazo de tierra, no un pedazo grande, no un
pedazo chico, solo un pedazo al que se le pudieran sacar algo para completar el estó mago? ¿Quién tiene que
pedir perdón y quién puede otorgarlo?” Subcomandante Marcos, “¿De que nos van a perdonar?”
13
Laura Silvina Torres, Berkeley, 1997 wlis 9 dekemberi, xelnaweri.
14
gansxvavebze, rogorc formulirebis procesze, ixileT: Homi Bhabha, “The
Commitment to Theory,” naSromSi Third cinema Reader, ed. J. Pines and P. Willemen (London: British
Film Institute, 1989), 111-132, gansakuTrebiT, 12.
15
kantiseuli gageba, liberalur azrovnebasa da patriotul azrovnebas
(nacionalizms) Soris SeuTavseblobaTa moraluri filosofiis sferoSi,
gveubneba, rom mniSvnelovania, gavigoT, rom isini, faqtiurad, Seadgenen or
kontrastul (da SesaZloa SeuTavsebel) morals. erTi mxriv, arsebobs
liberaluri miukerZoeblobis morali (anu, moraluri TvalsazrisiT gansja
niSnavs miukerZoeblad gansjas, rac damoukidebelia individis socialuri
interesebisgan, socialuri poziciebisgan Tu ganwyobebisgan). meore mxriv,
arsebobs patriotizmis morali (anu, zustad imitom, rom igi Seqmnilia garkveul
socialur TemSi wevrobis TvalsazrisiT, ers ar unda Seexos kritika,
gansakuTrebiT erovnuli krizisis dros, da, amgvarad, patriotuli loialoba
upiroboa). detaluri analizisaTvis ixileT: Alasdair MacIntyre, “Is Patriotism a virtue?”
Lindley Lecture, University of Kansas, 1984.

291
7

demokratiuli mულტიკულტუruli moqalaqeobis

Teoriisken

los anJelesidan bostonisaken: Canaxati

dafiqrdi Sens Sinagan Rirsebaze,

da aRmoaCen Rirsebis sikeTes.
gamoiyene igi Seni ojaxis safuZvlad,
da Seni Rirseba Taobebis manZilze iarsebebs.
gamoiyene igi soflis gzis saCveneblad,
da es adgili gaifurCqneba momavalSi.
gamoiyene igi eris warsaZRolad,
da eri Seqmnis siuxves.
misiT ixelmZRvanele mTlianad da igi aavsebs mTels msoflios.
– tao te Cingi

veraferi ise naTlad ver gviCvenebs ganaTlebisaTvis socialuri

Teoriis praqtikul Sedegebs, rogorc miRebuli gamocdileba. es
garkveulwilad asea, rogorc gitlini (1995) utyuarad asabuTebda,
demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Seqmnis mTavari mizania
`gansxvavebaTa miRma solidarobis suliskveTebis~ xelSewyobis
mniSvnelovnebis gacnobiereba (217).

rodesac am bolo Tavs vwerdi, amekviata fiqri im gamocdilebaze,

romelic bostonSi ramdenime wlis win miviRe. modiT, Tavidan daviwyeb.
saRamos aT saaTze klasis, rasis, sqesisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb codnis
kursis dasrulebis Semdeg (romelic ted mitCelTan erTad mimyavda
kaliforniis los anJelesis universitetSi) bostonisken gavemgzavre
SuaRamis, e.w. `wiTeli Tvalis~ aviareisiT. dilis 7 saaTze daRlili, magram
klasSi SesaniSnavi urTierTobiT nasiamovnebi, Cavedi bostonis loganis
aeroportSi. mzad viyavi wavsuliyavi sastumroSi, raTa cota xniT damesvena
da Semdeg gamegrZelebina Cemi akademiuri saqmianoba. aeroportSi daviqirave
taqsi da kembrijSi sastumros misamarTi vuTxari mZRols, romelic
irlandiuri warmoSobis bostoneli gaxldaT. siCumeSi, gadavwyvite
Semodgomis dasawyisis bostoniT davmtkbariyavi. marTlac aRtacebas
hgvrida adamians xeTa mravalferovani foTlebisa da lamazi peizaJebis
yureba. msurda siamovneba mimeRo ruxi feris cisgan, romelic mzesTan
292
WidilSi iyo CarTuli imisaTvis, rom esTetikis qoreografia Seeqmna,
romelSic Rrmad iyo aRbeWdili bostonisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovreba.

mZRolma maSinve mkiTxa, `sadauri xarT?~ ver getyviT, ras ganicdian

sxva emigrantebi, magram CemTvis es uxerxuli kiTxvaa. es SekiTxva, nacvlad
imisa, rom ubralod pasuxad mohyves informacia civilizebuli da,
Cveulebriv, umniSvnelo saubrisaTvis, yovelTvis diskomfortis SegrZnebas
miCens, radgan vici, rom Cemi garegnoba da Cemi aqcenti `gansxvavebulia~.
CemTvis, es SekiTxva gacilebiT metia, vidre ubralod SekiTxva
geografiuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. es aris eTnikuri da rasobrivi
lokaciis Sesaxeb SekiTxva. es aris SekiTxva, romelmac, taqsiT mgzavrobis
konteqstSi, Tavi magrZnobina sxvad, mafiqrebina Cems `gansxvavebulobaze.~

didi enTuziazmis gareSe vupasuxe, rom los anJelesidan movdiodi.

mZRolma, absoluturi darwmunebiT, lakonurad mipasuxa, rom Cemi aqcenti
los anJelesSi mcxovrebis aqcents ar hgavda – TiTqos adamianTa Temi,
romelic los anJelesis megapoliss Seadgens, SesaZlebelia
identificirebul iqnes ganmasxvavebeli, erTaderTi da homogenuri aqcentiT!
didi axsna-ganmartebis gareSe vupasuxe, rom los anJelesamde, kanadaSi
vcxovrobdi. mZRolma kidev erTxel (rac am adamianis Seupovrobas
gamoxatavda) daJinebiT gaagrZela, rom Cemi aqcenti arc Cikanos da arc
frangi kanadelis aqcents ar hgavda. Sewuxebulma da daRlilma vupasuxe
(radgan maSinve vapirebdi saubris dasrulebas), rom argentinaSi viyavi
dabadebuli. Cems pasuxs mcire xniT dumili mohyva, Semdeg ki man kvlav
ganagrZo gamokiTxva; `argentina samxreT amerikaSia, ara?” _ mkiTxa man.
dadebiTad vupasuxe, xolo man ki uyoymanod miTxra, rom yovelTvis egona,
rom rio grandes samxreTiT dabadebuli adamianebi inteleqtualurad ufro
dabla mdgomni iyvnen.

erTi wuTiT Sevyovndi da gavifiqre, ramdenad paradoqsuli iyo mTeli

es situacia. me, daRlili da am momentamde bednieri, vijeqi taqsiSi da
mivdiodi kembrijis sastumroSi, rom movmzadebuliyavi leqciisaTvis (yvela
xarjebi anazRaurebuli iyo), harvardSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erT-
erT uZveles da saukeTeso universitetSi. da igi, TeTrkaniani mZRoli,
romelsac SeiZleba, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, skola hqonoda damTavrebuli,
miyveboda, rom me igi `inteleqtualurad ufro dabla mdgomad~ mTvlida
Cemi dabadebis adgilis, Cemi erovnuli warmoSobisa da, ueWvelia, Cemi
eTnikurobis gamo. Sevecade SeuracxyofisaTvis ar mimeqcia yuradReba da
mTeli am epizodis daviwyeba vcade, mxolod Cavibutbute `adamianebi arian
adamianebi.~ vecade davbrunebodi Cems fiqrebs, rodesac mZRolma isev
mommarTa, `hei, iciT, saerTod ar mesmis laTinoamerikuli ojaxebisa~.
rogorc Cemma megobarma miTxra, am ambis moyolis mere, es adamiani Seexo

293
Cems yvelaze sust wertils. SemeZlo ar mimeqcia yuradReba misi piradi
mosazrebisaTvis Cems inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebTan dakavSirebiT,
magram laTinoamerikuli ojaxis Sexebam yvela zRvars gadaaWarba.
movemzade sityvieri brZolisaTvis manqanaSi, da, ra Tqma unda, verc
mSvenier bostons viviwyebdi, romlis quCebSic mivqrodiT.

rodesac vkiTxe, Tu ratom ar esmoda laTinoamerikuli ojaxisa, Cemda

gasakvirad, man Tavisi sasiyvarulo istoriis moyola damiwyo. misma
megobarma qalma (dominikelTa respublikidan) cota xnis win miatova igi da
sacxovreblad dedasTan, masaCusetsSi gadavida. taqsis mZRols ar SeeZlo
gaego, Tu ratom hqondaT laTinoamerikelebs aseTi Zlieri ojaxuri
kavSirebi da erTguleba. vigrZeni, rom raRac ufro meti xdeboda, vidre is,
rasac misi `kulturuli TvalsazrisiT mikerZoebuli~ komentari asaxavda,
da vkiTxe, `kidev giyvarT igi?~ ramdenime wamiT SeCerda da mipasuxa, misma
pasuxma ki damarwmuna, rom ara mxolod uyvarda, aramed Zlier enatreboda
kidec. maSinve vkiTxe, `Tqveni megobrebi ras geubnebian masze?~ man ki
mipasuxa, amjerad xazgasmiT, rom igi megobrebis laparaks ar aqcevda
yuradRebas. rogorc veWvobdi, mas megobrebi akritikebdnen imis gamo, rom
laTinoamerikel qals xvdeboda. Cems sastumros vuaxlovdebodiT, rodesac
moulodnelad vkiTxe `giyvarT igi?~ mipasuxa, rom Zlier uyvarda. Semdeg
Tamamad vkiTxe, `gicdiaT masTan dakontaqteba, darekva, misi wasvlis mere?~
Cemda gasakvirad, mipasuxa, rom ar ucdia, da CamekiTxa, `fiqrobT, unda
davekontaqto?~

daniSnulebis adgils mivaRwieT. me vuTxari mas, rom

laTinoamerikuli ojaxebi Zalze myarad dakavSirebuli ojaxebia, radgan
maT aqvT siaxlovis grZnoba, erTguleba da siyvaruli, rac gaziarebulia
da masze Riad saubroben. vuTxari, rom unda dakontaqteboda Tavis
megobars da eTqva, ramdenad Zlierad uyvarda da dardobda masze.
mgzavrobis safasuris gadaxdisas, Semomxeda da raRac aseTi miTxra: `didi
madloba, doqtoro, Zalian damexmareT.~

`gansxvavebaTa miRma solidarobis suliskveTebis~ xelSewyoba

SeiZleba am saubris devizi iyos. didi xnis manZilze da Rrmad mifiqria am
saubarze, ramac aseTi Zlieri STabeWdileba moaxdina Cemze. kvlav maocebs,
ramdenad Sizofreniuli iyo mTeli es epizodi. Cvens (Zaldatanebul)
dialogSi, cru Segonebebidan da, SesaZloa, Seuracxyofidan, gadavediT
sasiyvaruli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb saubarze. bolos, momeca garkveuli
saSualeba, davxmarebodi mas problemis gadawyvetaSi, radgan
laTinoamerikeli kaci viyavi, romelsac – aSkarad, misi TvalsazrisiT –
SeeZlo misi Svela, laTinoamerikel qalTan da laTinoamerikul ojaxTan
dakavSirebisas, TiTqos arsebobdes erTi `tipiuri~ pasuxi, romelSic Seva

294
am sakiTxebis mTeli sirTule. ara mxolod es, aramed CemTvis madlobis
gadaxdisas, man garkveuli `ezoTeruli~ kompetencia momaniWa, roca
mommarTa, rogorc `doqtors~, miuxedavad Cveni saubris dasawyisi epizodisa.

es monakveTi mogviTxrobs mraval iseT sakiTxze, romlebic

sakmaodArTulia socialur interaqciebSi (gansakuTrebiT, roca rasisa da
eTnikurobis sakiTxebi monawileobs), da ufro metad rTulia, amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi rasobrivi formirebis konteqstSi. aRniSnuli ambis
moyola varCie am damamTavrebeli Tavis dasawyis furclebze, radgan
vfiqrob, rom igi magaliTs iZleva dilemaTa umetesobisa, romlis
gamklavebac gviwevs multikulturuli demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa da
koreqtulobis RirsebaTa sakiTxis gadawyvetisas.

demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis gamowvevebi

rodesac xilva ar aris, xalxi iRupeba.

– igavni solomonisa 29:18

igavTa wignis uZvelesi sibrZne gvaswavlis, rom xilvis gareSe, ar

SegviZlia ocnebebis ganxorcieleba, da rom ocnebebis gareSe, ver
gadavurCebiT im winaaRmdegobebs, romelSic Cven, rogorc kulturis
Semqmnelebi da bunebis binadarni, varT moqceulni. aRniSnuli
gafrTxilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am damasrulebel TavSi detalurad
ganvixilav sam ZiriTad Teziss imisaTvis, rom wamovayeno demokratiuli
multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoria.

pirveli, ganaTlebaSi mxolod saxelmwifos Teoriebis

mniSvnelovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT iqneba SesaZlebeli saganmanaTleblo
aqtis `politikurobis~ (rogorc ase damajereblad asabuTebda freiri) da,
maSasadame, moqalaqeobasa da ganaTlebas Soris kavSirebis wvdomis
politikuri Sedegebis gageba.1

meore, winamdebare wignSi mocemul sam Teoriul midgomaSi –

moqalaqeobis TeoriebSi, demokratiis TeoriebSi da multikulturalizmis
TeoriebSi – asaxul winaaRmdegobebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT vaCveneb, Tu
am winaaRmdegobebma rogor gaarTula demokratiuli multikulturuli
moqalaqeobis miRweva da rogor unda gadawyvitos demokratiulma saubarma
sakiTxebi, romelic, aSkarad, Zalian Znelad eqvemdebareba gadawyvetas.

dabolos, Camovayalibeb ZiriTad gamowvevaTagan zogierTs, romelsac

unda SevexoT, rogorc Teoriulad, ise politikurad, demokratiuli
multikulturuli moqalaqeobis winaaRmdegobebis ganxilvisas. swored ase
viqcevi, viTvaliswineb ra saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis Teoriebis
295
konteqstsa da teqnologiis globalizaciis mzard process, bazrebsa da
kulturul politikas.

rogorc paulo freiri Tanmimdevrulad gvaswavlida Tavisi

cnobismoyvareobis epistemologiiT, Cven yovelTvis unda vikvlioT
ganaTlebas, politikasa da Zalauflebas Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi,
Tu namdvilad gvsurs Cveni drois saganmanaTleblo dilemebis gageba da
gadawyveta. ase rom, sakiTxi ase dgas: ratom unda iazrovnon ganaTlebis
mkvlevrebma politikurad ganaTlebis Sesaxeb?

saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb TeoriaTa Sedegebi: ratom

unda iazrovnon ganaTlebis mkvlevrebma politikurad
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb?

mecxramete, da gansakuTrebiT, meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi, ganaTleba ufro

da ufro metad da yovlismomcvelad saxelmwifos funqcias warmoadgenda.
ganaTlebis finansireba, marTva, organizeba da sertificireba xdeboda
saxelmwifos mier. ra Tqma unda, sajaro ganaTleba ar warmoadgens mxolod
saxelmwifos funqcias legaluri wesrigisa Tu finansuri mxardaWeris
TvalsazrisiT: xarisxTa specifiuri moTxovnebi, maswavlebelTa da
kvalifikaciaTa moTxovnebi, nebadarTuli saxelmZRvaneloebi da ZiriTadi
kurikulumisaTvis saWiro kursebi kontroldeba saxelmwifo saagentoTa
mier da Sedgenilia saxelmwifos specifiuri saxelmwifoebrivi politikis
mixedviT.
– raimond morou da karlos alberto toresi,
socialuri Teoria da ganaTleba

problemuri dasawyisi

saxelmwifo aris miTi. igi araferia, Tu ara `adamianTa rasis wminda

ubraloeba~ (kasireri, 1969:4). neokantianeli germaneli politikis
filosofosis ernst kasireris es gafrTxileba, gamoCnda 1946 wels, misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoqveynebuli misi bolo wignis saxelmwifos miTi-s
sawyis furclebze. kasirerma, romelic moeswro germaniaSi totalitaruli
saxelmwifos aRzevebas, naxa miTiuri azrovnebis Zalauflebis warmoSoba,
romelic azianebda racionalur azrovnebas, rac warmoadgenda im drois
yvelaze SemaSfoTebel damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas. rogorc miTi, saxelmwifo
araferia, Tu ara adamianis sibriyve, `pirvelyofili ugunurobis~ produqti
(kasireri, 1969:4).

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo miTia Tu racionaluri qmnileba, am

wignis dawerisas seriozul sazrunavs miCenda. rogor unda mivudge
saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebas Soris arsebul Znelad asaxsnel
296
urTierTobas, da rogor unda ganvmarto masSi CarTuli yvela niuansi
(istoriuli da Teoriuli)? warsul pozicias rom davubrunde, davasabuTeb,
kasireris mtkicebis xelaxali formulirebiT, rom saxelmwifo ar aris
miTi, magram pedagogebi naxuloben gzebs, saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebas
Soris urTierTobebis miTologizirebisa da mistificirebisaTvis.
daviwyebdi Teodor r. saizeris (1992) SeniSvniT, rom `swavlebis ZiriTadi
elementebi kontroldeba maswavleblebis samyaros farglebs gareT.
saxelmwifo (an misi kontraqtori firmebi) wers testebs. saxelmwifo iZleva
uflebamosilebas, rodis unda iswavlebodes TiToeuli sagani; igi da olqi
akontroleben skolis ZiriTad sityvaTSemoqmedebas, maswavleblebisa da
moswavleebis dros. skolebisa da maswavleblebis Sefasebebi, profkavSiris
kontraqti, sadepartamento erTeuli, yvela muSaobs tradiciuli
formulebis Sesabamisad~ (8). Tumca, swavlebasa Tu saganmanaTleblo
politikaSi saxelmwifo qmedebis empiriul gamoxatulebaze dakvirvebis
nacvlad, me avirCie, saxelmwifosaTvis Semexeda ganaTlebis politikuri
filosofiis perspeqtividan, romelic aseve ganpirobebulia ganaTlebis
politikuri sociologiiT, da gaviTvaliswine demokratias, moqalaqeobasa
da multikulturalizms Soris arsebuli kavSirebi.

gadaudebeli sakiTxebi

ra tipis evristikuli konstruqti an saxelmwifos cneba gamoixateba,

rodesac pedagogebi brals sdeben saxelmwifos saganmanaTleblo
problemebis SeqmnaSi? ra tipis saxelmwifo aqvT maT mxedvelobaSi, roca
fiqroben saganmanaTleblo reformaze, romelic iswrafis ganaTlebis,
testirebis, kurikulumisa da swavlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebisaken?
ganaTlebis Teoretikosebi, mkvlevrebi da pedagogebi rogor aRiqvamen
Zalauflebis, politikisa da ganaTlebis urTierTzegavlenas
saganmanaTleblo reformis konteqstSi? es im SekiTxvaTagania, romelic
wina TavebSi mocemul diskusiaSia nagulisxmebi. vici, rom TiToeul
maTganze sistematuri pasuxi ar SemomiTavazebia, da Zalian kargad mesmis,
rom pasuxebis umetesoba saWiroebs SemuSavebas konteqstualuri da ara
normatiuli gziT. am kiTxvebze pasuxebi aris ara ukiduresad politikur-
filosofiuri, aramed istoriulia, damokidebulia ideologiur debatebze,
cvalebad inteleqtualur paradigmebze, inteleqtuluri Temebis Seqmnaze,
da koniunqturul da struqturul cvlilebebze, romelic gvxvdeba
erTdroulad erovnuli saxelmwifosa da globaluri ekonomikis doneebze.
mjera, rom saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis urTierTobis TeoriaTa detaluri
ganxilva sasargebloa am kiTxvebis gadawyvetisaTvis safuZvlis
Sesaqmnelad. qvemoT mocemulia argumentebis Sejameba, romelic exeba
ganaTlebis politikurobas, rac Camoyalibebulia winamdebare wignSi.

