Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
Scott L. Montgomery
Indexing Books
Nancy C. Mulvany
Getting into Print
Walter W. Powell
Tales of the Field
John Van Maanen
Style
Joseph M. Williams
A Handbook of Biological Illustration
Frances W. Zwiefel
3
saxelmZRvanelo referatebis,
Tezisebis da disertaciebis
avtorebisaTvis
meSvide gamocema
qeiT l. Turabiani
gadamuSavebulia uein s. buTis, gregori j. kolomis,
jozef m. uiliamsis, da q. Cikagos universitetis
gamomcemlobis mier
ამ მასალის მომზადება შესაძლებელი გახდა ამერიკელი ხალხის კეთილი ნებითა და აშშ საერთაშორისო
განვითარების სააგენტოს მხარდაჭერით. მასალის შინაარსზე პასუხისმგებელია კემონიკს ინთერნეშენალი ინკ. და
ლოს ანჯელესის უნივერსიტეტი კალიფორნიაში, და იგი არ წარმოადგენს აშშ საერთაშორისო განვითარების
სააგენტოსა ან აშშ მთავრობის აზრს. ეს მასალა ითარგმნა და დაიბეჭდა აშშ საერთაშორისო განვითარების
სააგენტოს განათლების მართვის პროექტის ფარგლებში, რომელიც ხორციელდება საქართველოს განათლების და
მეცნიერების სამინისტროსა და ილია ჭავჭავაძის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტთან ერთად.
4
am wignis zogierTi nawili adaptirebulia `kvlevis xelovnebis” meore
redaqciis mixedviT, romlis avtorebi arian uein s. buTi, gregori j.
kolomi, da jozef m. uiliamsi, ©1995, 2003 Cikagos universiteti; da
`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos” me-15 redaqciis mixedviT, ©1982, 1993,
2003 Cikagos universiteti.
qeiT l. Turabiani
5
wignis pirvel qarTulenovan gamocemaze muSaobdnen:
gamocemis redaqtorebi:
nino CubiniZe nchubinidze@gem.ge
medea kakaCia mkakachia@usaid.gov
mTargmnelebi:
ana adamia aadami1@gmail.com
marine TavyeliSvili mtavkelishvili@gmail.com
Targmanis redatori:
irina kvaxaZe irina.kvakhadze@gmail.com
Sinaarsis redaqtori:
naTia andRulaZe natia.andghuladze@iliauni.edu.ge
6
sarCevi
winasityvaoba......................................................................................................................................... 16
winaTqma ................................................................................................................................................... 19
7
4.1 Tavdapirvlead waikiTxeT miukerZoeblad Tqveni wyaro, raTa gaigoT,
Semdeg ki – kritikulad, raTa safuZvlianad gaiazroT da SeafasoT igi ......... 60
7.3 gamoiyeneT saorientacio terminebi, rom SeinarCunoT swori kursi ............. 110
8
7.6. gonivrulad gamoiyeneT sqolioebi, gverdoblivi SeniSnvebi da damatebiTi
ganmartebebi ..................................................................................................................................... 114
7.11 gadalaxeT saqmis qronikulad gadadebis etapi da SemoqmedebiTi Cixi ..... 124
8.1 sityvebiT da grafikulad azris gadmocemas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba ...... 127
11.1 gaakeTeT aqcenti winadadebis pirvel Svid an rva sityvaze ............................ 159
9
11.3 SearCieT swori sityva ........................................................................................................ 174
10
16.1.7 abzacis Seweva.......................................................................................................................... 201
11
17.2 saJurnalo statiebi ............................................................................................................ 262
19. teqstobrivi miTitebis stili: specifikuri tipis wyaroebis miTiTeba ...... 328
12
nawili III .............................................................................................................................................. 403
13
23.2 ricxvebis mravlobiTi forma da punqtuacia ...................................................... 463
14
SeniSvna studentebisTvis
15
winasityvaoba
16
wignis danarCen nawilSi ganxilulia igive sakiTxebi, romlebic wina
redaqciebSi iyo warmodgenili. Tumca, wigni mniSvnelovnad aris Secvlili da
asaxavs `Cikagos stilis” saxelmZRvanelos me-15 redaqciaSi (2003) warmodgenil
rekomendaciebs. es rekomendaciebi iTvaliswinebs zegavlenas, romelsac
Tanamedrove teqnologiebi axdens studentis mier naSromze muSaobis yvela
aspeqtze. aseve, warmodgenilia ganaxlebuli magaliTebi da saxelmZRvanelo
ufro martivad wasakiTxi da metad praqtikulia.
17
danarTSi Tavmoyrilia masala nabeWd formatsa da naSromis wardgenis wesebze,
rac, faqtobrivad, qeiT Turabianis Tavdapirvel versiaSi ganxilul sakiTxebs
warmoadgenda. im periodidan moyolebuli, es masala gaxda ZiriTadi
saxelmZRvanelo wyaro mTeli qveynis disertaciebis samsaxurebisTvis. am
masalis redaqtirebisas gamomcemlobam moipova da gaiTvaliswina sxvadasxva
sajaro da kerZo universitetis disertaciis samsaxurebis warmomadgenelTa, maT
Soris, im universitetebis, romlebic CamoTvlilia winaTqmis nawilSi.
saxelmZRvanelo principebSi kvlavac xazgasmulia Tanmimdevrulobis
mniSvneloba. Tumca, amavdroulad, gaTvaliswinebulia Tanamedrove programebis
SesaZleblobebi, eleqtronulad daamuSavon teqsti da daSvebulia meti
moqniloba iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa gverdebis danomvra da saTaurebis
gaformeba. warmodgenili nimuSebi axalia da amoRebulia Cikagos universitetSi
2000 wlidan dRemde wardgenili sanimuSo disertaciebidan. es danarTi
gaTvlilia ZiriTadad im studentebze, romlebic weren sadoqtoro
disertaciebs da samagistro da kolejis sadiplomo naSromebs. Tumca,
nawilebi, sadac ganxilulia formatis moTxovnebi da eleqtronuli failebis
momzadebis wesebi, agreTve, daainteresebs maT, vinc sakurso naSromebze
muSaobs.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo warmogidgenT im sakiTxebis gadawyvetis
gzebs, romelTa winaSec dgebian studenti avtorebi. Tumca, SesaZlebelia, aq
mocemul principebs daematos da/an Caenacvlos konkretul disciplinebSi
arsebuli wesebi, aseve, calkeulma dawesebulebebma an fakultetebma TavianTi
survilisamebr gamoiyenon es principebi. yvela TavSi, sadac saubaria stilisa
da formatis Sesaxeb, studentebs SevaxsenebT, gadaxedon sakuTari
universitetis, fakultetis an maswavleblis moTxovnebs, romlebic aq
warmodgenil saxelmZRvanelo principebze ufro prioritetulia. sagnebis
mixedviT dalagebul gavrcobil bibliografiaSi CamoTvlilia literatura
kvlevisa da stilis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb calkeuli disciplinebisTvis.
18
winaTqma
19
kaTedra, floridis Statis universiteti) da riCard velma (politikuri
mecnierebebis kaTedra, suortmoris koleji).
qeiT Turabianis memkvidreebma sxvadasxva saxelmwifo da kerZo
universitetebidan mogvawodes Rirebuli mosazrebebi disertaciebis
momzadebisa da wardgenis Sesaxeb. danarTis redaqtirebaze/recenziaze review
muSaobdnen filipa k. karteri, pitsburgis universitetidan; meTiu hili,
merilendis universitetidan, kolej parki; elena siao-Cings u viskonsin,
medisonis universitetidan; jona e.d. parkeri, iliniosis universitetidan
urbana-SempenSi da kristin quigli, jorjTaunis universitetidan. kolin
malarkma, romelic amJamad Turabianis Tanamdebobaze muSaobs Cikagos
universitetSi, mTel xelnawers gaukeTa redaqtireba; is dagvexmara, agreTve,
sanimuSo disertaciebis gamovlenaSi, romelTa mixedviTac SemuSavda danarTSi
warmodgenili gverdebi. avtorebi, romlebmac mogvces TavianTi disertaciebis
gamoyenebis nebarTva, miTiTebuli arian Sesabamis naxatebSi.
xelnaweris wignis saxiT Camoyalibebaze gamomcemlobis kidev erTma
gundma imuSava. qerol fiSer selerma redaqtireba gaukeTa xelnawers, randolf
petilosma koreqtivebi Seitana naSromSi, xolo viqtoria beikerma moamzada
saZiebeli. maikl bremma izruna dizainze, xolo silvi medndoza heCimoviCma
zedamxedveloba gauwia momzadebis process. qristofer foudsma saredaqtoro
daxmareba gaswia mTeli proeqtis ganmavlobaSi. qerol kasperma, elen gibsonma
da laura andersonma ki dasrulebuli wignis bazarze gatanaze izrunes.
proeqtis yvela monawiles guli daswyvita uein buTis am qveynidan
wasvlam; is maSin gardaicvala, rodesac xelnaweri TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo.
es proeqti darCeba, rogorc misi bolo namuSevari.
20
nawili pirveli
kvleva da wera
dagegmvidan Seqmnamde
21
pirveli nawilis zogadi mimoxilva
22
Semdeg proeqtze muSaobisas xelaxla waikiTxeT Tavebi, romlebic uSualod
Tqvens amocanasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
SesaZloa, mogeCvenoT, rom aq aRwerili nabijebi imdenad bevria, rom
rTulia maTi damaxsovreba. Tumca, SegiZliaT, am amocanas Tavi gaarTvaT, Tuki
saTiTaod imuSavebT maTze. xolo rodesac met kvlevas CaatarebT, amgvari
muSaoba CvevaSi gagijdebaT. nu ifiqrebT, rom es nabijebi zustad iseTi
TanmimdevrobiT unda ganaxorcieloT, rogorc amas Cven warmogidgenT.
mkvlevrebi yovelTvis gegmaven TavianT samuSaos, magram mainc uxdebaT
romelime wertilSi ukan dabruneba da Semdgomi nabijebis Tavidan gaTvla
(swored amitom girCevT, procesis momavali etapi windawin gaTvaloT da wina
safexurebsac gadaxedoT). yvelaze gegmazomier mkvlevarsac hqonia SemTxveva,
rom moulodnelad aRmouCenia raRac, rasac misi muSaoba axali mimarTulebiT
warumarTavs. imuSaveT gegmis mixedviT, magram mzad iyaviT gegmidan
gadasaxvevad, misi axali gegmiT SecvlisTvisac ki.
Tu Zalian axalbeda mkvlevari xarT, SeiZleba, aseve, ifiqroT, rom
zogierTi sakiTxi, romelsac Cven ganvixilavT, scdeba Tqveni uSualo
saWiroebebis sferos. viciT, rom aTgverdiani sakurso naSromi gansxvavdeba
sadoqtoro disertaciisgan. Tumca, orive maTgani moiTxovs garkveul
dafiqrebas, es ki yvelaze gamoucdel mkvlevarsac SeuZlia. Tqvens
kompetenturobas maSin srulyofT, rodesac ara mxolod gegmavT samuSaos,
aramed iwyebT im praqtikuli unarebis gavarjiSebas, romlebic gamocdilma
mkvlevarebma SeiZines, rodesac Tqvens etapze imyofebodnen.
veranairi wigni ver mogamzadebT kvleviTi proeqtis TiToeuli
aspeqtisTvis. verc am wignidan miiRebT konkretul meTodologiebs iseT
sferoebSi, rogoricaa fsiqologia, ekonomika an filosofia, kidev ufro
naklebad – fizikaSi, qimiasa an biologiaSi. am wignidan verc imas SeityobT, Tu
rogor unda moargoT akademiuri kvlevebis Sesaxeb miRebuli codna Tqvens
samuSao an profesiul garemos.
Tumca, am wignSi warmodgenilia im procesebis da azrovnebis yaidis
mimoxilva, romlebic safuZvlad udevs yvela kvlevas, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu
rodis xorcieldeba is; aq, agreTve, mimoxilulia is gegmebi, romlebic unda
moamzadoT naSromis dagegmvis, Sedgenisa da damuSavebisTvis. rodesac SeiZenT
am codnas da profesorebis daxmarebiT SeZlebT Tqveni proeqtebis warmarTvas,
aRar SeuSindebiT proeqtebTan dakavSirebul gamowvevebs. saboloo jamSi ki
iswavliT yvelaze kompleqsuri proeqtebis damoukideblad marTvas, rogorc
akademiur, ise profesiul sferoebSi.
pirveli nabiji srulyofili kvlevisTvis saWiro unarebis
gamomuSavebisken imis gagebaa, Tu ras fiqroben gamocdili mkvlevrebi kvlevis
miznebis Sesaxeb.
23
1 ra aris kvleva da ras fiqroben mkvlevarebi mis Sesaxeb
24
gvjera Cveni Sexedulebis, aramed isic, ratom unda irwmunon maTac, saWiroa
imaze meti, vidre, ubralod, Cveni azrebis da Sexedulebebis wardgenaa.
25
wyveten, ra monacemebi gamoiyenon da ra _ ara. rodesac weris dro dgeba,
yvelafers CarTaven moxsenebaSi, romelic Sedegad SemTxveviTi faqtebis grovis
saxe iRebs. Tuki es faqtebi TemiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelebisTvis axalia,
SeiZleba, waikiTxon angariSi. Tumca aseT mkiTxvelebsac ki eqnebaT survili,
Cawvdnen am faqtebis mniSvnelobas.
26
1.2.1 konceptualuri SekiTxvebi: ra unda vifiqroT?
SekiTxva konceptualuria, Tu pasuxi SekiTxvaze `mere ra?” mkiTxvels ki
ar karnaxobs, ra unda gaakeTos, aramed exmareba garkveuli sakiTxis gagebaSi:
1. me vmuSaob Temaze X
2. vinaidan msurs, gavigo rogor/ratom/Tu Y [mere ra, Tu gaigeb?]
3. raTa SevZlo, sxvebs davexmaro, gaigon, rogor/ratom/Tu Z.
vinmesTvis rom mogiwioT Tqveni kvlevis axsna, saubari SeiZleba
Semdegnairad warimarTos:
_ me riskis Sefasebis Temaze vmuSaob
_ ratom?
_ msurs, gavigo, rogor afaseben rigiTi adamianebi terorizmis Sedegad
dazaralebis risks.
_ ras mogcems amis gageba??
_ rodesac gavigeb, SesaZloa, ukeT gavarkvioT iseTi masStaburi sakiTxi,
rogoricaa emociuri da racionaluri faqtorebis urTierTqmedeba da maTi
zegavlena rigiTi adamianebis mier riskis aRqmaze.
humanitarul, socialur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi mkvlevrebi,
umeteswilad, iseT konceptualur SekiTxvebze muSaoben, rogoricaa `rogori
gavlena moaxdina Seqspiris politikurma garemom mis piesebze? ram gamoiwvia
CrdiloeT amerikis yvelaze didi ZuZumwovrebis gadaSeneba? ra Semadgenloba
aqvs kometas? am SekiTxvebze pasuxebiT ver gavigebT, rogor unda SevcvaloT
samyaro; samagierod,, ukeT gavicnobT mas.
aSkaraa, rom konceptualur SekiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxi xSirad
praqtikuli sakiTxis gadaWraSi gvexmareba. swored amitom, vidre mniSvnelovani
praqtikuli problemis gadaWras SevudgebodeT, rogorc wesi, mis ukeT
gasagebad konceptualuri kvlevis Catarebaa saWiro. Tumca, samecniero sferoSi
mkvlevarTa umravlesobis ZiriTadi mizani, metwilad, mxolod Cveni codnis
gaumjobesebaa.
27
praqtikuli SekiTxvebi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia samecniero sferos
farglebs gareT, gansakuTrebiT - biznesSi. iseT akademiur sferoebSi,
rogoricaa jandacva da sainJinro saqme, mkvlevrebi zogjer praqtikul
SekiTxvebs svamen, Tumca ufro xSirad isini mesame saxisas. is arc wmindad
praqtikulia da arc wmindad konceptualuri: mas vuwodebT gamoyenebiTi
kvlevis SekiTxvas.
28
aramed maT ukeT gagebaSi (rac SeiZleba, an gamodges, an _ ara am problemebis
gadasaWrelad).
29
2 sakiTxidan SekiTxvaze da SekiTxvidan samuSao hipoTezaze gadasvla
30
gadamuSavebisas, savaraudod, aRmoaCenT axal SekiTxvas. kvleva aris
kompleqsuri, rTuli procesida misi winaswar prognozireba Znelia.
Tumca, kvlevis marTva SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaqvT gegma.gegmis
SemuSaveba marTebulia maSinac ki, Tu iciT, rom am gegmidan gadauxvevT.
31
Tu Tema arCeuli gaqvT, gadadiT 2.1.3 punqtze, sadac SekiTxvebs
ixilavT. Tu ukve momzadebuli gaqvT erTi-ori SekiTxva, gadadiT 2.1.4-ze,
raTa isini iq CamoTvlili kriteriumebis mixedviTSeafasoT. Tu jer isev
Temis ZiebaSi xarT, es gegma dagexmarebaT.
32
2.1.2 gaxadeT Tema advilad marTvadi
Tu SearCevT Temas, romlis saxeli enciklopediis statias hgavs –
xidebi, Citebi, niRbebi — imden wyaros ipoviT, rom maT gacnobas,
SeiZleba, mTeli cxovreba moandomoT. SerCeuli Temidan unda amoWraT
advilad marTvadi nawili.es SegiZliaT gaakeToT biblioTekaSi
wasvlamde:daaviwroeT Tema; gansazRvreT, TemaSi konkretulad ra
gainteresebT: magaliTad, ris gamo airCieT niRbebis Tema? niRbebTan
dakavSirebuli ra konkretuli aspeqti aRZravs TqvenSi interess?
ganixileT Tema TqvenTvis cnobil raime konteqstSi, Semdeg daamateT
sityvebi da frazebi am codnis asaxvisTvis:
- niRbebi religiur ceremoniebSi
- niRbebi, rogorc simbolo hopis tomis religiur ceremoniebSi
- kerpTaniRbebi, rogorc ciuri sulebis simbolo hopis tomis
nayofierebis ceremoniebSi
33
1. dasviT SekiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu rogor esadageba Tema ufro farTo
konteqsts (istoriul, socialur, kulturul, geografiul, funqciur,
ekonomikur da a.S.):
- rogoresadagebaTqvens mier arCeuli Tema ufro vrcel istorias?
ra xdeboda niRbebamde? rogor gaCnda isini? ratom? ra cvlilebebi
gamoiwvia niRbebma socialuri da geografiuli garemos sxva
nawilebSi? rogor da ratom moxda es? ratom daiwyes niRbebis
gamoyeneba `helouinze”? rogor da ratom gaxda niRbebis wyalobiT
`helouini” amerikaSi Sobis Semdeg udidesi dResaswauli?
- rogorxdeba Tqveni Tema ufro didi sistemis moqmedi nawili?
rogor asaxavs niRbebi konkretuli sazogadoebebis da kulturebis
Rirebulebebs? ra daniSnuleba aqvs niRabs hopis tomis cekvebSi?
saSinelebaTa filmebSi?kostumirebulmejlisebze? SeniRbvis garda,
kidev ra mizniT gamoiyeneba niRabi? ra zegavlena moaxdina
tradiciul ornamentebze `kaCinebis” niRbebze mzardma moTxovnam?
34
nawilze metad? ratom ar atareben kamuflaJiT Semosili monadireebi
niRbebs?
35
10. ipoveT internet-forumi Tqvens Temaze, Tvali gadaavleT, waikiTxeT
dialogebi, raTa gaigoT, ra saxis SekiTxvebze msjeloben forumis
monawileebi. Tu ver poulobT forums saZiebo sistemis meSveobiT,
mimarTeT profesors an estumreT Tqveni sferos profesiuli
organizaciebis internet-gverdebs.moZebneT SekiTxvebi, romlebic
sainteresoa TqvenTvis. SegiZliaT, agreTve, SekiTxva dasvaT forumze,
Tuki is Zalian konkretuli da viwroa. Tumca,jergaarkvieT, dasaSvebia
Tu ara iq studentebis mier SekiTxvis dasma.
36
dedamiwis garSemo brunavs – da gabedes,daemtkicebinaT
sapirispiro, msoflio aRiareba moipoves).
uarsnu ityviT SekiTxvaze imis gamo, rom, Tqveni azriT, vinmes ukve
dausvams is. vidre ar gaigebT, ise eZebeT pasuxi masze, TiTqos pirvelad
swored Tqven svamT am SekiTxvas. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki vinmes
gacemuli aqvs pasuxi am SekiTxvaze, SesaZloa, ukeTesi moifiqroT, an
Tundac axali kuTxiT warmoaCinoT is. faqtobrivad, humanitarul da
socialur mecnierebebSi saukeTeso SekiTxvebze, rogorc wesi, arsebobs
erTze meti kargi pasuxi. agreTve, SegiZliaT,proeqtad airCioT sxvadasxva
pasuxebis Sedareba da maT Soris gansxvavebebis warmoCena,aseve,
saukeTeso pasuxiadaasabuTebac (ix. 6.2.5).
maSasadame, unda ipovoT SekiTxva, romelzecgsurT pasuxis gacema.
Zalian bevr students, rogorc sabakalavro doneze, ise,ganaTlebis
Semdgom safexurebze miaCnia, rom ganaTlebis mizania, davimaxsovroT
sxvebis mier gacemuli pasuxebi.esase ar aris. ganaTleba miznad isaxavs
sakuTar SekiTxvebze sakuTari pasuxebis moZiebis unaris gamomuSavebas.
amisaTvis unda iswavloT sakiTxebis gamovlena, unda dainteresdeT
maTiT, gansakuTrebiT, iseTi sakiTxebiT, romlebic, erTi SexedviT,
Zalian Cveulebrivia.
37
SesaZloa, es dakavSirebulia niRbebis daniSnulebasTan kulturis
arareligiur sferoebSi.
38
ar gadaxvideT manam, vidre SesaZlo pasuxis monaxazi mainc ar geqnebaT
gansazRvruli.
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gadadoT hipoTezis gansazRvraze fiqri
moxsenebis Savi variantis weris, an,kidev uaresi, naSromis TiTqmis
dasrulebis etapisTvis. SesaZlebelia, SekiTxvaze saukeTeso pasuxi ver
gamonaxoT, vidre moxsenebis bolo gverds ar dawerT: wera,
gadamuSavebac ki, TavisTavad aRmoCenas gulisxmobs. ubralod, nu
moicdiT moxsenebis srulad damTavrebamde,rom raime pasuxze daiwyoT
fiqri.
39
kritikuliazrovneba, romelic nebismier profesiaSi dagWirdebaT,
giviTardebaT mxolod maSin, rodesac SekiTxvas SekiTxvaze svamT.
faqtobrivad, gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvis cnobilia, rom umetes
sakiTxebs an saerTod ar gaaCnia, an Zalian cota saboloo pasuxi aqvs,
vinaidan ar arsebobs saboloo SekiTxvebi. maT ician, rom iseve
mniSvnelovania axali SekiTxvis dasma, rogorc Zvelze pasuxis gacema da
rom erT dRes maTi axali SekiTxvacmoZveldeba da axali mkvlevris kidev
ufro axali SekiTxvis safuZveli gaxdeba.
Tqveni saqmea gaxdeT isaxali mkvlevari.
40
hipoTezebi SeinaxeT, radgan SesaZloa, moaxerxoT erT-erTi maTganis
SesavalSi gamoyeneba (ix. 10.1.1).
41
2.3.4 SexedeT mTlian gegmas
ganalageT gverdebi magidaze an gaakariT kedelze. Semdeg dadeqiT
moSorebiT da daakvirdiT Tanmimdevrobas.rodesac gegmavT pirvel Sav
nawers, misi nawilebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT unda daalagoT. ase
rom, axlave SegiZliaT, daiwyoT masze fiqri. xedavT logikas
TanmimdevrobaSi? mizezi da Sedegi? Txrobis dro? fardobiTi
mniSvneloba? kompleqsuroba? sigrZe? (TanmimdevrobasTan dakavSirebuli
damatebiTi principebi ix. punqtSi 6.2.5).mosinjeT sxvadasxva
Tanmimdevroba. es `dafa” ar aris Tqveni saboloo gegma; is, ubralod,
instrumentia Tqveni azrovnebis warsamarTad da Sedegebis
Camosayalibeblad.
rodesac gverds avsebT, scadeT Sesabamisi nawilis Savi piris
Seqmna, vinaidan proeqtis TiToeul etapze SesaZlebelia azrebis
qaRaldze gadataniT azrovnebis gaumjobeseba.
erT dRes, rodesac Tavisufali dro geqnebaT, SegiZliaT,
gadaxedoT wyaroebs, waikiTxoT mxolod is literatura, rac Tqven
gainteresebT. aseTi SemTxveviTi daTvalierebiT kvlevis mniSvnelovani
kvanZebi gaxsnila. Tumca, Tu moxseneba, daaxloebiT, erTi Tvis vadaSi
unda iyos mzad, ideis mosvlas ver daelodebiT; dagegmva unda daiwyoT.
`dafa” aris martivi da saimedo xerxi, romelic gegmis SemuSavebaSi
dagexmarebaT.
42
Semdgom etapebze, gundis wevrebi erTmaneTs acnoben monaxazebs da
Sav nawerebs, raTa gansazRvron, rogori reaqcia eqneba sabolood
mkiTxvels.Tuki Tqvens gunds ar moewona samuSao varianti, saboloo
mkiTxvelic imave azrisa iqneba.gundi SeiZleba, dagexmaroT samuSaos
erTobliv ganxilvaSi, rodesac gagijanjldebaT procesi. Tumca,
avtorTa udidesi nawilisTvis weraze momuSave gundi yvelaze metad
Rirebulia im disciplinis gamo, romelsac is awesebs. vadebSi Cateva
ufro iolia, roca iciT, rom sxvas unda moaxsenoT Tqveni progresis
Sesaxeb.
weraze momuSave jgufebi standartulad gamoiyeneba Tezisebisa an
disertaciebisTvis. Tumca, wesebi, SesaZloa, gansxvavdebodes sakurso
naSromebisTvis.zogierTpedagogs miaCnia, rom jgufs an weraze momuSave
partniors SeuZlia, gagiwioT saTanadoze meti daxmareba, amitom kargad
gaagebineT Tqvens profesors, ra funqcia eqneba gunds. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, leqtorma SeiZleba, gadawyvitos, rom daxmareba, romelic
miiReT, Seusabamoa (ix. 7.10).
43
3. sasargeblo wyaroebis moZieba
44
cal-calke safexurebad gvaqvs ganxiluli, am or saqmes xSirad
araerTxel da erTdroulad gaakeTebT.
45
warmodgenilia dargSi moRvawe mecnierTa mier Seqmnili eseebi. meorad
wyaros mkvlevari sami daniSnulebiT iyenebs:
46
aris ganxiluli kasteris damarcxeba. wyaroSi gamoyenebuli midgoma
fsiqologiuri, socialuri, istoriuli Tu politikuria? Tqveni
proeqtisaTvis, savaraudod, iq warmodgenili konkretuli varaudi an
damamtkicebeli sabuTi aqtualuri ar iqneba.Tumca, pasuxis gamtkiceba
msgavsi saxis monacemebiT da logikuri msjelobiT, imave saxis
struqturis gamoyenebiT ki SegiZliaT.
amdenad, Tu aRmoaCenT wyaros, romelic konkretulad Tqvens
sakvlev Temas ar Seexeba, magram msgavs sakiTxs mimoixilavs, gadaavleT
Tvali da daakvirdiT, rogor msjelobs mkvlevari, rogor warmoadgens
varaudsa da damamtkicebel sabuTs (Sesabamisi wyaros damowmeba ar aris
aucilebeli, Tu am wyarodan mxolod zogad logikas iyenebT, Tumca,
SegiZliaT, miuTiToT is, rom Tqvens midgomas meti damajerebloba
SesZinoT.)
mkvlevarebi meorad wyaroebSi moyvanil monacemebs mxolod maSin
iyeneben, rodesac ver pouloben aRniSnul monacemebs pirvelwyaroebSi.
isini sifrTxiliT ekidebian aRniSnuli meoradi wyaroebis gamoyenebas,
vinaidan meorad wyaroebSi warmodgenili masala xasiaTdeba cdomilebis
maRali maCvenebliT. Tu Tqven maRali akademiuri xarisxis dasacav
naSromze muSaobT, SeamowmeT meoradi wyaroebidan moyvanili
mniSvnelovani citatebis, faqtebis an cifrebis sizuste. avtoritetul
gamocemebSi iSviaTad aqvs adgili mizanmimarTulad daSvebuli
uzustobas, magram uyuradRebobiT gamowveul Secdomebis SemTxveva imaze
ufro xSiria, vidre es araspecialistebs hgoniaT an vidre amas
specialistebi aRiareben.
ra Tqma unda, Tqven rom ikvlevdeT, rogor aris gaanalizebuli
alamos istoria, maSin meoradi wyaroebi, sadac es analizia
warmodgenili, TqvenTvis pirvelwyaro iqneba.
Tu sferoSi axalbeda xarT, SesaZloa, meoradi wyaroebis wakiTxva
rTuli mogeCvenoT: meoradi wyaroebis damuSaveba sakiTxis fonis Rrma
codnas moiTxovs da mravali maTgani arc Tu garkveviTaa dawerili (ix.
11.2). Tu muSaobT TqvenTvis axal Temaze, upriani iqneba, Tu jer sakiTxs
Tematur enciklopediaSi an sando mesamexarisxovan wyaroSi gaecnobiT.
47
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi.Tumca, zogjer, SeiZleba, Secdomebic
aRmoCndes.arasodes moixsenioT `vikipedia”, rogorc avtoritetuli wyaro.
analogiuri sifrTxilis gamoCena gmarTebT saJurnalo da sagazeTo
statiebis gamoyenebisas. zogierT statiaSi meorad wyaroSi moyvanili
kvleva sandod aris aRwerili. Tumca, umetes SemTxvevaSi, kvleva
metismetad aris gamartivebuli an metic, arasworad aris gadmocemuli.
Tqven, rasakvirvelia, aseT wyaros pirvelwyarod ganixilavdiT, rom
ikvlevdeT, rogor aris ganxiluli wyaroSi Tema; magaliTad, rogor
aris ganxiluli diskriminacia sqesobrivi niSniT ,,enciklopedia
britanikaSi” an xrikebi _ `vikipediaSi”.
mas Semdeg, rac gaerkveviT wyaroebis saxeebSi, SeZlebT, daiwyoT
maTi moZieba.
48
3.2.2 CawereT bibliografiuli monacemebi
drois dazogvis da Secdomebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, wyaros
povnisTanave CaiwereT wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela
informacia. aRniSnuli informaciis udidesi nawili wignis saTauris
gverdze an saJurnalo statiis saTaurTan SegiZliaT ixiloT. is, Tu
konkretulad ra informacia dagWirdebaT, damokidebulia wyaros saxeze.
Tumca, TiToeuli wyarosTvis miuTiTeT, sul mcire, Semdegi:
• vin dawera an Seadgina wyaro?
- avtor(eb)i
- redaqtor(eb)i
- mTargmnel(eb)i
49
es sasargeblo xerxia, magram ver Caanacvlebs Tqvens codnas saTanado
citirebis formebisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb.amasTan, yvela programa
srulyofilad ar muSaobs.
50
varaudi, maT Sesaxebac uTxariT: veZeb monacemebs, raTa vaCveno Y [Tqveni
varaudi], vinaidan msurs davamtkico Z [hipoTeza]’’. winaswar moamzadeT
SekiTxvebi, raTa ar gaflangoT sakuTari da biblioTekaris dro.
51
3.3.6 moiZieT masalebi Tqveni biblioTekis katalogSi
wignebis moZieba sakiTxebis mixedviT. rogorc ki ipoviT Tqvens
TemasTan dakavSirebul erT bolodroindel wigns, moZebneT is Tqveni
biblioTekis onlain katalogSi. amgvarad gaigebT, ra Tematur
kategorias miekuTvneba is kongresis biblioTekaSi; Tematuri kategoriebi
statiis boloSia miTiTebuli. magaliTad, internetSi es wigni Semdegi
Tematuri kategoriebiT aris gansazRvruli:
1. disertaciebi, akademiuri. 2. akademiuri wera.
SegiZliaT daaWiroT kategoriaze, raTa ipovoT sxva wignebi imave
Temebze.am wyaroebidan mraval maTganSi iqneba sxva kategoriebi, romelTa
daxmarebiTac SegiZliaT kidev ufro meti wyaros moZieba; es procesi
SeiZleba usasrulod gagrZeldes.
sakvanZo sityva. Tqvens internet-katalogSi masalebi, aseve, moiZieT
kvlevis SekiTxvidan an samuSao hipoTezidan sakvanZo sityvebis
gamoyenebiT – alamo, texasis damoukidebloba, jeims boui. Tu Zalian
bevri masala amovida, daiwyeT im wyaroebiT, romlebic gamoqveynebulia
ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi cnobili universitetebis
gamomcemlobebis mier.ufro didi arCevania WorldCat –Si, Tu Tqvens
biblioTekas gamowerili aqvs es servisi. sxva SemTxvevaSi wyaroebi
moiZieT kongresis biblioTekis katalogSi, http://www.loc.gov.aq ixilavT
bmulebs msxvili universitetebis katalogebze. Tu gWirdebaT
biblioTekaSoriso abonementi, droulad daiwyeT amaze zrunva.
52
3.3.8 gadaaTvaliereT wignis Taroebi
SeiZleba, ifiqroT, rom internetSi Zieba ufro swrafi gzaa, vidre
biblioTekaSi siaruli. Tumca, SeiZleba es meTodi ufro neli iyos da
Tu mxolod internetSi imuSavebT, SesaZloa, gamogrCeT Zalian
mniSvnelovani wyaroebi, romlebic mxolod biblioTekaSi SeiZleba,
ipovoT. ufro mniSvnelovani ki is aris, rom gamotovebT wyaros
moulodnelad Tavad aRmoCenis SesaZlebloba.
Tu gaqvT Sesvlis ufleba wignTsacavSi (sadac inaxeba yvela wigni),
ipoveT Taro, sadac ganTavsebulia wignebi Tqveni Temis Sesaxeb.Semdeg
gadaxedeT Taroze ganTavsebuli wignebis saTaurebs, agreTve zeda, qveda
da gverdiT mdebare Taroebze dawyobil wignebs.Semdeg SemobrundiT da
Tqven ukan mdebare wignebis saTaurebi gadaaTvaliereT; ra iciT, ra
xdeba. rodesac ipoviT saTaurs, romelic SesaZloa, gamogadgeT,
gansakuTrebiT, Tu es aris universitetis gamomcemlobis mier
gamoSvebuli wigni axali ydiT. CaikiTxeT misi sarCevi, Semdeg saZiebeli,
raTa naxoT Tqvens SekiTxvasTan an pasuxTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo
sityvebi. Semdeg gadaxedeT wignis bibliografias, raTa naxoT saTaurebi,
romlebic Tqvens proeqts Seesabameba. Gam yovelives wignebis TarosTan
ufro swrafad moaxerxebT, vidre internetSi.
Tu wigni, erTi SexedviT,Tqveni sakvlevi sakiTxidan gamomdinare
sasargeblo Cans, Tvali gadaavleT mis winasityvaobas an Sesavals. amis
Semdeg, Tu dadasturda wignis gamosadegoba, gadadeT, raTa ufro
dakvirvebiT gaecnoT mogvianebiT. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ar Cans
TqvenTvis sasargeblo, CainiSneT misi kongresis biblioTekis nomeri da
bibliografiuli monacemebi (avtori, saTauri, gamomcemloba, gamocemis
TariRi da a.S.; detalebi ix. am saxelmZRvanelos me-2 nawilSi) da
ramdenime sityviT SeajameT, Tqveni azriT, ris Sesaxeb aris wigni. erTi
Tvis Semdeg SesaZloa, mixvdeT, rom es wigni ufro gamosadegia, vidre
manamde gegonaT.
internetSi SegiZliaT moZebnoT araerTi Jurnalis sarCevi, Tumca
biblioTekaSi Jurnalebis seqciaSi Zebna, SeiZleba, ufro Sedegiani
aRmoCndes. moZebneT Jurnalebi, sadac, savaraudod, gamosadegi statiebia
gamoqveynebuli. gadaxedeT wina aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gamocemuli
Jurnalebis sarCevebs. tomebSi ZiriTadad mocemulia yovelwliuri
Sejamebuli sarCevebi. Semdeg swrafad gadaxedeT iqve, Taroze dawyobil
Jurnalebs.gadaaTvaliereT maTi uaxlesi sarCevebi. gagikvirdebaT,
ramdenad xSirad ipoviT saTanado statias, romelic gamogrCebodaT, es
muSaoba mTlianad internetiT rom CagetarebinaT.
Tu axalbeda xarT mocemul dargSi, SegiZliaT, warmodgena
Jurnalis mecnierul doneze misi garegnuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT
SeiqmnaT. Tu Jurnali dabeWdilia priala qaRaldze da masSi bevri
ilustracia da reklamebic ki SegxvdaT, SesaZloa, is ufro
beletristikuli iyos, vidre samecniero. es ar aris utyuari niSnebi
imisa, rom Jurnali mecnieruli ar aris, Tumca Rirs maTi
gaTvaliswinebac.
53
3.3.9 maRali xarisxis samecniero naSromze muSaobisas mihyeviT
bibliografiul kvals
Tu maRali xarisxis samecniero naSromze muSaobT, gamoiyeneT
wyaroebSi mocemuli bibliografiebi, raTa moZebnoT axali wyaroebi,
maTi bibliografiebis meSveobiT ki sxva wyaroebi.gaakeTeT Semdegi:
54
- Tu wyaro statiebis krebulia, gadaavleT Tvali redaqtoris
winasityvaobas.
(darwmundiT, rom xelT gaqvT wignis uaxlesi redaqcia. droTa
ganmavlobaSi mkvlevrebi icvlian an srulyofen Sexedulebebs,
zogjer uaryofen kidec maT). Tu akademiuri xarisxis dasacav
naSroms amzadebT, waikiTxeT savaraudod gamosadegi wyaroebis
recenziebi (ix. Tqveni sferos wyaroebis bibliografia meoTxe
nawilSi).
55
gansakuTrebiT, Tu mis kvlevas mxars uWers konkretuli
interesebis damcveli jgufi.
2. wyaro uaxlesia? mravali avtoritetuli mecnieri wers wignebs da
statiebs da axdens sxvaTa kvlevebis popularizacias. im
droisTvis, rodesac Tqven maT waikiTxavT, es mesamexarisxovani
wyaroebi SesaZloa, moZvelebuli iyos. Tu ramdenad swrafad
moZveldeba wyaro, damokidebulia Temaze, amdenad, gadaamowmeT
wyaro pirTan, romelic erkveva Tqven sferoSi.socialur
mecnierebebSi saJurnalo statiebisTvis aT welze metxniani
periodi Zalian bevria. wignebis SemTxvevaSi es vada Seadgens
TxuTmetiode weliwads. humanitaruli mecnierebebis sferoSi
gamocemuli publikaciebi ki ufro xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSia
vargisi.
3. wyaro avtoritetuli gamomcemlobis mier aris gamoqveynebuli?
yvelaze metad SegiZliaT endoT sauniversiteto gamomcemlobebs,
gansakuTrebiT, cnobili saswavleblebis gamomcemlobebs. es
gamomcemlobebi xelnaweris gamocemamde specialistebs sTxoven
gadaxedvas (am process ewodeba ganxilva kolegebis mier).
SegiZliaT, agreTve, endoT zogierT komerciul gamomcemlobas
garkveul sferoebSi, magaliTad ,,nortons” (Norton) literaturaSi,
,,ableqss” (Ablex) mecnierebebSi an ,,uests” (West) samarTalSi.
komerciul wigns, sadac gakeTebulia sensaciuri gancxadebebi,
miudeqiT skeptikurad im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu misi avtoris saxelis
gaswvriv miTiTebulia, rom igi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoria.
4. gadaxedilia statia avtoris kolegebis mier? (umetes samecniero
JurnalSi, rogorc beWdur, ise internet-versiebSi, aqveyneben
mxolod iseT statiebs, romlebsac kolegebma gadaxedes.
komerciuli Jurnalebidan mxolod cota iyenebs kolegebis mier
gadaxedvis meTods da kidev ufro cota amowmebs avtoris mier
moyvanil faqtebs. Tu naSromi ar aris kolegis mier gadaxedili,
sifrTxiliT moekideT mis gamoyenebas.
5. rogori recenzia aqvs wyaros miRebuli? Tu wyaro aris wigni,
romelic gamocemulia erT welze meti xnis win, SesaZloa, mis
Sesaxeb recenzia daibeWda Sesabamisi dargis JurnalSi.mraval
dargSi arsebobs gamoqveynebuli recenziebis saZieblebi, sadac
ixilavT, rogor afaseben sxvebi aRniSnul wyaros (ix.
bibliografia).
6. xSirad aqvT aRniSnuli wyaro citirebuli sxvebs? imis mixedviT,
Tu ramdenad xSirad aqvT sxva avtorebs mocemuli wyaro TavianT
naSromebSi citirebuli, SegiZliaT, miaxloebiT gansazRvroT,
ramdenad mniSvnelovania is. amisTvis mimarTeT gamoyenebuli
literaturis saZiebels citirebis indeqsis dasadgenad (Tqveni
dargis bibliografiaSi ix. meoTxe nawili).
esindikatorebi ar aris imisi garantia, rom wyaro sandoa, Tumca
maT safuZvelze SeiZleba ufro Tamamad gamoiyenoT is. Tu sando
56
wyaroebs ver poulobT, gaiTaviseT Tqvens xelT arsebuli literaturis
sazRvrebi.ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba, ipovoT saintereso sakvlevi problema,
Tu aRmoaCenT, rom wyaro, romelic sandod miiCneoda, sinamdvileSi ar
aris sarwmuno.
57
3.5 sxva resursebis gamoyeneba, garda standartuli saxis wyaroebisa
58
4. wyaroebis gaazreba
59
4.1 Tavdapirvlead waikiTxeT miukerZoeblad Tqveni wyaro, raTa gaigoT,
Semdeg ki – kritikulad, raTa safuZvlianad gaiazroT da SeafasoT igi
maRali xarisxis samecniero naSromze muSaobisas wyaroebi,
romlebic yvelaze gamosadegad geCvenebaT, orjer waikiTxeT, pirvelad
swrafad da miukerZoeblad, raTa gaigoT, ra ideaa maTSi gatarebuli. Tu
aCqardebiT da ar daeTanxmebiT wyaroSi gamoxatul mosazrebebs maTi
kargad gaazrebis gareSe, SeiZleba, arasworad gaigoT raime an
gadaWarbebuli yuradReba miaqcioT mis susti mxareebs.
Semdeg kidev erTxel waikiTxeT wyaro, nela da kritikulad,
TiTqos megobars keTilganwyobiT, Tumca, mkafiod usvamT SekiTxvebs;
warmoidgineT misi pasuxebi, Semdeg SekiTxvebi dausviT. Tu ar eTanxmebiT,
wyaro ubralod gverdze ar gadadoT: waikiTxeT is Tqveni Tavdapirveli
Tvalsazrisis ganviTarebis mizniT.
savaraudod, wyaroebze srul koncentrirebas ver SeZlebT, vidre
ar waikiTxavT da SegeqmnebaT sakuTari mosazrebebi. Tumca, Tavidanve
yuradRebiT iyaviT, raTa wyaroebi waikiTxoT ara pasiurad, rogorc
Cveulebrivma mkiTxvelma, aramed aqtiurad da safuZvlianad, rogorc
dainteresebulma partniorma. garkveul etapze, umjobesia, rac SeiZleba
adre moifiqroT, rogor SeiZleba, gascdeT wyaroebis farglebs maSinac
ki, roca maT eTanxmebiT.
60
daadastureT debuleba, romelic ar aris gamyarebuli. Tqven
SegiZliaT, daamtkicoT raRac, rac wyaroSi mxolod daSvebis an
varaudis donezea warmodgenili.
61
1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X miekuTvneba Y-is saxeobas (an misi msgavsia),
Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X yovelTvis xasiaTdeba Y-iT, rogorc erT-erT
TvisebiT an atributiT, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
3. wyaros mtkicebiT, X aris
Cveulebrivi/kargi/mniSvnelovani/gamosadegi/ zneobrivi/saintereso/...,
Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
62
smiti acxadebs, rom SesaZlebelia arasrulwlovanTa damnaSaveebad
qcevis prevencia mozardTa gamosasworebeli dawesebulebebis daxmarebiT.
Tumca, faqtebi gviCvenebs, rom aseTi dawesebulebebi zrdis
arasrulwlovnebis damnaSaveebad Camoyalibebis albaTobas.