297
argumenti 1: klasikosebi

SekiTxvas, Tu ratom unda iazrovnon ganaTlebis mkvlevrebma

ganaTlebaze politikurad da ratom unda gaiTvaliswinon saxelmwifos
Teoriebi, SeiZleba nawilobriv pasuxi gaeces politikuri filosofiis
`klasikis xmebis mosmeniT~. klasikuri avtorebisaTvis, ganaTlebis sakiTxi
arasodes ar iyo gancalkevebuli Zalauflebis sakiTxisagan. aRzrda,
pedagogika da politika yovelTvis SeTanxmebulad arsebobdnen. ganaTleba
– platonidan aristotelemde, Jan Jak rusomde, jon diuimde da paulo
freiramde (mxolod ramdenime rom CamovTvaloT) – ganixileboda
politikuri proeqtis ganvrcobad (efli, 1982a; gadoti et al., 1996).
ganaTlebisa da Zalauflebis (da, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifos
rolis) urTierTgadakveTis amocnobis uunaroba aris Sedegi
ganaTlebisaTvis saxelmwifos TeoriaTa relevanturobis
gauTvaliwineblobisa da, ra Tqma unda, politikuri folosofiis klasikis
ignorirebisa.2

argumenti 2: metanarativi

saxelmwifos Teorebi dakavSirebulia pedagogiuri subieqtis Sedgenis

nebismier mcdelobasTan, decentrirebuli subieqtebis Sedgenis Tundac
yvelaze radikalurad postmodernistul gamoxatulebaSi. amis msgavsad,
saxelmwifos Teoriebi im moraluri da eTikuri sidideebis (da rolebis)
speqtrs sZenen arss, romelic dakavSirebulia ganaTlebasTan da
swavlebasTan, kognituri socializaciisa da kulturuli identobebis
Seqmnis procesSi. ufro metic, saxelmwifos Teoriebi (da maTi miTiTebebi
Zalauflebas, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris kavSirebze) warmarTavs
swavlebis erovnuli, regionaluri da lokaluri saganmanaTleblo
politikis Seqmnas, sawarmoo swavlebis programebisa da samuSaodan
mouwyvetlad unarebis SesamuSavebeli programebis CaTvliT, rac
legitimurad da oficialurad miiCneva.

metanarativebis Seqmna (xatovani ritorikis siTamamiT, rac gavlenas

axdens diqotomiur arCevanTa3 Sesaxeb debatebSi, emfazis, mimarTulebisa da
diapazonis sakiTxebiT) mTlianad aRiniSneba ganaTlebisa da Zalauflebis
politikuri logikuri safuZvliT, rac aSkarad, an nagulisxmevad aris
mocemuli saxelmwifos TeoriebSi. ufro martivad rom vTqvaT,
saganmanaTleblo reformisaTvis diqotomiur arCevanTa Sesaxeb debatebi
moicavs dapirispirebas srulyofilebasa da Tanasworobas Soris;
ganaTlebis xarisxsa da ganaTlebis gavrcelebas Soris; centralizaciasa
da decentralizacias Soris da privatizebul da bazarze orientirebulsa

298
da saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul programebs Soris. miuxedavad maTi
aSkarad pragmatuli Tu teqnikuri bunebisa, yvela efuZneba sxvadasxva
(zogjer antagonistur) Teoriebs saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. aq
umniSvnelovanesia diskusia kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi saxelmwifo
institutTa erTaderT organizebul wyebaze (swavlebisa da araformaluri
ganaTlebis), sadac ostatobisa da praqtikuli unarebis, ZiriTadi
moraluri da eTikuri Rirebulebebisa da oficialuri da kontrhegemonuri
codnis SeTanxmeba xdeba, rogorc demokratiuli politikuri Tanxmobis
integraluri komponentisa. am debatebis safuZvlad myofi saxelmwifos
Teoriebis mniSvnelovnebis ignorireba saxifaToa saganmanaTleblo
Teoriisa da praqtikis ganviTarebis nebismieri seriozuli mcdelobisaTvis.

saxelmwifos Teoriebis Sesaxeb debatebi unda warimarTos kulturis

kvlevebis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT. saxelmwifos mzardi
fragmentaciis (kulturuli da politikuri) cnebam Cveni yuradReba unda
mimarTos kurikulumze, swavlebaze da swavlaze skolebSi. es warmoadgens
socialuri regulaciis aseve sadavo sferoebs. avtonomiis cneba (romelic
gamjdaria liberalizmis diskursSi) uaryofilia, an gakritikebulia
saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis neokonservatiul da neoliberalur
midgomebSi. am mizezebis gamo, saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis TeoriaTa
metaTeoriuli sistema gvexmareba, rom movaxdinoT normatiul-eTikuri,
praqtikul-politikuri da epistemologiur-filosofiuri monawile
sakiTxebis identifikacia (morou da toresi, 1995).

socialuri Teoriis nebismieri sistematuri kritika, romelic

efuZneba metaTeoriul sistemas, moaxdens ganaTlebis sociologiaSi
kritikuli Teoriuli transformaciebis identificirebas. saxelmwifosa da
ganaTlebis Teoriebi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqonea socialuri da
kulturuli reproduqciis TeoriebisaTvis, romelic uaRresad relevanturi
rCeba ganaTlebis nebismieri analizisaTvis. pirveli, miuxedavad imisa, rom
faqtiuri termini `reproduqcia~, tendenciisamebr, mxedvelobidan
sxlteboda bolodroindel naSromSi, moroum da toresma (1995) ivaraudes,
rom socialuri da kulturuli reproduqciis ZiriTadi problematika rCeba
saxelmwifos, skolasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobaTa kritikuli
Teoriebis umTavres sazrunavad. meore, axali modeli, paralelisturi
strategia (socialuri qmedeba, rogorc klasidan, sqesidan da rasidan
wamosul paralelur determinaciaTa produqti), miuxedavad imisa, rom
Zlier mgrZobiarea istoriasTan, saqmianobasa da socialur praqtikebTan
mimarTebaSi, kvlav iyenebs struqturalistur meTodologiur strategiebs.
miuxedavad amisa, paralelisturma modelebma efeqtianad Seuwyo xeli
klasis, sqesisa da rasis da swavlebis konteqstSi sxva formebis batonobis
damoukidebeli Sedegebis kvlevas. mesame, analizis paralelisturi
299
modelebis mier miRweuli progresis miuxedavad, maT ver SeZles sami
fundamenturi sakiTxis adekvaturad gadawyveta: (a) rom batonobis am sam
formaTagan TiToeuls aqvs mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli sistemuri xasiaTi,
gadamwyveti SedegebiT maTi, rogorc batonobis formebis
konceptualizaciisaTvis; (b) rom am `cvladebis~ urTierTmoqmedebis
analizi bundovani gaxda `SedarebiTi avtonomiis eniT~, rac
struqturalisturi marqsizmisgan darCa; da (g) rom miuxedavad imisa, rom
paralelisturi reproduqciis Teoriis ganmartebiTi miznebi aris
aucileblad ufro mokrZalebuli da istoriulad pirobiTi, vidre
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo klasikuri struqturalisturi reproduqciis
TeoriebiT, isini Tavidan icilebs dausruleblad fragmentirebis,
konfliqtebisa da gansxvavebebis gamravlebis postmodernistul tendencias,
TiTqos sistematuri kavSirebi ar arsebobdes maT Soris (morou da toresi,
1994:43-61).

argumenti 3: Zalaufleba

ganaTlebis sociologiaSi kritikuli tradiciebidan gamomdinare,

ukve vasabuTebdi, rom Zalauflebisa da saxelmwifos kritikuli Teoria
warmoadgens aucilebel sawyis wertils politikis SemuSavebis
Sesaswavlad, `maSasadame, analizi gadadis individualuri arCevanisa da
upiratesobis zusti sferodan, rac garkveulwilad modelirebulia
organizaciuli qceviT, ufro istoriul-struqturuli midgomisaken, sadac
individebs, ra Tqma unda, aqvT arCevani, magram isini ganpirobebulni, an
SezRudulni arian istoriuli garemoebebiT, koniunqturuli procesebiT da
Zalauflebisa da uflebamosilebis mravalferovani gamoxatulebebiT
(mikro da makro doneebze) politikis formirebis konkretuli wesebis
meSveobiT~ (morou da toresi, 1995:343). Zalauflebas, rTul organizaciebsa
(rogoricaa skola) da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebi gagebul unda
iqnes politikuri ekonomiisa da ganaTlebis politikuri sociologiis
kombinirebuli perspeqtividan. am Tvalsazrisis mosazreba gaxlavT
neokonservatiuli moZraobis ganviTareba.

neokonservatiuli politikis gavlena sakmaod gascda aSS-s sazRvrebs

da ekonomikuri stabilizaciis neoliberaluri politikis meSveobiT,
miaRwia egreT wodebul mesame msoflios. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
(rogoricaa msoflio banki) rolma msoflios masStabiT saganmanaTleblo
reformebis dRis wesrigis SemuSavebaSi, eWvqveS daayena erovnuli
saxelmwifos avtonomiis sakiTxi da moaxdina neoliberalizmis
provocireba, rogorc standartuli, meinstrimi ideologiisa ganaTlebaSi.
Tumca, arsebobs mzardi dava ganaTlebis politikaze, saxelmZRvaneloebze

300
da swavlebaze. es brZolebi aseve axdenen politikuri diskusiebis
formirebas erovnul saxelmwifoebSi demokratiisaTvis ganaTlebis rolis
Sesaxeb, da, ra Tqma unda, axorcieleben saganmanaTleblo kvlevis
dominanturi diskursis formirebas.

qvemoT mocemuli dava da zemoaRniSnuli konfliqtebi da

winaaRmdegobebi aRbeWdilia neokonservatiuli da neoliberaluri
saxelmwifoebis cxovrebaSi. yvelaze aRsaniSnavi winaaRmdegoba
neokonservativizmisa da neoliberalizmis politikur filosofiaSi aris
individualuri avtonomiis xelSewyobis dilema, roca amavdroulad xdeba
saxelmwifoebrivi valdebulebebis xelSewyoba. ekonomikuri
racionalurobis TvalsazrisiT, msgavsi dilema warmoiSoba
individualisturad miCneul upiratesobebsa da racionalur socialur
arCevans Soris. es dilemebi saxelmwifos arsis sirTules kidev ufro
amZafrebs, rogorc arena, romelic asaxavs Sinauri da saerTaSoriso
aqtorebis interaqciebs. maSin saxelmwifo aris sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis
urTierTobebis mikrokosmosuri kondensacia. skolebi warmoadgens am
dinamikaTa nawils, rac eqvemdebareba saxelmwifo politikaSi da samuSao
Zalis ganawilebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs. Tumca, saganmanaTleblo
sistemebi da garemoebi aseve aviTareben (saxelmwifosgan da samuSao Zalis
ganawilebisgan SedarebiTi avtonomiiT) sakuTar instituciur da
politikur qcevas da marTvadobas.

argumenti 4: axali sawyisebi

rogorc gamokveTili iyo meore TavSi, arasinqronuli paralelisturi

da relacionaluri Teoriebi, neomarqsizmi, postmodernizmi da feminizmi
gvTavazoben tradiciuli politikuri filosofiis alternatiul
Sexedulebebs. saxelmwifo, danaxuli rogorc istoriuli, mravalSreobrivi
da relacionaluri cneba, aris ganaTlebaSi socialuri urTierTobebis
warmoqmnis centrSi. saxelmwifos mravalSreobrivi cneba gaiTvaliswinebs,
ara mxolod aqtorTa qmedebas, aramed aseve Zalauflebis strategiaTa
ganlagebas, eqspertuli codnis CaTvliT.

kapitalizmi, miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriulad specifiuria,

Serwymulia patriarqatTan, xolo kapitalisturi saxelmwifo SeiZleba
ganisazRvros, rogorc partiarqaluri saxelmwifo. feminizmis mixedviT,
patriarqaluri saxelmwifo moicavs da/an adekvaturad ar Seaqvs eWvi
ganaTlebaSi damkvidrebul pirobiT genderul reprezentaciebsa da
specifiur seqsistur (da rasistursa da klasistur) qcevebSi.

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 imisda miuxedavad, kapitalisturi globalizaciis konteqstSi
erovnuli saxelmwifos axali institucionalizebuli formisken wavalT Tu
urTierTdamokidebulebis modelisaken, sadac erovnuli saxelmwifo
TandaTanobiT dasustdeba, saxelmwifos Teoriebi kvlav gadamwyvetia
samuSao Zalis danawilebaSi, sazogadoebasa da ganaTlebaSi cvlilebebis
wvdomisaTvis.

argumenti 5: niuansirebuli istoriuli mniSvneloba an depolitizacia

saxelmwifos Teoriebsa da saganmanaTleblo reformebs Soris

arsebulma TvalsaCino, Tumca, bundovanma urTierTobebma martin qernoi da
henri levini (1985) daarwmuna (aSS-s ganaTlebis sistemis maTeul analizSi),
rom Tanasworobisa da demokratiisaTvis wina brZolebis Seswavla
warmarTavs saganmanaTleblo reformas progresuli perspeqtivebidan. maTi
sityvebi, rac daiwera aTwleulze meti xnis win, enTuziazmiT aRavsebs im
adamianebs, romlebic zrunaven bavSvebis, axalgazrdebisa da mozrdilebis
demokratiul ganaTlebaze:

uwyveti brZola, demokratiis farTo sakiTxebis Sesrulebis

TvalsazrisiT, arsebuli politikis warumateblobasTan erTad,
patiosnebis, Tanasworobisa da monawileobisaTvis demokratiul
koaliciaTa Zalas gazrdis. samarTliani da gonivruli swavlebisaTvis
demokratiuli brZolebi warmoadgens efeqtian dartymas im ekonomikur
Zalebze, romlebic cdiloben moipovon pirveloba amerikul skolebze da
Cveni axalgazrdobis formirebaze. warsulis Seswavla xels uwyobs
samomavlod Cvens optimizms. (267)

zemoaRniSnuli argumentebis garda, sxva mizezsac vxedav, romlis gamoc

ganaTlebis mkvlevrebi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb politikurad unda azrovnebdnen. Tu
Cveni mizania ganaTleba politikuri da ekonomikuri demokratiisaTvis da Temis
gaZlierebisaTvis, saxelmwifosa da ganaTlebis Teoriebis gadaxedva uwyvetad
unda xdebodes Teoriuli da praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, da aRniSnuli, aqtiurad
unda iqnes gamoyenebuli saganmanaTleblo kvlevaSi. herbert markusis
mWermetyveluri analizi gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis SuaSi, romelic
akritikebs teqnologiis fetiSizms da politikis erTganzomilebianobisken
swrafvas gvian kapitalizmSi, gvafrTxilebs ganaTlebis mkvlevarTa
depolitizaciis riskze, rac gansazRvrulia mniSvnelovani mizeziT.4 es asea,
radgan – rom movaxdinoT heldis (1989:104) parafrazireba – mkvlevrebi, romelTac
aRaraferi axsovT teqnikis, produqtiulobisa da efeqtianobis garda, savaraudod,
TavianT samuSaos miiCneven nebismieri politikuri interesisgan Tavisuflad da
saxelmwifosagan da civiluri sazogadoebis Zalebisagan damoukideblad.
samwuxarod, depolitizaciis Sedegebi warmoadgens kvlevis ara ukeTes monacemebs,
aramed skolisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan politikuri da moraluri

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sakiTxebis saboloo amoZirkvas, rasac xSir SemTxvevaSi mosdevs winaaRmdegobebi
da dilemebi.

winaaRmdegobebi, dilemebi da gamowvevebi

amerikuli ocneba aris kompleqsuri da damajerebeli idea, romlis

ZiebaSic milionobiT individi Camovida amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi –
da romelic yovelwliurad amerikisken izidavs aTasobiT emigrants,
visac misi realizebis imedi aqvs. es faqti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
radgan amerikuli ocnebis materialuri aspeqtebi ufro da ufro
bundovani xdeba amerikelTa umetesobisaTvis.

– jeims a. benqsi, moqalaqeTa ganaTleba multikulturul sazogadoebaSi

gamowvevebi

demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoriis SeqmnisaTvis

aucilebelia moqalaqeobis, demokratiis, multikulturalizmisa da
ganaTlebis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobebis, gamowvevebisa da dilemebis
gaTvaliswineba. es gamowvevebi Sedis, upirveles yovlisa, klasis, rasis,
genderisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb arsebul codnaSi, im seriozul
gamowvevaTa umetesobis CaTvliT, rac modis feministuri Teoriebidan,
romlebic akritikeben politikuri sistemebis konstruirebas
patriarqaluri sistemebidan (makklaferti, toresi da mitCeli, ibeWdeba).
amis msgavsad, ar SeiZleba ignorirebul iqnes postkolonializmis
gamowveva, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca multikulturuli sazogadoebebis
Sedgena xdeba, ZiriTadad, emigrantTa farTo masebis arsebobiT, romelTa
didi nawilic adreul koloniur gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom feminizmi da postkolonializmi exeba alternatiuli `xmebis~
mniSvnelovnebasa da gamocdilebis sistemebs moqalaqeobis SedgenaSi, am
xmebisa da sistemebis mdebareoba Zalauflebis saerTaSoriso sistemisa da
erovnuli saxelmwifos SigniT ierarqiebis konteqstSi Seadgens axal
gamowvevas: subalterni sivrceebis gamowvevas, rasac Zalian iSviaTad
exebian axali socialuri moZraobebi. zogierT istoriul konteqstebSi, es
gamowvevebi xazs usvams imis saWiroebas, rom mivmarToT rasis kritikul
Teorias, raTa vaCvenoT rasizmis mniSvneloba mraval metropoliur da
periferiul sazogadoebaSi socialuri urTierTobebis SeqmnisaTvis. amasTan
erTad, arsebobs globalizaciis gamowveva, rogorc ganuyofeli nawili
erovnuli saxelmwifos aRmavlobisa da dakninebisa. am konteqstSi,
moqalaqeobis Seqmna dgeba mravalferovani SezRudvebis winaSe. dabolos,

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aranakleb mniSvnelovania is, rom yvela es gamowveva daiyvaneba utopiuri
politikisa da ganaTlebis gamowvevebze; paulo freiris moRvaweoba kvlav
STamagonebeli wyaroa demokratiis, multikulturalizmisa da
moqalaqeobis wvdomisaTvis. es gamowvevebi gagebul unda iqnes demokratiisa
da kapitalizmis winaaRmdegobis, moqalaqeobisa da multikulturalizmis
dilemebis konteqstSi.

winaaRmdegobebi da dilemebi

sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi, romelsac adamianebi axorcieleben, isini

Sedian damaxasiaTebel urTierTobebSi, romelic mniSvnelovania da
damoukidebelia maTi survilisagan; warmoebis es urTierTobebi
Seesabameba warmoebis maTi materialuri Zalebis ganviTarebis
gansazRvrul etaps. warmoebis am urTierTobaTa saboloo jami moicavs
sazogadoebis ekonomikur struqturas – realur safuZvels, romelzec
wamoimarTeba legaluri da politikuri superstruqtura da romelsac
Seesabameba socialuri cnobierebis gansazRvruli formebi. warmoebis
wesi materialur cxovrebaSi gansazRvravs socialur, politikur da
inteleqtualur cxovrebas, zogadad. adamianTa cnobiereba ki ar
gansazRvravs maT arsebobas, aramed, piriqiT, maTi socialuri arseboba
gansazRvravs maT cnobierebas.
– karl marqsi, Grundrisse

winaaRmdegobaTa cneba, aRebuli neomarqsizmis Teoriuli arsenalidan,

SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos moqalaqeobis, demokratiisa da
multikulturalizmis dilemebisa da problemebis gagebisaTvis. maikl efli
(1988c) amtkicebda neomarqsistuli perspeqtividan, rom winaaRmdegobebze
fokusireba mniSvnelovania, `gansakuTrebiT Tu isini gamoxatulia
saxelmwifos meSveobiT, Tu warmoadgens konfliqtebis, kompromisebisa da
TanxmobaTa Sedegebs saxelmwifos sxvadasxva doneebze, da saxelmwifosa da
socialuri moZraobebisa da sazogadoebis Zalebis farTo speqtrs Soris~
(36-37). maSasadame, arsebobs mowodeba saxelmwifos ufro daxvewili
analizisken, rac unda moicavdes im progress, rac miRweulia genderis,
klasisa da rasis politikur ekonomiaSi, rogorc es mocemuli iyo wina
TavebSi da damajereblad iqna SemoTavazebuli freizeris (1997) mier:
`aRiarebis politika ufro da ufro gancalkevebuli xdeba redistribuciis
politikisgan, da am ukanasknels aRiarebis politika ufro da ufro
sjobnis. Sedegi gaxlavT Sekvecili problematika, romelic abrkolebs
radikaluri demokratiis sando xedvis ganviTarebis mcdelobebs~ (180-181). es
namdvilad aris analizi, romelic emateba Tavad saxelmwifoSi
demokratiuli konfliqtebis centraluri adgilis Sesaxeb diskusiebs