63
4.2 sistematurad gaakeTeT Canawerebi
64
- zeda nawilSi gamoyaviT kidev erTi adgili sakvanZo sityvebisTvis
(ix. zeda marjvena mxare). mogvianebiT es sityvebi dagexmarebaT
Canawerebis sakiTxis mixedviT daxarisxebaSi (sakvanZo sityvebis
Sesaxeb damatebiT ix. 4.3.4).
- sxvadasxva SeniSvnisTvis calke adgili gamoyaviT Sablonis
gverdze. SegiZliaT, es adgilebi daasaTauroT kidec (ix. naxati 4.1,
sadac gamoyofili da dasaTaurebulia adgilebi: debuleba,
monacemebi da Cemi SekiTxvebi).
- gamoyaviT nawili, romelic daeTmoba Tqvens pasuxebs, Tanxmobas,
sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss, msjelobas da sxva Temebs. Sedegad,
ubralod, wakiTxulis Sinaarsis CaniSvnaze mets miiRebT.
- rodesac wyarodan citata mogyavT, CawereT is gansxvavebuli feriT
an sxva zomisa da stilis SriftiT, raTa erTi SexedviT SeZloT
misi amocnoba. moaTavseT citatebi did brWyalebSi, rom mainc
SeZloT maTi swrafad SeniSvna, Tu failis formati daikarga,
- rodesac nawyvetis perifrazs akeTebT (ix. 4.2.2), CawereT is
gansxvavebuli feriT an SriftiT, raTa ar agerioT sakuTar
ideebSi da CasviT mrgval frCxilebSi (gamogadgebaT, Tu failis
formati daikarga),
65
regionSi alamos brZolas gansxvavebuli gamoxmaureba hqonda,
moiyvaneT zusti citatebi sxvadasxva gazeTebidan. xolo maTi
perifrazi gaakeTeT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqveni mizania zogadi
ganwyobis Cveneba.
- sityvebi ekuTvnis avtoritetul wyaros, romelic emxroba Tqvens
Tvalsazriss.
- citata saocrad originaluria.
- citata gamoxatavs Tqvens ideebs ise sainteresod, rom Semdgomi
msjelobisTvis karg struqturas qmnis.
- citata gamoxatavs Tvalsazriss, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT da,
obieqturobis mizniT, gsurT, is zustad warmoadginoT.
66
piradad ar SegiqmniaT (plagiatis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciisaTvis
ix. 7.9.)
67
- varaudi, romelic amyarebs Tqvens hipoTezas an mianiSnebs, rom
saWiroa axali hipoTeza;
- damamtkicebeli sabuTi, romelic amyarebs Tqvens varauds;
- Sexedulebebi, romlebic asustebs an, Tundac, ewinaaRmdegeba Tqvens
hipoTezas;
68
3. CainiSneT citatis konteqsti. rodesac CaiwerT mniSvnelovan
daskvnas, miuTiTeT avtoris msjelobac:
sworia: bartoli: omi gamoiwvia Y-ma da Z-ma (gv. 123), magram yvelaze
mniSvnelovani iyo Z (gv. 123), ori mizeziT: pirveli, ....(gv. 124-26); meore,
...(gv. 126)
riskis aRqmis Sesaxeb Catarebuli erTi kvleva (uilsoni 1988) ambobs, rom
arsebobs urTerTkavSiri did fsonebze azartul TamaSebSi Cabmasa da
arasrul ojaxebs Soris.
originali jounsis mier: “is, rom erTi movlena meores Semdeg xdeba, ar
gvaZlevs safuZvels, davaskvnaT, rom pirveli meores iwvevs. arc
statistikur korelacias SeuZlia mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgena.
Tumca, visac Seuswavlia saTanado monacemebi, eWvi ar Seaqvs imaSi, rom
moweva filtvis kibos gamomwvevi faqtoria.”
69
4.3.4 kategoriebad daajgufeT Tqveni Canawerebi daxarisxebis mizniT
70
Tu Temaze axlaxans daiwyeT muSaoba, weris adreul etapze,
ZiriTadad, SeiZleba, mxolod reziumeebi da perifrazebi akeToT.
rodesac Tqvens Canawerebs Tvals gadaavlebT, masSi maincdamainc bevr
Tqvens mosazrebas ver ipoviT da SeiZleba, gulic dagwydeT, rom
originaluri ideebi ar gaqvT. aman ar unda dagabrkoloT. swored
reziumesa da perifrazis gakeTebiT vamuSavebT axal monacemebs, axal da
rTul ideebs. es msjelobis axali gzebis aRmoCenaSic ki gvexmareba.
TiTqmis nebismieri adamianisTvis, romelic codnis gaRrmavebas
eswrafvis, imis amowera, ris gagebasac cdilobs, standartuli da,
albaT, aucilebeli etapic kia.
71
mixedviT daaxarisxeT. niRbebze rom gqonodaT monacemebi, kategoriebi
SesaZloa, yofiliyo maTi warmomavloba (afrikuli, indielTa, iaponuri...),
daniSnuleba (dramaturgia, religia, karnavali...), masala (oqro, bumbuli,
xe, ...), da a.S. magaliTad:
72
mkvlevrebi xSirad aRmoaCenen SekiTxvas mas Semdeg, rac pasuxs gascemen
mas, xolo problemas, romelic unda wamoeyenebinaT, aRmoaCenen mas
Semdeg, rac mas gadaWrian.
73
5. argumentis dagegmva
74
5.1 ra aris da ra ar aris kvlevis argumenti
75
rodesac vcdilobT avxsnaT, ratom migvaCnia Cveni Tvalsazrisi
marTebulad da ratom unda irwmunon es sxvebmac, ver vaxerxebT,
warmovaCinoT, rogor Camogviyalibda aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi, vinidan
ver moviyvanT mtkicebulebad intuicias an grZnobebs, rom mkiTxvelma
maTi Sefaseba SeZlos. Cven mxolod SegviZlia, movuTxroT mkiTxvels
intuiciis an ganwyobis Sesaxeb da vTxovoT, irwmunos Cveni Sexeduleba.
es aris Txovna, romelsac sazriani mkiTxveli iSviaTad asrulebs.
Tumca, kvlevis argumentis Seqmnisas unda warmoadginoT Tqveni
varaudebi da mtkicebulebebi ise, rom mkiTxvelma SeZlos maTi
gaTvaliswineba; Semdeg unda warmoidginoT mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebi da
Tqveni pasuxebi. es ufro rTuli Cans, vidre sinamdvileSia.
76
b: bolos, rodesac maTematikaSi momzadeba daviwye, Tavis danebeba
momixda. Tumca, kargi kerZo maswavlebeli movnaxe. [b aRiarebs a-s mier
gamoTqmul sawinaaRmdego azrs da pasuxobs mas.]
77
5.4.1 CamoayalibeT da SeafaseT debuleba
SeadareT:
78
5.4.2 gaamyareT debuleba varaudiT da faqtebiT
79
SekiTxvebs: ras niSnavs male? ramdenia bevri? romeli naSromebi? axal
ambebSi Tu saredaqcio statiebSi? konkretulad ra iyo naTqvami?
ramdenma gazeTma ar dawera amis Sesaxeb?
80
romelime saxis kritikul SeniSvnas, Semdeg sapasuxod qmnis mini-
arguments:
- Tqveni mtkicebuleba momdinareobs arasarwmuno an moZvelebuli
wyarodan.
- is ar aris zusti.
- ar aris sakmarisi.
- saTanadod ar warmoadgens yvela arsebul faqts.
- es mcdari saxis mtkicebulebaa Cveni sferosTvis.
- ar aris marTebuli, vinaidan ar iTvleba mtkicebulebad.
81
daamateT Tvalsazrisebi da pasuxebi `dafaze”, Tu fiqrobT, rom
mkiTxveli maT wamoWris.
82
zogierTi CvenganisTvis, varaudi ise naTlad amyarebs debulebas, rom
saWiro ar aris misi Sesabamisobis ganmarteba. Tumca, Tu, davuSvaT,
Tqveni megobari svams am ucnaur SekiTxvas:
83
aman SeiZleba, dagabnioT: rogor SeiZleba, varaudi (rom 80
gradusze maRali temperaturaa) Seesabamebodes debulebas (Caicvi
grZelsaxeloebiani perangi)? SegeZloT, warmogedginaT es zogadi
principi rogorc ganmartebiTi msjeloba
84
mecxramete saukunis dasawyisis amerikaSi enciklopediebi bevrs ar unda
hqonoda kerZo mflobelobaSi, debuleba vinaidan anderZebSi isini
iSviaTad aris naxsenebi. varaudi
85
Tqven ixileT, ratom veTanxmebiT ase iSviaTad argumentebs rTuli
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb: maSinac ki, rodesac misaRebia moyvanili faqtebi,
mainc SeiZleba, ver virwmunoT msjeloba, romelzec agebulia debuleba.
86
- konkretuli debuleba aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba zogadi Sedegis
nawilis namdvili garemoeba.
- ar arsebobs ganmartebiTi msjelobis gamoyenebis raime
SemzRudveli pirobebi.
87
gansazRvroT, rodis sWirdeba mkiTxvels ganmartebis damateba, da rodis
_ ara. es gamocdilebas moaqvs.
88
momdevno argumentSi warmodgenilia igive debuleba igive varaudis
safuZvelze, Tumca, debuleba dasabuTebulia ara fatobrivi
mtkicebulebiT, aramed logikiT. debuleba unda iyos marTali, Tu
msjelobis ganmarteba da varaudi marTalia da Tu varaudi da debuleba
msjelobis ganmartebis namdvili garemoebebia:
89
amitom, mSoblebi bavSvebs mouTxroben gmirebis Sesaxeb. maSin
damajerebeli Cans, rom rodesac bavSvebi xedaven arasasurvel saqciels,
maTze isic moaxdens zegavlenas. ganmartebiTi msjeloba. erTi dRis
ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi xedaven Zaladobis uamrav magliTs. varaudi.
yoveldRiurad bavSvi televizors uyurebs, saSualod, TiTqmis oTxi
saaTis ganmavlobaSi da xedavs Zaladobis daaxloebiT Tormet
moqmedebas [smiTi 1992]. faqti. tarnovma gviCvena, rom bavSvebi ganasxvaveben
erTmaneTisgan Zaladobas naxat filmebSi da realur cxovrebaSi [2003].
alternatiuli Tvalsazrisis aRiareba. magram aseTi moqmedebebis yurebiT
bavSvebi SeiZleba, ufro daucvelni gaxdnen sxva programebSi naCvenebi
Zaladobis winaSe. Tu isini mxolod naxat filmebs da adamianebs
ganasxvaveben, maT SeiZleba, ifiqron, rom realuri msaxiobebi grafikul
ZaladobaSi warmoadgenen realur cxovrebas. pasuxi. Cven ver
ugulebelvyofT im albaTobas, rom televiziiT naCvenebi Zaladoba xels
uwyobs Zaladobisken midrekili zrdasrulebis Camoyalibebas. debulebis
xelaxla warmodgena.
90
6. Savi naweris pirveli variantis dagegmva
91
mas Semdeg, rac arguments mouyriT Tavs, mzad iqnebiT Savi naweris
Sesaqmnelad. gamocdilma avtorebma ician, raoden efeqturi strategiaa
Savi naweris dagegmva. Tumca, Savi naweris efeqturad Sesaqmnelad ufro
metia saWiro, vidre ubralod argumentis elementebi. amisTvis gWirdebaT
gegma, raTa argumentis elementebis gamoyenebiT SeqmnaT logikurad
Tanmimdevruli naSromi. unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva
saxis gegma da zogi maTganis gamoyeneba ufro mizanSewonilia.
92
da Sepirispireba, ar mogiwevdaT moxsenebis or nawilad organizeba
da pirvel nawilSi froidis Sesaxeb, meoreSi ki iungis Sesaxeb
msjeloba. ufro Sedegiani iqneboda am ori didi Temis nawilebad
dayofa da Semdeg moxsenebis maT garSemo ageba (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
vrclad ix. 6.2.5-6.2.6).
93
2. kvleva 2: 1,103 nacvlad 922-isa;
b. laboratoriebi studentebs urTierTobis saSualebas aZlevs.
III. kvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT gadamuSavebisas naklebad gamosadegia.
a. kvleva a: kompiuterze momuSave avtorebis nawerebi gamoirCeva meti
WarbsityvaobiT.
1. saSualod 2.3-iT meti sityva TiTo winadadebaSi;
2. saSualod 20%-iT meti sityva TiTo eseSi;
94
proeqtis dawyebis etapze SeiZleba, mxolod monaxazis gakeTeba SeZloT,
mokle proeqtis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa, mxolod monaxazi iyos saWiro, Tu
TiToeuli sakiTxis arsi iciT. Tumca, rogorc wesi, ufro gamosadegia
mTliani winadadebebis monaxazi. kidev ufro gamosadegia `dafa”,
gansakuTrebiT, didi proeqtis SemTxvevaSi.
95
qronologiurad. Tu ara, daajgufeT raime sxva principis - xarisxis,
mniSvnelovnebis, Tvalsazrisis - mixedviT. Semdeg daalageT es jgufebi
iseTi saxiT, romelic yvelaze metad daexmareba mkiTxvels maT gagebaSi
(ix. 6.2.5 Tanmimdevrobis principebisTvis). araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
CamoTvaloT wyaroebi im TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac isini
waikiTxeT an gaxsovT.
96
am etapze SeiZleba, aRmoaCinoT sakiTxis ufro didi, rTulad
warmosadgeni mniSvneloba. daamateT is, Tu SegiZliaT, Tumca, did dros
nu daxarjavT amaze; Cven mas mogvianebiT davubrundebiT (ix. 10.1.3).
97
zogierT sferoSi avtorebi debulebas, rogorc wesi, amJRavneben
mxolod daskvniT nawilSi, romlis saTauria msjeloba an daskvna. aseT
SemTxvevebSi mravali mkiTxveli Tvals gadaavlebs Sesavals da pirdapir
daskvnaze gadadis. amdenad, am tipis mkiTxvelisTvis Sesavali ise
dawereT, rom iq warmodgenili iyos ara mxolod naSromis ZiriTadi
nawili, aramed daskvnac.
Tu gadawyvetT, rom debuleba mxolod daskvnaSi CarToT, aitaneT
is axali daskvnis gverdis zeda nawilSi. Tumca, Tu ase moiqceviT,
dagWirdebaT kidev erTi winadadeba, romelic debulebis nacvlad unda
CasvaT Sesavlis bolo nawilSi, raTa mkiTxveli sainteresod gadaiyvanoT
moxsenebis ZiriTad nawilze. es winadadeba und moicavdes ZiriTad
terminebs, romlebsac gamoiyenebT mTel moxsenebaSi (ix. 6.2.3).
Cveni rCevaa, daweroT es warmdgeni winadadeba Savi naweris
Sesavlis saboloo variantis Seqmnisas (ix. 10.1.4). amdenad, manamde
gamoyaviT adgili am winadadebisTvis `dafaze”, Sesavlis gverdis qveda
nawilSi, an gaakeTeT winadadebis monaxazi an Canaweri, romelsac
mogvianebiT daamatebT.
zogierTi avtori Sesavlis bolos amatebs `sqemas”, sadac
warmoadgens moxsenebis struqturas:
pirvel nawilSi ganvixile... meore nawilSi SevexeT... mesame nawilSi
ganxilulia..
98
6.2.3 gansazRvreT im cnebebis gamomxatveli ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic
aerTianebs naSroms da ganasxvavebs mis nawilebs erTmaneTisgan
99
- nu gamoiyenebT iseT sityvebs, romlebic aSkarad aris
dakavSirebuli TemasTan: alamo, brZola, damarcxeba.
- aqcenti gaakeTeT cnebebze, romlebsac CarTavT argumentSi da
romelTa gavrcobasac apirebT: damarcxebis Semdeg, triumfi
marcxSi, sagmiro idealebi, Tavganwirva, erovnuli
suliskveTeba, da a.S.
100
6.2.4 gamoiyeneT konkretuli ZiriTadi terminebi qveTavebis
dasasaTaureblad
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqvens sferoSi naSromebSi qvesaTaurebi ar
gamoiyeneba (ix. A2.2 danarTSi), Cveni rCevaa, gamoiyenoT isini Sav nawerSi.
SeqmeniT qvesaTaurebi ZiriTadi terminebisgan, romlebic gansazRvreT
6.2.3-Si. Tu ver poulobT ZiriTad terminebs nawilis gansxvavebis
warmosaCenad, yuradRebiT daakvirdiT da gansazRvreT, ra daniSnulebas
asrulebs is. mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, is gameorebad an Seusabamod
CaTvalos.
Tu Tqvens sferoSi qvesaTaurebi maincdamainc ar gamoiyeneba,
gamoiyeneT isini muSaobis procesSi, Semdeg ki Savi naweris saboloo
variantidan amoiReT.
101
Tumca, arsebobs Sedarebis da Sepirispirebis ori xerxi,
romelTagan erTi, Cveulebriv, meoreze ukeTesia. magaliTad, rom
adarebdeT, hopis tomTa niRbebs ufro meti religiuri simbolizmi
axasiaTebs Tu inuitebis niRbebs, SesaZloa, gadagewyvitaT naSromis
pirvel nawilSi inuitebis niRbebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, meoreSi ki _ hopis
niRbebze. Tumca, am saxis wyobis Sedegad Zalian xSirad viRebT or,
erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel reziumes. scadeT Temebis dayofa
konceptualur nawilebad. niRbebis SemTxvevSi es iqneboda maTi
simboluri gamoxatuleba, dizainis elementebi, ganviTarebis etapebi, da
a.S.
arsebobs azrebis dalagebis ramdenime sxva standartuli xerxi.
ori maTgani aqcents akeTebs saganze:
- qronologiuri. es aris yvelaze martivi meTodi: yvelaze
adreulidan uaxlesisken an mizezidan Sedegisken.
- nawilebis mixedviT. SegiZliaT Tema dayoT Semadgenel
nawilebad, TiToeul maTganze imuSaoT rig-rigobiT, Tumca,
mainc unda daalagoT es nawilebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT,
raTa daexmaroT mkiTxvels maT gagebaSi.
102
- nakleb mniSvnelovnidan ufro mniSvnelovnamde (an piriqiT).
mkiTxvels urCevnia, waikiTxos ufro mniSvnelovani varaudebi
pirvel rigSi, Tumca, SesaZloa, am varaudebs meti zegavlena
hqondes, rodesac isini bolos aris warmodgenili.
- sabaziso codna momdevno sakiTxebis ukeT gasagebad.
mkiTxvels SesaZloa, dasWirdes garkveuli movlenebis,
principebis, gansazRvrebebis da a.S. gageba, vidre sxva rames
gaigeben.
103
aris sasargeblo, vidre mkiTxvelisTvis. Savi naweris saboloo variantSi
maTi Secvla an amoReba SegiZliaT.
104
monaxazi SeqmeniT im varaudis Semdeg, romelsac is amyarebs. Tu erTi da
igive varaudisTvis gansxvavebuli saxis faqtebi gaqvT moyvanili,
daajgufeT da daalageT isini mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi saxiT.
105
faqtebi, TariRebi, saxelebi, movlenebi an cifrebi. amdeni faqtebis
warmodgeniT SeiZleba, bundovani gaxdes argumentis ganviTarebis
procesi. ra daadgineT am nawilSi? ra etapzea argumenti am droisTvis?
Tu Savi naweris saboloo variantSi es reziumeebi Zalian TvalsaCinoa,
amoWeriT isini.
sxvadasxva sferoebSi momuSave avtorebma SesaZloa, es elementebi
odnav gansxvavebulad daalagon, Tumca, Tavad elementebi da maTi
organizebis principebi igivea nebismier sferosa da profesiaSi. sferos
miuxedavad, TiToeul naSromSi Zalian mniSvnelovnia, rom argumentis
nawilebi daalagoT ara, ubralod, sakuTari Tvalsazrisis asaxvis
mizniT, aramed mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi saxiT.
106
7 naSromis Savi naweris Seqmna
107
nawerSi CasarTavad; amasTanave, samuSao variantis Seqmnis procesi
SeiZleba, iyos aRmoCena, romlisTvisac mkvlevari emzadeba
mosamzadebeli, dagegmvis da `dafaze” datanis etapebis dros, Tumca, es
nawerebi samuSao variantisTvis ar gamodgeba. faqtobrivad, avtorebis
umravlesobam ar icis, ra azri SeiZleba, mouvideT, vidre ar ixilaven
mas dawerils, sityvebiT gamoxatuls. marTlac, kvlevis dros erT-erT
yvelaze amaRelvebeli momentia, rodesac aRmoaCenT, rom gamoxatavT
ideebs, romlebic im wuTamde ar icodiT, Tu gqondaT.
amdenad, nu SexedavT Savi naweris Seqmnas rogorc. ubralod,
`dafaze” Camowerili debulebebis an monaxazis TxrobiT formaSi
gadatanas. Tu Sav nawers obieqturad qmniT, SeiZleba, mogivideT azrebi,
romlebsac, vidre weras daiwyebdiT, verc ki warmoidgendiT, Tumca,
procesis sxva nabijebis msgavsad, gegmis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
moulodnelobebsac ki ukeT gaarTmevT Tavs.
108
avtorebi, rogorc wesi, weren swrafad, Semdgom ki seriozulad
amuSaveben nawers.
109
7.3 gamoiyeneT saorientacio terminebi, rom SeinarCunoT swori kursi
naweris Seqmnisas xelT iqonieT zogadi cnebebis Sesabamisi
saorientacio terminebis calke sia; es is terminebia, romlebic mTels
naSromSi unda gamoiyenoT. drodadro SeamowmeT, ramdenad xSirad gaqvT
gamoyenebuli es sityvebi _ isini, romlebic mTlian naSroms gasdevs da
isini, romlebic erT nawils meorisgan gamoarCevs. Tumca, am sityvebma ar
unda gamoiwvios originaluri azrovnebis SezRudva. Tu SeniSnavT, rom
yuradReba gadagerToT sxva rameze, ar SeaferxoT es procesi. SeiZleba,
saintereso idea mogivideT. gaagrZeleT, vidre ar mixvdebiT, ra axali
azri mogivaT.
110
damokidebulia wyaroSi arsebul detalebze, magram ara konkretul
sityvebze (Tumca, perifrazs vidre gaakeTebdeT, waikiTxeT 7.9.)