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privatizaciis, centralizaciis, profesionalizaciisa da diferenciaciis
politikis miuxedavad (boli, 1993; deili, 1989).

saxelmwifos Teoriis ufro daxvewilma analizma xazi unda gausvas im

garemoebas, rom moqalaqeobis TeoriaSi arsebobs mravali winaaRmdegoba da
dilema. pirveli aris (meoTxe TavSi Camoyalibebuli) dilema legaluri
safuZvlebis TvalsazrisiT moqalaqeobis wvdomisa, moqalaqeobis, rogorc
samoqalaqo Rirsebebis gagebasTan SepirispirebiT. es, arsobrivad, qmnis
problemaTa pirvel wyebas, rodesac ganvixilavT moqalaqeobas mxolod misi
legaluri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, da ara, rogorc unda ganvixiloT,
misi unaris TvalsazrisiT – Seqmnas moraluri, socialurad
sicocxlisunariani, politikurad efeqtiani da ekonomikurad
pasuxismgeblobis mqone saxelmwifo politikuri ekonomiis konteqstSi.

moqalaqeobis meore dilema aris is faqti, rom saboloo jamSi,

neokonservatorebisTvis moqalaqeoba regulirdeba sabazro urTierTobebiT;
anu, moqalaqeoba efuZneba warmatebul konkurenciis unars (saerTaSoriso)
bazrebze. Sesabamisad, moqalaqe Cans, rogorc momxmarebeli. amdenad,
korporaciebi, saxelmwifo institutebi, kapitali da samuSao Zala
mniSvnelovania specifiurad identificirebul lokalur sivrceebSi
(globalur sistemaSi), da ara erovnul saxelmwifoSi. mxolod im
individebs, romelTac, rogorc warmomqmnelebs da momxmareblebs, SeuZliaT
imonawileon am globaluri sistemis lojistikaSi produqtiulobis
saSualebiT, SeuZliaT moipovon moqalaqeoba. danarCenebi ubralod
ignorirebulni arian, radgan maT akliaT hegemonuri ekonomikuri niSa.

memarcxeneTagan, moqalaqeobis SezRudvebi warmoiSoba adamianis

uflebaTa cnebasTan erTad, romelic, rodesac srulad aris ganxiluli,
yvela sxva mopovebuli statusis uflebebis adgils ikavebs (dabadebiT, Tu
miRebiT).5 faqtiurad, adamianis uflebaTa cneba, rasac xeli ewyoba
saerTaSoriso masStabiT, eWvqveS ayenebs nacionalizmis winapirobas,
erovnul saxelmwifos da saxelmwifoebriobas, rogorc moqalaqeobis
erTaderTi organizebis institucionalur safuZvels. adamianis uflebebis
damcvelebisTvis, moqalaqeobis sakiTxebi aris, faqtiurad, planetaruli, da
ara nacionaluri moqalaqeobis masStabis sakiTxi.

dabolos, moqalaqeoba liberalur demokratiebSi gamoixateba,

rogorc safuZveli saxelmwifoSi individTa CarTvisaTvis, miuxedavad im
faqtisa, rom zogierTi procesi axdens saxelmwifos fragmentirebas. es
exeba im individTa gamoricxvas, romlebsac (miuxedavad imisa, rom
nominalurad moqalaqeebs warmoadgenen) ar SeuZliaT srulad
ganaxorcielon TavianTi uflebebi. Cveulebriv, isini iZulebulni arian

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Seasrulon TavianTi pasuxismgeblobebi da valdebulebebi, Tumca
uflebebis srul ganxorielebaSi maT xeli eSlebaT. es ase xdeba,
magaliTad, amerikeli indielebisaTvis, romlebic moaciles sakuTar miwebs
da romelTa kolonizaciac ganaxorcieles TeTrkanianma emigrantebma.
rezervaciebSi maTi SemosazRvriT, isini aSkarad daaciles moqalaqeobis
dinamikas (da privilegiebs).

moqalaqeobis msgavsad, demokratia aRniSnulia mravali

winaaRmdegobiT da dilemiT. upirveles yovlisa, es aris is faqti, rom
demokratia (rogorc politikuri sistema) mWidrod daukavSirda
kapitalizms (rogorc warmoebis wess). am situaciam Sedegad mogvca yvelaze
arsebiTi winaaRmdegoba Tavisufali individebisa, romlebsac akliaT
arsebiTi Tanasworoba, rac, amgvarad qmnis Semdgomi demokratiuli
SeTanxmebis moTxovnilebas. demokratias, rogorc arssa da demokratias,
rogorc politikuri reprezentaciis meTods Soris arsebuli mniSvnelovani
politikuri da Teoriuli gansxvaveba warmoadgens umTavres moments
moqalaqeobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb diskusiaSi. politologi Teoretikosebis k. b.
makfersonis da T. h. marSalis wvlilis Semdeg naTelia, rom demokratiis,
rogorc politikuri da socialuri uflebis cneba ar SeiZleba
gamoiricxos demokratiis, rogorc ekonomikuri uflebis cnebisgan – rasac
freizeri (1997) uwodebda radikalur demokratias: `vvaraudob, rom iyo
dRes radikaluri demokrati niSnavs, rom daafaso (da uaryofisaken
iswrafo) demokratiuli monawileobis ori sxvadasxva tipis dabrkoleba.
erTi aseTi dabrkolebaa socialuri uTanasworoba; meore ki – gansxvavebis
araRiarebaa. radikaluri demokratia, am interpretaciiT, aris is
Sexeduleba, rom dResdReobiT demokratia moiTxovs, rogorc ekonomikur
redistribucias, aseve multikulturul aRiarebas~ (173-174).

dabolos, multikulturalizmi, demokratiisa da moqalaqeobis

msgavsad, savsea aRmaSfoTebeli winaaRmdegobebiT. pirveli maTgania
universalurobasa da identobas Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba. anu is, rom
codna, rogorc universaluri sfero moicavs safuZvels
racionalurobisaTvis, rac efuZneba ganmanaTleblobis logikas, da rom
identobis politika asaxavs brZolaTa lokalizebul wyebas, rac
ugulebelyofs universalizmis nebismier SesaZlo arss – anu, poziciuri
midgoma, rogorc Zlier gakritikebulia gitlinis (1995) mier, an odnav eWvi
aqvs Setanili nodingss, rogorc epistemologia (1995). meore, demokratiis
winaaRmdegobis msgavsia is faqti, rom eTnikuri, rasobrivi da kulturuli
gansxvavebebi SenarCunebulia sazogadoebebSi, romlebic ar arian srulad
egalitaruli, rac qmnis seriozul daZabulobas Tavisuflebasa da
Tanasworobas Soris.

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 es winaaRmdegobebi da dilemebi xazs usvams demokratiuli
multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoriis seriozul gamowvevebs da,
amdenad, socialur TeoriaSi im ZiriTadi Teoriuli movlenebis xelaxali
Sefasebis saWiroebas, romelic gavlenas axdens multikulturalizmis,
demokratiisa da moqalaqeobis Cveneul wvdomaze.

demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoria

produqciis mizanmimarTuli miRweva didi da mcire biznesis

sargebelisaTvis da saxelmwifos mxridan am miznis ueWveli daxmareba
ekonomikuri zrdis misaRwevad, adgens Zlier SezRudul politikur dRis
wesrigs: igi qmnis situacias, romelSic saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebi exeba
mxolod sxvadasxva saSualebaTa Sesaxeb debatebs – mizani mocemulia,
anu ufro da ufro meti produqcia. depolitizacia miiReba
`instrumentuli miznis~ gavrcelebis Sedegad; anu, es aris sxvadasxva
saSualebebis efeqtianobasTan dakavSirebuli zrunvis gavrceleba
winaswar mocemul miznebTan dakavSirebiT.

– devid heldi, politikuri Teoria da Tanamedrove saxelmwifo

winapiroba, rac winamdebare wignis safuZvelSi devs, aris is, rom

klasis, rasis, genderisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb axali codna gvTavazobs
integrirebul perspeqtivebs, rac pasuxs scems postmodernistul kritikas
da ganmartavs demokratiis, moqalaqeobisa da multikulturalizmis
zogierT dilemas (makklaferti, toresi da mitCeli, ibeWdeba).

Mmoroum da toresma (1995), sxvebis msgavsad, warmoayenes varaudi, rom

rasis, klasis, genderisa da saxelmwifos codna, rogorc integrirebuli
perspeqtivebi, warmoiSva kritikuli modernizmis tradiciidan da Seadgens
postmodernizmis zomierebis darRvevebze reagirebas, da amave dros, Tavis
TavSi moicavs instrumentaluri racionalurobis sistematur kritikas.

rogor SegviZlia davukavSiroT postmodernizmi demokratiis,

moqalaqeobisa da multikulturalizmis Teoriebs? ufro metic, rogor
SegviZlia postmodernistuli Teoriebi davukavSiroT kapitalistur
sazogadoebebSi Zalauflebis Sesaxeb diskusiebs?

rogorc wina TavebSi iyo dasabuTebuli, postmodernizmis mixedviT,

arsebobs `axali~ epoqa sazogadoebaSi da axali kulturuli paradigmi.
postmodernistuli sazogadoebisa da kulturis zogierTi ZiriTadi
sociologiuri Sedegi SeiZleba Sejamdes, rogorc situacia, romelic
moicavs fragmentaciis sxvadasxva procesebs: (1) Zalauflebis decentrireba
da fragmentireba, rac eWvqveS ayenebs Teoriebs batonobisa da hegemoniis

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Sesaxeb; (2) materialuri interesebisa da subieqturi gamoxatvebis
koleqtiur qmedebaSi gancalkeveba, rac Sedegad iZleva socialur
moZraobaTa moTxovnebis gadatanas distribuciulidan kulturul-eTikur
sakiTxebze; (3) heterogenurobis gamoCena, gansxvavebiT homogenizaciisgan,
rac manamde axasiaTebda msoflio sistemas; (4) demokratiis mimarT mzardi
undobloba da imedgacruebuloba, rac politikur TemTa da identobaTa
fragmentaciis Sedegia (toresi da mitCeli, ibeWdeba).

kritikuli modernizmis politikuri perspeqtividan Sesrulebuli

postmodernizmis Sesaxeb Cemi analizis dasasruls, meore TavSi, davasabuTe,
rom postmodernizmis ufro cxadi warumatebloba aris mimarTulebis
uqonloba da politikuri programis ararseboba. ufro metic,
postmodernizmis politika SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes cru radikalizmi,
romelic eWvqveS ayenebs yvela Tvalsazriss, naTeli politikuri programis
wamoyenebis gareSe da, saboloo jamSi, eWvi ar Seaqvs gansxvavebuli
specialuri da regionaluri interesebis mqone jgufebis fragmentirebul
politikaSi. es situacia, romelic emateba progresuli jgufebis
sekularul, urTierTgamanadgurebel brZolebs; kapitalisturi
saxelmwifos struqturul da istoriul moqmedebas; da qmedebebs
memarjveneebisgan, azianebs SemswavlelTa Temebis Seqmnas da politikur
qmedebas, abrkolebs progresul jgufTa unars – eWvi Seitanon dominanti
klasebis gavlenis, Zalauflebisa da simdidris resursebis gansxvavebul
xelmisawvdomobaSi umetes sferoebSi, ganaTlebis CaTvliT. mokled, es
imeorebs nensi freizeris (1997) Sexedulebas im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, rom
radikaluri demokratia moiTxovs politikuri ekonomiis CarTvas
kritikuli multikulturalizmis winadadebaTa gverdigverd.

postmodernizmis es `transgresiuli~ aqtivizmi SesaZloa eWvqveS

ayenebdes ganaTlebaSi neokonservatiuli da neoliberaluri proeqtebis
narativebs, rac mcire miRwevas ar warmoadgens, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
memarjveneTa `saRi azris~ narativis Zalas, magram praqtikuli
politikisaTvis igi gvTavazobs mcire rekomendaciebs (Tu saerTod aseTs
gvTavazobs). mniSvnelovania, gavimeoroT gitlinis (1995) gafrTxileba:

is postmodernistebi, romlebic gvTavazoben ganmanaTleblobis, rogorc

mamrobiTi, imperialisturi, rasisturi, dasavluri ideologiis
xorcmetis uaryofas, ver xedaven sakuTar situacias. maT mier im
mosazrebis daJinebuli mtkicebisas, rom ideebi miekuTvneba konkretul
istoriul momentebs, isini TavisTavad nagulisxmev faqtad miiCneven im
istoriul safuZvels, romelzec dganan. isini ver acnobiereben an
uaryofen, rom maTi gataceba multikulturalizmiT, identobebiT,
perspeqtivebiT, araTanazomieri msoflmxedvelobebiTa da a.S.
warmoudgeneli iqneboda, rom ara ganmanaTleblobis iseTi principebis
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 farTo aRiareba, rogorebicaa: pirovnebis mniSvneloba, Rirsebis miniWebis
ufleba da is socialuri wesrigi, rac amas Seesabameba. (214)

problema kidev ufro rTuldeba maSin, roca socialuri subieqtebi

miiCneva politikulad decentrirebulad. klasis, rasis, genderisa da
saxelmwifos axali codnis umTavresi valdebulebaa gamoikvlios rasis
kritikuli Teoriis analitikuri SesaZleblobebi da SezRudvebi, misi erT-
erTi ZiriTadi Teoriuli midgoma. rasis kritikul TeoriasTan erTad,
feminizmis gamowveva umTavresia socialuri da politikuri TeoriisaTvis.
feminizmis epistemologia fokusirebas axdens `sxvis~ konstruirebaze.
arsebobs `sxva~ TavisTavad, `Cvengan~ damoukideblad, Tu igi aris
yovelTvis socialurad konstruirebuli kategoria? Tuki `sxvisi~ cneba
socialurad konstruirebulia, `sxvisi~ konstruireba ramdenad eyrdnoba
ganzogadebisa da universalurobis cnebebs, rac Rrmad aris aRbeWdili
mamrobiTi perspeqtiviT? konstruqtivizmi didi xnis manZilze ibrZoda
imisaTvis, rom daeZlia `sxvis~ konstruirebis Sedegebi. universalurobis
cnebebis feminizmis epistemologiurma kritikam unda mouwodos mkvlevrebs,
rom iyvnen Zalze frTxilni da gaiTvaliswinon yvelaferi pedagogiuri
diskursebis, saWiroebaTa Sefasebis, da gansakuTrebiT, vin aris `Cven~ da
`sxva~-s gamartivebuli gansxvavebebis ganxilvisas. amgvarad,
konstruqtivizmi aris pozitivizmis epistemologiuri da eTikuri
alternativa.

pozitivizmis polarulad sawinaaRmdego gaxlavT socialuri

mecnierebis konstruqtivistuli modeli, romelic asaxavs Zlier
alternatiul xedvas, romelSic realoba Cans, rogorc wyvetilobisa da
araprognozirebadi Sedegebis produqti. Semswavlelebi, konstruqtivistebis
azriT, aqtiurad monawileoben swavlaSi, cnebaSi, romelic exeba, rogorc
swavlis yvelaze elementarul formebs, ise kvlevis yvelaze progresul
formebs. mTeli codnisa da swavlis, rogorc socialuri aqtivobis
ganxilva, aucileblad ar niSnavs (rogorc zogi postmodernisti
amtkicebs), rom Cven ar SegviZlia potenciurad realobis warmodgena; magram
es gulisxmobs, rom unda gavacnobieroT im perspeqtivaTa mravalferovneba,
romelic CarTulia Temis, da gansakuTrebiT, mkvlevarTa da maswavlebelTa
Temis formirebaSi. darwmunebulobis Ziebaze xelis aReba ar moiTxovs
codnis Ziebaze uaris Tqmas.

meTodologiuri pluralizmi momdinareobs mecnieruli codnis

konstruqtivistuli koncefciidan. es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvelaferi
misaRebia, aramed imas, rom unda gavacnobieroT, rom arsebobs
mravalferovani gamoyenebadi logika, romelic Seadgens kvlevas.
Sesabamisad, politikis kvlevis ZiriTadi sakiTxia koherentuli kvlevis

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dizainis SemuSaveba, rac akavSirebs Teoriasa da kvlevis teqnikas, romelic
dasasmeli SekiTxvebisa da gadasaWreli problemebis Sesabamisia.

mesame winapiroba, rac absolutur kontrastSia pozitivizmTan, aris

is, rom codna ar SeiZleba gancalkevdes mniSvnelobisa da
Rirebulebisagan; maSasadame, ganaTleba aucileblad aris moraluri saqme.
magram kulturulad mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi aRniSnuli ar
gulisxmobs absolutur moralur kodeqss, eTikuri azrovnebisa da qmedebis
warmarTvisaTvis proceduruli principebisgan gansxvavebiT. ganaTlebis
konteqstSi, zrunva, samarTlianoba da individualuri pasuxismgebloba
warmoadgens moraluri qmedebis ZiriTad principebs, romlebic unda
avsebdnen erTmaneTs.

rogorc feministi Teoretikosebi Segvaxsenebdnen, zrunvis

xelSemwyobi principebi mTlianad swavlis safuZvelSia, rac warmoadgens
interaqtiul process, romelic pativs unda scemdes sxvaTa Rirsebas.
mamrobiTi sqesis mier dominirebuli kulturis konteqstSi, zrunvis eTika
SeiZleba wamoiSvas mxolod feministuri midgomis meSveobiT, ramac
SeiZleba mogvces cvlilebis safuZvlebi. feministi mkvlevrebi
asabuTebdnen, rom mamrobiTi gamocdileba yovlismomcvelad aris asaxuli
saxelmwifoebriv politikaSi, ganaTlebis CaTvliT. skolebSi, Zalze
seriozulad unda miviRoT `gansxvavebulobis~ kultura, gansakuTrebiT
qalebis kultura da feradkanian adamianTa kulturebi, rac gaafarTovebs
samoqalaqo ganaTlebis perspeqtivebs da moicavs pasuxismgeblobas da
urTierTpativiscemis gamomxatvel qcevas ojaxSi da interpersonalur
urTierTobebSi sazogadoebaSi, zogadad. garda amisa, socialuri
samarTlianobis principebi iZleva racionalur safuZvlebs, romelic
asabuTebs socialuri urTierTobaTa kritikas, rac azianebs zrunvas da
adamianur saWiroebaTa marTebul ganxorcielebas. dabolos, individualuri
pasuxismgebloba umTavresia ganaTlebaSi moralisa da eTikis SeqmnisaTvis.

swavla aseve aris interaqtiuli procesi, romelic organizebuli

unda iyos dialoguri principebis Sesabamisad. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
maincdamainc ar azianebs inteleqtualuri uflebamosilebisa da liderobis
mniSvnelobas, dialoguri principebi, rogorc gamoxatulia jon diuisa da
paulo freiris mier, sxva mkvlevarTa msgavsad, namdvilad ayenebs sakiTxs
pedagogebisa da mkvlevrebis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb da TviTrefleqsiurobis
saWiroebis Sesaxeb, imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda iswavlebodes da ras
warmoadgens kvlevis socialuri gamoyeneba (burbulisi, 1993).

dabolos, rekonstruqtivistebi aRiareben, rom kvleva da ganaTleba

warmoadgens socialurad da istoriulad situaciur aqtivobebs

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institutebSi, romlebic iZulebuli da uflebamosili arian Zalauflebis
urTierTobebiT maT garSemo arsebul sazogadoebaSi. amis gamo, eqspertuli
codnis, kvlevisa da ganaTlebis roli gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos
ganaTlebis politikuri sociologiis TvalsazrisiT da yuradReba unda
mieqces im idealebisa da Rireulebebis urTierTobebs, rac xorcSesxmulia
mkvlevrebSi da kvleviT praqtikaSi, romelic iswrafvis saganmanaTleblo
politikis Camoyalibebisa da warmarTvisaken.

konstruqtivistuli perspeqtiva am sakiTxze didi xania ibrZvis da

SeuZlia SemogvTavazos wvdomis memkvidreoba da gagebis saSualebebi, rac
Zalze sarwmunoa, pozitivizmTan Sedarebisas. ra Tqma unda, rogorc mufma
(1993) ganmarta, ar aris sasargeblo kategoria `qalebis~ miCneva erTian da
gamaerTianebel raobad:

ZiriTadi sakiTxi xdeba: rogor aris `qali~ konstruirebuli, rogorc

kategoria sxvadasxva diskursebis SigniT? rogor xdeba sqesobrivi
gansxvavebis Sesaferisi gamijvna socialur urTierTobebSi? da rogor
aris konstruirebuli subordinaciis urTierTobebi aseTi gansxvavebebis
meSveobiT? Tanasworoba-gansxvavebulobis dapirispirebis mTliani
xelovnuri dilema aSkaravdeba, vinaidan Cven metad aRar gvaqvs
homogenuri erTeuli `qali~, rac upirispirdeba homogenur erTeuls
`kaci~, aramed gvaqvs socialur urTierTobaTa simravle, romelSic
sqesobrivi gansxvaveba yovelTvis konstruirdeba Zalze mravalferovani
saSualebebiT da sadac subordinaciis winaaRmdeg brZola vizualizebul
unda iqnes specifiuri da diferencialuri formebiT. imis SekiTxva, unda
gaxdnen Tu ara qalebi kacebis identurebi, imisaTvis rom aRiarebul
iqnen, rogorc Tanasworni, an unda daicvan Tu ara TavianTi gansxvaveba
Tanasworobis fasad, uazro Cans, vinaidan eWvqveS dgeba arsebiTi
identobebi. (78)

kritikuli Teoriis perspeqtividan, ekonomikis, kulturisa da

saxelmwifos mzard globalizaciasa da lokalur dinamikebis
revitalizacias Soris arsebobs garkveuli uxerxuloba (mag., Zveli
gamoTqma, rom `mTeli politika lokaluria~). miuxedavad imisa, rom
zogierTi dinamika mTlianad emTxveva globalizaciis dinamikas, Cndeba
bevri sxva dinamika, romelic globalizaciis praqtikebs winaaRmdegobas
uwevs (manderi da goldsmiti, 1996). faqtiurad, rasac (rogorc Cans)
globalizacia warmoadgens, aris saerTaSoriso proletarizmis
trockistuli devizis sawinaaRmdego, rac, planetarul kapitalizmsa da
kapitalizmis internacionalizms manamde ar unaxavs. Tumca, kapitalizmisa
da demokratiis TanaarsebobiT, ar aris warmoudgeneli globaluri
moqalaqis saWiroebis rwmena, moqalaqis, romelic SeiZleba efuZnebodes
loialobas da solidarobas da romelsac SeuZlia nacionaluri

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sazRvrebis ignorireba, da im sazRvrebis gadalaxva, romelic, miuxedavad
imisa, rom legaluria, aseve istoriulia da amgvarad, SeiZleba xelaxla
ganisazRvros axali istoriuli epoqis konteqstSi. Cans, rom globalizacia
axdens gansakuTrebiT eTnikuri da rasobrivi sazRvrebis formirebas
moulodneli TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, socialuri moZraobebi Cndeba, rogorc
mTavari aqtorebi, romlebic demokratiul moqalaqeobas uwyobs xels.