- moyvaneT citata Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:
o sityvebi warmoadgens damamtkicebel faqtebs, romelic
amyarebs Tqvens varaudebs.
o nawyvetSi mocemulia Tvalsazrisi, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT
da obieqturobis mizniT gsurT. zustad warmoadginoT is.
o citirebuli sityvebi ekuTvnis avtoritetul pirs, romelic
emxroba Tqvens Tvalsazriss.
o citata saocrad originaluria.
o is gamoxatavs Tqvens ZiriTad cnebebs ise sainteresod, rom
citatis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba Semdgomi msjelobisTvis CarCos
Seqmna.
111
7.5 teqstSi CarTeT citatebi
teqstSi citatebi SegiZliaT ori gziT CarToT:
- moiyvaneT oTxi an naklebi xazis moculobis citata ZiriTad
teqstSi.
- gamoyaviT xuT an metxaziani citata Seweul-striqonebiani abzacis
saxiT.
daiamondis mixedviT, erTi gakveTili, rac SegviZlia warsulidan viswavloT, aris is,
rom ar unda velodeT warsulis ganmeorebas.. `nayofieri naxevarmTvaris da CineTis
istoriebi... yuradsaRebi gakveTilia Tanamedrove msofliosTvis...”
112
imisaTvis, rom citirebuli winadadeba kargad Seerwyas Tqvensas,
SegiZliaT, SecvaloT citata, Tuki amiT ar Seicvleba misi mniSvneloba
da mkafiod miuTiTebT damatebul an Secvlil sityvebs kvadratuli
frCxilebiT, gamotovebul teqsts ki _ mravalwertiliT. am winadadebaSi
originali teqsti ucvlelad aris motanili:
pozneri aqcents akeTebs religiaze ara sulieri, aramed socialuri daniSnulebis gamo:
`amerikis sazogadoebis aRsaniSnavi elementi religiuri pluralizmia da Cven unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rogor ukavSirdeba is socialuri normebis meSveobiT marTvis
efeqtianobas imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda religias,
romelic imavdroulad am normebis wyaro da damamkvidrebeli iyo.” [299].
stiven pinkeris TqmiT, `gancxadebebs enis instinqtis Sesaxeb... faqtobrivad araferi aqvs
saerTo adamianebs Soris SesaZlo genetikur gansxvavebebTan.” pinkeri agrZelebs da
acxadebs, rom...
113
stiven pinkeris TqmiT, `mtkicebebi enis instinqtis Sesaxeb...” stiveni ganagrZobs, ...
114
7.7 wardgenamde ganmarteT kompleqsuri an detaluri faqtobrivi
mtkicebuleba
am etapisTvis SesaZloa, mtkiced darwmunebulma CaTvaloT, rom Tqveni
faqti amyarebs varauds da mkiTxveli aucileblad SeniSnavs mis
Sesabamisobas. Tumca, faqtobriv mtkicebulebas sWirdeba warmodgena,
gansakuTrebiT, Tu es didi citata, suraTi, cxrili an diagramaa da a.S.;
mas unda waumZRvaroT winadadeba, sadac miuTiTebT moyvanili faqtis
daniSnulebas.
ager loculobs!
marjve dro aris da marjvedac movixmar am dros:
movklav da zecas ava igi.
amiTi viTom mere javrs viyri?
mofiqreba aris saWiro.
mama momikla avazakma da me ki, nacvlad,
mis mkvidri Svili zecas vgzavni imav avazaks.
es xom jildoa, sad aris aq SurisZieba!
115
klaudiusi dawyevlili iyos. amdenad, iRebs racionalur
gadawyvetilebas, rom sxva dros moklas: varaudi
ager loculobs!
marjve dro aris da marjvedac movixmar am dros:
movklav da zecas ava igi.
amiTi viTom mere javrs viyri?
mofiqreba aris saWiro.
mama momikla avazakma da me ki, nacvlad,
mis mkvidri Svili zecas vgzavni imav avazaks.
es xom jildoa, sad aris aq SurisZieba!
116
- maSinac ki, roca saboloo daskvnas gamoitanT, unda naxoT, rogor
ganacxadoT debuleba xelaxla, ufro mkafiod da
erTmniSvnelovnad.
117
mouvidaT ase. riskis zRvarze xarT, rodesac aZlevT mkiTxvels sababs,
ifiqros, rom gaakeTeT erT-erTi an meti Semdegidan:
imis gamo, rom teqnologia warmoSobs kidev ufro met teqnologias, gamogonebis
gavrcelebis mniSvneloba, Teoriulad, aWarbebs Tavdapirveli gamogonebis mniSvnelobas.
teqnologiis istoria warmoadgens imis ilustracias, rasac avtokatalizur process
uwodeben: anu, esaa procesi, romelic Cqardeba siCqariT, romelic izrdeba droTa
ganmvlobaSi, vinaidan procesi sakuTar Tavs aaqtiurebs [Diamond, 1998, 301]
118
mniSvneloba. Tumca, am frazas brWyalebSi ar CasvamdiT, vinaidan is ar
aCvenebs azris an gamoxatvis originalurobas. Tumca, daiamondis ori
fraza imdenad originaluria, rom moiTxovs brWyalebs: “teqnologia
warmoSobs met teqnologias” da “avtokatalizuri procesi”. magaliTad:
rodesac erTi gamogoneba warmoSobs meores da meore _ kidev sxva gamogonebas, procesi
xdeba katalizatori, romelic geometriuli progresiiT vrceldeba erovnuli
sazRvrebis masStabiT.
119
7.9.2 nu gaakeTebT iseT perifrazs, romelic original teqstTan Zalian
axlos dgasD
buTi, kolombi da uiliamsi acxadeben, rom saTanado perifrazi aris sakuTari sityvebis
gamoyeneba ideis warmosadgenad, raTa monakveTi wyarodan ufro mkafio an ufro aSkara
gaxdes. Tumca, mkiTxvels SeuZlia daabralos students plagiati, Tu misi perifrazi
ise hgavs wyaros, rom adamians SeuZlia, Seusabamos misi sityvebi da frazebi wyaroSi
warmodgenil winadadebebs da frazebs.
120
imisaTvis, rom perifrazi ar daemsgavsos plagiats, nu waikiTxavT wyaros
perifrazirebis dros. waikiTxeT nawyveti, dafiqrdiT masze ramdenime
wuTiT; Semdeg, wyaroSi Caxedvis gareSe gaakeTeT perifrazi sakuTari
sityvebiT. Semdeg SeamowmeT, SegiZliaT Tu ara winadadebas gaayoloT
TiTi da ipovoT wyaroSi igive ideebi imave TanmimdevrobiT. Tu asea,
mkiTxvelic SeZlebs amas. scadeT, xelaxla gaakeToT perifrazi.
121
bundovanobas iwvevs. roca ar xarT darwmunebuli, gadaamowmeT
instruqtorTan.
122
Tanmimdevroba brWyalebSi an CarToT isini abzaciT gamoyofili citatis
saxiT.
123
safuZvliani. am wesebs Tqveni pedagogi gansazRvravs. amdenad,
mas mimarTeT rCevis misaRebad.
- Tezisis, sadisertacio naSromis an publikaciis SemTxvevaSi,
ar mogeTxovebaT standartuli saxis daxmarebis miTiTeba.
Tumca, Tavaziani Jestia, da xSirad diplomatiuri, miRebuli
daxmarebis Sesaxeb SesavalSi miTiTeba (ix. A.2.1). rac Seexeba
arastandartul an safuZvlian redaqtirebas, unda miuTiToT
is, agreTve, moaxdinoT sxvebis mier mowodebuli ZiriTadi
ideebis an frazebis citireba SeniSvnis saxiT.
124
- SeiZleba, grZnobT, rom srulyofilad unda CamoayaliboT
yoveli winadadeba an paragrafi, vidre momdevnoze gadaxvalT.
Tu asea, sakuTar Tavs uTxariT, rom Sav nawers ki ar werT,
aramed, ubralod, ramdenime ideis monaxazs akeTebT. moikribeT
nebisyofa da swrafad SeudeqiT samuSao variantis weras.
SegiZliaT, Tavi daaRwioT srulyofili naweris Seqmnis
survils, Tu pirdapir weras SeudgebiT da gecodinebaT, rom
Savi naweris pirvel variants ar werT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
yvelas gviwevs srulyofili variantis weraze uaris Tqma
naweris Seqmnis sasargeblod.
125
8 faqtebis warmodgena cxrilebis da suraTebis saxiT
1
SeniSvna terminebTan dakavSirebiT: grafikebis gamosaxatavad sxvadasxva termini
gamoiyeneba. amdenad, Cven warmogidgenT gamoyenebuli terminebis ganmartebas. am TavSi
gamoyenebuli termini grafiki aRniSnavs faqtebis yvela vizualur gamosaxulebas. meore
termini, romelic zogjer gamoiyeneba aseTi gamosaxulebis aRsaniSnavad, aris
ilustracia. rogorc wesi, grafikuli gamosaxulebebi iyofa cxrilebad da suraTebad
cxrili aris bade, romelsac aqvs svetebi da striqonebi, sadac mocemulia monacemebi
ricxvebis saxiT an sityvierad da dalagebulia kategoriebad. suraTi _ esaa yvela sxva
saxis grafikuli gamosaxuleba, maT Soris, grafikebi, diagrაmebi, fotoebi, naxazebi da
tabulebi. raodenobrivi monacemebis amsaxveli suraTebi iyofa diagramebad, romlebic,
Cveulebriv, Sedgeba svetovani, wriuli an sxva formis mqone diagramebisgan da
grafikebad, romlebic, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba uwyveti xazebisgan. suraTebis
standartuli variantebi ix. cxrilSi 8.7.
126
8.1 sityvebiT da grafikulad azris gadmocemas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba
127
procenti, 2000 wels ki 4 procenti Seadgina. zrdasruli wevris gareSe
mcxovrebi ojaxebis raodenoba ucvleli darCa, 3-4 procentis farglebSi.
2 mSobeli
deda
mama
zrdasrulis gareSe
2 mSobeli
deda
mama
zrdasrulis gareSe
128
suraTi 8.2. cvlilebebi ojaxis struqturaSi, 1970-2000
129
8.3.1 TiToeuli grafiki struqturulad aawyveT, rom ukeT gasagebi iyos
mkiTxvelisTvis
grafiki, romelic asaxavs kompleqsur ricxvebs, iSviaTad aris imTaviTve
gasagebi. monacemebi unda ganalagoT ise, rom mkiTxvelma icodes, ras
miaqcios yuradReba da rogor gaigos, ra kavSiri aqvs monacemebs Tqvens
argumentTan.
maTematika
zepiri
130
nu moiyvanT damatebiTi informacias da nu daaxasiaTebT monacemebis
mniSvnelobas:
131
(% cvlileba 1970 welTan SedarebiT)
wliuri moxmareba (galonebSi)
(%^ cvlileba 1970 welTan SedarebiT)
cxrilebi
arasodes gamoiyenoT erTdroulad horizontaluri da
vertikaluri xazebi svetebis da striqonebis dasayofad. Tu
monacemebis Sedarebis mizniT mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba erTi
mimarTulebaze gsurT an Tu cxrili uCveulod kompleqsuria,
gamoiyeneT Ria nacrisferi xazebi. moerideT nacrisferi xazebis
132
gamoyenebas an iseTi suraTis gamuqebas, romelic Semdgom gadava
mikrofirze, vinaidan foto bundovani gamova.
mravalstriqoniani cxrilebisTvis odnav gaamuqeT yoveli mexuTe
striqoni.
nu gamoiyenebT cxra kegelze naklebi zomis Srifts iseTi
dokumentisTvis, romelic mikrofirze unda gadaitanon. am zomaze
nakleb Sriftebs fotoze ver gaarCeven.
grafikebi da diagramebi
badis xazebi gamoiyeneT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu diagrama
kompleqsuria an Tu mkiTxvels sWirdeba zusti cifrebis naxva.
yvela badis xazi unda iyos Ria nacrisferi, Tu teqstis
mikrofirze ar unda gadaitanon.
gaaferadeT da gaamuqeT xazebi an svetebi mxolod kontrastis
saCveneblad. feri mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneT, Tu teqsti
daibeWdeba feradad da, mogvianebiT, mis aslebs ar gadaiReben (Sav-
TeTr fotoaslze sxvadasxva feri erTmaneTs emsgavseba).
arasodes SeqmnaT samganzomilebiani grafiki an diagrama, Tu
SegiZliaT igive monacemebi or ganzomilebaSi warmoadginoT.
damatebuli siRrme arafers gaaumjobesebs da SesaZloa, xeli
SeuSalos mkiTxvels mniSvnelobebis saTanadod gagebaSi.
arasodes gamoiyenoT gamosaxulebiani svetebi (magaliTad,
manqanebis gamosaxulebebi avtomobilebis warmoebis gamosaxatavad).
es arafers gaaumjobesebs da SesaZloa, xeli SeuSalos mkiTxvels
mniSvnelobebis saTanadod gagebaSi. amasTan, aseTi xerxisTvis
mimarTva moyvarulis STabeWdilebas tovebs.
133
8.3.3 misdieT cxrilebis, svetovani da xazovani diagramebisTvis dadgenil
saxelmZRvanelo principebs
safrangeTi
iaponia
italia
germania
134
SvedeTi
135
suraTi 8.4. msoflios aTi udidesi udabno
saharis
libiis
arabeTis
rub al xalis
avstraliis
didi qviSiani udabno
viqtoriis didi udabno
gobis
kalaharis
Cihuahuas
aRmosavleTi
dasavleTi
CrdiloeTi
I kvart.
II kvart.
III kvart.
IV kvart.
aRmosavleTi
dasavleTi
CrdiloeTi
I kvart.
II kvart.
III kvart.
IV kvart.
136
kilovat/saaTi (miliardebSi)
Soreuli aRmosavleTi/okeania
afrika
Sua aRmosavleTi
aRm. evropa
das. evropa
centr/samxr. amerika
Crd. amerika
kilovat/saaTi (miliardebSi)
aRm. evropa
Soreuli aRmosavleTi/okeania
Crd. amerika
das. evropa
137
xazovani diagramebi. xazovani diagrama xazs usvams tendencias, amitom
mkiTxvelma unda SeZlos mkafio suraTis danaxva, raTa sworad gaigos is.
mkafio gamosaxulebis Sesaqmnelad, gaakeTeT Semdegi:
evropa
azia
afrika
okeania
laTinuri amerika
CrdiloeT amerika
suraTi 8.8. ucxoeTSi dabadebuli rezidentebi SeerTebul StatebSi, 1870-
1990 wlebi
138
SeadareT 8.8 da 8.9 suraTebi. zogad informacias Tu ar CavTvliT, 8.8
suraTi ufro rTuli wasakiTxia, vinaidan ruxis tonalobebi ar
ganasxvavebs xazebs kargad da, vinaidan unda SevxedoT mniSvnelobebs,
xazebs, raTa davakavSiroT xazebi cvladebTan da maT cifrebTan. 8.9
suraTSi es kavSirebi ufro mkafiod aris warmodgenili.
profkavSiris wevroba %
profkavSiris wevroba
umuSevrobis maCvenebeli
umuSevrobis maCvenebeli %
samxreT olqi
aRmosavleT olqi
dasavleT olqi
139
CrdiloeT olqi
CrdiloeT olqi
samxreT olqi
aRmosavleT olqi
dasavleT olqi
140
- nu isargeblebT masStabiT kontrastis gasazrdelad an
Sesamcireblad.
- nu gamoiyenebT suraTs, romlis gamosaxuleba amaxinjebs
mniSvnelobebs.
- cxrili an suraTi ar unda iyos metismetad kompleqsuri an imdenad
martivi, rom SecdomaSi Seiyvanos mkiTxveli.
- Tu cxrili an suraTi amyarebs debulebas, miuTiTeT amis Sesaxeb.
141
Sedgenili cvladis mniSvneloba, mniSvnelobebis
dayofili or an met Sesadareblad mTelis
qvejgufad, nimuSebis nimuSebs Soris da
seriebis mixedviT (mag., nimuSebis qvejgufebSi;
Seviwroebis Sesaxeb rTulia qvejgufebis
saCivrebi cvladi Sedareba nimuSebis SigniT
dayofili regionis da (amisTvis gamoiyeneT
qvejgufebi eqvi sferos dajgufebuli svetebi).
mixedviT nimuSebi ) konkretuli mniSvnelobebis
misaTiTeblad svetebs da
segmentebs daawereT
ricxvebi. gamosadegia
droiTi mwkrivebisTvis. misi
saSualebiT doneebis an
tendenciebis Cveneba
SesaZlebelia mxolod
mTliani mniSvnelobebis
mixedviT ix. nawili 8.3.3
histograma Sedarebulia ori saukeTesoa mudmivi
cvladi, romelTagan monacemebis segmentebis
erTi dayofilia Sesadareblad. aCvenebs
seriebad, romlebic tendenciebs, Tumca, aqcenti
igive datvirTvas gakeTebulia segmentebze
atarebs, rasac nimuSebi (mag., $ 5-10,000 xelfasis
svetovan diagramaSi mqone arasrul ganakveTze
(mag., momsaxurebis momuSave muSakebis uecari
sferos muSakebi mudmivi zrda). konkretuli
cvladi romelTa mniSvnelobebis aRsaniSnad
xelfasi Seadgens 0- svetebs daawereT ricxvebi.
5,000 dolars, 5-10,000
dolars, 10-15,000
dolars da a.S. dayofili
cvladi )
gamosaxulebiani aCvenebs mniSvnelobas aCvenebs monacemebis
diagrama erTi an meti cvladis ganawilebas winaswar
nimuSebisTvis, arsebul kategoriebTan
romlebic mocemulia mimarTebaSi; konkretuli
rukaze, diagramaze an mniSvnelobebis roli
sxva gamosaxulebaze Semcirebulia. rogorc
(mag., Statebi nimuSebi rukis an procesis
gaferadebuli wiTlad diagramis SemTxvevaSi,
an cisfrad, raTa saukeTesoa, rodesac
gviCvenos amomrCevelTa gamosaxuleba nacnobia,.
xmebis ganawilebis
xasiaTi cvladi ).
wriuli diagrama aCvenebs erTi cvladis saukeTesoa erTi segmentis
proporcias nimuSebis mTelTan SedarebisTvis.
seriebisTvis (mag., gamosadegia mxolod maSin,
biujetis wili cvladi roca gvaqvs ramdenime
142
aSS-is kabinetis segmenti an segmentebi,
departamentebis romlebic Zalian
mixedviT nimuSebi ). gansxvavebuli moculobisaa;
sxvagvarad rTulia
segmentebis Sedareba.
konkretuli mniSvnelobebis
asaxvisTvis segmentebSi
CawereT ricxvebi.
gavrcelebulia
arasamecniero wreebSi,
specialistebSi didi
popularobiT ar
sargeblobs. ix. 8.3.3.
xazovani diagrama Sedarebulia uwyveti saukeTesoa tendenciebis
cvladebi erTi an meti saCveneblad; naklebi
nimuSisTvis (mag., aqcentia gakeTebuli
temperatura cvladi da konkretul mniSvnelobebze.
siblante cvladi ori gamosadegia droiTi
siTxis mixedviT nimuSebi ) mwkrivebisTvis. konkretuli
mniSvnelobebis saCveneblad
wertilebTan daawereT
ricxvebi. tendenciis
mniSvnelovnebis
saCveneblad bade dayaviT
nawilebad (mag., saSualo
Sedegebze dabali an
maRali). ix. 8.3.3
diagrama ubnebiT Sedarebulia ori aCvenebs tendenciebs;
uwyveti cvladi erTi konkretuli mniSvnelobebis
an meti nimuSisTvis roli Semcirebulia.
(mag., kiTxvis testis SeiZleba am saxis diagramis
qulebi cvladi drois gamoyeneba droiTi
ganmavlobaSi saskolo mwkrivebisTvis. konkretuli
olqSi nimuSi ). mniSvnelobebis saCveneblad
monacemebis wertilebTan
miuTiTeT ricxvebi. xazebis
qvemoT ubani informacias
ar zrdis, Tumca zogierTma
mkiTxvelma SeiZleba,
arasworad Seafasos
mniSvnelobebi. damabnevelia
mravali xazis/ubnis
SemTxvevaSi.
143
cvladi ramdenime mkiTxveli arasworad
produqtisTvis gaigebs individualuri
mixedviT nimuSebi ). nimuSis mniSvnelobas an
tendencias, rogorc es
nawilSi 8.4 iyo
ganmartebuli
wertilovani diagrama Sedarebulia ori saukeTesoa monacemebis
cvladi mraval ganawilebis saCveneblad,
wertilSi erTi gansakuTrebiT, rodesac ar
nimuSisAmixedviT (mag., aris mkafio tendencia an
binebis gayidvebi cvladi rodesac aqcenti keTdeba
da manZili qalaqis centridan moSorebul
centridan cvladi erT mniSvnelobebze. Tu mxolod
qalaqSi nimuSi ) an erT ramdenime wertilis datana
wertilSi mravali xdeba, es SesaZleblobas
nimuSis mixedviT (mag., iZleva aqcenti konkretul
brendisadmi erTguleba mniSvnelobebze gakeTdes.
cvladi da SekeTebis
sixSire cvladi aTi
mwarmoeblisTvis
nimuSebi )
burTulovani Sedarebulia sami aqcenti keTdeba mesame
diagramebi cvladi mraval (burTulebi) da pirvel or
wertilze erTi cvlads Soris kavSirze;
nimuSisTvis (mag., yvelaze gamosadegia,
binebis gayidva cvladi rodesac gvainteresebs aris
daSoreba qalaqis Tu ara mesame cvladi
centridan cvladi da sxvebis produqti.
fasebi cvladi erT mkiTxvels SeiZleba,
qalaqSi nimuSi ) an erT martivad SeeSalos
wertilSi mravali burTulebiT gamoxatuli
nimuSisTvis (mag., fardobiTi mniSvnelobebi;
prestiJulobis Tu daawerT ricxvebs, es
reklamireba cvladi problema gadaiWreba.
SekeTebis sixSire
cvladi da brendisadmi
erTguleba cvladi aTi
mwarmoeblis mixedviT
nimuSebi ).
144
9 Savi naweris gadamuSaveba
145
9.1 SeamowmeT Sesavali, daskvna da debuleba
mkiTxvelma swrafad da garkveviT unda dainaxos sami ram:
- sad mTavrdeba Sesavali
- sad iwyeba daskvna
- ra winadadebebiT aris warmodgenili debuleba Sesavalsa da
daskvnaSi
146
dakavSirebuli sityvebi. Tu Tqven gadauxvieT Tqveni logikis ZiriTadi
xazidan, mogiwevT naweris seriozuli gadamuSaveba.