TiTqos yvela es Teoriuli da praqtikuli gamowveva ar iyos

sakmarisi. ganaTlebas, moqalaqeobas, demokratiasa da multikulturalizms
Soris kavSirebis nebismieri seriozuli xelaxali gansazRvra xazs usvams
mecnierebis, rogorc socialur konfliqtTa neitraluri arbitris da
rogorc socialuri inJineriis ZiriTadi instrumentis damoukideblobis
sakiTxs. am gamowvevebiT, mecniereba dakavSirebuli Cans ZalauflebasTan
(hardingi, 1996). magaliTad, Tu Cven miviRebT perspeqtivas, romelic axlosaa
fukos TvalsazrisTan, mecniereba iqneba Zalauflebis disciplinaruli
formebis aucilebeli nawili. misi strategiuli mizani aris socialuri
produqtiulobisa da gamoyenebis gazrda. `laboratoriuli
mikrosamyaroebis modelze msoflios gadakeTebisa da xelaxali
konceptualizaciis mcdeloba, arc srulad koherentuli proeqtia, rac
windaxedulad zemodan aris Tavs moxveuli, da arc Seuvali Zalaa, romlic
SewinaaRmdegebac SeuZlebelia qvemodan, maT mier, vizec is gavlenas axdens
(rousi, 1987:244). amgvarad, mecnierebis, rogorc Zalauflebis dialeqtikuri
Tvalsazrisi xedavs mecnierebas, Zalauflebas da rezistentulobas,
rogorc bunebrivad urTierTdakavSirebuls da mecnierebs ubiZgebs, miiRon
eTikuri poziciebi da gaiTvaliswinon ormxrivi urTierTobebi (mag., gare
daxmareba/kvleva da lokaluri Temebi), sammxrivi urTierTobebi (gare
daxmareba/kvleva, lokaluri Temebi, biurokratiuli legaluri dominacia)
da TiToeul interaqciaSi CarTuli winaaRmdegobebis xarisxi da eTika. vin
iRebs sargebels, vin ixdis safasurs da vin iRebs sikeTes mecnierebis,
rogorc Zalauflebisgan? es unda iyos maradiuli kiTxvebi im adamianebisa
da institutebisaTvis, romlebic CarTuli arian multikulturalizmis,
demokratiuli Temebis formirebisa da moqalaqeobis SenebaSi.

amgvarad, Tu mecniereba ar SeiZleba erTxel da samudamod miRebuli

iyos, rogorc socialuri da politikuri davebis dasaregulirebeli mtkice
safuZveli, maSin gvWirdeba am kvlevis wyaroebTan dabruneba. swored aq
iZens gigantur mniSvnelobas paulo freiris Sroma, radgan igi gveubneba,
rom Tavisufleba jer kidev mosapovebelia. freiris wvlili ganaTlebis,
rogorc Tavisuflebis aqtis wvdomaSi warmoadgens mowodebas, rom
davinaxoT dausrulebeli dialeqtika Cveni sakuTari Tavis da sxvaTa
gaTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi Tavisuflebis SezRudvebisgan. TavisTavad,
gaTavisuflebisaTvis brZola aris intervenciis kidev erTi forma, romelic
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SeiZleba CaiTvalos intervenciis eTikis nawilad. ra Tqma unda, ganaTleba,
rogorc Tavisuflebis aqti gulisxmobs gansxvavebul perspeqtivas
lokalur, socialurad konstruirebul da Taobebis mier gadacemul
codnaze. igi aseve gulisxmobs perspeqtivas, rac eWvqveS ayenebs normalur
mecnierebas da aramonawileobiT dagegmvas da gulisxmobs Teoriuli da
meTodologiuri perspeqtivis konstruirebas, romelic mudam eWviT uyurebs
nebismier mecnierul urTierTobas, rogorc urTierTobas, romelic malavs
dominaciis urTierTobebs. amave dros, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisufleba
jer kidev mosapovebelia, misi (Tavisuflebis) mopoveba SesaZlebelia,
radgan uTanasworo, eqspluatatoruli urTierTobebi Seqmnilia adamianebis
mier da maTi Secvla swored adamianebs SeuZliaT.

saboloo jamSi, normaluri mecnierebis es dilemebi da

winaaRmdegobebi gviCvenebs, rom kvleva yovelTvis moZraobs moralur
imperativTa, eTikur arCevanTa da amoralur realobaTa Soris. mkvlevrebs
ar SeuZliaT am faqtze Tvalis daxuWva, Tumca Cven SegviZlia sakuTari
Tavi movityuoT da miviRoT cinikuri mosazreba da vifiqroT, rom Cven
mxolod Semogvaqvs teqnikuri gadawyvetebi, maSin roca sxvebi rTul
politikur da eTikur gadawyvetilebebs iReben. es ase martivi ar aris,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca vdgebiT politikuri gamowvevebis winaSe.

politikuri gamowveva: saganmanaTleblo utopia da

demokratiuli politika

saganmanaTleblo praqtika aris nebismieri sazogadoebis

superstruqturis nawili. swored am mizezis gamo, saganmanaTleblo
praqtika sazogadoebebis transformaciis socio-istoriul procesebSi ar
warmoadgens TavisTavad transformaciis miRwevis saSualebas misi
fantastiuri da fundamenturi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad. dialeqtikurad,
ganaTleba aris, ara transformaciis miRwevis saSualeba, aramed Tavad
transformacia aris saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobis mqone. sakiTxi,
romelsac Tqven ayenebT, karlos, mec aseve meCveneba sxva problemaze
dafuZnebulad, romelic gaxlavT politikuri alternativebisa da
gadawyvetebis problema. upirveles yovlisa, rac Seexeba demokratiul
pedagogikas, ar arsebobs mizezi, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba,
mxolod imitom, rom saqme gvaqvs pirvel msofliosTan. meore, saWiroa is,
rom gavaRrmavoT demokratiuli kuTxe am pedagogikisa, romelsac me
vicav. demokratiuli praqtikis es gaRrmaveba da horizontis gafarToeba
aucileblad moicavs im socialur jgufTa politikur da ideologiur
alternativebs, romlebic axorcieleben am pedagogikas. amdenad, cxadia,
Zalauflebis elitas ar esiamovneba gamoxatvis im pedagogiuri formis
ganxorcieleba da praqtikaSi gamoyeneba, romelic zrdis socialur
winaaRmdegobebs, romelic amJaRavnebs elituri klasebis Zalauflebas.

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 gulubryvilo iqneba imis fiqri, rom Zalauflebis elita gamoamJRavnebs
sakuTar Tavs pedagogiuri procesis meSveobiT, rac, saboloo jamSi,
sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg imoqmedebs.

– paulo freiri, karlos alberto toresis naSromSi

ganaTleba, Zalaufleba da personaluri biografia

paulo freiri asabuTebda, rom ganaTlebasa da politikas Soris

kavSirebis Teoriulad Camoyalibeba ar SeiZleba mxolod Zalauflebisa da
ganaTlebis gadakveTebis TvalsazrisiT, an ukiduresad Zalauflebasa da
codnas Soris urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT – es iyo Teoriuli msjeloba,
romelmac udavod ganmsWvala freiris naSromebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
freiri dauRalavad ganmartavda `ganaTlebis politikurobas~, igi amave
dros mogviwodebda, gagvego ganaTlebasa da samoqalaqo momzadebas Soris
arsebuli urTierTobebi da gansakuTrebiT xazi gagvesva demokratiuli
ganaTlebis, moqalaqeobisa da pasuxismgeblobebis istoriuli, normatiuli
da ontologiuri safuZvlebisaTvis.

freirisaTvis, ganaTlebasa da demokratiaze debatebi, saboloo jamSi,

unda exebodes utopiis cnebas. ra Tqma unda, misi winadadeba
gaTavisuflebisaTvis ganaTlebis Taobaze jer kidev rezonansulia Tavisi
siTamamiTa da utopiuri arsiT. freiri (1972), nawyvetSi, romlis citirebac
ukve moviyvane, ambobs, hegeliseuli qaragmebiT:

WeSmaritad, mxolod CargulT SeuZliaT warmoidginon maTi awmyosagan

srulebiT gansxvavebuli momavali, imdenad ramdenadac isini aRweven
dominirebuli klasis cnobierebas. mCagvrelebs, rogorc dominirebad
klass, ar SeuZliaT warmoidginon momavali, Tu es ar aris maTi, rogorc
mCagvrelTa, awmyos Senaxva. amgvarad, Tu gaviTvalsiwinebT, rom CagrulTa
momavali mdgomareobs sazogadoebis revoluciur transformaciaSi,
romlis gareSec maTi gaTavisufleba ver dadasturdeba, mCagvrelis
momavali mdgomareobs sazogadoebis martiv modernizaciaSi, ras misi
klasis upiratesobis gagrZelebis saSualebas iZleva. (32)

es utopiuri faqtori gamoxatavs ormag daZabulobas: gancxadebas da

denonsacias. imdenad, ramdenadac maswavlebeli axorcielebs sakuTar
utopiur rols, igi gadaiqceva sistemisaTvis saSiS winaswarmetyvelad.
nacvlad funqcioneris rolis Sesrulebisa, romelic axdens warmoebis
wesis ideologiuri cnobierebis elementebis reproducirebas, pedagogi
xdeba kulturuli kritikosi, ganaTleba ki xdeba sazogadoebrivi sfero,
sajaro ganxilvis arena, romelic arc saxelmwifosgan da arc bazrisgan ar
kontroldeba. veforti (1967), ganaTlebis freiriseuli politikuri
filosofiisa da meTodis sawyisebTan dakavSirebiT ambobs:

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 magram Tu Tavisuflebis pedagogika asaxavs amboxebis Canasaxs, am
mizezisaTvis swori ar iqneba imis dadastureba, rom amboxeba gvxvdeba
pedagogis miznebs Soris. Tu es xdeba, mxolod da mxolod imitom, rom
kritikuli `TviTSegneba~ ganasxvavebs realur situacias, romelSic
yvelaze xSiri faqtebia brZola da Zaladoba. Secnoba araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs ideologizirebas, an wesrigis sityvaTa
wamoyenebas. Tu kritikuli `TviTSegneba~ gzas uxsnis socialur
daukmayofileblobaTa gamoxatvas, es imitom xdeba, rom arsebobs Cagvris
situaciis realuri komponentebi: bevria muSa, romelTac es-es aris wera-
kiTxva aiTvises, SeuerTdnen muSaTa moZraobebsa Tu kavSirebs, da es
imitom, rom maTTvis, es legitimur gzad Cans sakuTari Tavisa da
TanamSromelebis interesebis dacvisaTvis: dabolos, Tu saxalxo
klasebis kritikuli `TviTSegneba~ niSnavs politikur radikalizacias, es
mxolod imitom aris ase, rom saxalxo klasebi radikaluria. (13)

freirma, miuxedavad imisa, rom savsebiT kargad icis

ganmaTavisuflebeli ganaTlebis politikuri Sedegebi, igi aseve kargad
erkveva am ganaTlebis winaaRmdegobebSi. erTi mxriv, yovelTvis arsebobs
cnobierebis manipulaciisa da ideologizirebis SesaZlebloba, anu
ganaTlebisa da meTodologiebis mimarTva batonobis proeqtis samsaxurSi;
meore mxriv, freirs sjera, rom garkveuli kavSiri SeiZleba damyardes
saganmanaTleblo praqtikasa da politikur praqtikas Soris, viwro gagebiT.
magaliTad, pedagogs ekisreboda, Zireulad, SeemuSavebina wignierebis
swavlebis da kritikuli `TviTSegnebis~ proeqti, maSin roca
`profesionali~ politikosis pasuxismgebloba iyo Cagrul seqtorTa
organizebis amocanis ganxorcieleba politikuri struqturebis
TvalsazrisiT.6

uamravi Carevisas freiri postulatad ayalibebs, rom ar arsebobs

saganmanaTleblo revolucia politikuri revoluciis gareSe. arcerT
saganmanaTleblo qmedebas ar SeuZlia Zalauflebis revoluciis gamowveva.
ganaTleba ar aris mxolod miznis misaRwevi saSualeba; igi aris ufro
veli im ideologiuri brZolebisa, romelic unda warimarTos, xolo
moqalaqeobis politizacia aris SesaZlo Sedegi.

es politizireba SesaZloa daexmaros adamianebs, daiwyon sityvebis

`sityva~ da `samyaro~ sworad warmoTqma; samyarosi, romelic ufro da
ufro mravalferovani da multikulturulia; da samyarosi, romelic
axdens skolebis cxovrebis struqturirebas.

mravalferovnebis winaaRmdegobebi da gamowvevebi:

multikulturalizmi, moqalaqeoba da demokratia ganaTlebaSi

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 Cven ar unda movuwodoT adamianebs skolisken imisaTvis, rom miiRon
instruqciebi, miTiTebebi, receptebi, muqarebi, sayvedurebi da dasja,
aramed unda movuwodiT, rom imonawileon codnis koleqtiur
konstruirebaSi, romelic scdeba warsuli gamocdilebis codnas,
romelic iTvaliswinebs adamianTa saWiroebebs da aqcevs am codnas
brZolis iaraRad, rac SesaZlebels xdis adamianTa transformacias
TavianTi sakuTari istoriis subieqtebad. xalxis monawileoba kulturisa
da ganaTlebis SeqmnaSi arRvevs im tradicias, romlis mixedviTac,
mxolod elita aris kompetenturi da icis, ra aris sazogadoebis
saWiroebebi da interesebi. skola aseve unda iyos saxalxo kulturis
gavrcelebis centri (Temis samsaxurSi), romelmac ki ar gaflangos,
aramed unda Seqmnas igi.
– paulo freiri, oficialuri uwyebani

modiT, davuSvaT analizis winapiroba, rom sufraJistuli moZraoba

saukunis dasasruls, samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraoba meoce saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi da kompensatoruli diskriminacia wesdebebi, da aseve
konstituciuri cvlilebebi, rac sityvis Tavisuflebis garantia iyo,
daexmara moqalaqeobis ganaxlebas amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, arsebuli
demokratiis gaZlierebiT.7 rogorc valter fainbergi (1996) sworad
aRniSnavs, kompensatoruli diskriminacia `iyenebs jgufis wevrobas, rom
moaxdinos identificireba da Seasworos diskriminaciis warsuli aqtebi
individTa winaaRmdeg, aqtebi, romelmac Sedegad mogvca araadekvaturi
saganmanaTleblo, ekonomikuri da socialuri pozicireba~ (378).

amdenad, ar aris sarisko, vivaraudoT, rom sufraJistulma,

samoqalaqo uflebaTa da sityvis Tavisuflebis moZraobebma, da cxadia,
kompensatorulma diskriminaciam, miuxedavad maTi mravali winaaRmdegobisa
da SezRudvisa, wvlili Seitana demokratiis praqtikis ukeTesi pirobebis
SeqmnaSi, radgan es moZraobebi aRiqvams mravalferovnebas, rogorc amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi moqalaqeobis umTavres komponents.

kompensatoruli diskriminaciisa da kulturuli mravalferovnebis

winaaRmdeg Setevebma, gansakuTrebiT umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi,
SesaZloa daazianos amerikis SeerTeul StatebSi moqalaqeobis safuZvlebi.
ratom? pirveli, imitom, rogorc fainbergi (1996) asabuTebs, rom
kompensatoruli diskriminacia Segvaxsenebs istoriul vals, romelic
gadasaxdelia specifiuri jgufebisaTvis. meore, rasis safuZvelze
kompensatoruli diskriminacia saWiroebs Sevsebas saWiroebaze dafuZnebuli
kompensatoruli diskriminaciiT, radgan SeuZlebelia politikuri
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba socialuri SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis
gareSe. moqalaqeobis es idea iseve Zvelia, rogorc radikaluri
demokratiuli ideali, rasac mxars uWers ori iseTi gansxvavebuli figura,
316
rogoricaa platoni da Jan Jak ruso, romlebic, faqtiurad, amtkicebdnen,
rom ekonomikuri demokratia SeTanxmebulad unda arsebobdes politikur
demokratiasTan – anu, demokratia, rogorc arsi da ara ubralod
politikuri reprezentaciis meTodi.

ruso (1980) Teoriulad msjelobs im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic

uzrunvelyofs demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis arsebobas. am miznebis
misaRwevad, igi rekomendacias iZleva, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, SevamciroT
gansxvavebebi `ukidures klasebs~ Soris, raTa Tavidan aviciloT rogorc
maTxovrebis, ise magnatebis arseboba. es socialuri jgufebi, erTi sakiTxis
ori mxare, miiCneoda safrTxed demokratiis momavlisaTvis, radgan `swored
maT Soris unda iyos xalxis Tavisufleba mtkiced: zogierTi maTgani
yidulobs, xolo zogierTi _ yidis~ (292-293). dasavluri politikuri
tradicia mets arafers moiTxovs. rogorc gitlini (1995) ambobs, `samuSaos,
ganaTlebis, jandacvis, sacxovrebeli pirobebis, cxovrebis manZilze
gadamzadebis ufleba – es aris ekonomikuri moqalaqeobis ubralo
elementebi, rac unda iyos universaluri~ (254).

dabolos, aSS-s demokratiis konteqstSi, kompensatoruli

diskriminacia kidev erTxel amtkicebs saxelmwifoebrivi politikisa da
mocemuli sazogadoebis istoriis kritikis mniSvnelobas. ar aris gasakviri,
rom bevrma adamianma moaxdina afroamerikelebis identificireba, rogorc
kompensatoruli diskriminaciis yvelaze metad aRsaniSnavi subieqtebisa
(Tumca, isini, rogorc jgufi, ar gamxdara ZiriTadi beneficiari am
politikisa, rogoric iyo TeTrkaniani qalebi).8 kornel vestma (naSromSi
vesti, klor de alba da Sorrisi, 1996) aRniSnulis Sesaxeb Zalze
mgznebared ganacxada: `erT-erTi mizezi, Tu Savkaniani mosaxleoba ratom
warmoadgens amerikuli civilizaciis amdenad integralur nawils, aris is,
rom Savkanianma xalxma didi aurzauri atexa. es Zalze mniSvnelovania,
gansakuTrebiT iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic Zalaufleba da zewola
wyvets, Tu vin iRebs xilulobas. aurzauris atexvaSi me vgulisxmob
organizebas, mobilizebas, Qqaosis Semqnis unars, rogorc ajanyebaSi~ (58).
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi SavkanianTa brZola gviCvenebs, rom kritika
da amboxeba Cndeba, rogorc ori ZiriTadi faqtori moqalaqeobis SeqmnaSi
demokratiis, rogorc arsis da ara mxolod demokratiis, rogorc
meTodisaTvis.

ueWvelia, kritika da amboxeba meinstrimi ideebis winaaRmdeg, romelic

warmoadgens Zalauflebas, didi xnis manZilze iyo ZiriTadi komponentebi
moqalaqeobisaTvis nebismieri politikuri demokratiuli ganaTlebisa.
faqtiurad, ver CavwvdebiT multikulturuli moqalaqeobis konstruirebas
im rolis wvdomis gareSe, romelsac ganaTleba, gansakuTrebiT, umaRlesi

317
ganaTleba asrulebs demokratiuli paqtis konstruirebaSi. ufro metic,
vamtkiceb, rom ver mivaRwevT demokratiuli paqtis progresul wvdomas
kompensatoruli diskriminaciis aqtiuri politikisa da kulturuli
mravalferovnebis, rogorc ganuyoflad dakavSirebulis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe.9

Jiros (1996a) da kritikuli pedagogikis dargSi moRvawe sxva

mkvlevrebis mier universitetebi aRiqmeba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi sfero.
rogorc aseTi, universitetebi pasuxismgebelni arian kritikuli
moqalaqeebis Seqmnaze, xolo profesorebi aRiqmeba, rogorc saxalxo
inteleqtualebi. moraluri da ara instrumentuli perspeqtividan, Jiro
(1996) amtkicebs, rom universitetebi xazs unda usvamdnen sajaro servisis
imperativs da ara `profesionalizmis, konkurenciisa da socialuri
mobilobis dinamikas~ (124). Jiro ufro Sorsac midis da amtkicebs, rom
universitetebi da umaRlesi ganaTlebis institutebi daculi unda iyos,
rogorc saxalxo resursi, romelic sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa eris
moraluri cxovrebisaTvis.