147
ganasxvavebs TiToeul nawils da qvenawils, unda gasdevdes da
aerTianebdes mas. gaimeoreT safexuri (1) TiToeuli nawilisTvis: ipoveT
winadadeba, romelic gamoxatavs mis arss da gansazRvreT ZiriTadi
terminebi, romlebic gamoarCevs mocemul nawils sxva nawilebisgan.
Semdeg SeamowmeT, gasdevs Tu ara es terminebi am nawils. Tu terminebi
ver aRmoaCineT, mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, ver dainaxos, ra gansxvavebuli
ideebia warmodgenili masSi.
148
dabolos, naweri yovelTvis gadaamuSaveT profesoris an xelmZRvanelis
rCevis gaTvaliswinebiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, awyeninebT im
specialistebs, romlebic xarjaven dros da kiTxuloben Tqvens
moxsenebas, raTa rCevebi mogcen; amasTanave, xelidan gauSvebT moxsenebis
daxvewis SesaZleblobas. es ar niSnavs imas, rom TiToeuli rCeva unda
SeasruloT; ubralod, dakvirvebiT awon-dawoneT isini.
149
10. Sesavlis da daskvnis saboloo variantis SemuSaveba
mas Semdeg, rac Savi naweris saboloo variants SeqmniT da naxavT, ra gaqvT
dawerili, SegiZliaT, daweroT Sesavlis da daskvnis saboloo variantebi.
moxsenebis es ori nawili mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs imaSi, Tu rogor
waikiTxavs da daimaxsovrebs mkiTxveli moxsenebis danarCen nawilebs. amdenad,
sasurvelia, dro dauTmoT am nawilebis damuSavebas, raTa isini maqsimalurad
mkafio da saintereso iyos.
150
10.1 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis saboloo varianti
Tumca, Tu bevrisTvis ucnobia amgvari Ria sakiTxis arseboba, misi ase wardgena
SeiZleba, Zalian mkveTrad moxvdes mkiTxvelis Tvals, rogorc, magaliTad,
qvemoT moyvanili winadadeba:
151
rogorc wesi, avtori mkiTxvels amzadebs manamde ganxorcielebuli im kvlevis
aRweriT, romelsac maTi kvleva gaafarToebs, Secvlis, an Seasworebs. Tumca,
Tu moxseneba gamiznulia zogadi kategoriisMmkiTxvelze, konteqsti SeiZleba,
mokle iyos:
152
maSin? ra SegeSalaT maSin, rac kvleviT gamoasworeT? rogor gaaumjobesa
kvlevam Tqveni mcdari warmodgena? aq SegiZliaT im samuSao hipoTezis
gamoyeneba, romelic uaryaviT: SeiZleba Canda, rom X asea, Tumca,... (ix., agreTve,
4.1.2).
153
SesaZloa, gagiWirdeT pasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze mere ra? es is problemaa,
romelsac mxolod gamocdilebis Sedegad gadaWriT. Tumca, man SesaZloa,
gamocdili mkvlevrebic ki gaaRizianos.
zogierT avtors ise uWirs naSromis pirveli winadadebis dawera, rom kliSeebs
mimarTvs xolme. moerideT Semdegi saxis kliSeebs:
- nu gaimeorebT davalebaSi mocemul sityvas
- nu moiyvanT citatas leqsikonidan: vebsterSi riski ganmartebulia,
rogorc ...
- gadaWarbebiT nu SeafasebT mniSvnelovnebas: saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
filosofosebi davoben ... mwvave sakiTxze... O(kargi SekiTxvebi Tavad
metyvelebs mniSvnelovnebaze)
154
Tu gsurT daiwyoT rame ufro saxaliso sakiTxiT, vidre manamde
ganxorcielebuli kvlevaa, scadeT qvemoT mocemuli sawyisi winadadebidan erT-
erTis (Tumca, gaiTvaliswineT gafrTxileba, romelic maT mosdevs) gamoyeneba:
1. STambeWdavi citata:
2. STambeWdavi faqti:
3. Sesabamisi magaliTi:
155
10.2 SeqmeniT daskvnis saboloo samuSao varianti
Tu ukeTesi gegma ar gaqvT, daskvna aageT Sesavlis elementebze, sapirispiro
wyobiT.
156
riski
riskis Sefaseba
pirveli saTauri aris zusti, Tumca, Zalian zogadi imisTvis, rom mogvces
informacia, ris Sesaxeb aris naSromi. meore aris SedarebiT konkretuli,
mesameSi ki gamoyenebulia rogorc saTauri, ise qvesaTauri; Sesabamisad,
mkiTxveli winaswar igebs, ra sakvanZo sityvebi gamoCndeba naSromSi. rodesac
mkiTxveli xedavs, rom saTaurSi mocemuli ZiriTadi sityvebi kvlav meordeba
SesavalSi da Semdeg naSromSi, ufro mosalodnelia, igrZnon, rom naSromis
nawilebi urTierTdakavSirebulia. ori nawilisgan Semdgari saTaurebi yvelaze
gamosadegia: isini gaZlevT karg SesaZleblobas, gamoiyenoT ZiriTadi sityvebi
ZiriTadi cnebebis warmosadgenad.
157
11 winadadebebis damuSaveba
11.1 gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcieT winadadebis pirvel Svid an
rva sityvas
11.1.1 moerideT grZeli Sesavali frazebis da winadadebebis
gamoyenebas
11.1.2 qvemdebare unda iyos mokle da konkretuli
11.1.3 moerideT qvemdebaresa da zmnas Soris erT an or sityvaze
metis CarTvas
11.1.4 ZiriTadi moqmedebebi gamoxateT zmnebiT da ara saxelzmnebiT
11.1.5 mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobi informacia CarTeT winadadebis
dasawyisSi, axali informacia ki – boloSi
11.1.6 SearCieT zmnebi moqmedebiT an vnebiT gvarSi manamde
moxseniebuli principebis asaxvis mizniT
11.1.7 saTanadod gamoiyeneT pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli
11.2 gaaanalizeT wakiTxuli masala
11.3 SearCieT swori sityva
11.4 gaaSalaSineT
11.5 daasruleT da amobeWdeT
158
ver girCevT, rogor gamoasworoT TiToeuli problema yovel
winadadebaSi, magram SegviZlia, girCioT, rogor gadaWraT is problemebi,
romelTa winaSec yvelaze xSirad aRmoCndeba xolme avtori, romelic
cdilobs, datovos `seriozuli mkvlevris” STabeWdileba; es is stilia,
romelsac gamocdili mkiTxvelebis umravlesoba xelovnurad miiCnevs. ai,
mokle magaliTi:
159
2a. federalistebis argumenti saxalxo demokratiis mier mTavrobis
destabilizaciis Sesaxeb aRmocenda maTi rwmenidan, rom fraqciebi sakuTari
interesebis gatarebas sazogadoebrivi sikeTis xarjze axdendnen.
160
winadadebebi, romlebic ar Seesabameba am kriteriumebs, Semdeg
gadaamuSaveT isini Semdegnairad:
161
11.1.2 qvemdebareebi mokle da konkretuli unda iyos
mkiTxvelma martivad unda aRiqvas winadadebis qvemdebare, magram
amas ver moaxerxebs, Tu qvemdebare aris Sedgenili, kompleqsuri da
abstraqtuli. SeadareT es ori winadadeba (Sedgenili qvemdebareebi
TiToeul maTganSi gamoyofilia daxrili SriftiT; erTsityviani martivi
qvemdebare gamoyofilia msxvili SriftiT):
162
Tumca, saqme ase martivad ar aris: xSirad SesaZlebelia mkafio
istoriebis moyola abstraqtul figurebze;
163
6b. ekonomistebs srulyofilad ar aqvT Seswavlili ekonomikuri mobiluroba,
vinaidan isini ver aanalizeben, rogor urTierTqmedebs socialuri klasi da
ganaTleba, rom Seqmnas dasaqmebis meti SesaZlebloba.
7a. zogierT ekonomists, imis gamo, rom weren upirovno da obieqturi stiliT,
iolad ar gamosdis rigiT adamianebTan komunikacia.
164
darwmunebuli ar xarT, CasviT bolos (amis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix.
11.1.5).
7b. imis gamo, rom zogierTi ekonomisti wers upirovno da obieqturi stiliT,
maT iolad ar gamosdiT komunikacia rigiT adamianebTan. es faqtori...
165
9b. samoqalaqo omis pirvel wlebSi samxreTma scada, gadaebirebina didi
britaneTi, magram marcxi ganicada.
10a. mecnierebma, romlebic kosmosSi arsebul Sav xvrelebs ikvleven, wamoWres axali
sakiTxebi kosmosis Sesaxeb. mkvdari varskvlavis Cavardna iseT mcire wertilSi,
romelic, albaT, marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar aris, qmnis Sav xvrels. msgavsi
didi zomis sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad, kosmosis struqtura
ucnaurad icvleba.
10b. mecnierebma, romlebic ikvleven Sav xvrelebs kosmosSi, wamoWres axali sakiTxebi
kosmosis Sesaxeb. Savi xvreli iqmneba mkvdari varskvlavis iseT mcire wertilSi
CavardniT, romelic marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar aris. aseTi didi zomis
sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad, kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad icvleba.
166
varskvlavis Cavardna. Tumca, (10b) kidev imitom ikiTxeba ukeT, rom misi
ideebis Tanmimdevroba gansxvavebulia.
167
principi _ Zveli informacia pirvel rigSi _ niSnavs axali informaciis
bolos CarTvas, gansakuTrebiT, roca saubaria axal teqnikur terminebze.
amdenad, axali teqnikuri terminis Semotanisas moaTavseT is winadadebis
boloSi. SeadareT:
168
iZulebuli xdebiT daweroT winadadeba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba im
principebs, romlebic Cven ganvixileT. magaliTisTvis, ixileT meore
winadadeba:
169
varskvlavis iseT mcire zomis wertilSi Camovardna, romelic, albaT,
marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar iqneba. aseTi didi zomis sagnis aseT
mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad icvleba.
170
profesorTa umetesoba da redaqtorebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom avtorebi
unda moeridon me-s gamoyenebas or SemTxvevaSi:
171
zmnebi, rogorc wesi, SesavalSi gamoiyeneba: me
giCvenebT/davamtkiceb/ganvac-xadeb, rom X. . . da daskvnebSi: me
warmovadgine/vaCvene/davaskveni, rom Y. . . imis gamo, rom mxolod
Tqven SegiZliaT aCvenoT, daamtkicoT an ganacxadoT is, rac Tqvens
argumentSia, mxolod Tqven SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT piris
nacvalsaxeli me:
arasworia:
16. Cven yuradRebiT unda viyoT wyaroebis citirebisas, rodesac viyenebT
monacemebs am wyaroebidan. rodesac vkiTxulobT im avtorebis naSromebs,
172
romlebmac es mosazreba ar gaiTvaliswines, undoblobiT vimsWvalebiT maT
mimarT.
173
problema aris, savaraudod, ara is, rom Tqven ver kiTxulobT martivad,
aramed is, rom avtorma ver SeZlo, garkveviT daewera. am SemTxvevaSi,
samwuxarod, rac met gamocdilebas miiRebT akademiur weraSi, miT didia
riski aseTi maneris imitaciisa. faqtobrivad, profesiuli weris
problema dgas akademiuri mecnierebebis yvela sferoSi.
174
Calsaxad girCevT, moZebnoT leqsikonSi sityvebi, romlebSic
darwmunebuli ar xarT. Tumca, isini ki ar aris problema, aramed is
sityvebi, romlebSic darwmunebuli xarT. ufro uaresi, vercerTi
leqsikoni ver getyviT, romeli sityvaa maRalfardovani ama Tu im
konteqstisTvis. am sakiTxs swrafad gadaWriT, Tu sTxovT vinmes,
waikiTxos Tqveni naSromi wardgenamde (Tumca, frTxilad iyaviT, vidre
Zalian bevr rCevas daijerebT; ix. 7.10). am problemis grZelvadiani
gadawyveta aris bevri kiTxva, bevri wera, bevri kritikuli SeniSvnis
mosmena da maT safuZvelze swavla.
11.4 gaaSalaSineT
amobeWdvamde naSromi kidev erTxel waikiTxeT, raTa SeasworoT
gramatikuli Secdomebi, marTlwera da punqtuacia. mravali gamocdili
avtori iwyebs bolo winadadebiT da ase miyveba naSromis dasawyisamde,
raTa azrebze ar gadaitanos yuradReba da ar gamorCes sityvebi. nu
daeyrdnobiT mxolod kompiuteris marTlweris Semowmebis funqcias. is
ver gamoavlens iseT sityvebs, romlebic dawerilia sworad, magram
arasworad aris gamoyenebuli: their/there/they’re, it’s/its, too/to, accept/except,
affect/effect, already/all ready, complement/compliment, principal, principle, discrete/discreet
a.S. Tu am saxis problemasTan Sexeba gqoniaT, safuZvlianad gadaamowmeT
Tqveni naSromi, raTa SeamowmoT aseTi sityvebi. marTlweris Sesaxeb
ufro vrclad ix. me-20 Tavi.
175
nawilSi. Tu teqstSi miuTiTebT naweris sxvadasxva nawilebze da
Tavebze, darwmundiT miTiTebebis sizusteSi.
176
axla SeiZleba, ifiqroT, rom dasrulebulia naSromze muSaoba.
faqtobrivad, erTi bolo amocana grCebaT: Cabarebuli naSromis Sesaxeb
komentarebis mopoveba da maTi gaTvaliswineba.
177
12 Sefasebuli Txzulebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli komentarebis
gaTvaliswineba
178
rom naweri danawevrebulia, Zalian moklea, an dauxvewavia,
gadaamowmeT winadadebebi me-11 TavSi warmodgenili safexurebis
mixedviT. Tu pedagogs miaCnia, rom naweri ar aris kargad
organizebuli an gaumarTavia, gadaamowmeT Txzuleba me-9 TavSi
warmodgenili principebis mixedviT. pedagogis mier gamoTqmuli
SeniSvnebis safuZvels yovelTvis ver ipoviT. Tumca, rodesac
aRmoaCenT, gecodinebaT, momavalSi ra gamoasworoT.
179
hkiTxoT: `ra ar mogewonaT?” aramed hkiTxeT, `konkretulad sad
davuSvi Secdoma da rogor SemiZlia misi gamosworeba?”
180
13 kvlevis wardgena sxvadasxva formiT
13.1 dagegmeT zepiri moxseneba
13.1.1 daaviwroeT warsadgeni sakiTxi
13.1.2 gaiazreT msmenels da mkiTxvels Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi
13.2 moamzadeT Tqveni prezentacia
13.2.1 gaakeTeT Sesavlis monaxazi
13.2.2 SeqmeniT Canawerebi moxsenebis ZiriTadi nawilisTvis, raTa Tvalis
SevlebiT SegeZloT maTi gageba
13.2.3 SeimuSaveT daskvna Sesavlis mixedviT
13.2.4 moemzadeT SekiTxvebisTvis
13.2.5 moamzadeT dasarigebeli masala
181
13.1 dagegmeT zepiri moxseneba
zepir moxsenebas werasTan SedarebiT ramdenime upiratesoba aqvs.
moxsenebis wardgenis Semdeg kiTxva-pasuxis dros myisier ukukavSirs iRebT;
msmeneli gamoxatavs reaqcias, romelic SeiZleba, iyos naklebad kritikuli,
vidre es weriTi naSromis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda, gansakuTrebiT, Tu prezentacias
miscemT mxolod axali ideebis mosmenis an axali monacemebis gamocdis saxes.
magram imisaTvis, rom es reaqcia gamosadegi iyos, iseTive dakvirvebiT unda
dagegmoT zepiri moxseneba, rogorc weriT moxsenebas dagegmavdiT.
182
vizualuri kontaqti daamyaros auditoriasTan. sxvebi warmoadgenen monacemebiT
savse slaidebs, romelTa struqtura Semoifargleba msgavsi frazebiT: da axla
am slaidSi warmodgenilia... aseT momxseneblebs miaCniaT, rom pasiuri msmeneli
aqtiur mkiTxvels an dainteresebul mosaubres hgavs. es ar Seesabameba
sinamdviles:
- roca vkiTxulobT, SegviZlia, SevyovndeT, raTa davfiqrdeT da
gavaanalizoT rTuli monakveTebi. wyobaze dakvirvebisTvis SegviZlia,
CavxedoT qvesaTaurebs, abzacebis dasawyisebsac ki. Tu goneba
gagvefanteba, xelaxla wavikiTxoT.
- saubrisas SekiTxvebi SegviZlia, davsvaT maSinve, roca mogvafiqrdeba da
vTxovoT sxva pirs, ganmartos msjeloba an, ubralod, gaimeoros naTqvami.
183
gacilebiT sjobs moxsenebis wakiTxva Canawerebis mixedviT. Tumca, amisTvis
dagWirdebaT Canawerebis momzadeba.
184
weriTi moxsenebis SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi meTodis gamoyenebam SeiZleba, dauxvewavi
naSromis STabeWdileba Seqmnas; magram, roca zepir moxsenebas akeTebT, ufro
detalurad axsnaa saWiro. moxsenebis ZiriTad nawilze gadasvlisas
ganmeorebiT warmoadgineT igive struqtura.
gadaimeoreT Sesavli ara mxolod imitom, rom misi sworad warmodgena SeZloT,
aramed, agreTve, imisTvis, rom SeZloT auditoriasTan vizualuri kontaqtis
damyareba. mogvianebiT SegiZliaT, CaixedoT CanawerebSi.
185
sakiTxebi ise daalageT, rom pirvel rigSi isaubroT yvelaze mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebze. Tu saubari gigrZeldebaT (ZiriTadad, asea xolme), SegiZliaT
gadaxvideT momdevno nawilze an, Tundac, daskvnaze da ar gamotovoT
argumentis mniSvnelovani aspeqti. arasodes moamzadoT iseTi kulminaciuri
wertili, romlis miRwevac ar SegiZliaT. Tu raime unda gamotovoT, kiTxva-
pasuxis nawilis dros daubrundiT am sakiTxs.
186
gamoCenil mkvlevrebs an kvleviT institutebs, moemzadeT imis Sesaxeb vrclad
sasaubrod, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba Tqveni naSromi maT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu
aRniSnuli mkvlevarebis an institutebis Sedegebis an midgomis sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebebs gamoxatavT an uaryofT maT. mzad iyaviT, agreTve, imisTvis, rom
SeiZleba, mogiwioT iseTi wyaros Sesaxeb dasmul SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema,
romlebzec arasodes gsmeniaT. saukeTeso politikaa aRiareba, rom es wyaro ar
ginaxavT, magram gadaamowmebT. Tu SekiTxva keTilganwyobili toniT aris
dasmuli, SeekiTxeT, ratom aris wyaro Sesabamisi. nu moemzadebiT mxolod
TavdacviTi pasuxebis gasacemad. gamoiyeneT SekiTxvebi, raTa xelaxla gausvaT
xazi mTavar sakiTxebs an isaubroT sakiTxebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, gamogrCaT.
187
warmodgenili moxsenebis gamoyenebiT, xdeba weriTi da zepiri moxsenebis
dadebiTi aspeqtebis gaerTianeba. isini, vinc kiTxuloben stendze warmodgenil
moxsenebas, ufro ukeT daakvirdebian mas, vidre msmeneli, maT SeuZliaT
daeyrdnon TvalsaCino vizualur signalebs, romlebic gamoyenebuli gaqvT
masalis organizebisTvis – ujrebi, xazebi, ferebi da sxvadasxva zomis SriftiT
dawerili saTaurebi.
188
unda iyos, aramed informacia, romelsac `liftSi naxevar wuTSi mouyvebiT”
adamians – rasac etyodiT vinmes, romelic liftSi SegxvdebodaT da vinc
dainteresdeboda da gkiTxavdaT: ra sityviT gamodixarT dRes? (faqtobrivad,
dakvirvebiT momzadebuli da gavarjiSebuli `liftSi moyolili ambavi”
gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia naSromis garSemo nebismieri saubrisTvis,
gansakuTrebiT interviuebis dros).
189
14 kvlevis arsis Sesaxeb
190
eWvqveS daayenon ara mxolod debuleba, is gzac ki, romlis gamoyenebiTac
mivediT am debulebamde, raTa maT dagvisvan SekiTxva: ratom fiqrobT ase?
aseTi SekiTxvebis mosmena iSviaTad aris sasiamovno. Tumca, Cven valdebulni
varT, keTilganwyobiT movisminoT sawinaaRmdego azri, eWvi da TavSekavebuli
SeniSvna, romlebic erTianobaSi gulisxmobs Semdegs: ar veTanxmebi, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, jer ar mjera. rac ufro metad davayenebT eWvqveS damkvidrebul
Sexedulebebs, miT ufro mzad unda viyoT aseTi SekiTxvebis misaRebad da maTze
sapasuxod, vinaidan SeiZleba, am kiTxva-pasuxis Sedegad adamianebma uari Tqvan
im Sexedulebebze, risac Zlier sjeraT.
rodesac zogierTi studenti aseT winaaRmdegobebs xvdeba, uWirs maTTan
gamklaveba. zogs miaCnia, rom eWvqveS dayeneba imisa, risic sjera, ar aris
WeSmaritebis aqtiuri Zieba, aramed pirdapiri Tavdasxmaa maTSi myarad
fesvgadgmul Rirebulebebze. sxvebs cinikuri skepticizmi ipyrobs, eWvqveS
ayeneben yvelafers da arafris sjeraT. adamianebis nawili uazro
fardobiTobaSi eSvebian: `TiToeul Cvengans aqvs ufleba, hqondes Tavisi
Sexeduleba. amdenad, yvela Sexeduleba sworia maTTvis, visac misi sjera!”
mravali saerTod uaryofs ara mxolod pasuxebs, romlebmac SeiZleba, eWvqveS
daayenos maTi Sexeduleba, aramed im SekiTxvebsac, romlebmac es pasuxi
gamoiwvia.
magram profesiul, samecniero da samoqalaqo sferoebsa da politikaSic
ki, gamocdilebis Sedegad miRebul codnas da didi ZalisxmeviT mopovebul
Sexedulebas ver Secvlis piradi mosazreba, relativisturi Sexeduleba
WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb, an mosaxerxebeli, damkvidrebuli Sexeduleba.
es ar niSnavs, rom naCqarevad unda vTqvaT uari didi xnis win
damkvidrebul da drois mier gamocdil Sexedulebebze. Cven maT SevcvliT
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac gveqneba saimedo argumentebi, romlebic emyareba
gonivrul varaudebs. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, emyareba saukeTeso faqtebs da
keTilganwyobil, imavdroulad saguldagulo azrTa gacvla-gamocvlas, romlis
drosac maqsimalurad kritikulad gamoicdeba argumentebi. anu, maSin gavxdebiT
pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse damcveli, rodesac SegveZleba, SevqmnaT sakuTari
gonivruli argumentebi, romelTa gamoyenebiTac gamoicdeba da Sefasdeba
sxvebis debulebebi.
am yvelafris praqtikuli gamoyeneba SeiZleba, sakurso naSromSi ver
ixiloT. Tumca, miuxedavad mSrali xasiaTisa, nebismieri auditoriisTvis
gamiznuli kvleviTi Txzuleba aris dialogi, romelic unda iyos sarwmuno,
erToblivi, magram detaluri Seswavla imisa, risi unda gvjerodes da risi -
ara.