Tumca, imisaTvis rom es moxdes, vamtkiceb, rom unda Sesruldes

garkveuli pirobebi. pirveli, upirveles yovlisa, universitetebma unda
dauSvan muSaTa klasis, feradkanianebis, aratradiciul profesiebSi
qalebis, da marginalizebuli Temebis wevrebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT,
subaltern sivrceebSi mcxovrebi adamianebisaTvis ukeTesi xelmisawvdomoba.
meore, am dainteresebuli mxaris gaTvaliswinebiT (da ara mxolod
dominanturi kulturuli kapitalis warmomadgenlebis an marginaluri
samyofelisa da habitusis individebisa, romlebmac SeZles warmatebuli
gadasvlis ganxorcieleba (an, SesaZloa, unda vTqvaT `mutacia~) umaRlesi
ganaTlebisken) Tavad codna saWiroebs demokratizebas, imis farTo
rekonstruirebiT, Tu ra codnaa faseuli; visi codna iTvleba; codna,
unarebi, ostatoba da swavla rogor ukavSirdeba Zalauflebas, simdidresa
da prestiJs.

Jirosa (1996a) da kritikuli pedagogikis bevri warmomadgenlis azriT,

xelmisawdomobisa da codnis am xelaxal demokratizacias mosdevs, is, rom
`politikuri~ ganaTleba da ara mxolod ganaTlebis `politizireba~ xdeba
universitetis gamaerTianebeli principi. liberaluri establiSmentisa da
neokonservatori reformatorebis erTnairad eWvqveS dayenebiT, Jiro (1996a)
amtkicebs, rom `politikuri, am TvalsazrisiT, uaryofs normalizaciisa da
universalizaciis enas garemoebis diskursisaTvis da gansxvavebisa da
konfliqtis Semadgeneli rolisaTvis~. vinaidan, swored politikuris
aRdgenis gziT xdeba demokratiis ganviTareba – sazogado sikeTis
dapirispirebuli cnebebis meSveobiT, SesaZlo identobaTa speqtriT (raTa
318
ganisazRvros, Tu ras niSnavs moqalaqeoba) da eTikasa da sazogadoebriv
cxovrebas Soris mniSvnelovani urTierTobebis xelaxali formulirebiT”
(125).

kritikuli pedagogikis tradicia, romelic STagonebuli iyo

kritikuli TeoriiT (paulo freiris SemoqmedebiT) da jon diuis
kritikuli wakiTxva, sxva wyaroebTan erTad, didi xnis manZilze
akritikebda politikis instrumental cnebas (anu, politikas, rogorc
samoqalaqo Rirsebebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris manipulacias). kritikuli
Teoriis warmomadgenlebi iwoneben politikis cnebas, romelic gagebulia,
rogorc opoziciuri praqtikebi, ise ganviTarebuli kritikuli gansja
polisis sakiTxis Sesaxeb. amis msgavsad, isini eWvqveS ayeneben faqtsa da
Rirebulebas Soris tradiciul gansxvavebas da acxadeben, rom
`obieqturobis imperativebi~ cdiloben, Seamciron mTliani politikuri
debati universitetebSi akademiuri standartebis sakiTxamde da moiTxoven,
rom sauniversiteto praqtikebi unda darCes neitraluri da apolitikuri.
kritikuli pedagogika amtkicebda, amis sawinaaRmdegod, paulo freirisa da
kulturis kritikosTa mTeli Taobis meSveobiT, rom Cven ver SevZlebT
politikisa da ganaTlebis advilad dacilebas. Tavis kvlevaSi jer kidev
adre, freiri swavlobda CagrulTa klasobrivi cnobierebis organizacias,
konkretul socialur procesebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, da amave dros,
eZebda efeqtian transformacias Cagvris struqturebisaTvis. amis
ganxorcielebisas, misi koncentrirebis sfero yovelTvis iyo
saganmanaTleblo da kulturuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom freiris naazrevi
moiTxovs ramdenime istoriul (Teoriul da strategiul) mediacias misi
pedagogikuri, organizaciuli da politikuri TvalsazrisiT
ganxorcielebisaTvis, Tavidanve, igi aris uaRresad politikuri naazrevi.
freirisaTvis, politika, Zalaufleba da ganaTleba ganuyofeli erTianobaa.
rogorc urTierTobaTa wyeba, isini urTierTSerwymuli gaxlavT (toresi,
1978).

freiri (1998) amas Zalian kargad ambobs Tavis erT-erT ukanasknel

wignSi, romelic inglisurad iTargmna mis sikvdilamde mcire xniT adre:

saganmanaTleblo praqtikis sazRvrebis mixvedra aucileblad saWiroebs

politikur garkveulobas pedagogTa mxridan, TavianT proeqtTan
mimarTebaSi. es moiTxovs, rom pedagogma Tavisi praqtikis politikuri
arsi sakuTar Tavze unda aiRos. ar aris sakmarisi imis Tqma, rom
ganaTleba politikuri aqtia, iseve rogorc ar aris sakmarisi, vTqvaT,
rom politikuri aqtebi aseve saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobisaa. saWiroa,
sakuTar Tavze aviRoT ganaTlebis politikuri buneba.

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 sakuTar Tavs ver moviazreb progresul adamianad, Tu skolis sivrces
aRviqvam mxolod, rogorc raRac neitralurs, romelsac SezRuduli
kavSiri aqvs, an saerTod ar aqvs kavSiri klasobriv brZolasTan,
romelSic moswavleebi aRiqmebian mxolod, rogorc Semswavlelebi,
romlebic floben mxolod SezRudul sferos codnisa, rasac me
ganvmsWvalav jadosnuri ZaliT. me ver gavacnobiereb sazRvrebs
politikur-saganmanaTleblo praqtikisa, romelSic CarTuli var, Tu
naTlad ver verkvevi, vis sasargeblod vmuSaob. im sakiTxis garkveva, Tu
vis sasargeblod vmuSaob, me mayenebs garkveul poziciaSi (rac klass
ukavSirdeba), romelSic me SevimuSaveb, Tu vis winaaRmdeg vmuSaob da,
uTuod, ra mizezebis gamo vmuSaob – anu im ocnebis, im tipis
sazogadoebis, romelTa sasargeblod visurvebdi saqmeSi Cabmas,
moqmedebas da monawileobas.

am tradiciaSi, Jiro (1996a) politikur ganaTlebas gamijnavs

politizirebis gamomwvevi ganaTlebisgan. politikuri ganaTleba
moswavleebs aswavlis, rogor unda ganxorcieldes Zalaufleba da
pasuxismgebloba demokratiaSi da rogor unda ganxorcieldes status kvos
kritikis SesaniSnavi tradicia, daisvas uxerxuli kiTxvebi, ganxorcieldes
dogmebTan da orTodoqsulobasTan dapirispireba da Tavidan iqnes
acilebuli korporaciaTa, mTavrobaTa mier kooptireba, an Zalauflebis
sistemebis cduneba. es ukanaskneli `aris pedagogiuri terorizmis forma,
romelSic sakiTxi, Tu ra iswavleba, vis mier da ra pirobebSi, dgindeba
doqtrinaruli politikuri programiT, romelic uars acxadebs sakuTari
Rirebulebebis, Sexedulebebisa da ideologiuri konstruqciebis
Seswavlaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom uars acxadebs istoriis, codnisa da
Rirebulebebisadmi sakuTari gancxadebebis socialuri xasiaTis
gacnobierebaze, politizirebis gamomwvevi ganaTleba Cumdeba moCvenebiTi
universalizmis saxeliT da gmobs yvela transformaciul praqtikas,
WeSmaritebisa da mSvenierebis samaradiso cnebaze apelirebiT~ (127).

ra Tqma unda, imis aRiarebiT, rom dominaciis urTierTobebi

umTavresia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis, rogorc freiri ase
SorsmWvretelurad da daJinebiT asabuTebs, kritikuli pedagogika
amtkicebs, rom dominacia, agresia da Zaladoba adamianuri da socialuri
cxovrebis Tandayolil nawils warmoadgens da nebismieri politikuri
ganaTleba, romelic xels uwyobs sazogadoebrivi sferos Seqmnas, unda
acnobierebdes, rom Cagvris, dominaciisa da eqspluataciis daZleva
warmoadgens demokratiuli moqalaqeobis Seqmnis nebismieri proeqtis
mTavar mizans.

rogorc vamtkiceb mexuTe TavSi, demokratiasa da ganaTlebas Soris

kavSirebis ganxilvisas, ganaTlebis umTavresi sakiTxi dResdReobiT aris
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is, Tu ra roli (Tuki raime roli) unda Seasrulos saganmanaTleblo
institutebma da praqtikebma socialuri paqtis konstruirebaSi, rac
gamoxatavs demokratias. amas mivyavarT demokratiuli kulturis dilemamde,
romelic Camovayalibe aqamde, magram msurs isev gavimeoro axla,
demokratiuli moqalaqis Seqmnamde. martivad rom vTqvaT: demokratia
gulisxmobs monawileobis process, sadac yvela Tanasworad aris miCneuli.
miuxedavad amisa, ganaTleba moicavs process, romlis meSveobiTac
`umwifarni~ iZulebuli arian sazogadoebis `mowifuli~ wevrebis cxovrebis
principebisa da formebis solidarulni iyvnen. amgvarad, demokratiuli
moqalaqis Camoyalibebis procesi aris, ara mxolod kulturuli aRzrda-
ganaTlebis procesi, aramed igi aseve moicavs pedagogiuri da
demokratiuli socializaciis manipulirebis principebs im subieqtebSi,
romlebic arc sufTa dafas warmoadgenen kognituri da eTikuri
TvalsazrisiT da arc srulad aRWurvilni arian sakuTari demokratikuli
uflebebisa da movaleobebis gansaxorcieleblad.

ganaTlebis mTavari problema aris is, Tu rogor Seitanos wvlili

demokratiul paqtSi da rogor SegviZlia SevqmnaT multikulturuli
demokratiuli moqalaqeobisadmi midgoma. vasabuTebdi, rom moqalaqeoba
SeiZleba gacxadebuli iyos samoqalaqo Rirsebebis, an legaluri statusis
TvalsazrisiT, magram Cven gvWirdeba aseve moqalaqeobis politikur
ekonomiaze xazgasma. samoqalaqo Rirsebebi miuTiTebs solidarobis
grZnobas, rac individebs aerTianebT zogadi miznebis irgvliv. es miznebi
aris (sul mcire), Tu rogor gadavrCeT da vicxovroT erTad Cvens
Tanamedrove, mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi. Tumca, es miznebi SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes ufro ambiciuri gegmis nawilad: viswavloT ganviTareba,
rogorc TemTa Temisa, rogorc kulturaTa kulturisa, romelic modis
Cveni kulturuli mravalferovnebidan, rogorc kulturuli siZlieridan
da xels uwyobs kompensatorul diskriminacias, rac aRiqmeba, rogorc
sasargeblo politika.

rogorc gitlini (1995) gvafrTxilebs, da rogorc aqamde citatad

moviyvane, cxadia, rom `sakiTxi ase dgas: rogor SevuwyoT xeli
solidarobis suliskveTebas gansxvavebis paralelurad – solidaroba
`nebismier adamianTan, romelic itanjeba~. vinaidan, cxadia, rom es
suliskveTeba spontanurad ver warmoiSoba gaZlierebuli jgufebis SigniT,
romelTagan TiToeuli dakavebulia sakuTari gansxvavebebis daxvewiT sxva
jgufebisgan damoukideblad” (217). solidarobis sistemebisaTvis da
kulturebis, eTinkurobebis, klasebisa da genderuli gansxvavebebis saerTo
safuZvlisaTvis umTavresia kulturuli mravalferovnebis miznebi. Cven
gvWirdeba moqnili sistemis SemuSaveba solidarobisaTvis skolebSi,
romlebic seriozulad miiCneven demokratiuli reformis saWiroebas.
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kulturuli mravalferovneba aris ZiriTadi Tanaproduqti ekonomikuri,
kulturuli da politikuri globalizaciis mzardi procesisa, im
intensiurobiT, romelsac kacobriobis istoriaSi analogi ara aqvs.
globalizacia warmoqmnis yvela tipis Sedegs lokaluri Temebis
multikulturuli, multilingvuri da multieTnikuri konfiguraciisaTvis
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da sxva qveynebSi. socialuri SeTanxmebis
TvalsazrisiT, ar aris gasakviri, rom mravalferovneba warmoadgens
ZiriTad gamowvevas umaRlesi ganaTlebis nebismieri institutisaTvis,
kompensatoruli diskriminaciis federaluri wesdebebis SesrulebaSi da
mzardi socialuri da saganmanaTleblo moTxovnebis arsebobis
gaTvaliswinebiT.

Tumca, Cven ver SevZlebs amis Sesrulebas (paradoqsulad) erTianobis

kulturis gareSe: `imisaTvis rom iyvnen aqtiuri moqalaqeebi mTlianobisa,
maT unda gaataron dro orSabaTidan SabaTamde axlo urTierTobebis
damyarebiT sazRvrebs miRma, xeli Seuwyon kulturul hibridebs, akritikon
tomis SezRuduloba, gamoimuSavon ideebi, romlebic maTgan
`gansxvavebulma~ adamianebma SesaZloa gaiziaron. adamianma SeiZleba pativi
sces gansxvavebuli jgufis demokratiul uflebas – moaxdinos sakuTari
Tavis organizeba, ise, rogorc surs, da mainc intensiurad ikamaTos
gansxvavebis gaZlierebis winaaRmdeg~ (gitlini, 1995:218).

umaRlesi ganaTlebis institutebi imyofebian Tavdasxmis centrSi

mravalferovnebis da kompensatoruli diskriminaciis TvalsazrisiT da,
unda vTqva, moqalaqeobis ganaxlebis xelSewyobis TvalsazrisiTac.
mravalferovnebisa da multikulturalizmisadmi Tavdadeba gulisxmobs
profesor-maswavleblebis gamravalferovnebas ise, rom igi hgavdes, SesaZlo
masStabiT da arsebuli resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sazogadoebis
demografiul Taviseburebebs skolebSi da universitetebSi amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi. mravalferovneba aseve gulisxmobs moswavleTa
Semadgenlobis gamravalferovnebas ise, rom studentebma SeZlon TavianT
klasebSi saTanadod gadaWran moTxovnebi, rac momdinareobs sxvadasxva
inteleqtualuri, eTnikuri, genderuli da naklebad warmodgenili
jgufebisa da dainteresebuli mxareebis mxridan. mravalferovnebisa da
multikulturalizmis miznebis misaRwevad, universitetebma unda SeZlon
saukeTeso, yvelaze niWieri da kvalificirebuli mkvlevrebis,
bakalavriatis studentebisa Tu aspirantebis mizidva, romelTac SeuZliaT
ikvlion codnis sazRvrebi TavianT swavlebaSi, kvlevaSi da saqmianobaSi
crurwmenis gareSe, magram SemoqmedebiTad, sixaruliT, enTuziazmiT,
TavdadebiTa da utopiuri imedis grZnobiT.

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 mravalferovnebis miRweva da multikulturuli akademiuri garemos
ganviTareba ar aris ioli amocana. daZabuloba yovelTvis wamoiSoba
socialuri da inteleqtualuri moTxovnebis zrdasa da fiskaluri
resursebis Semcirebas Soris. daZabulobebi aseve arsebobs mravalferovan
inteleqtualur, eTnikur da socialur dainteresebul mxareebsa da
profesor-maswavleblebis survilebs Soris, emsaxuron Tanasworobis
idealebs, Tanasworobis imperativebs da srulyofilebisa da Temis
maradiul akademiur Ziebas. aseve arsebobs politikis seriozuli kritika,
romelic orientirebulia ganaTlebaSi samarTlianobasa da Tanasworobaze,
kompensatoruli diskriminaciis politikis CaTvliT.10 samoqalaqo
uflebebis moZraobis monapovrebis bolodroindeli problemebis
miuxedavad, kompensatoruli diskriminacia ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
likvidirebulad saxelmwifoebrivi politikidan da arc xalxis
warmosaxvidan, Tu Cveni moraluri valdebulebebidan. Tumca,
kompensatoruli diskriminacia ar unda CaiTvalos absolutad, aramed
CarTuli unda iyos demokratiul saubarSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
kompensatoruli diskriminacia da kulturuli mravalferovneba rogor
anviTareben moqalaqeobas da im rols, romelic umaRlesi ganaTlebis
institutebma unda Seasrulon am TvalsazrisiT.11

mjera, imisaTvis, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis misia miRweul iqnes,

aucilebelia akademiuri konsensusis Seqmna, rac dafuZnebulia
mravalferovnebis cnebaze. Tumca, am konsensusis Seqmnam unda
gaiTvaliswinos mravali arsebuli menejeruli gadawyvetilebis
arasaimedooba da unda SeZlos mravali popularuli inteleqtualuri
paradigmis SezRudvebis amocnoba. es gaxlavT umaRles ganaTlebaSi
moqalaqeobis, kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da kompensatoruli
diskriminaciis zogierTi inteleqtualuri gamowveva. Tumca, kulturis
politikis TvalsazrisiT, problematuri gansxvaveba kulturasa da kanons
Soris, saWiroebs gadawyvetas.

kanoni da kultura

gaukritikebeli kanonis SeuZlebloba momdinareobs dasavleTis

kulturaSi calke aRebuli, integrirebuli, araproblematuri da
deskrifciuli socialuri pedagogikuri identobis gansazRvrebis
SeuZleblobidan.
– raimond morou da karlos alberto toresi,
socialuri Teoria da ganaTleba

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 garkveulwilad, es aris sarkeTa usasrulo TamaSi.
– imanuel valerstaini, `socialuri mecniereba da samarTliani
sazogadoebis Zieba~

kanoni da kultura, principSi, ar upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, magram maT

Tanaarsebobisas sirTuleebic aqvT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mocemuli
kanoni (romelic, principSi, aris socialuri konstruqcia, miRebuli,
rogorc mocemuli identobis, iqneba es erovnuli, kulturuli Tu sxva,
safuZveli) miiCneva metafizikuri principebis wyebad, romelic ar SeiZleba
istoriulad Semowmdes an eWvqveS dadges, magram nebismier fasad unda
SenarCundes. metafizikuri kanonebi, principSi, upirispirdeba kulturul
molaparakebebs.

Tumca, fuZemdebluri kanonebi warmoadgens kulturuli

molaparakebebis mimdinare procesebs, romlebic Tavis precedentebad iRebs
dialogis ZiriTad safuZvlebs, istoriisa da Temis gamocdilebebis gamWol
interpretacias. maT aseve aqvT is, rasac freiri cnobismoyvareobis
epistemologias uwodebs: imis gansazRvris usasrulo moTxovnileba, Tu
romeli kulturuli principebi xdis adamianTa cxovrebas ufro
harmoniuls, kulturuli gacvlebi – ufro TviTrefleqsiurs, da kulturis
eTikuri safuZvlebi – socialuri Tanasworobis, individualuri
pasuxismgeblobisa da zrunvis kulturul imperativebTan axlos.

fuZemdebluri kanonebi icvleba kulturuli molaparakebebis

meSveobiT. rogorc gitlinma Camoayaliba CemTan pirad saubarSi:
`molaparakebebs SeiZleba adgili hqondes – da namdvilad aqvs adgili –
kanonis zRvarze, ise, rom uitmeni Semovida 40-ian wlebSi, maSin roca uitie
mocilebul iqna (leo marqsis mier gamoTqmuli azri), xolo bolo wlebSi
elisonis uCinari adamiani efeqtianad iqna kanonizebuli. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, rodesac safuZveli naTelia, uamravi saSualebaa
gansxvavebulobisa da simravlisaTvis.”

nebismieri kulturuli kanoni, ramdenadac igi arsebobis metafizikur

mdgomareobad aris qceuli, principSi, upirispirdeba kulturul
molaparakebas. metafizikur kulturul kanons, romelsac pativs scemen,
rogorc Rirsebis, sibrZnisa da simarTlis gamaerTianebels, unda hqondes
uflebamosilebis ramdenime wyaro, an legitimurobis dadastureba, rac
SeiZleba moicavdes, magaliTad, mocemuli jgufis absolutur
Zalauflebas, raTa daamkvidros legaluri SezRudvebi, rac gadaiqceva
qveynis kanonad (mag., samxreT afrikuli TeTri Zalaufleba, rasobrivi
demokratiis damkvidrebamde 1994 wels, an monobis kanonmdebloba amerikis
samxreTSi); moTxovnebi rasobrivi siwmindisaTvis (mag., nacizmi);
gancxadebebi eris damfuZnebel mamobaze (mag., TeTrkaniani da
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evrocentruli emigrantebis damarbeveli jgufebi); moTxovnebi enis
gasakontroleblad, rac moicavs identobas da aregulirebs da
SesaZlebels xdis SesaZlo socialur, politikur da ekonomikur gacvlebs
(mag., mxolod inglisurad moZraobebi); an moraluri an eTikuri
upiratesobis mtkiceba, rac efuZneba religiur mandats, “Beruf” an
`mowodeba~ (mag., qristianuli fanatizmi, moZraobebi, romelic amkvidrebs
kacebis bibliur upiratesobas qalebTan SedarebiT, da homoseqsualTa
damrbevi moZraobebi, romelic qristianul rwmenazea dafuZneuli).

liberalur-pluralistur mowodebas, gaecnobierebinaT

`gansxvavebulobis~ da mravalferovnebis simdidre sazogadoebaSi, romelic
sxva mxriv xasiaTdeboda saerTo istoriuli safuZvlebiT, rac
identificirdeboda kulturuli konsensusis safuZvelze (mag., `erTad
yofnis~ cneba. rogorc aucilebeli pragmatuli principi socialuri paqtis
ganxorcielebisaTvis) SeiZleba daupirispirdes multikulturalizmis
ufro radikaluri, istoriulad niuansirebuli cneba: `sakmaod ucnauria,
rom araTanmimdevrulobis da anarqiis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac
multikulturuli midgomebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielda, identobis
sakiTxis istoriulad Camoyalibeba aseve gvTavazobs ufro erTiani
Sexedulebis arsebobis saSualebas, vidre liberaluri pluralistebis
Sexedulebaa. ... pluralizmis alternativa aris gansxvavebisa da
konfliqtis qceva centrad im istoriisa, romelic yvelasaTvis – `CvenTvis~
saerToa~ (skoti, 1992:16).

Aaxla, Tu erovnuli identoba aris, ara fiqsirebuli markeri, aramed

swavlis procesi, rogorc vasabuTebdi meeqvse TavSi, es qmnis kidev erT
Tavsatexs.12 pirveli gasaTvaliswinebeli kiTxvaa: SesaZlebelia, rom
swavlis msgavs procesebTan Sexebam Seqmnas gansxvavebuli daskvnebi? es
namdvilad aris demokratiuli ganaTlebisa da demokratiuli cxovrebis
drama. demokratiaSi Cven viswrafiT imisken, rom swavlis process mivceT
gagrZelebis saSualeba, da amave dros, davuSvaT, rom daskvnebi SeiZleba
iyos (da nadvilad aris) gansxvavebuli. adamianebs eqnebaT gansxvavebuli
Sexedulebebi, da politikuri uTanxmoebebi iqneba ganaTlebis puri da
karaqi, iseve rogorc koaliciisa da aliansis politika aris demokratiuli
marTvisaTvis.

zemoaRniSnuls gavlena aqvs sazogadoebis codnis bazis doneze da

codnis demokratizaciaze. Semdegi SekiTxvaa: zogierTi ganmarteba sxva
ganmartebebze ufro mZlavria? sxva sityvebiT, erTi tipis socialuri
mecniereba ufro gamosadegia (CemTvis ufro mimzidvelia, ufro zustad rom
vTqva), vidre sxvebi? socialur mecnierebebSi dekonstruqcionizmis
gavlenis ganxilvisas, imanuel valerstaini (1997) gvafrTxilebs, rom `Cven
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namdvilad CarTulni varT Zalze kompleqsul aqtivobaSi, romelSic
wonasworobebi (kanonebi), saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, xanmoklea, da aqtivobaSi,
romelSic ar SeiZleba iyos gansazRvruli momavali, vinaidan metismetad
bevria SemTxveviTobaze damokidebuli elementebi” (1253).

rogorc Cans, problema aris arsebuli tendencia, rom radgan

realoba socialuri konstruqciaa, yvelaferi midis, da amdenad, yoveli
ganmarteba momdevnosaviT Rirebulia; rom ar arsebobs garkveuli
kriteriumebi, romlis mixedviTac dadgindeba, romeli ganmarteba ufro
zustia an axsnis TvalsazrisiT mZlavria, an romeli midgomaa ukeTesi
realobis wvdomisa da axsnis kompleqsurobiT. valerstaini (1997) am
TvalsazrisiT Zalze mkafiod asabuTebs: mkvlevrebis roli aris ara is,
rom Seadginon realoba, aramed amoicnon, rogor iyo igi konstruirebuli
da Seamowmon realobis mravali socialuri konstruqcia
urTierTmimarTebaSi. garkveulwilad, es aris sarkeTa usasrulo TamaSi.
Cven viswrafviT realobis aRmoCenisaken, romlis safuZvelzec avageT
realoba. da roca vpoulobT, vcdilobT gavigoT, safuZvelSi arsebuli es
realoba, Tavis mxriv, rogor iyo socialurad konstruirebuli. sarkeTa
Soris am navigaciisas, arsebobs ufro swori da naklebad swori
mecnieruli analizebi. is mecnieruli analizebi, romlebic ufro sworia,
socialurad ufro sasargebloa imiT, rom isini exmareba msoflios Seqmnas
arsebiTad ufro racionaluri realoba. maSasadame, simarTlis Zieba da
sikeTis Zieba mtkiced ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. Cven CarTuli varT, da
CarTuli varT erTdroulad, oriveSi. (1254)

aq xazi unda gaesvas sam moments. pirveli, dekonstruqcionistuli

Stormisa da im faqtis miuxedavad, rom Cven SegviZlia realobaze vifiqroT,
rogorc socialur konstruqciaze, es socialuri konstruqcia ar aris
mxolod Cveni fantaziis nayofi, aramed aris realuri adamianebis rTuli
gzebiT interaqciis produqti, da maSasadame yvela ganmartebas ar aqvs erTi
da igive xarisxi (mag., logikuri koherentuloba, analitikuri insaiti,
empiriuli dokumentacia), ganmartebiTi Zala Tu sizuste. meore, miuxedavad
imisa, rom yvela ganmarteba, Tavisi arsiT, droebiTia – anu isini
warmoadgens mocemul momentSi arsebuls, sanam ukeTesi ganmarteba iqneba
Sedgenili – yvela isini unda Sefasdes ganmartebis maTi unaris mixedviT,
da, Tavis mxriv, ufro racionaluri sazogadoebis konstruirebaSi maTi
daxmarebis unariT. maSasadame, arsebobs gamosadegobis elementi
validurobis TiToeul konstruirebaSi, risi gamorCenac SeuZlebelia.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom wina komentari SeiZleba wakiTxul iqnes, rogorc
aSkarad pragmatuli, igi, TavisTavad, miuTiTebs valerstainis analizis
mesame Sedegze, rom simarTlisa da sikeTis cneba sazogadoebaSi mWidrod
da mtkiced aris gadaxlarTuli. konstruqciuli, sasargeblo, racionaluri
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sazogadoeba ukavSirdeba valerstainis rCevas – SevxedoT socialur
mecnierebebs, rogorc samarTliani sazogadoebis Ziebis nawils. maSasadame,
valerstains Semoaqvs samarTlianobisa da sikeTis kategoriuli imperativi,
rom STaagonos (Tu ar warmarTavs) analitikuri mcdeloba.

politikaSi da socialur brZolebSi uTanxmoebebi SeiZleba iyos

ufro metad radikaluri, vidre debatebis Sedegebi socialur mecnierebebSi
kauzalobis an ganmartebiTi validurobis Taobaze. magaliTad, warmoidineT
situacia alJirSi. Tu Catardeba demokratiuli arCevnebi (rogorc 1992
wels), fundamentalisturi islamuri moZraobebi moigeben arCevnebs. imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTi platforma, romelic socialur wesrigs
ayrdnobs yuranis mkacri da erTguli Sesrulebis specifiur xedvas da
moqalaqeTa daSinebis maTeul praqtikas, rac umetesad aisaxa bolo dros
alJiris patara qalaqebSi ganxorcielebul masobriv xocva-JletaSi
(Jurnalisturi wyaroebis mixedviT, bolo xuTi wlis manZilze daRupulTa
saerTo raodenobam 100,000-s gadaaWarba) da egvipteSi ganxorcielebul
sporadul ZaladobaSi, es gamarjveba gamoiwvevs ara mxolod bevri
adamianis, gansakuTrebiT qalebis (rogorc Talibanis avRanuri mTavroba
axdens amis demonstrirebas) samoqalaqo uflebebis dakargvas, aramed aseve
safrTxeSi Caagdebs demokratiul struqturas. umravlesobis mmarveloba,
rac SeiZleba miRweul iqnes demokratiiT, rogorc meTodiT, ueWvelad
gaanadgurebs demokratias, rogorc praqtikasa da arss. demokratiuli
politikuri kulturis konstruireba Semdeg iqneba fuZemdebluri
winapiroba demokratiis uwyvetobisa da demokratiuli cxovrebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis.

demokratiis idea aris gamowvevebTan da daZabulobebTan erTad

cxovrebis swavla da demokratiuli gansxvavebebis Taobaze swavlis
procesis Sesaxeb swavla. demokratiuli uTanxmoebebi yvelgan moxdeba,
ojaxebSi sasadilo magidasTan (sadac ojaxis wevrebi mgznebared kamaToben
sajaro da kerZo sakiTxebze) diskusiebidan dawyebuli, da damTavrebuli
politikuri qadagebebiT, romelSic liderebi da koaliciebi cdiloben
miipyron adamianTa umravlesobis warmosaxva da Seqmnan saarCevno
umravlesobebi. Tumca, es koaliciebi yovelTvis iqneba droebiTi, susti da
dezintegracias daqvemdebarebuli – erTi sityviT, efemeruli.

demokratiis, rogorc meTodis cneba xels uwyobs diferencialuri

reprezentraciisa da monawileobis process, romelSic, saarCevno procesis
meSvebiT, aliansebis Seqmnisa da umravlesobis koaliciebiT, zogi daskvnebi
upiratesi iqneba drois garkveul momentSi. amgvarad, zogma umravlesobam
SeiZleba ganaviTaros garkveuli xedva, romelsac ar iziarebs mocemuli
saxelmwifos yvela wevri. winamdebare wignSi me davasabuTe, rom

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demokratia, rogorc meTodi ar moicavs da ar SeuZlia mTlianad moicvas
demokratiis, rogorc arsis cneba.

Tumca, demokratia, rogorc arsi, adgens garkveul sazRvrebs imaze,

Tu ra aris mosalodneli da misaRebi demokratiuli qceva da xazs usvams
samoqalaqo minimumebs, rac demokratiuli meTodologiebis formalobebs
scdeba da aRwevs demokratiuli reprezentaciisa da monawileobis ufro
radikalur gagebas – mokled, demokratiul interaqciebs saxelmwifo da
kerZo sferoebSi.

amgvarad, identobis, rogorc swavlis procesis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cven

vubrundebiT usiamovno kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor davadginoT, rom
zogierTi Sexeduleba ufro sandoa, vidre sxva DSexedulebebi. es SekiTxva
ufro arakomfortuli xdeba, Tuki (rogorc zemoT ganvixile) mecniereba
SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos ZalauflebasTan da amdenad, SeuZlebelia
ucvlelad iyos gamoyenebuli davis gadasawyvetad. ar arsebobs
metafizikuri pasuxi am kiTxvaze, magram arsebobs proceduruli da
meTodologiuri, da aseve istoriuli pasuxebi. proceduruli da
meTodologiuri pasuxebi cdiloben ganavrcon da demokratiuli garsi mis
zRvrebamde gaafarTovon, da amave dros pativi scen konfrontaciisa da
molaparakebis wesebs, da ecadon imis gagebas, Tu rogor SeuZlia
demokratiul cxovrebas daareguliros interesebis, identobebis,
gamocilebebisa da ideologiebis mravalferovneba demokratiuli diskursis
qsovilis dazianebis gareSe da im winapirobis miRebis gareSe, rom
problemis saboloo gadawyveta miRweuli iqneba auCqareblad. Cven viciT
metafizikuri cnebis Sedegi, rogoricaa `saboloo gadawyvetileba~.

es istoriuli pasuxi aris nawilobriv is, rac ganvsazRvreT, rogorc

istoriuli SeTanxmeba kapitalizmsa da demokratias Soris. periodi,
romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, gviCvenebs, rom globalizaciis procesi
SeiZleba, faqtiurad, qmnides pirobebs axali istoriuli SeTanxmebisaTvis.
Tumca, rac cxadi iyo wina istoriuli SeTanxmebebis SemTxvevas, socialuri
paqtis sicocxlisunarianoba yovelTvis saeWvoa mosaxleobis mozrdili
segmentebis SemTxvevaSi. daZabulobebi da konfliqtebi kvlav warmoiSoba;
da daZabuloba ufro TvalsaCinoa iq, sadac resursebis xelaxali
ganawilebis unarianoba mcirdeba. konsensusis Seqmna da konsensusis
politika yovelTvis sustia, xolo demokratia kvlav ocnebas warmoadgens,
rogorc radikaluri politikuri reprezentaciisa da monawileobis sistema.

konsensusis cneba, ra Tqma unda, demokratiuli socialuri paqtis

cnebisgan diferencirebuli unda iyos. socialuri paqtebi ufro mtkicea,
vidre istoriuli konsensusebi, rac bunebiT, efemerulia. paradoqsi is
aris, rom socialuri paqtebi Sedgenilia istoriulad konsensualuri
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SeTanxmebebiT, romelsac Taobebi qmnian, inarCuneben da maT
transformirebas axdenen kanonebSi, rutinebSi, wes-CveulebebSi, praqtikebSi,
CvevebSi, regulaciebsa da Tundac, kulturebSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ar
gvsurs demokratiis cnebis Tavidan mocileba, SeuZlebelia aseve
gabatonebuli socialuri paqtis cnebis Secvlac, romelic (ubralod
Tavisi arsebobis gamo) grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi saxelmwifos Tavidan
aacilebs qaossa da avtoritarizms – socialuri paqtis, romelic cdilobs
daregulirdes, rogorc qvakuTxedi xalxis, xalxis mier da xalxisaTvis
mTavrobisa. rogorc freiri xSirad Segvaxsenebda xolme, SeuTanxmeblobaze
SeTanxmebis unari fundamenturia demokratiuli dialogis politikisaTvis,
rogorc daZabulobebTan da winaaRmdegobebTan cxovrebis unari aris
fundamenturi demokratiuli politikisaTvis.

sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxi gxvdeba pirdapir ganaTlebis sferoSi:

arsebobs opozicia identobis formirebas (rac saganmanaTleblo dRis
wesrigis mniSvnelovani nawili unda iyos) da moqalaqeobis formirebas
Soris codnis minimaluri donis dadgenasTan dakavSirebiT? identobis
formireba yovelTvis iyo liberaluri saxelmwifo ideologiis nawili;
rogorc istorikosi ted mitCeli Segvaxsenebs, niu iorkis gubernatorma
devid klintonma Tavis amomrCevlebs 1822 wels uTxra, rom es saxelmwifos
pirveli valdebuleba iyo. paradoqsia, rom identobis Seqmna yovelTvis iyo
(cnobierad Tu gaucnobiereblad) Sereuli saganmanaTleblo politikaSi
moqalaqeobis Seqmnis cnebasTan, TiTqos identoba da moqalaqeoba
fiqsirebuli markerebi iyos, romlebic yovelTvis daemTxveva, Tu
davuSvebT, rom moqalaqeoba SeiZleba gamoixatos, rogorc kulturuli
reprezentacia homogenurobisa da istoriuli sizustis didi xarisxiT.

aTaswleulis dasasrulisken, naTelia, rom identobis formireba

xdeba bevr sferoSi, ganaTlebis CaTvliT, magram moqalaqis Seqmna,
umetesad, Semofarglulia saganmanaTleblo sferoTi.13 sakiTxi, romelic
namdvilad scdeba winamdebare naSromis farglebs, aris is, unda
ganixilebodes Tu ara identobis formireba da moqalaqeobis Seqmna,
rogorc mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare swavlis procesi
(potenciuri gansxvavebuli daskvnebiT); unda ganixilebodes Tu ara isini,
rogorc diskretuli Teoriuli erTeulebi, romlebic garkveul momentSi
gadakveTs erTmaneTs da warmoqmnis saWiroebas, rom maTi winaaRmdegobebi da
Sesabamisobebi xelaxla iqnes gaazrebuli; da es interaqciebi identobasa
da moqalaqeobas Soris SeiZleba Tu ara saerTod ganxorcieldes gviani
kapitalizmis da demokratiuli umarTaobis kritikis konteqstSi.

amgvarad, identoba, rogorc me vamtkicebdi meeqvse TavSi, arasdros

aris garantirebuli Sedegi kulturuli gansxvavebebis formulirebis

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procesisa.14 Tumca, ukidures xarisxSi, es epistemologiuri winapiroba
SeiZleba arapraqtikuli Candes pedagogikis an politikuri
mobilizaciisaTvis.15 miuxedavad amisa, progresuli perspeqtividan,
gamartivebuli iqneba, rom kulturul gansxvavebebze vifiqroT, rogorc
gansxvavebebze dominantur da daqvemdebarebul kulturebs Soris. faqti is
aris, rom kulturuli multikulturalizmi aseve unda exebodes
ideologiur ganxeTqilebebsa da gansxvavebebs daqvemdebarebuli kulturis
SigniT, ara mxolod rogorc molaparakeba feradkanian adamianTa da
Zalauflebis mCagvrel sistemebs Soris, aramed aseve Tavad feradkanian
adamianTa Soris. am rasis kritikuli Teoriis warmomadgenlebis sityvebi
gansakuTrebuli ZaliT JRers: `samwuxarod, daZabuloba am gansxvavebebs
Soris iSviaTad irkveva, ivaraudeba, `gansxvavebis erTianoba~ – anu, rom
yvela gansxvaveba aris, rogorc analogiuri, ise ekvivalenturi” (ledson –
bilingsi da teiti, 1995:62).