191
nawili meore
wyaroebis miTiTeba
192
2. mkiTxvelis dasarwmuneblad faqtebis sizusteSi. mkvlevrebi
wyaroebis citirebas axdenen, raTa sxva mkvlevrebs samarTlianad
moeqcnen, agreTve, raTa moipovon mkiTxvelis ndoba. mxolod
faqtebis sworad moyvana ar aris sakmarisi. mkiTxvels unda
acnoboT im wyaros Sesaxebac, saidanac es faqtebi moiyvaneT, raTa
maT SeZlon faqtebis sandoobis Sefaseba, Tundac, gadamowmeba, Tu
amis survili gauCndebaT. mkiTxveli ar endoba wyaros, romelic
misTvis ucnobia da romelsac ver moZebnis. Tu mkiTxveli ar
endoba Tqvens mier damowmebul wyaros, ar irwmunebs arc Tqvens
mier moyvanil faqtebs; da Tu faqtebs ar irwmunebs, ar daijerebs
Tqvens arguments. wyaroebis srulad, zustad da saTanadod
damowmeba pirveli nabijia mkiTxvelis ndobis mopovebisken.
3. mkiTxvelisTvis kvlevis im tradiciis saCveneblad, romelsac
emyareba Tqveni naSromi. mkvlevrebi im wyaroebs miuTiTeben, romlis
monacemebsac iyeneben; amas garda, isini miuTiTeben im naSroms,
romelsac avrcoben, amyareben, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben an
asworeben. es miTiTeba exmareba mkiTxvels ara mxolod Tqveni,
konkretuli naSromis gagebaSi, aramed mis dakavSirebaSi Sesabamisi
sferos sxva kvlevebTan.
4. raTa mkiTxvels SeuwyoT xeli, rom misdios an ganavrcos Tqveni
kvleva. bevri mkiTxveli kvleviT naSromSi miTiTebul wyaroebs
iyenebs ara naSromis sandoobis Sesamowmeblad, aramed sakuTari
proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad. amdenad, Tqveni citirebebi
daexmareba sxvebs ara mxolod Tqveni gzis gagrZelebaSi, aramed
kvlevebis axali mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebaSic.
193
rogorc 15.1 punqtSi aRvniSneT, citireba SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT,
agreTve, imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvelis yuradReba miapyroT wyaroebs,
romlebic Seesabameba Tqveni argumentis konkretul nawils, magram
rodesac ar mogyavT citata an perifrazi am wyarodan. aseTi miTiTebebi
mianiSnebs imaze, rom icnobT am wyaroebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTSi
mocemulia debulebebi, romlebic ar emTxveva Tqvensas.
194
maTTvis es stili nacnobia, aramed imis gamo, rom misi gamoyenebiT,
aCvenebT mkiTxvels, rom icnobT maT Rirebulebebs da wesebs. Tumca, unda
aRiniSnos, rom detalebi martivi ar aris: rodis unda gamoiyenoT
asomTavruli, wertilebi, mZime, rodis unda gamotovoT adgili. Tumca,
Tu am mcire elementebs sworad ar asaxavT, mkiTxvelTa did nawils
gauCndeba eWvi, ramdenad SeiZleba Tqveni ndoba ufro masStabur
sakiTxebSi. mkvlevrebis umravlesoba ar cdilobs am detalebis
dazepirebas. isini, ubralod, swavloben wyaros damowmebis im formas,
romelsac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben, raTa gamudmebiT ar mouwioT
Sesabamisi wesebis moZebna. xolo im wyaroebis miTiTebis dros, romlebic
nakleb gavrcelebulia an uCveulo elementebs Seicavs, xelmZRvaneloben
am wignis msgavsi saxelmZRvaneloTi.
195
saTauri da informacia publikaciis Sesaxeb), agreTve, miuTiTebT
Sesabamisi gverdis nomrebs. SeniSvnebi ibeWdeba gverdis qveda nawilSi
(ewodeba sqolioebi) an naSromis boloSi, siis saxiT (ewodeba
SeniSvnebi). yvela SeniSvnas erTidaigive zogadi forma aqvs:
N: 1. Adrian Johns, The Nature of The book: Print and Knowledge in Making (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1998), 623.
N: 1. adrian jonsi, wignis buneba: gamomcemloba da codnis Seqmnis procesi (Cikago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998), 623.
N: Johns, Adrian, The Nature of The book: Print and Knowledge in Making. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1988.
N: jonsi, Adrian, wignis buneba: gamomcemloba da codnis Seqmnis procesi. Cikago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998
196
informacia ar aris CarTul citirebaSi. gamoyenebuli literaturis
CamonaTvlis yvela erTeuls erTi da igive zogadi forma aqvs:
N: Johns, Adrian. 1998. The Nature of The book: Print and Knowledge in Making. Chicago:
Univ. of Chicago Press.
N: jonsi, Adrian. 1998. wignis buneba: gamomcemloba da codnis Seqmnis procesi. Cikago:
Cikagos univ. gamomc.
197
kvlevaSi gamosayeneblad dakvirvebiT SearCieT internetSi
ganTavsebuli wyaroebi. rodesac informacia ganTavsebulia ramdenime
vebsaitze an onlain reJimSi, an kidev BbeWdur gamocemaSi, arCevani
gaakeTeT yvelaze mdgrad da sando variantze, romelzec migiwvdebaT
xeli da yovelTvis miuTiTeT, romeli versia gamoiyeneT.
198
garda amisa, TiToeuli miTiTeba internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaros
Sesaxeb unda moicavdes TariRs, rodesac bolos gaxseniT masala. Tu
wyaro Secvlili an amoRebulia internetidan, es TariRi ufro zustad
asaxavs im variants, romelic Tqven gamoiyeneT, vidre URL misamarTi an
mxolod sxva atributi. agreTve, SegiZliaT, internetSi ganTavsebuli
wyaro, romlis citirebasac apirebT, CaweroT myar diskze an kompaqtur
diskze, raTa gqondeT saimedo asli, romlic naxvac Tqven an Tqvens
mkiTxvels mogvianebiT SeeZleba. me-17 da me-19 TavebSi warmodgenilia
citirebebSi wvdomis TariRebis miTiTebis ara erTi magaliTi.
199
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, ramac SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos
citatebis sizusteze an sxva miTiTebebze.
- CainiSneT yvela bibliografiuli informacia, vidre Canawerebs
gaakeTebdeT. ix. suraTi 16.1 (sqolioSi miTiTebis stilisTvis) an
naxatSi 18.1 (teqsturi miTiTebis stilisTvis) warmodgenili
nimuSebi, sadac naCvenebia, ra informacia aris saWiro ramdenime
gavrcelebuli saxis wyaroebisTvis.
- TiToeuli citatis an perifrazisTvis CaiwereT gverdebis nomrebi.
- Savi naweris Seqmnisas garkveviT gamoyaviT TiToeuli adgili,
sadac SeiZleba, dagWirdeT wyarodan citireba. gacilebiT martivia
arasaWiro citatis amoSla Sesworebisas, vidre imis gaxseneba, sad
gamoiyeneT sxvisi azri.
- rodesac Sav nawers saboloo saxiT CamoayalibebT, gadaxedeT me-17
da me-19 Tavebs, raTa uzrunvelyoT, rom TiToeuli citireba swori
formiT iyos warmodgenili. yuradReba miaqcieT punqtuacias da
intervalebs.
- bibliografiis an gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis Sekreba
SegiZliaT an wyaroebis gamoyenebisas, an Savi naweris Seqmnis da
Sesworebis dros. aucileblad yuradRebiT SeamowmeT TiToeuli
detali.
200
16 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili:
standartuli formati
16.2 bibliografiebi
16.2.1 bibliografiebis saxeebi
16.2.2 muxlebis dalageba
16.2.3 wyaroebi, romelTa gamotoveba SeiZleba
16.3 SeniSvnebi
16.3.2 sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi
16.3.3 SeniSvnebis danomvra
16.3.4 SeniSvnebis daformateba
16.3.5 kompleqsuri SeniSvnebi
201
magaliTebi aRniSnulia `S:”-Ti; bibliografiis muxlebis magaliTebi aRniSnulia
`b”-Ti.
202
S: qrononi, uiliam. bunebis megapolisi: Cikago da didi dasavleTi. niu-iorki:
gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania, 1991.
mkiTxveli elis, rom zedmiwevniT daicavT citirebis am wesebs. isini Seexeba
ara mxolod CasarTav informacias da am monacemebis Tanmimdevrobas, aramed,
agreTve, punqtuacias, mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebas, daxrili Sriftis
gamoyenebas da a.S. wyaros miTiTeba rom sworad gaaformoT, didi yuradReba
unda miaqcioT wvrilman detalebs, romlebic mkvlevarTa didi nawilisTvis
iolad dasamaxsovrebeli ar aris. momdevno TavSi mocemulia mza gzamkvlevi am
detalebTan dakavSirebiT.
203
teqstis gverdis nomrebs, YY aRniSnavs statiis an Tavis gverdebis srul
diapazons.
wignebi
1. erTi avtori an redaqtori
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri
(gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.
1. jared daiamondi, iaraRi, baqteriebi da foladi: adamianebis bediswera (niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba “nortoni da kompania”, 1997), 47-48.
2. ramdenime avtori
wignis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac ori avtori hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi sqema:
204
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris saxeli da gvari da meore avtoris saxeli
da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.
2. kai berdi, kai da martin j. Servini, amerikeli promeTe: j. robert
openhaimeris triumfi da tragedia (niu-iorki: alfred a. knopfi, 2005), 52.
205
9. j.b. harli, rukebis axali saxeoba: eseebi kartografiis istoriaSi, red.
pol leqstoni (baltimori: jon hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2002),
132-33.
b: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri.
redaqtirebulia redaqtoris saxeli da gvari mier. gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.
harli, j.b., rukebis axali saxeoba: eseebi kartografiis istoriaSi.
redaqtirebulia pol leqstonis mier. baltimori: jon hopkinsis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 2002.
4. gamocemis nomeri
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis
qvesaTauri, gamocemis nomeri gamoc. (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis
dasaxeleba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.
11. rojer denielsi: amerikaSi Camosvla: imigraciis istoria da eTnikuri
faqtori amerikis cxovrebaSi, me-2 gamoc. (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba harper
pereniali, 2002), 84.
206
saxeli da gvari (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis
TariRi), XX-XX.
15. en uinston spirni, `bunebis ganaSenianeba: frederik lo olmstedis
memkvidreoba, wignSi `uCveulo pozicia: bunebaSi adamianis adgilis xelaxla
gaazreba”, red. uiliam qrononi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania,
1996), 101.
saJurnalo statiebi
6. saJurnalo statiis beWduri varianti
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvari, `statiis saTauri: statiis
qvesaTauri,” Jurnalis saxelwodeba, gamocemis nomeri (gamocemis TariRi): XX-
XX.
4. Pfremod k, naiari, `saocari Tavgadasavlebi: ingliselTa saTavgadasavlo
wignebi da indoeTi, 1680-1727”, britaneTmcodneobis Jurnali 44, #2 (2005 wlis
aprili): 213
207
7. internetSi gamoqveynebuli Jurnalis statiebi
208
16.1.2 punqtuacia
SeniSvnebSi elementebis umetesoba gamoyaviT mZimeebiT; bibliografiis muxlebSi
elementebis gamosayofad wertilebi gamoiyeneT. SeniSvnebSi informacia
publikaciis Sesaxeb CasviT frCxilebSi; bibliografiis muxlebSi ase ar
gaakeToT. gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli stilebi, vinaidan gansazRvrulia, rom
SeniSvna unda ikiTxebodes teqstis msgavsad, sadac wertilis dasma niSnavs
citatis dasrulebas. bibliografia ki Sedgenilia, rogorc CamonaTvali,
romelSic TiToeul wyaros aqvs calke muxli, amdenad, wertilebis gamoyeneba
Tavisuflad SeiZleba avtoris, saTauris da publikaciis Sesaxeb informaciis
gamosayofad.
16.1.5 ricxvebi
saTaurebSi ricxvebi sityvierad gadmoicema an ricxvebiT iwereba zustad ise,
rogorc originalSia. gverdis nomrebi, romlebic originalSi romauli
cifrebiT aris gamoxatuli, mieTiTeba patara romauli cifrebiT. yvela sxva
ricxvi (Tavis nomrebi an naxatebis nomrebi) warmodgenilia arabuli cifrebiT,
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu originalSi isini romauli cifrebiT aris aRniSnuli an
sityvierad gadmocemuli.
209
16.1.6 abreviaturebi
SeniSvnebSi SeamokleT terminebi: redaqtori, mTargmneli da tomi (red., mTargm.,
t.). bibliografiis muxlebSi es terminebi xSirad gaSifrulia, rodesac isini
gamoiyeneba informaciis warsadgenad (redaqtirebulia ...-is mier), xolo
Semoklebuli saxiT gamoiyeneba, rodesac informaciis dasasruls aris
warmodgenili (red.).
16.2 bibliografiebi
naSromebSi, romlebSic gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneba
sqolioSi miTiTebis stili, Cveulebriv, CarTulia SeniSvnebi da, agreTve,
SeniSvnebSi miTiTebuli yvela wyaros bibliografiuli CamonaTvali. miuxedavad
imisa, rom SeniSvnebSi da bibliografiebSi irTveba erTi da igive informacia,
saWiroa mkiTxvelma es informacia orive adgilas naxos, vinaidan SeniSvnebi da
bibliografia gansxvavebulad gamoiyeneba. SeniSvnebis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels
SeuZlia, swrafad naxos konkretuli miTiTebis Sesabamisi wyaro, kiTxvis
Sewyvetis gareSe, bibliografiaSi ki ixilos kvlevis masStabi da misi kavSiri
manamde momzadebul naSromebTan. bibliografiis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels, agreTve,
SeuZlia wyaroebis gamoyeneba sakuTar kvlevaSi. amdenad, naSromSi yovelTvis
gamoiyeneT rogorc SeniSvnebi, ise, bibliografia, im SemTxvevebis garda,
rodesac wyaro bevria an Tu instruqtori gaZlevT sxvagvar miTiTebas. Tu
bibliografias ar CarTavT, darwmundiT, rom SeniSvnebSi srulyofilad aris
mocemuli informacia TiToeul wyaroze, pirvelad miTiTebisas mainc.
210
saxis wyaroebi daasaTaureT ase: bibliografia an gamoyenebuli wyaroebi. ix.
danarTSi naxati A.15, sadac warmodgenilia bibliografiis nimuSi.
211
b: Tulmini, stiven. argumentis gamoyeneba. kembriji: kembrijis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1958. (gardamtexi teqsti, struqturis arasimboluri eniT
aRwerili argumentiT).
212
yvela aseTi naSromi im naSromebamde, romelTa SemTxvevaSic piri iyo
Tanaavtori an Tanaredaqtori.
b: geiTs, henri luis umcr. amerika da feri: dialogi afroamerikelebTan. niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba uoren buqsi, 2004
-----------, red. monebis klasikuri monayoli. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba fengvin
petmani, 2002.
-----------. gamorCeuli maimuni: afroamerikuli literaturuli kritikis Teoria.
niu-iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1989.
geiTs, henri luis umcr., da kornel vesti. afroamerikuli saukune: rogor
Secvales Savkanianma amerikelebma Cveni qveyana.Nniu-iorki: gamomcemloba,
fri presi, 2000.
213
wesi, ufro mosaxerxebelia, qronologiurad dalagdes erTi avtoris
bibliografiebi, agreTve, informacia specialuri CamonaTvlebis _ sagazeTo
statiebis, saarqivo masalebis Sesaxeb da a.S. SeiZleba, agreTve, mosaxerxebeli
iyos Tanmimdevrobis Semobruneba konkretuli mizniT – magaliTad,
topografiuli rukebis CamonaTvlis dros, roca rukebi dalagebulia Statis an
regionis mixedviT. Tu anbanuris an qronologiuris garda sxva Tanmimdevrobas
iyenebT, dasawyisSi warmodgenil SeniSvnaSi ganmarteT, ratom gadawyviteT am
principis gamoyeneba.
214
bibliografiebi SeqmeniT cal-calke da TiToeuls daurTeT sakuTari
ganmartebiTi saTauri.
215
16.3 SeniSvnebi
avtorebi SeniSvnis ramdenime sxvadasxva saxes iyeneben; SeniSvnis saxis arCeva
damokidebulia sferoze, mkiTxvelze da naSromis tipze. am nawilSi axsnilia
SeniSvnebis saxeebi da maTi SerCevis principi.
216
16.3.2 SeniSvnebis miTiTeba teqstSi
rodesac miuTiTebT an sxvagvarad iyenebT wyaros masalas, teqstSi unda
CarToT zeda indeqsiT nomeri, romelic miuTiTebs mkiTxvels im SeniSvnaze,
romelSic am wyaros Sesaxeb bibliografiuli informaciaa mocemuli. citatebis
umetesobisTvis, CasviT uSualod momdevno nomeri, ganurCevlad imisa, citata
teqstSia CarTuli Tu blokuri citatis saxiT aris gamoyofili (ix. 25.2).
zogierTi citatisTvis da standartuli citirebebisTvis, miTiTebis nomeri
moaTavseT winadadebis bolos, bolo sasveni niSnis, brWyalebis an frCxilis
daxurvis Semdeg.
ar CasvaT erTdroulad erTze meti indeqsi (mag., 5, 6). amis nacvlad gamoiyeneT
erTi nomeri da CarTeT yvela miTiTeba an komentari erT SeniSvnaSi (ix. 16.3.5).
217
16.3.3 SeniSvnebis danomvra
SeniSvnebi danomreT Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT, daiwyeT 1-iT. Tu naSroms calke
Tavebi aqvs, TiToeul TavSi xelaxla daiwyeT danomvra pirveli SeniSvniT. nu
gamotovebT nomers da nu gamoiyenebT iseT nomrebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, 5a.
218
mkiTxvelma ar ifiqros, rom SeniSvna dasrulda da aRar waikiTxon momdevno
gverdze moTavsebuli nawili. Tu erTze meti sqolioa, gverdze daiwyeT
TiToeuli momdevno SeniSvna calke striqonidan, mis win datoveT carieli
striqoni. ix. naxati A.10, sadac mocemulia sanimuSo gverdi sqolioebis
teqstebiT.
219
rodesac mTel rig damatebiT wyaroebs miuTiTebT, mosaxerxebelia, agreTve,
citirebebis dajgufeba da mas jaWvur citirebebs uwodeben.
220
kargad moifiqreT, aris Tu ara imdenad mniSvnelovani, rom Caisvas calke
SeniSvnis saxiT.
221
gamoyaviT mZimiT, xolo saTauri dabeWdeT daxrili SriftiT an CasviT
brWyalebSi, rogorc sruli SeniSvnis SemTxvevaSi moiqceodiT.
4. boli, 204.
an
an
22. demosi, “namdvili ambebi,” 138.
222
S: 5. ian h. kalicki da devid l. goldvini, red.-ebi, energetika da usafrTxoeba:
sagareo politikis axali strategiis SemuSaveba (baltimori: jon hopkinsis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005), 195-96.
8. kalicki da goldvini, 204.
an
8. kalicki da goldvini, energetika da usafrTxoeba, 204.
16.4.2 Ibid.
iyo dro, rodesac avtorebi amoklebdnen citirebebs SeniSvnebSi laTinuri
terminebis da abreviaturebis gamoyenebiT: idem - ,,igive”, op. cit., opere citato
- `citirebul naSromSi”; da loc.cit. - `citirebul adgilas.” es wesi aRar
miiCneva mizanSewonilad. amdenad, moerideT laTinuri citirebis terminebis
gamoyenebas. es ar exeba ibid., romelic momdinareobs sityvidan ibidem anu
`iqve.” zogierTi avtori jer isev iyenebs ibid.-s citirebis SemoklebisTvis im
naSromis misaTiTeblad, romlis bibliografiuli monacemebi uSualod wina
SeniSvnaSia mocemuli.
S: 30. buxani, rCevebi dedebs, 71.
31. ibid., 95.
32. ibid.
223
1. erTi avtori
Tu erTze met avtors aqvs erTi da igive gvari, gamoyaviT isini saxelebis
miTiTebiT.
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvarebi, XX-XX.
12. filip smiTi, 212-13.
2. ori an sami avtori
avtori-saTauri SeniSvnebi
4. wignebi
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris gvari, Semoklebuli saTauri, XX-XX.
2. daiamondi, iaraRi, baqteriebi da foladi, 85-90.
224
im wignebis citirebisas, romlebsac erTze meti avtori hyavs, ixelmZRvaneleT
me-2 da me-3 nimuSebSi avtorebis saxelebisTvis mocemuli sqemiT.
5. statiebi
SeniSvnebSi ibid ar unda daweroT daxrili SriftiT da mis Semdeg unda dasvaT
wertili. Tu citireba moicavs gverdis nomers, dausviT mZime iqve-s Semdeg. Tu
miTiTebis gverdis nomeri igivea, rogorc wina SeniSvnaSi, nu CarTavT gverdis
nomers ibid-is Semdeg. nu gamoiyenebT ibid-s SeniSvnis Semdeg, romelic Seicavs
erTze met citirebas, agreTve, moerideT ibid-is gamoyenebas im sqolioebze
miniSnebis gasakeTeblad, romlebic ar aris moTavsebuli imave gverdze.
225
6.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi, sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili
SeniSvnebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi wyaro, frCxilebSi Casmuli, SeiZleba,
teqstSive miuTiToT da ara sqolioSi an teqstis bolos Catanil SeniSvnebSi.
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvniT mkiTxvels sTavazobT ufro gasageb, advilad
wasakiTx teqsts, gansakuTrebiT, Tu bevria miTiTeba ramdenime wyaroze.
226
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnis formatireba. frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvna
dasviT iq, sadac CasvamdiT miTiTebis nomers SeniSvnisTvis: citatis,
winadadebis an winadadebis nawilis bolos. SeniSvna unda daisvas mZimis,
wertilis an sxva sasveni niSnis win da ara mis Semdeg, rodesac citata
teqstSia CarTuli. xolo blokis saxiT gamoyofili citatis SemTxvevaSi,
SeniSvna mosdevs bolo punqtuaciis niSans (magaliTisTvis ix. 25.2.2).
227
sawyali joni! mogviTxrobs stou. `es sakmaod bunebrivi iyo; da cremlebi,
romlebic gadmoscvivda laparakisas, iseve bunebrivad wamovida, TiTqos
is TeTrkanians ekuTvnoda” (169).
fiures azriT, `meore msoflio omma daasrula is, rac daiwyo pirveli
msoflio omiT – didi politikuri religiebis dominireba evropis
sazogadoebriv azrze” (pasingi, 360).
228
fiures TqmiT, `meore msoflio omiT dasrulda is, riTac daiwyo pirveli --
didi politikuri religiebis dominireba evropis sazogadoebriv azrze” (Pl, 360).
229
17 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili: specifikuri saxis wyaroebis miTiTeba
17.1 wignebi
17.1.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
17.1.2 saTauri
17.1.3 gamocema
17.1.4 tomi
17.1.5 seria
17.1.6. monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb
17.1.7 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia
17.1.8 Tavebi da wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi
17.1.9 werilebi da sxva korespondencia gamoqveynebul krebulebSi
17.1.10 internetSi ganTavsebuli da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi
230
17.5 gamoqveynebuli wyaroebis damatebiTi saxeebi
17.5.1 klasikuri, Suasaukuneebis da adreuli periodis inglisuri
literaturuli Txzulebebi
17.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi
17.5.3 sacnobaro literatura
17.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi
17.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi
17.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi
17.5.7 mikroformis gamocemebi
17.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi an DVD-ROM-ebi
17.5.9 onlain monacemTa bazebi
231
17.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi
232
da saJurnalo statiebisadmi (17.2) miZRvnil nawilebSi ufro
siRrmiseulad ganixileba variaciebi iseT elementebSi, rogoricaa
avtoris saxeli da gvari, saTaurebi/saxelwodebebi da URL-misamarTebi,
vidre naklebad gavrcelebuli wyaroebis Semcvel nawilebSi.
onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wyaroebi, romlebic nabeWdi wyaroebis
(magaliTad, onlain saJurnalo statiebi) analogiuria, miekuTvneba
Sesabamisi tipis wyaros. `araoficialurad gamoqveynebul” (ix. 15.4.1)
wyaroebad CaTvlili sxva onlain wyaroebi ganixileba 17.7-Si.
nawilebis umravlesobaSeicavs sruli SeniSvnebisTvis (aRiniSneba `S”-Ti)
da bibliografiis muxlebisTvis (b) gankuTvnil saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebs da magaliTebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi magaliTebSi
warmodgenilia erTi da imave naSromis miTiTeba orive formiT, raTa
warmoCindes msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi maT Soris; sxva SemTxvevebSi
naCvenebia gansxvavebuli naSromebi, raTa warmoCindes variaciebi
elementebSi, konkretuli saxis wyaroSic ki.
im tipis wyaros miTiTebisTvis, romelic ar aris am TavSi ganxiluli,
ixileT`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos” me-15 gamocemis (2003) me-17 Tavi.
SegiZliaT, SeqmnaT qvemoT moyvanil principebTan da magaliTebTan
misadagebuli sakuTari stili. pedagogebis, ganyofilebebis da
universitetebis umravlesoba eTanxmeba amgvar adaptaciebs, TumaT am
ukanasknelebTan SeTanxmebiT gamoiyenebT.
17.1 wignebi
233
17.1.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
TiToeuli avtoris saxeli da gvari zustad ise miuTiTeT, rogorc
satitulo furcelzea warmodgenili. Tu saxeli da gvari moicavs erTze
met inicials, datoveT maT Soris sivrceebi (ix. 24.2.1).
SeniSvnebSi avtorebis saxelebi da gvarebi CamoTvaleT standartuli
rigiTobiT (pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT saxeli):
234
miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli avtoris saxeli da gvari, Semdeg ki da
sxvebi.(mZimis wamZRvarebis gareSe).
235
S: 6. iv bonifoi, axali da rCeuli leqsebi,red. jon noToni da enToni
rudolfi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995), 35.
7. rigoberta menCu, sazRvris gadalaxva, mTarg. da red. en vraiTi(niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba“eerso”, 1999), 50-51.
10. Teodor u. adorno da volter benjamini. sruli mimowera, 1928-1940,
red. henri lonici, mTarg. nikolas uoqeri (kembriji, masaCusetsi:
harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999), 212.
236
redaqtori an mTrgmneli avtoris nacvlad. rodesac redaqtori an
mTargmneli miTiTebulia wignis satitulo furcelze avtoris nacvlad,
CawereT am pirovnebis saxeli da gvari avtorisTvis gankuTvnil
adgilas.dawereT iseve, rogorc dawerdiT avtoris saxels da gvars (ix.
zemoT), Tumca, daumateT abreviatura red. ed. (mravlobiTSi red.-ebi) an
mTarg.(mravlobiTSi mTarg.-ebi) gvaris da saxelis Semdeg. Tu redaqtori
an mTargmneli ramdenimea, ixelmZRvaneleT`ramdenime avtorSi”
Camoyalibebuli principebiT.
237
S: 12. general u. T. Sermanis memuarebi, red. Carlz roisteri (niu-
iorki: amerikis biblioTeka, 1990), 836.
15. sinaTle da Ramis elvareba: qarson makqulersis daumTavrebeli
avtobiografia, red. karlos l. diusi (medisoni: viskonsinis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999), 54.
238
b:sentineli (fsevd.). `werilebi”.naSromSi absoluturi antifederalisti,
redaqtirebulia herbert j. storingis mier. Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba. 1981.
239
saxelebi (ix. qvemoT), Tumca aris iseTi enebi, magaliTad, franguli
da germanuli, sadac ase ar xdeba.
240
gvarebisa, romlebic iwyeba ,,mak”-iT an ,,sent”-iT da unda daawyoT
anbanuri wesiT am elementebis mixedviT.
hakim, tavfiq al- abu zafar nadvi, sied
Jamal, muhamed hamid al- ibn saud, aziz
Tu avtori, romelic Cinur an iaponur gvars atarebs, xelmZRvanelobs
tradiciuli wesiT (gvari, romelsac mosdevs darqmeuli saxeli _family
name followed by given name),nu dasvamT saxels gvaris win an mZimes saxelsa
da gvars Soris. Tu avtori xelmZRvanelobs dasavluri wesiT (saxels
mosdevs gvari), dawereT, rogorc gvar-saxeli.
tradiciuli wesi dasavluri wesi
Caovu-Ci cou, Tang
ioSida Sigeru kurosava, noriaki
17.1.2 saTauri
CamoTvaleT wignebis sruli saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi. dawereT orive
daxrili SriftiT da gamoyaviT saTauri qvesaTaurisgan orwertiliT. Tu
ori qvesaTauria, pirveliswin dasviT orwertili, meores win ki –
wertilmZime.
241
ancifrebiT, originalis Sesabamisad (meTormete saukune an me-12 saukune),
Tu umjobesi ar iqna maTi siis sxva saTaurebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.
wignis Tavebis da sxva nawilebis saTaurebTan dakavSirebiT ix. 17.1.8.
saTaurebSi arsebuli specialuri elementebi. specialur gaformebas
saWiroebs saTaurebSi arsebuli ramdenime elementi.
- TariRebi. gamoiyeneT mZimesaTaurSi an qvesaTaurSi TariRebis
gamosayofad, original wyaroSi punqtuaciis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSic. Tu wyaroSi miTiTebul TariRebs axlavs afiqsi (1920-
idan 1945-mde) an orwertili, ixelmZRvaneleT wyaroSi gamoyenebuli
wesiT.
242
S: 8. sem svoufi. me var fanqari: maswavlebeli, moswavleebi da maTi
istoriebi(niu-iorki: henri holti da kompania. 2004), 108-9.
243
dawerili, unda Seicvalos da mTavruliT mxolod sawyisi asoebi
daiweros. Tu saTauri Zalian grZelia, SegiZliaT, SeamokloT da,
imavdroulad, miawodoT mkiTxvelebs sakmarisi informacia, raTa maT
moZebnon sruli saTauri biblioTekaSi an gamomcemlis katalogSi.
mianiSneT saTaurebSi gamotovebuli adgilebi sami wertilis CasmiT. Tu
gamotovebuli adgili bibliografiis muxlSi saTauris boloSia,
gamoiyeneT oTxi wertili (samwertili da wertili; ix. 25.3.2).
244
Tu saTaurs qarTul Targmans daurTavT, moaTavseT igioriginalis
Semdeg. CasviT frCxilebSi, daxrili Sriftis an brWyalebis gareSe,
dawereT mTavruli asoebiT winadadebis stilis mixedviT.
an
17.1.3 gamocema
termin gamocemas aqvs ramdenime mniSvneloba da yvela maTgani
gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom zogi naSromi araerTxel gamoicema, maT
SinaarsSi an/da formatSi Setanili cvlilebebiT. Tu miuTiTebT wigns,
romelic gamoqveynda araerTi gamocemis saxiT, yovelTvis miuTiTeT,
romeligamocemiT isargebleT, vinaidan gamocemebi SeiZleba,
gansxvavebuli iyos. (Tu qvemoT aRwerili niSnebidan arc erTi ar
miesadageba wigns, SegiZliaT,CaTvaloT, rom igi pirveli gamocemaa, ris
miTiTebac ar xdeba).
245
ganaxlebuli gamocemebi. rodesac wigni xelaxla gamoicema SinaarsSi
Sesuli mniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT, mas SeiZleba,vuwodoT
`ganaxlebuli” an `Semdgomi”gamocema. es informacia, rogorc
wesi,ganTavsebulia wignis satitulo furcelze da meordeba, gamocemis
TariRTan erTad, saavtoro uflebebis gverdze.
pirvelis garda sxva gamocemis miTiTebisas, saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT
gamocemis rigiTi nomeri an aRwera. SeamokleT iseTi formulireba,
rogoricaa `meore gamocema, ganaxlebuli da gavrcobili”, rogorc `me-2
gamoc.” SeamokleT `ganaxlebuli gamocema” rogorc `ganax. gamoc.”;
aRweras daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli gamocemis da ara sxva nebismieri
wina gamocemis gamoqveynebis TariRi (ix. 17.1.6).
246
rogorc originali gamocemis, ise, im gamocemis publikaciis TariRebi,
romelic Tqven gamoiyeneT (ix. 17.1.6).
S: 23. piter vard fei. opiumis omi, 1840-1842 (1975; gadabeW., Cefel
hili:CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997), 67-68.
17.1.4 tomi
Tu wigni mravaltomiani naSromis nawilia, CarTeT es informacia
miTiTebebSi.
konkretuli tomi. is, Tu rogor miuTiTebT mravaltomiani naSromis
konkretul toms, damokidebulia imaze, aqvs Tu ara toms mTeli
naSromisgan gansxvavebuli saTauri. Tu asea, miuTiTeT konkretuli tomis
saTauri, mis Semdeg ki rogorc tomis nomeri, ise, zogadi saTauri.
SeamokleT tomi (t.) da tomis nomrebisTvis gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi.
247
S: 36. muriel sT. kler birni, red.,lislis werilebi (Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981), 4:243.
248
b:aristotele. aristoteles naSromebis sruli krebuli: oqsfordis
ganaxlebuli Targmani. redaqtirebulia j. barnsis mier. 2 tomi.
prinstoni, niu-jersi: prinstonis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1983.
17.1.5 seria
Tu miTiTebuli wigni aris oficialuri seriis nawili, ar gevalebaT
seriis Sesaxeb informaciis miTiTeba, magram SegiZliaT amis Taobaze
garkveuli an sruli informaciis darTva, raTa daexmaroT mkiTxvelebs
wyaros adgilis an misi sandoobis dadgenaSi. moaTavseT es informacia
saTauris Semdeg (da, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, gamocemis da tomis
Sesaxeb informaciis Semdeg) da publikaciis monacemebis win.
yvelaze sasargeblo informacias seriis Sesaxeb Seicavs misi saTauri.
warmoadgineT igi swori SriftiT, saTauris mTavruli asoebiT daweris
stilSi. Tu seriis tomebi danomrilia, SegiZliaT,daurToT miTiTebuli
naSromis nomeri seriis saTauris Semdeg. seriis redaqtoris saxeli da
gvari xSirad gamotovebulia, magram SegiZliaT misi miTiTeba seriis
saTauris Semdeg.
249
zogi danomrili seria imdeni xania arsebobs, rom danomvra Tavidan
iwyeba. axali seriiswignebi miTiTebuliaax. ser. (axali serioebi), me-2
ser. (me-2 seriebi) an sxva msgavsi aRniSvniT, romelic, rogorc wesi,
moTavsebulia seriis nomris win da gamoyofilia mZimeebiT. Zveli
seriiswignebi ase aRiniSneba, Zv. ser. (Zveli seriebi), pir. ser. (pireli
seriebi) da a.S.
250
gamoqveynebis adgili.gamocemis adgili aris qalaqi, sadac
gamomcemlobis mTavari redaqcia mdebareobs; igi, rogorc wesi, mieTiTeba
satitulo gverdze, zogjer ki saavtoro uflebebis Semcvel gverdze. iq,
sadac ori an orze meti qalaqia miTiTebuli (magaliTad, `Cikago da
londoni”), miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli qalaqi.
los-anJelesi: “pol geTis fondis gamomcemloba“
niu-iorki: kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemloba
mkiTxvelisTvis SesaZloa, ucnobi iyos gamocemis qalaqian aerios imave
saxelis matarebel sxva qalaqSi, amitom daumateT mas Statis (ix. 24.3.1),
mxaris an (Tu saWiroa) qveynis abrevitura. rodesac gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba Seicavs Statis (qveynis) saxels, aRar aris saWiro Statis
(qveynis) abreviaturis darTva.
CeSairi, koneqtikuti:grafiqs gamomcemloba
harmondsvorTi, gaerTianebuli samefo:penguin buqsis gamomcemloba
kembriji, masaCusetsi: em-ai-Ti presis gamomcemloba
Cefel hili: CrdiloeT karolinis universitetis gamomcemloba
251
saxelwodeba Semdeg Seicvala an Tqvens bibliografiaSi Setanil sxva
wignebSi sxvadasxvagvarad saxeldeba.
harkot breis end uoldi
harkot brei iovanoviCi
harkot, breisi
Tumca, adgilis dazogvis mizniT, SegiZliaT,iseTi abreviaturebis
gamotoveba, rogoricaa korp. (korporacia), Sps (SezRuduli
pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba), komp. (kompania) da sagamomc. komp.
(sagamomcemlo kompania).
hafton mifini da ara hafton mifinis korp.
litl, braun da ara litl, braun da komp.
Tu gamomcemlobaucxouria, nu gadaTargmniT an nu SeamoklebT
gamomcemlobis saxelwodebis raime nawils, miuTiTeT qalaqis saxeli
inglisurSi gavrcelebuli formiT (rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli). Tu
gamomcemeliucnobia, daurTeT mxolod gamoqveynebis adgili (Tu
cnobilia) da gamocemis TariRi.
gamocemis TariRi.wignis gamocemis TariRi Seicavs mxolod wels, ara
Tves an dRes da,rogorc wesi, saavtoro uflebebis gancxadebis TariRis
identuria. is,Cveulebriv, mieTiTeba saavtoro uflebebis Semcvel
gverdze zogjer ki — satitulo furcelze.
ganaxlebul da gadabeWdil gamocemebs SeiZleba,hqondes saavtoro
uflebebis gancxadebis erTze meti TariRi. aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelaze
uaxlesi miuTiTebs gamocemis TariRs. magaliTad: © 1982, 1992, 2003, aq 2003
gamocemis TariRia.aseT naSromebSi publikaciis TariRebis citirebis
Sesaxeb ix. 17.1.3.
Tu ver adgenT nabeWdi nawarmoebis gamocemis TariRs, CasviT abreviatura
ver dadg. (n.d), wlis nacvlad. Tu TariRi ar aris miTiTebuli,
magrammigaCniaT, rom iciT, SegiZliaT, daumatoT frCxilebSi kiTxvis
niSniT, rac mianiSnebs, rom TariRis sisworeSi darwmunebuli ar xarT.
b: smiTi, jon. wigni Rirsebebis Sesaxeb. edinburgi, ver dadg.
mileri, samuel. kidev erTi wigni Rirsebebis Sesaxeb. bostoni, [1750?].
252
Tu wignze gamomcemlobaSi muSaoba mimdinareobs da ukve
dasaTaurebulia, Tumca, gamocemis TariRi jer ar aris cnobili,
TariRisTvis gankuTvnil adgilas miuTiTeT gamoqveyndeba uaxloes
momavalSi. Tu wigni jer ar aris gadacemuli gamomcemlobisTvis
dasabeWdad, miuTiTeT is, rogorc gamouqveynebeli xelnaweri (ix. 17.6).
253
mdebareobis maniSnebeli specialuri tipis informacia. wignis
zogierT nawils aqvs specialuri tipismdebareobis maniSnebeli
informacia, romlebic gamoiyeneba miTiTebebSi.
- SeniSvnebis nomrebi. SeniSvnebis miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneT
abreviatura Sen. (SeniSvna), mravlobiTSi Sen.-ebi. Tu miTiTebuli
SeniSvna aris erTaderTi sqolio Tavis gverdze an daunomravi
sqolio, daumateT Sen. gverdis nomris Semdeg (Sualeduri
intervalis an sasveni niSnis gareSe). Tu miTiTebuli
SeniSvnisgverdze sxva SeniSvnebic aris, miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri
da Semdeg Sen., an (Tu TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebulia ori an meti
SeniSvna) – Sen.-ebi da SeniSvnis nomeri (nomrebi).
254
URL-i daurTeT SeniSvnaSic da bibliografiis muxlSic. yoveli URL-i
iwyeba im protokolis nusxuri asoebiT Sedgenili abreviaturiT,
romelic gamoiyeneba mkiTxvelebisTvis eleqtronuli masalis
misawodeblad, yvelaze xSirad http da ftp. am abreviaturas mudmivad
mosdevs orwertili da ori daxrili xazi, ris Semdegac modis
gamomcemlis domenis saxeli, mas mere ki _ resursis misamarTi. domenis
saxelis momdevno komponentebi gancalkevebulia misgan da erTmaneTisgan
erTi daxrili xaziT.
http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter14.html#six
mTavruli asoebis dasma URL-is Sida komponentebSi xdeba zustad ise,
rogorc isini warmogvidgeba ekranze. Tu URL-s `damasrulebeli daxrili
xazi~ aqvs boloSi, CarTeT igi. nu CasvamT URL-s kvadratul frCxilebSi,
sasurvelia, rom URL-is uwyvetoba ar dairRves striqonis bolos, magram
Tu amis gakeTeba saWiroa, saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebisTvis ixileT 20.4.2.
zog internet wyaros,URLmisamarTebis garda, sxva mudmivi
identifikatorebic aqvs. Tu wyaro iyenebs obieqtis cifrul
identifikatorebsan msgavs sistemas, daurTeT informacia, romlis
Sedareba SesaZlebeli iqneba Tqvens miTiTebaSi arsebul URL-
misamarTTan.
doi: 10. 1006/jeth.2000.2694
nebismieri internetwyaros miTiTebisas daurTeT am wyaroSi ukanasknelad
Sesvlis TariRi, Tu ise moxda, rom mas Semdeg Sinaarsi Seicvala an
amoRebulia internetidan (ix. 15.4.1). SeRwevis TariRi CasviT frCxilebSi
URLmisamarTis an mudmivi identifikatoris Semdeg.
(Sesvlis TariRi: 2006 wlis 17 maisi)
internetSi gamoqveynebuli wignebi SeiZleba, ar Seicavdes gverdebis
nomrebs, romlebic gvexmareba frCxilebSi Casmul miTiTebebSi naCvenebi
amonaridis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvraSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT,
URLmisamarTis da Sesvlis TariRis win daumatoT aRwerilobiTi
maCvenebeli, rogoricaa, magaliTad, wina qvesaTauri (ix., magaliTad,
255
19.1.10). aucilebeli ar aris amgvari maCveneblis CarTva bibliografiis
muxlSi.
17.1.8 Tavebi da wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi, unda miuTiToT mTavari saTauri nebismieri wignisa,
romelSic warmodgeniliaerTi, uwyveti argumenti an Txroba, maSinac,
roca Tqven, faqtobrivad, mis mxolod erT romelime nawils iyenebT. Tu
xelmZRvanelobT im wignis mxolod erTi nawiliT, romelic erTi an
ramdenime avtoris mier sxvadasxva Temaze dawerili damoukidebeli
naSromebis krebulia, SegiZliaT, miuTiToT mxolod is erTi Tavi an
nawili, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba Tqvens kvlevas. amiT
daexmarebiT mkiTxvels, dainaxos, ramdenad miesadageba wyaro Tqvens
proeqts.
da ara
256
S: 1. jon Carlz Cestini, `neokolonializmi",wignSi ---`sisxlsa da cecxlSi
dabadebuli: laTinuri amerikis mokle istoria(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba
“nortoni da kompania”, 2001), 190-91.
257
brWyalebSi Casmuli). sityvis `wignSi ...” Semdeg miuTiTeT wignis saTauri
da redaqtoris saxeli da gvari. bibliografiis muxlSi wignis saTauris
Semdeg miuTiTeTam nawilis gverdebis sruli intervali; SeniSvnaSi
miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri (nomrebi) konkretuli literaturisTvis,
rogorc nebismieri sxva citatis SemTxvevaSi.
258
bibliografiaSi CarTeT sruli miTiTeba mTlian wignze da Semoklebuli
SeniSvnis erT-erTi varianti calkeuli nawilebis miTiTebisTvis.
b:engli. pol m., red. `dablobebiani Stati: ilinoisis Sesaxeb”, 1673-1967,
mogzaurebisa da sxva pirebis monaTxrobis mixedviT. (Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1967).
kiTingi, uiliam h.`forti diarborni da Cikago”. “Angle”-Si, 84-87.
lipinkoti, sara klark. `Cikago”. “englSi”, 362-70.
anTologiebSi moTavsebuli naSromebi. miuTiTeT anTologiaSi dabeWdili
mokle moTxroba, leqsi, ese an sxva naSromi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT
mravali redaqtoris mier redaqtirebulkrebulSi Semaval naSroms.
anTologiebSi gamoqveynebuli umetesi naSromebis saTaurebi
dawereTswori SriftiT, moaTavseT brWyalebSi. gamonakliss warmoadgens
amonaridis saTauri didi moculobis mqone poemidan an prozauli
nawarmoebidan, romelic unda daiweros daxrili SriftiT (ix. 22.3.2).