wevroba da gamocdileba mocemul identobaSi ar iZleva gamocdilebis

zustad gaxsenebis garantias (magaliTad, socialur da humanitarul
mecnierebaTa analitikuri instrumentebis gamoyenebiT) da, maSasadame,
politikuri riskebi bevria, im faqtis CaTvliT, rom multikulturalistTa
bevr wreSi, rogorc skoti ASegvaxsenebs, `Cagvris personaluri
dadastureba cvlis analizs, da es dadastureba xdeba aRmniSvneli mTeli
jgufis gamocdilebisa~ (1992:18).

multikulturalizmis Sesaxeb ufro da ufro meti literaturis

Seqmnis miuxedavad, mxolod bolo dros gadavida diskusia
multikulturalizmsa da moqalaqeobas Soris kavSirebis ganxilvaze, da
igi Seiswavlis multikulturalizmis SezRudvebsa da SesaZleblobebs
demokratiul sazogadoebebSi.16 SeiZleba samarTliania vamtkicoT, rom
amocanaTa simravle, rac dgas multikulturalizmis winaSe, usazRvrod
didia. es amocanebi moicavs gonivruli, Teoriulad daxvewili da advilad
dasacavi axali metaTeoriuli da Teoriuli teritoriis SemuSavebis
mcdelobas, romelmac unda Seqmnas multikulturalizmis, rogorc
paradigmis safuZvlebi; moicavs mcdelobas, Seiqmnas misi epistemologiuri
da logikuri winapirobebi, gamocdilebis, narativis, xmis, faqtoris, da
identobis cnebebis irgvliv; mcdelobas, empiriuli kvlevis
ganxorcielebisa, romelic kulturas/Zalauflebas/codnas akavSirebs
TasworobasTan/uTanasworobTan/diskriminaciasTan; da neokonservatori
memarjveneebisgan multikulturalizmis dacvis saWiroebas, romelTac
gamoacxades multikulturalizmi, rogorc antipatriotuli moZraoba,
romelic ewinaaRmdegeba im kanonis saWiroebas, romelmac SeiZleba
daareguliros kulturuli gacvlebi wesrigis principiT.17 am
mravalwaxnagovanma amocanebma da meoce saukunis 80-iani da 90-iani wlebis
330
konkretulma politikurma gamocdilebam amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,
multikulturalizmis momxreebi aiZula, Tavi daecvaT, rogorc Teoriuli,
ise politikuri TvalsazrisiT. es niSnavs, rom maT am dromde ver SeZles
srulad gadaeWraT multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoriis saWiroeba,
Teoriisa, romelic unda iyos umniSvnelovanesi, demokratiuli miznebis
wamowevaSi demokratiis Teoriebis konteqstSi, miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom
isini moqmedeben kapitalistur sistemaSi. multkulturalizmisaTvis bolo
dilema aris mravalferovnebasa da erTianobas Soris kavSirebis gageba, anu
erTianobis sakiTxi mravalferovnebaSi.

ra Tqma unda, arsebobs mravali analitikuri da politikuri

alternativa imisaTvis, rom mravalferovnebaSi SesaZlebel iqnes
erTianobis dilemis konfrontacia. pirveli aris kvlevis saWiroeba
kulturebis hibridizaciis xarisxisa da cnebisa, rom yoveli socialuri
subieqti Sedgeba mravlobiTi identobebisa da mravlobiTi
18
afiliaciebsagan. hibridizaciis procesis mier warmoSobili sirTuleebis
aRiarebam da pedagogiuri subieqtis socialur da fsiqologiur
konstruirebaSi mravlobiTi identobebis cnebam eWvqveS unda daayenos
rasis, genderis, klasis, erovnebis, eTnikurobis religiisa, Tu sqesobrivi
upiratesobebis safuZvelze arsebul gansxvavebaTa esencializaciis
nebismieri mcdeloba. meore, eTikuri da politikuri valdebulebebis
gansxvavebebis pirvelxarisxovan winaaRmdegobebad ganxilvis nacvlad,
adamianma SeiZleba aRiqvas isini naklebadmniSvnelovan winaaRmdegobebad, an
konfliqtur loialobebad identobis socialur konstruirebaSi. es
warmoSobs molaparakebis areebs progresuli aliansebis konteqstSi, rac
efuZneba mravlobiT identobebsa da Semswavlel Temebs.19 fundamenturi
winapiroba gaxlavT kulturuli brZolebis nebismieri esencializaciis
Tavidan acileba. Tumca, aseve mniSvnelovania gavacnobieroT, rom arsebobs
ramdenime gamWriaxi idea neokonseratiul da neoliberalur argumentebSi.
magaliTad, neokonservatorebisgan Zlier gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisidan,
kornel vesti (1993a), ramdenime Savkanian inteleqtualTan erTad,
SeSfoTebulia `kulturuli moSliT da TviTdestruqciuli nihilizmis
gamwvavebiT Raribebsa da Zalze Ratakebs Soris” (196). nihilizmi, namdvilad
cud safuZvels qmnis demokratiis ganviTarebisa da moqalaqeobis
miRwevisaTvis. samoqalaqo Rirsebebi, am SemTxvevaSi, wamoimarTeba, rogorc
ZiriTadi cnebebi demokratiuli moqalaqeobis SeqmnaSi.

samoqalaqo Rirebulebebi da multikulturuli demokratiuli

moqalaqeoba

me vsaubrob aq poeziaze, rogorc gamocdilebis gamomJRavnebis arsze, ara

sityvaTa unayofo TamaSze, riTic, xSirad, TeTri mamebi amaxinjebdnen sityva
331
 poeziis mniSvnelobas – raTa arsSi Cawvdomis unars moklebuli warmosaxvis
sasowarkveTili survili daemalaT.
– `poezia Zalaa~, gancxadebaTa dafa

Cemi analizis ZiriTadi principi Semdegi gaxlavT: moqalaqeoba

gagebul unda iqnes, rogorc samoqalaqo Rirsebebi distribuciuli
politikis konteqstSi da ara, rogorc mxolod statusis miniWeba.
profesori pedro nogueras miwveviT, me warvadgine Cemi analizi
kaliforniis univeristetSi berkliSi mis aspiranturis kursSi rasisa da
klasis Sesaxeb, 1997 wlis seqtemberSi. kiTxva-pasuxebis nawilis dasasruls,
Savkanianma studentma gamomiwvia. igi amtkicebda, rom me vixilavdi
moqalaqeobas, rogorc samoqalaqo Rirsebebs, magram ar Camomiyalibebia
samoqalaqo Rirsebebis principebi multikulturuli demokratiuli
moqalaqeobisaTvis. es SekiTxva gamocxadebis tolfasi gamocdileba iyo,
radgan amaze saerTod ar mifiqria. sityvebi, romelic aq epigrafad
moviyvane, da romelic gancxadebaTa dafaze (saxelwodebiT `poezia Zalaa~)
klasSi Sesvlamde ramdenime wuTiT adre wavikiTxe, maSinve amomitivtivda,
rodesac SekiTxva damisves, radgan igi (ramdenadac SesaZlebelia) sakmao
sazriani iyo.

multikulturuli moqalaqeoba ar unda CaiTvalos `Cveulebrivi~

moqalaqeobis `damatebad~. piriqiT, argumenti is aris, rom veranairi
realuri moqalaqeoba, rogorc moqalaqobrivi Rirsebebi, ver miiRweva, Tu
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi da liberaluri demokratiebi ar
gadawyveten demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis problemas.
swored liberaluri demokratiis sirTuleebis gamo aris, rom gvWirdeba
demokratiis dacva zedsarTavebiT, rogoricaa radikaluri demokratia. amis
msgavsad, es moqalaqeobis tradiciuli Teoriebis sirTuleebia, romelic
gvainteresebs multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoriis SemuSavebisas.
mokled, zedsarTavebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs. idealur SemTxvevaSi,
Cven ganvixilavdiT moqalaqeobasa da demokratias zedsarTavebisa Tu
kvalifikaciebis gareSe, magram yvela Cvenganma icis, Tu ramdenad Sors
SeiZleba iyos realoba Cveni survilebisgan.

epistemologiuri da politikuri gafrTxilebis warmoTqmis Semdeg,

axla me ganvixilav multikulturuli moqalaqeobis principul Rirsebebs;
Rirsebebs, romlebsac unda ufrTxildebodnen ojaxebSi, eklesiebSi da im
ZiriTad organizaciebSi, romlebic Cveni bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis
socializacias ewevian, da yvelaze metad, skolebSi da samoqalaqo
ganaTlebaSi.

pirveli Rirseba, romelic emTxveva liberalizmis udides moZRvrebas,

aris tolerantobis Rirseba. liberalizmi warmoiSva, rogorc politikuri
332
filosofia, romelmac mxari dauWira Tavisuflebas yvela sxva kategoriul
imperativze metad, rogorc yvela socialuri interaqciisaTvis normatiul
pirobas da rogorc absolutizmis, avtoritarizmisa da despotizmis
antidots. Tanamedrove diskusiebis konteqstSi, tolerantobis samoqalaqo
Rirseba aucilebelia mravalferovnebis gasaviTareblad, vinaidan Cven
ganuwyvetliv vkveTavT mravalferovnebis sazRvrebs Cvens sazogadoebebSi.
tolerantoba moiTxovs sifrTxilisa da TviTSemecnebis sistematur
process, Cveni sakuTari cnobierebis Sedgenilobaze xelaxal dakvirvebas
(rac arasodes aris srulad ganxorcielebuli Sedegi, aramed aris mTeli
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare procesi), rom davadginoT mikerZoebuli
azrebisa da winaswar Seqmnili Sexedulebebis wyaro. magaliTad, miuxedavad
imisa, rom individualuri rasizmi SeiZleba daZleul iqnes permanentuli
diskusiebiTa da ganaTlebiT (anu, codnas mniSvneloba aqvs), instituciuri
rasizmis winaaRmdeg brZola – praqtikebis, ritualebis, rutinebis da
sxvaTa, rac ufro farTod gavrcelebulia, vidre sporaduli
individualuri aqtebi – moiTxovs sistematur, legalur/iuridiul da
politikur sifrTxiles individTa, TemTa da socialur moZraobaTa
mxridan.

tolerantoba aseve moiTxovs codnasa da disciplinas: codnas

imisaTvis, rom daZleul iqnes ucodinroba, rac, ueWvelia, aris erT-erTi
safuZveli rasobrivi, sqesobrivi, genderuli, religiuri da klasobrivi
winaswarSeqmnili SexedulebebisaTvis; disciplinas imisaTvis, rom mxolod
TviTanalizisa da kvlevis sistematuri ganxorcielebiT SegviZlia
aRmovaCinoT, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri reprezentaciebi
socialurad aris konstruirebuli, isini efuZneba istoriul procesebs,
romelTac sWirdeba kvleva, rogorc wvdomisaTvis aucilebel faqtebs.
hobsbaumi (1997) Zalze naTlad ambobs amis Sesaxeb: `Tu ar gavmijnavT imaT
Soris, rac arsebobs da rac ar arsebobs, istoria ver Seiqmneba”. romma
daamarcxa da gaanadgura karTageni punikur omebSi, da ara piriqiT. rogor
movuyriT Tavs da rogor vaxdenT Cvens mier Sesamowmebeli monacemebis (rac
SeiZleba moicavdes ara mxolod imas, ra moxda, aramed imas, Tu ras
fiqrobda xalxi amis Sesaxeb) SerCeuli nimuSis interpretacias, sxva
saqmea” (viii) faqtiurad, hobsbaumis Tvalsazrisi, rom yvelaze gavrcelebuli
`ideologiuri damaxinjeba istoriisa efuZneba anaqronizms, da ara
tyuilebs” (7) warmoadgens codnis ZiriTad winapirobas tolerantobis
gasaZliereblad.

tolerantoba, romelic efuZneba codnas, disciplinas da sakuTari

Tavis Wvretas, ar aris sakmarisi demokratiuli multikulturuli
moqalaqeobis gansaxorcieleblad. cnobismoyvareobis epistemologia,
rogorc Camoyalibebulia paulo freiris mier, mniSvnelovani Rirsebaa,
333
romelsac sWirdeba xelis Sewyoba. freiris (1997b) bolo wigni, romelic
gamoica portugaliur enaze mis gardacvalebamde erT Tveze naklebi xniT
adre, gvTavazobs maswavlebelTaTvis RirsebaTa dekalogs – eTikuri
principebis wyebas swavlebisaTvis – da warmoadgens multikulturuli
moqalaqeobis proeqtis arss. freiris dekalogi efuZneba avtonomiis cnebas,
romelic aseve Zalian Zvirfasia liberalizmisaTvis, magram romelsac
freiri ganavrcobs Tavisi kritikuli modernistuli perspeqtiviT da
libertarianul filosofiasTan misi mudmivi flirtiT. qvemoT moyvanilia
freiris mier Sedgenil RirsebaTa CamonaTvali maswavlebisaTvis:

1. swavleba moiTxovs moswavlis codnis pativiscemas.

2. swavleba moiTxovs esTetikas da eTikas.
3. swavleba moiTxovs magaliTis Cvenebas.
4. swavleba moiTxovs moswavlis avtonomiis pativiscemas.
5. swavleba moiTxovs keTilgonierebas.
6. swavleba moiTxovs cnobismoyvareobas.
7. swavleba moiTxovs sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulobas, profesionalur
kompetencias da keTilSobilebas.
8. swavleba moiTxovs Tavisuflebas da uflebamosilebas.
9. swavleba moiTxovs mosmenis codnas.
10. swavleba moiTxovs moswavlis siyvaruls.

mesame Rirseba, romelsac msurs xazi gavusva cinizmisa da nihilizmis

wyvili poziciis Tavidan asacileblad, aris imedi. cinizmi aris imedis
uqonloba, darwmunebuloba, rom vinaidan araferi ar SeiZleba Seicvalos
da ar Seicvleba, erTaderTi alternativaa `saqmianobis Cveul ritmSi
gagrZelebis~ damokidebuleba. cinizmi, rogorc aseTi, aris realobis
ulmobeli adaptaciis antiutopiuri filosofia, romelic cdilobs
privilegiebis gamoyenebas uflebebisa da valdebulebebis ganxorcielebis
gareSe. sakiTxis meore mxarea nihilizmi, xelis aRebis arajansaRi
gamocdileba, romlis mixedviT, vinaidan ar arsebobs imedi, ar arsebobs
socialuri wesrigis cvlilebis saWiroeba, amis gakeTebis Tundac
umniSvnelo SesaZlebloba. ilia prigoJinis apofTegmis mixedviT,
`SesaZlebloba realurze mdidaria~, imanuel valerstaini (1997) gvTavazobs
mniSvnelovan Tvalsazriss samoqalaqo RirsebebisTvis:

SesaZlebloba realurze mdidaria. Ees sociologze kargad vin unda

icodes? ratom gveSinia ase Zalian SesaZlebelis ganxilva, gaanalizeba da
gamokvleva? Cven ara utopiebi, aramed utopistebi unda davayenoT
sociologiis centrSi. utopistika aris SesaZlebeli utopiebis analizi,
maTi limitebi da maTi miRwevis SezRudvebi. es gaxlavT awmyoSi realuri
istoriuli alternativebis analitikuri kvleva. es gaxlavT WeSmaritebis
Ziebisa da sikeTis Ziebis Sejereba. (1254-1255)
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 mokled, mxolod imedi aris cinizmisa da nihilizmis antidoti.

meoTxe Rirseba aris siyvarulis saero, arareligiuri suliereba.

araferia siyvarulze ise Zlieri, rom warmarTos gadawyvetilebis miReba
Temze da TanagrZnobaze dafuZnebiT. siyvarulis suliereba, rogorc erix
fromi (1986) asabuTebda ocdaaTi wlis winaT, ar aris aucilebeli, rom
efuZnebodes transcendetalur rwmenas, magram mas sWirdeba, efuZnebodes
rwmenas adamianur bunebaSi da aseve efuZnebodes Cvens qmedebebSi
azrovnebisa da vnebis SeTanxmebis saWiroebas.

mexuTe Rirsebaa dialogis unari. multikulturuli moqalaqeoba ver

miiRweva dialogis unaris gareSe, maSinac ki, rodesac adamianTa poziciebi
dialogSi Soreuli da gansxvavebulia, maSinac ki, rodesac CarTuli
metyveleba araTanazomieria, da maSinac, rodesac ulimito dialogebi
sarisko aris. dialogis warmarTvis unari warmoadgens habermasis idealuri
metyvelebis da komunikaciuri racionalurobis socialuri konstruqtis
ZiriTad princips. dialogSi Cven SegviZlia SevqmnaT komunikaciuri
racionaluroba, anu, komunikaciis unari da safuZvliani mtkicebulebebis
miRebis unari, faqtori komunikaciaSi, romelic ubralo Tanmimdevrulobis
farglebs scdeba. dialogis, rogorc komunikaciuri racionalurobis
cnebaSi sami elementia CarTuli: pirveli, intersubieqtivizmis cneba
mtkicebaTa safuZvlianobaSi (dialogSi relevanturia pirovnebis pozicia);
meore, argumentaciis tipi (romelic icvleba disciplinis, interaqciebis
wyebis, profesiebisa da a.S. mixedviT); dabolos, racionaluri SeTanxmebis
miRwevis SesaZleblobis idea. amgvarad, dialogs Sedegad moyveba
gansxvavebul individTa urTierTaRiareba, mtkicebaTa safuZvlianobis
Sefasebis unari da argumentaciuri interaqciebis tipebi, racionaluri
damokidebulebis miRwevis mizani da am mTliani gacvlis wvdoma.

simboluri produqciis es procesi winaswar varaudobs adamianis

cxovrebis racionalizaciis formas da maSasadame, SemiZlia vTqva
durkhaimis midrekilebiT, sistemuri integraciis cnebas da ara mxolod
socialuri qmedebis meqanikur integracias. igi varaudobs, rom adamianebi
srulwlovanebas aRweven, rogorc individebi, ara mxolod TavianTi niWis,
unarebisa da socialuri privilegiebis bunebasTan da sxva adamianebTan
gacvlebiT (anu, samuSaos, rogorc humanizaciis cnebis farglebs scdebian),
aramed isini srulwlovanebas aRweven TavianTi unaris gamo – ganiviTaron
TavianTi komunikaciuri kompetencia da komunikaciuri racionaluroba.
komunikaciuri racionalizacia, rac Cndeba, ara mxolod, rogorc dialogis
winapiroba, aramed aseve, rogorc misi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani

335
Sedegi, warmoadgens multikulturuli demokratiuli moqalaqeobis
umTavres uflebas da Rirsebas (Burbules, 1993).

rom SevajamoT, antirasistuli, antiseqsisturi da antiklasisturi

filosofia, romelic efuZneba tolerantobas, freiriseuli
cnobismoyvareobis epistemologias, cinizmisa da nihilizmis poziciis
uaryofas, siyvarulis saero sulierebas da dialogSi (rogorc meTodSi, da
aseve rogorc kogniciis procesSi) ostatur monawileobas, Seadgens
demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis umTavres Rirsebebs, xids
fuZemdeblur kanonebsa da kulturebs Soris.

epilogi

awmyo ver iqneba bednierebis sazomi, radgan bedniereba ubralod saxeebis

erTianobaa, romelic uCinardeba manZilTan erTad, siaxloviT ki –
deformirdeba.
– karlos alberto toresi

CvenTvis ZiriTad interess warmoadgens ganaTleba demokratiisTvis:

rogor SevqmnaT ukeTesi skolebi, inteleqtualurad ufro mdidari
skolebi, gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, vinc sazogadoebis dabal fenebs
miekuTvnebian; rogor SevqmnaT demokratiuli multikulturuli
kurikulumi, romliTac yvela Seityobs sazogadoebis mdidar
mravalferovnebas da sadac Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba Tavidan iqnes acilebuli (da SeiZleba sapirispirod Setrialdes
kidec) balkanizaciisa da mzardi separatizmis tendenciebi. skolebma
umTavresi roli unda Seasrulon demokratiuli diskursisa da
moqalaqeobis SeqmnaSi. me darwmunebuli var imaSi, rom SesaZlebelia
Tavidan iqnes acilebuli socialuri klasebisa da eTnikuri Tu rasobrivi
jgufebis polarizaciis bosniuri sindromi.

Cven SegviZlia ukeTesad movamzadoT ocdameerTe saukunis

maswavleblebi, romlebsac SeeZlebaT muSaoba iseT skolis garemoebSi,
romlebic SeiZleba gaxdes koleqtiuri kompetenciisa da solidarobis
centri. Cven gvWirdeba profesionalebis momzadeba, romelTac esmiT
kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da kompensatoruli diskriminaciis
mniSvneloba da winaaRmdegobebi. Cven gvWirdeba moZraoba Teoriul da
gamoyenebiT kvlevas Soris realur saskolo garemoebSi, araformaluri
ganaTlebis, mozrdilTa ganaTlebis mniSvnelobisa da pirveladi
organizaciebis, socialuri moZraobebisa da Temebis ignorirebis gareSe
kulturul aRorZinebaSi, demokratiaSi da warmoebaSi. bolos da bolos,

336
Tuki identoba swavlis procesia, igi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
mimdinareobs.

demokratia uwesrigo sistemaa, magram igi gadarCa, radgan arsebobs

debatebis sfero da wesebis wyeba, romelsac adamianebi asruleben im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tundac misgan ar iRebdnen raime sargebels. demokratiuli
TemebisaTvis skolebi da universitetebi naklebad Tavdadebuli ar iqnebian
demokratiuli diskursis gavrcobisaTvis da kapitalizmis politikur
ekonomiis sisworeSi eWvis SetanisaTvis. kulturul mravalferovnebas,
kompensatorul diskriminaciasa da moqalaqeobas Soris gadakveTebis
seriozuli kvlevis gareSe demokratiisa da demokratiuli diskursisaTvis
pluralisturi safuZvlebi arsebiTad riskis winaSe dgas. teqnikurad
kompetenturi, eTikurad jansaRi, sulierad momxiblavi da politikurad
ganxorcielebadi Teoriisa da demokratiuli multikulturuli
moqalaqeobis praqtikis gareSe, adamianebi iRupebian: rodesac xilva ar
aris, xalxi iRupeba. davasruleb fridrix nicSes sityvebiT ([1983] 1991), `me
ar vici cxovrebis imaze ukeTesi mizani, vidre daRupvaa, animae magnae
prodigus, diadisa da SeuZlebelisken swrafvaSi” (112). demokratiuli
multikulturuli moqalaqeobisaken mowodeba gulisxmobs diadisa da
SeuZlebelisaken swrafvas, Tundac daRupvis riskiT.

SeniSvnebi

1
daveTanxmebi Teo goldbergs, rodesac igi ambobs: `amgvarad,
multikulturalizmi aris politikuri Tavdadeba. magram igi ar aris ufro
politikuri, vidre monokulturalizmi, da msgavsi mosazrebebis gamo~ D. T. Goldberg,
ed. Multiculturalismi: A Critical Reader (Oxfort: Blackwell, 1996), 28.
2 miuxedavad imisa, rom vici, politikuri filosofiis `klasika~ asaxavs ZiriTadad

mamrobiT, evropul da heteroseqsualur Sexedulebebs da, amdenad, SeuZlebelia

gaxdes arakritikuli nebismieri saxis kulturuli kanoniT, davamtkiceb, rom
Sesabamisad dekonstruirebuli da niuansirebuli istoriuli mniSvnelobiT
gaanalizebuli, igi kvlav warmoadgens azrovnebisa da praqtikis fasdaudebel
wyaros. msgavsi argumenti wamoayena qerol peitmanma, rodesac ganixilavda
klasikis Sesabamisobas feministuri politikuri mecnierebisaTvis: `SeuZlebelia
mTlianad zurgi SevaqcioT klasikas Tu Tanamedrove meTodologias, radgan
diskursis yvela tipi asaxavs da CarTulia warsulSi met-naklebad. ufro metic,
Rirebuli mosazrebebi SeiZleba aviTvisoT da gakveTili iyos CvenTvis mamrobiTi
mimarTulebis TeoriaSi (male-stream theory)”. Carole Pateman, “Introduction: The Theoretical
Subversiveness of Feminism,” in Feminist Challenges. Social and Political Theory, ed. Carole Pateman and
Elizabeth Gross (London: Allen & Unwin, 1986), 3.
3diqotomiur arCevanTa kargi magaliTia goldbergis analizi, rac axdens
heterogenurobis da homogenurobis kombinirebas. sasargebloa aseve misi rCeva,
afrocentrulobis Secvlis Sesaxeb `TviTkritikuli afromodalobebiT, afrikuli
xedvis heterogenuri tipebiT, gacnobierebiT, da amiT igi acxadebs

337
evromotivirebuli xedvis, epistemologiaTa da praqtikaTa SezRudulobas~.
Goldberg, Multiculturalism, 39.
4 instrumentuli racionalurobis cneba umTavresia kritikuli TeoriisaTvis. aq

igi gansazRvrulia racionalurobis, rogorc mizanmimarTul-instrumentuli

qmedebis veberiseuli cnebisa da instrumentaluri qmedebis habermasiseuli cnebiT.
maqs veberisaTvis, mizanmimarTul-instrumentuli qmedeba `ganisazRvreba
molodinebiT gare obieqtebTan da sxva adamianebTan dakavSirebiT, da agentis
racionalurad miCneuli sakuTari miznebis racionaluri warmatebaze
orientirebuli swrafvisaTvis am molodinebis rogorc `pirobebis~ an
`saSualebebis~ gamoyenebiT~ (T. McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas. [Cambridge:
MIT Press, 1979], 28). habermasSi instrumentuli qmedebis cneba `gansazRvrulia
teqnikuri wesebiT, romelic efuZneba empiriul codnas. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi isini
gulisxmobs empiriul prognozirebas dasakvirvebel movlenebze, fizikursa Tu
socialurze~ (391). herbert markusis teqnikuri safuZvlis kritikas davamateb, rom
instrumentuli racionalurobis yoveli forma (imdenad, ramdenadac igi
warmoadgens adekvatur saSualebas mocemuli miznisaTvis da ganisazRvreba
teqnikuri wesebiT, dafuZnebuls empiriul codnze) cdilobs prognozireba
moaxdinos an gaakontrolos socialuri da fizikuri movlenebi, moicavs
dominaciis arsebiT mizans meToduri, mecnieruli gamomTvleli da gamoTvlili
kontrolis saSualebiT.
5 k. b. makfersoni Tavis eseSi “The Real World of Democracy” (the Massey Lectures, in the Real

World of Democracy [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966], 56-67), da gansakuTrebiT Tavis
eseSi, romelic exeboda adamianis uflebebs, rogorc moqalaqeobis uflebebs,
gviCvenebs, rom mesakuTruli individualizmis principebSi, romelic moyvanilia
hobsisa da lokis politikur filosofiur naSromebSi, adamianis uflebebi
moicavda sicocxlis, sxeulis, unarebis, ojaxis wevrebis, TavisuflebaTa da miwis
uflebas. misi azriT, demokratiulma Teoriam unda aRiaros, rom adamianis
uflebebi da Tavisufleba ar aris urTierTgamomricxavi da rom pirveli maTganis
miRweva ar uSlis xels meoris miRwevaSi da piriqiT.
6 veforti (“Educação e politica: Reflexões sociológicas sobre unda pedagogia da liberdade,” naSromSi:

Educaçã o como prática da liberdade [Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1967), 56-67) amtkicebs (rac
adasturebs Cvens arguments), rom `am pedagogma [freirma] icis, rom misi amocana
moicavs politikur Sedegebs da man ici, ufro metic, rom es Sedegebi Cveulebrivi
adamianis interesebSia, da ara elitis. magram man aseve icis, rom misi dargi aris
pedagogika da ara politika da mas ar SeuZlia, rogorc pedagogs, gaswios
revolucioneri politikosis magivroba, romelic dainteresebulia codnasa da
struqturul transformaciaSi. igi uaryofs ganaTlebis, rogorc `progresis
berketis~ tradiciul gagebas; azri eqneba, rom amas daupirispirdes Tanabrad
gulwrfeli Tezisi `ganaTleba, rogorc revoluciis berketi~? Tavisuflebis
pedagogikas SeuZlia daexmaros saxalxo politikas, vinaidan kritikuli
`TviTSegneba~ niSnavs socialuri struqturebis, rogorc dominaciisa da
Zaladobis SecnobisaTvis xelis Sewyobas~. magram am informirebulobis
zrdisaTvis orientaciis micemis amocana specifiurad politikuri mimarTulebiT
ekuTvnis politikoss, da ara pedagogs~ (16).
7 `kompensatoruli diskriminacia daiwyo 1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqtis

muxli VII-sTan erTad, romelic krZalavda diskriminacias rasisa da sqesis

safuZvelze da romelic mogvianebiT ganivrco ramdenime aRmasrulebeli brZanebiT,
romelic aregulirebs federalur kontraqtebs da asaxavs miznebs da ganrigebs
umciresobaTa samuSaoze asayvanad.~ Walter Feinberg, “Affirmative Action and Beyond: A Case
for a Backward-Looking Gender- and Race-Based Policy, ” Teachers College Record 97, 3 (Spring 1996):
363.
338
8 mag., `miuxedavad imisa, rom Savkanianebi warmoadgenen amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis mosaxleobis 12 procentze mets, isini Sedgebian mxolod 4.2 procenti
eqimebisgan, 3.3 procenti iuristebisgan, 5 procenti universitetis pedagogebisgan,
3.7 procenti inJinrebisgan. ... [Tumca,] qali iuristebisa da mosamarTleebis
procentuli maCvenebeli 1972 wels dafiqsirebuli 3.8 procentidan gaizarda
mxolod 22.8 procentamde 1993 wels, xolo qal profesor-maswavlebelTa
raodenoba 1972 wlis 28 procentidan _ 42.5 procentamde 1993 wels.~ (Feinberg,
“Affirmative Action and Beyond,” 366-367).
9 neba momeciT es sakiTxi kargad ganvmarto. mjera, rom demokratia SeiZleba
warmoiSvas mxolod im socialuri kontraqtidan, romelic adgens TanamSromlobis
sistemas iuridiuli safuZvlebis meSveobiT da Tanabrad pasuxismgebeli
aRmasrulebeli administraciiT, amitom mniSvnelovania demokratiulma
saxelmwifom miaRwios demokratiul socialur kontraqts da xeli Seuwyos
demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi sferos Seqmnas. Tumca, rusosTan, mjera, rom
mxolod es socialuri kontraqti qmnis TviTregulaciisa da TviTmmarTvelobis
SesaZleblobas da rom marTulebi, faqtiurad, unda iyvnen mmarTvelebi!
10 1997 wlis 10 noembers, orSabaTs, uzenaesma sasamarTlom uaryo aSkara gamowveva

samoqalaqo uflebebis iniciativa 209. am iniciativis Semdeg, palatis iuridiulma

komitetma ganacxada, rom kenWisyras Caatarebda kanonproeqtze (HR1909), romelic
Seqmnilia samoqalaqo uflebebis iniciativa 209-is, 1997 wlis samoqalaqo
uflebebis aqtis mixedviT. `kanonproeqti ukrZalavs mTavrobas diskriminacias an
preferencialur reJims nebismieri piris mimarT rasis an sqesis safuZvelze
federalur kontraqtebTan, dasaqmebasTan, an sxva programebTan da aqtivobebTan
dakavSirebiT~ (Los Angeles Times, 4 November 1997, A12). Semdgom, imisaTvis, rom
eCvenebinaT, ramdenad ganxeTqilebis gamomwvevi iyo kompensatoruli diskriminaciis
sakiTxi, GOP-is xelmZRvanelobam gansaxilvelad waradgina kompensatoruli
diskriminaciis kanonproeqti, romelic inicirebuli gaxldaT respublikeli
warmomadgenlis Carlz t. kenadis mier. oTxi respublikeli SeuerTda 13 demokrats
palatis iuridiul komitetSi, raTa xma miecaT kanonproeqtis gansaxilvelad
wardgenisaTvis, maSin roca didi raodenobiT momxreebi uWerdnen mxars
galereebidan. es gadawyvetileba niSnavs imas, rom es kanonproeqti, an msgavsi
kanonproeqti, ar iqneba ganxiluli kongresSi 1998 wlamde, da SesaZloa,
saprezidento da kongresis nacionaluri arCevnebis moaxloebasTan erTad,
aqtivoba kvlav gadaidos garkveuli xniT (Los Angeles Times, 7 November 1997, A23).
11 me-10 komentarSi naxsenebi Sexvedris Semdeg, presrelizSi, respublikeli jorj

gekasi (pensilvaniis warmomadgeneli) ganmartavda, Tu ratom wamoayena winadadeba

kanonproeqtis gansaxilvelad wardgenaze: `ar mjera, rom am sakanonmdeblo
iniciativisaTvis xmis micema amjerad gviSvelis, magram es namdvilad daabrkolebs
im idealebis miRwevas, romelsac mxars uWerda Cveni eris erT-erTi udidesi
prezidenti [linkolni]. rasobrivi preferenciis cneba, saxelmwifo rezervebis
Seqmnis programebi da kvotebi upirispirdeba im fundaments, romelzec Cveni
qveyana dafuZnda. Tumca, am sakiTxze aCqareba, erovnuli konsensusis, aRqmuli
iqneba mxolod, rogorc politikuri da uTanxmoebis gamomwvevi. amerikuli
sazogadoeba miemarTeba am konsensusisken, rogorc daadastura amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebma, saxelmwifo
iniciativebma da sazogadoebrivma azrma. neba momeciT, garkveviT gamovxato, rom
mtkiced vupirispirdebi diskriminaciis yvela formas da viswrafi im politikis
aRmofxvrisaken, romelic mikerZoebas iCens adamianTa mimarT ucvleli Tvisebebis
safuZvelze. am kanonproeqtis dRes Semotana ar daaCqarebs arsebuli
usamarTlobebis gamosworebas, da arc Seamcirebs rasobriv dayofas. am
kanonproeqtis arsi qebis Rirsia, magram vSiSob, rom am sakiTxis daCqareba amjerad
339
safrTxes Seuqmnis yoveldRiur progress, romelic miRweulia Tanasworobis
uzrunvelsayofad.~ am azris xazgasasmelad, jon koniersma (demokratma
miCiganidan), romelic palatis iuridiuli komitetmis maRali rangis umciresobis
warmomadgenelia, gamosca presrelizi, romelic miesalmeba komitetis qmedebas
HR1909-is gansaxilvelad wardgenasTan dakavSirebiT. presrelizi aRniSnavda,
`kaliforniisa da texasis iuridiul fakultetebze Caricxvebis Sedegebi
gviCvenebs absolutur dadasturebas imisa, rom kompensatoruli diskriminaciis
damTavreba dagvabrunebs segregirebuli – da uTanasworo – ganaTlebis droSi.
kaliforniis los anJelesis universitetSi da berklis iuridiul skolaSi
afroamerikeTa Caricxvebi Semcirda 75%-iT, maSin roca texasis universitetis
iuridiuli skolaSi pirvelkurselTa umravlesoba TiTqmis mTlianad
TeTrkaniania.~
12 tod gitlinma, avtorTan pirad saubarSi, eWvi Seitana im TvalsazrisSi, rom

identoba aris swavlis procesi. momdevno analizi gamowveuli iyo misi

gaTviTcnobierebuli azriT.
13 miuxedavad masmediis mniSvnelobisa da kapitalizmis simboluri kulturuli

aparatisa, moqalaqeobis cneba daCqarda erovnul saxelmwifoTa mier, maSin roca

moqalaqis, rogorc momxmareblis cnebas amtkicebdnen umetesad kapitalisturi
fraqciebi da saboloo jamSi, neoliberaluri samTavrobo koaliciebi, romlebic
mniSvnelovnad Sordebodnen tradiciuli liberaluri saxelmwifos politikas.
14 joan v. skoti (“Multiculturalism and the Politics of Identity,” October 61 [Summer 1992]:12-19)

marTalia, rodesac amtkicebs, rom identobebi istoriulad aris miniWebuli, rom

es miniWeba bundovania, da rom subieqtebi Seqmnilia mravaljeradi
identifikaciebiT, romelTagan zogierTi xdeba politikurad mniSvnelovani
garkveuli droiT, garkveul konteqstebSi (16).
15 mTavari sakiTxia, rogor gavigoT urTierTobebi moqalaqeobasa da nacionalobas

Soris postnacionalur eraSi. Jiro (“National Identity and the Politics of Multiculturalism,”
College Literature 22, no. 2 [June1992]:54) amtkicebs, rom praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT: `(1)
pedagogebi kritikulad unda Seexon imas, Tu rogor aris erovnuli identoba
konstruirebuli mediaSi, saxelmwifo aparatebis politikis meSveobiT da
materialuri resursebis mobilizaciisa da Zalauflebis meSveobiT saxelmwifos
xelmisawvdomobis farglebs gareT. ... [da] (2) erovnuli identoba unda moicavdes
da ganmsWvaluli unda iyos kulturuli identobebis demokratizebuli
pluralizaciiT. Tuki universalizebis, asimilaciuri impulsisken tendencias
winaaRmdegoba unda gaewios, pedagogebma unda uzrunvelyon, rom studentebi
CarTuli iyvnen warmodgeniTi Temis sxvadasxvagvar TvalsazrisSi, da ki ar
gamoricxon, aramed kritikulad Seexon kulturul gansxvavebebs.~
16 jeims benqsis axali wigni, Educating Citizens in a Multicultural Society (New York, Columbia

University, Teachers College Press, 1997) warmoadgens erT-erTs sxva mcire magaliTTagans.
17 memarjveneTagan am mkacri kritikis magaliTebia Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American

Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today’s Students (New
York: Simon & Schuster, 1987); da Dinesh d’Souza, Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on
Campus (New York: Free Press, 1991). liberaluri banakidan Zalze gaTviTcnobierebuli
pasuxisaTvis ixileT: Gerald Graff, Beyond the Culture Wars: How Teaching the Conflicts Can
Revitilize American Education (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992). Tavis mxriv, grafis liberaluri
perspeqtivis seriozuli kontrkritikisaTvis kritikuli pedagogikis damcvelisagan
ixileT, Henry Giroux, Fugitive Cultures: Race, Violence, and Youth (New York: Routledge, 1996), 126.
18 umTavresi varaudi hibridi kulturebis simravlesTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic

Tanaarsebobs dRes bevr adgilas, mag., laTinur amerikaSi, metyvelebs kulturaTa

dinamiur heterogenurobaze. hibriduli kulturebis cneba Cndeba, rogorc
340
kulturuli Tanamedroveobis, kulturuli tradiciis da xalxis jgufebis
gadarCenis strategiebis didi raodenobis gamoxatulebebis kompleqsuri (da
xSirad gaugebari) niSani. ixileT, Nestor García Canclini, Cultural hibridas: Estrategias para
entrar y salir de la modernidad (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1992). mravlobiTi
identobebis sakiTxze gansxvavebuli aRqmisaTvis ixileT, Nancy Fraser, Justice
Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist Condition” (New York: Routledge, 1997), 179.
19 es aris zustad is suliskveTeba, romelic stimuls aZlevs sruliad
teqsturirebul dialogs xorxe qlor de alvas da kornel vests Soris, “Black-
Brown Relations: Are Alliances Possible?” Social Justice 24, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 65-83.

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avtoris Sesaxeb

karlos alberto toresi, ganaTlebis politikis sociologi, aris

ganaTlebisa da informaciis kvlevebis samagistro da sadoqtoro
fakultetis profesori da kaliforniis los anJelesis universitetis
laTinoamerikuli centris direqtori. man ganaTleba miiRo argentinaSi,
meqsikaSi, kanadasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. igi bevrs werda
socialur Teoriasa da ganaTlebaze, paulo freiris Sromaze, da laTinuri
amerikis ganaTlebaze SedarebiT perspeqtivaSi. mis wignTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia socialuri Teoria da ganaTleba, da ganaTleba, Zalaufleba
da personaluri biografia, r. a. morou am orive wignis Tanaavtoria.
karlos alberto toresi t. mitCelTan erTad gaxlavT Tanaredaqtori
wignisa ganaTlebis sociologia: ganviTarebadi perspeqtivebi, xolo igi p.
o’kadizTan da p. l. vongTan erTad Tanaredaqtorobda wigns ganaTleba da
demokratia: paulo freiri, socialuri moZraobebi da saganmanaTleblo
reforma san pauluSi.

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