259
S: 2. izabel alende, `sulebs ase surdaT” (1984), krebulSioqsfordis
wigni...
S:1. adamsis werilebi Carlz milnes gaskels, londoni, 1896 wlis 30 marti,
werilebSi `henris werilebi adamsis misamarTiT”, 1858-1891, red. vorTingTon
Consi fordi (bostoni: gamomcemloba “hafton mifini”, 1930), 141,
260
b:jeqsoni, paulina. paulina jeqsonis werilebi jon pepis umcrosis misamarTiT,
1676 w. 3 oqtomberi. naSromSi `semuel pepisis da misi ojaxis werilebi”,
redaqtirebuli helen Trusdel hiTis mier, no. 42. oqsfordi:
gamomcemloba “klarendon presi”, 1955.
261
samoras kvleviTi instituti, miCiganis Statis universiteti, 2000.
http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapterU .html#six (gaxsnilia
2005 wlis 19 dekembers).
rodesac miuTiTebT wignebs, romlebic gamoqveynebulia sxva eleqtronul
formatSi, rogoricaa internetidan CamosatvirTi wignebian wignebi,
romlebic wignis maRaziaSi an biblioTekaSi sxva tipis matarebelzea
xelmisawvdomi, miuTiTeT formati (CD-ROM, Microsoft Reader e-book).
262
popularul JurnalTan, naxeT, xom ar Seicavs Jurnalis statiebi
miTiTebebs; Tu pasuxi dadebiTia, miiCnieT igi samecnierod.
17.2.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
miuTiTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari zustad ise, rogorc statiebis
saTaurebSia. ixelmZRvaneleT 17.1.1-Si mocemuli wignis avtorebisTvis
gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.
263
uiliamsoni, jorj s. `ram mokla avgus fon kocebiu? Rirsebis cduneba
da germanuli nacionalizmis politikuri Teologia, 1789-1819."
Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali1 2 (2000 wlis dekemberi): 890-943.
ucxoenovan saTaurebSi mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba saWiroa konkretuli
enis tradiciebis Sesabamisad ,,winadadebis stilis” (ix. 22.3.1) dacviT. Tu
daurTavT inglisur Targmans, CasviT igi kvadratul frCxilebSi,
brWyalebis gareSe.
S: 22. Jerar buSari, "Un essai d'anthropologie regionale: L'histoire sociale du Saguenay
aux XIXe et XXe siecles," Annales: Economies, societes, civilisations 34 (1979 wlis
ianvari): 118.
b:kerni, u. "Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden?" [sad Seagrova pigafeltam
malaiziuri sityvebi?] Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land- en volkenkundo
78(19381:271-73.
264
tomis da nomris gamocemis nomrebi. tomis nomeri mosdevs Jurnalis
saTaurs Sualeduri sasveni niSnis gareSe da ar iwereba daxrili
SriftiT. gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi maSinac, roca Tavad Jurnali
iyenebs romauls. Tu gamocemas aqvs nomeri, is mosdevs tomis nomers,
gamoyofilia mZimiT da win uZRvis nom.
265
Tu statia miRebulia gamosaqveyneblad, magram jer ar gamoqveynebula,
ixmareT frCxilebSi Casmuli fraza: gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi,
TariRis (da gverdebis nomrebis) nacvlad. nebismieri statia, romelic
jer ar aris miRebuli gamosacemad, CaTvaleT gamouqveynebel xelnawerad
(ix. 17.6).
266
17.2.6 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi
specialuri gamocema aris erTi Temisadmi miZRvnili Jurnalis gamocema.
mas aqvs tomis da gamocemis Cveulebrivi nomrebi. Tu specialur
gamocemas aqvs sakuTari saTauri da hyavs redaqtori, miTiTebaSi
aRniSneT orive maTgani. saTauri mocemulia swori SriftiT da Casmulia
brWyalebSi.
b:brauni, bil, " sagnebis” red. specialuri gamocema, kritikuli Zieba28, nom. 1
(2001wlis Semodgoma).
267
17.2.7 internetSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi
onlain JurnalebTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT beWdviTi Jurnalebis
statiebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa,
daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens bibliografiaSi Setanili masalis mopovebis
TariRi (ix. 15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi;
Tqven unda miuTiToT publikaciis yvela faqti, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia
maTi dadgena, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic. onlain JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba, ar
moipovebodes gverdebis nomrebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini ar qveyndeba
beWdviTi Jurnalebis paralelurad. Tu gverdebis nomrebi ar arsebobs,
frCxilebSi Casmul miTiTebebSi mocemuli nawyvetis adgilis
identificireba SegiZliaT aRwerilobiTi maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina
qvesaTauri) Semdeg unda daematos sityva qveSURL misamarTis da masalis
gaxsnis TariRis win.
268
S: 6.lorens a. Sapiro`mravalmxrivi gaazreba”.filosofiis Jurnali97. nom.12
(2000 wlis dekemberi): 642. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-362X%28200012%2997%
3A12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27 ivniss).
269
S: 2. barbara valrafi,msoflio sasamarTlo, Jurnali “atlantik
mansli”,2005 wlis ivnisi. 128.
270
17.4 sagazeTo statiebi
umetes SemTxvevebSi mxolod SeniSvnebSi miuTiTeT yoveldRiur
gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi da sxva masala. rogorc
wesi,aucilebeli ar aris maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca,SeiZleba,
gadawyvitoT romelime konkretuli statiis miTiTeba, romelic Zalian
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris citirebuli.
ixelmZRvaneleT popularul JurnalebSi statiebis miTiTebis zogadi
modeliT (ix. 17.3). gamotoveT gverdis nomrebi, vinaidan gazeTs SeiZleba,
hqondes ramdenime gamocema, romelSic masala SeiZleba gamoCndes
sxvadasxva gverdebze an amoiRon kidec. SegiZliaT, daakonkretoT,
romeli gamocemiT ixelmZRvaneleT da daumatoT frazebi bolo
gamoSveba, Sua dasavleTis gamoSveba, an sxva msgavsi identifikatori.
an
271
miuTiTeT gazeTis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi da statiis avtoris
(aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) saxeli da gvari. am informaciidan zogi
elementi SeiZleba,moTavsdes frCxilebSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ar
Seesabameba frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis formas, romelic aRwerilia
16.4.3-Si.
an
272
S:6. `Associated Press”, `erayis konstitucia Tavdasxmebis fonze”, gazeTSiLos
Angeles Times, 2005wlis 6 oqtomberi.
273
adgilmdebareobis miniSneba aRwerilobiTi maniSneblis damatebiT
(rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri) qvesaTauris Semdeg.
274
tucidides mier gadmocemulipeloponeziis flotis umoqmedobis oTxmoci
dRe rodiSi(8.44.4), romelic dasrulda zamTris dasrulebamde(8.60.2-3),
mianiSnebs...
S: 3.ovid amoresi1.7.27.
8.beovulfi, striqonebi 24017.
11. spenseri,dedoflis feria,w. 2, leqsi 8, st. 14.
275
S:5. aristofanebayayebi1019-30.
6. ciceroniVerr. 1.3.21. 2.3.120; tacitiusiCanasaxi. 10.2-3.
10aristotelemetafizika3.2.996b5-8; platonirespublika360e-
361b.
276
S:3. miltoni. dakarguli samoTxe. 1.83-86.
277
17.5.3 sacnobaro literatura
sayovelTaod cnobili sacnobaro literatura, rogoricaa mTavari
leqsikonebi da enciklopediebi, Cveulebriv, moixsenieba mxolod
SeniSvnebSi. rogorc wesi,ar aris saWiro maTi Casma bibliografiaSi,
Tumca, SegiZliaT im konkretuli naSromis CarTva, romelic
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis dasabuTebisTvis an, romelic xSirad
aris miTiTebuli. SeniSvnaSi SegiZliaT, gamotovoT informacia
publikaciis Sesaxeb, magram daakonkreteT gamocema (Tu es ar aris
pirveli gamocema). anbanuri wesiT awyobili naSromis, magaliTad,
enciklopediis, SemTxvevaSi miuTiTeT muxli (da ara tomi an gverdis
nomeri), romelsac win uswrebs ix. - ixileT (s.v.- sub verbo).
278
S:1. Encyclopaedia Britannica onlain varianti, ix. `sibeliusi,
jin”,http://www.britannica .com/ebc/article?tocld=9378608 (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1
ivniss).
279
mxolod da mxolod reziumeebisgan. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, reziumeebi,
Cveulebriv, mxolod SeniSvniT unda mieTiTos. rogorc wesi, maTi
bibliografiaSi CarTva ar aris aucilebeli, Tumca, SesaZloa,
gadawyvitoT konkretuli recenziis miTiTeba, romelic mniSvnelovania
Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris miTiTebuli.
daurTeT sakuTriv naSromis sruli miTiTeba. Tu reziume ibeWdeba
naSromTan erTad, miTiTebaSi sityva reziume CasviT saTauris Semdeg. Tu
reziume ibeWdeba sxva gamocemaSi, sityvebi reziume . . . –SiCasviT sawyisi
miTiTebis Semdeg da miuTiTeT reziumes adgilmdebareoba.
280
angariSi: kolejis sapensio fondi(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba: `Tiaa-krefi”,
2005), 62.
b:oqsfordis inglisuri enis leqsikoni. me-2 gam. CD-ROM. versia 2.0. niu-
iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba. 1999.
281
monacemTa bazebis dokumentebs an Canawerebs SeniSvnaSi
miTiTebisasdaurTeTdokumentis avtoris saxeli da gvari da dokumentis
saxelwodeba (Tu aqvs), monacemTa baza (swori SriftiT), URL misamarTi
da TariRi, rodesac masala moipoveT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod da
mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar aris; unda warmoadginoT sruli informacia
publikaciis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, raTa mkiTxvels
SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. onlain monacemTa
bazebSi ganTavsebuli disertaciebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.6.1.
282
17.6.1 Tezisebi da disertaciebi
Tu xelmZRvanelobT gamouqveynebeli disertaciis nabeWdi formiT,
CaTvaleT igi gamouqveynebel xelnawerad. avtoris da saxelwodebis
Semdeg miuTiTeT disertaciis tipi da samecniero dawesebuleba, Semdeg
TariRi. wignis publikaciis monacemebis msgavsad, es elementebi
SeniSvnaSi frCxilebSi Tavsdeba, bibliografiaSi ki – ara. gamoiyeneT
disertaciis Semoklebuli varianti dis.sityvis gamouqveynebelixmareba
saWiro ar aris.
283
S:2.jon Trumani,`indielTa bluzi: amerikeli indielebi da musikis
politika,1890-1935" (leqcia, wakiTxuli biblioTekaSi `Newberry Library”,
Cikago, ilinoisi, 2005wlis 2 Tebervali).
7. karen gradi, `rodesac maRali kultura popularuli kultura
iyo” (amerikis istorikosTa organizaciis yovelwliur Sexvedraze
warmodgenili moxseneba. 2004wlis 26 marti).
14. benjamin Spoki, j.e. senis interviu, 1974 wlis 20 noemberi, interviu
67a, werilobiTi asli,senis zepiri istoriis koleqcia, medicinis
erovnuli biblioTeka, beTezda, MD. 17.
makmilani,interviu; spoki, interviu.
284
ar aris miTiTebuli vinaoba (`yvela interviu iyo konfidencialuri; im
pirTa vinaobas, visac CamovarTviT interviuebi, ar vasaxelebT ormxrivi
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze’’) SeniSvnaSi an winasityvaobaSi.
S:10. interviu jandacvis sferos muSakTan 2006 wlis 10 agvisto.
285
avtoris saxeli da gvari; Tu dokuments aqvs saxelwodeba, avtori ki –
ara, an Tu saxelwodeba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre avtori,
Tavdapirvelad saxelwodeba miuTiTeT.
286
Tu koleqciidan mxolod erT dokuments uTiTebT da is mniSvnelovania
Tqveni argumentis dasabuTebisTvis an xSirad gaqvT naSromSi
miTiTebuli, SeiZleba, arCioT misi bibliografiaSi CarTva.muxlSi,pirvel
rigSi, miuTiTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari; Tu dokuments aqvs
saxelwodeba, xolo avtori ar hyavs an Tu saxelwodeba ufro
mniSvnelovania, vidre avtori, pirvelad miuTiTeT saxelwodeba.
287
angariSi an oqmi, swori SriftiT, ubrWyalebod.dasviT mTavruli asoebi
am tipis ganzogadebul saxelebSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini
xelnaweris oficialuri saTauris nawilia da ara maSin, roca maT
mxolod aRwerilobiTi funqcia akisria.
288
mas;sruli miTiTeba, aseve, unda uCvenebdes wyaros da Tqvens mier misi
ukanasknelad monaxulebis TariRs (ix. 15.4.1).
17.7.1 vebgverdebi
wignebisa da perioduli gamocemebis garda onlain wyaroebidan miRebul
sxva original masalasTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTeT, rac SeiZleba, meti
informacia Semdegi CamonaTvlidan: avtori, gverdis saTauri (swori
SriftiT, brWyalebSi), vebgverdis saxelwodeba an mflobeli (swori
SriftiT), URL-i da vebgverdze Sesvlis TariRi.
289
araoficialur saitebze, rogoricaa mTavari gverdebi da
TayvanismcemelTa saitebi, romlebsac SeiZleba, arc hqondeT saTaurebi,
gamoqveynebuli masalebisTvis gamoiyeneT aRwerilobiTi frazebi.
290
blog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html#c080052 (gaxsnilia 2006
wlis 28 marts).
291
informacia, Tanmimdevrulad daaformateT elementebi da
miTiTebebssaWiroebisamebr miusadageT winamdebare nawilSi mocemuli
zogadi modelebi.
am nawilSi CamoTvlili wyaroebis umetesoba mxolod SeniSvnebSi unda
aRniSnoT an, sulac, teqstSi CarToT misi ZiriTadi elementebi. Tu
sxvagvari ram ar aris miTiTebuli, rogorc wesi, saWiro ar aris am
wyaroebis bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevebSi
SeiZleba, CarToT konkretuli elementi, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni
argumentis dasabuTebis TvalsazrisiT an romelic xSirad aris
miTiTebuli. Tu naSroms iseTi disciplinebisTvis werT, rogoricaa
xelovneba, mediis kvlevebi an sxva msgavsi sfero, rCevisTvis Tqvens
pedagogs mimarTeT.
17.8.1 vizualuri wyaroebi
ferweruli namuSevrebi, qandakebebi, fotoebi da xelovnebis sxva
nawarmoebebi.ferweruli naxatebi, qandakebebi, fotosuraTebi da
xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebebi aRiniSneba mxolod
SeniSvnebSi.daurTeT,agreTve,mxatvris saxeli da gvari, nawarmoebis
saxelwodeba da Seqmnis TariRi (romelsac win uswrebs ca. [circa],Tu
TariRi miaxloebiTia), aseve, im dawesebulebis saxelwodeba da
adgilmdebareoba (TuaseTi arsebobs), romelSic igi inaxeba. ferweruli
namuSevrebisa da qandakebebissaxelwodebebi daxrili SriftiT dawereT,
xolo fotosuraTebis saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT miuTiTeT da
brWyalebSi CasviT.
292
S:7. Gjorjia okifi, alpuri buxrebi, 1938, barbara buler linis, lesli
polin-kempesis da fridrix u. terneris naSromSi – jorjia okifi da
niu-meqsiko: adgilis SegrZneba (prinstoni: prinstonis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2004), 25.
293
S:cisferi Citi,Semsrulebeli Seril l. vesti, reJisori sereT skoti,
Second Stage Theater, niu-iorki, 2005wlis 22 ivnisi.
16. iuja vangi, fortepiano, "La Valse," komp. moris raveli, saorkestro
darbazi, Cikago, 2006 wlis 26 marti.
294
wamyvani Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari (Tu Tqvens msjelobas
Seesabameba), adgili, saidanac xdeba mauwyebloba da Tavdapirveli
mauwyeblobis TariRi (Tu gansxvavdeba im TariRisgan, rodesac Tqven
naxeT an moismineT gadacema). programebis saxelebi dawereT daxrili
SriftiT, xolo epizodebis an segmentebis saTaurebi – swori SriftiT,
brWyalebSi.
295
S:18. federal eqspresi, "gamoqvabulis kacis" reklama, eTerSi gadaica 2006
wlis 5 Tebervals, superboloul iqs-elis msvlelobisas.
17.8.4 audioCanawerebi
Tu audioCanawerSi moismineT musikaluri Sesruleba an deklamacia
(spoken performance), miuTiTeT Canaweri. gamoqveynebuli nawarmoebebis
msgavsad, aseT Canawerebs, rogorc wesi, ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi
saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiro iqneba maTi aRniSvna
bibliografiaSi.
aRniSneT Canaweri misi saxelwodebis qveS, an kompozitoris, an
Semsruleblis saxelis qveS, imis mixedviT, Tu romeli ufro Seesabameba
Tqvens msjelobas. imisaTvis, rom sxva msgavsi Canawerebisgan ganasxvavoT,
daurTeT, SeZlebisdagvarad, meti informacia: Camweri kompaniis saxeli,
Canaweris saidentifikacio nomeri, Canaweris forma (firi, kompaqtdiski)
da saavtoro uflebis miniWebis an Canaweris damzadebis TariRi (an
orive). gamoiyeneT kompaqtdiskis (compact disc)Semoklebuli varianti: CD.
296
17.8.5 videoCanawerebi
Tu cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi an satelevizio programa, an sxva
samauwyeblo masala videoCanawerSi naxeT, miuTiTeT Canaweri.
gamoqveynebuli naSromebis msgavsad, aseT Canawerebs, rogorc wesi,
ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da
bibliografiaSi unda miuTiToT.
videoCanawerebis miTiTebisas, Cveulebriv,unda ixelmZRvaneloT
wignebisTvis gankuTvnili nimuSebiT, Canaweris formis damatebiT (VHS,
DVD). gaiTvaliswineT, rom meore magaliTSi miTiTebulia 2001 wlis
gamoSvebis masala, amitom filmis Tavdapirveli gamosvlis TariRi
gamotovebulia.
b:qlisi, jo, teri giliami, erik aidli, teri jounsi da maikl palini
`qronikebi”.*'meore diski. Monty Python and the Holy Grail (wminda
graali),specialuri gam.. DVD. reJisorebi teri giliami da teri
jounsi. qalver siTi, kalifornia:qalambia traistar houm
enterteimenti,2001.
297
rogoricaa failebis TariRebi, SeiZleba, rTuli iyos; mainc miuTiTeT
maqsimalurad vrceli informacia. amasTan, miuTiTeT onlain saitis
saxeli da failis tipi da (SeniSvnebSi, Tu mizanSewonilia) dro,
rodesac miTiTebuli masala Cndeba failSi. daurTeT URL-i da saitze
Sesvlis TariRi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi;
unda warmoadginoT damatebiTi informacia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos
wyaros moZieba URLmisamarTis Secvlisgan damoukideblad. Tu fails ar
aqvs calkeURL-i (rogorc qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi), miuTiTeT
mTeli saiti.
298
b:barter, judiT, red.Mmeri kasati: Tanamedrove qali. Cikago: Cikagos
xelovnebis instituti, hari n. abramsTan TanamSromlobiT, 1998. gamoqveynebulia
Semdeg gamofenasTan kavSirSi – `meri kasati: Tanamedrove qali”, romelic
warmodgenili iyo bostonis saxviTi xelovnebis muzeumSi, vaSingtonis
kolumbiis olqis erovnul galereasa da Cikagos xelovnebis institutSi.
b:anuili, jin. beketi anu RmerTis pativi. Targmnilia lusien hilis mier.niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba `riverheds buqsi”, 1996.
299
miuTiTeT gamouqveynebeli partitura ise, rogorc miuTiTebdiT
gamouqveynebel masalas xelnawerTa koleqciebidan.
300
-dokumentis an krebulis saTauri, Tu aseTi arsebobs (rogorc wesi,
daxrili SriftiT).
• avtoris, redaqtoris an Semdgenlis saxeli da gvari, Tu miTiTebulia;
301
debatebi. 1873 wlidan kongresSi gamarTul debatebs mTavroba aqveynebda
kongresis oficialur gamocemaSi `Congressional Record”(kongresis reestri).
yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, miuTiTeT gamocemis tomebi, romlebSic
xSirad aisaxeba cvlilebebireestris yoveldRiuri gamoSvebebis
mixedviT.
S:16. kongresis reestri, 71-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses, 72. naw. 10: 10828-30.
b: a.S.S. kongresi. kongresis reestri. 71-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses. 1930. t. 72.
naw. 10.
302
S:9. senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti, 1956 wlis kanoni ormxrivi
uSiSroebis Sesaxeb, 84-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses., 1956, sen. warm. pal.(Rep.)
2273, 9-10.
14. iaponiasTan,
germaniasa da italiasTan saomari mdgomareobis
gamocxadeba, 77-e mowvevis kong., 1-li sesia, 1941,sen. dok. 148, seriuli
10575, 2-5.
15. senatis komiteti, kanoni ormxrivi uSiSroebis Sesaxeb, 9.
22. federaluri sasamarTloebis reorganizacia, 75-emowvevis kong., 1-li
sesia, 1937. sen.warm. pal. (Rep.) 711.
303
S:16. 1985 wlis aqti sursaTisusafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, warmomadgenelTa palata
(HR) 2100, 99-e mowvevis kongr., 1-li ses., kongresis reestri131. no. 132,
yoveldRiuri gam.(1985 wlis 8 oqtomberi): H 8461
.
S:18. 1946 wlisaqti atomuri energiis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo kanoni 585, 79-e
mowvevis kong., me-2 sesia (1946 wlis 1 agvisto), 12, 19.
19. 1996 wlis aqti telekomunikaciebis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo kanoni 104-104.
SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli 110 (1996):56.
25. 1969 wlis aqti erovnuli garemosdacvis politikis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo
kanoni 91-190. § 102, SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli83 (1970): 853,
kodificirebulia rogorcU.S. Code 42 (2000), § 4332.
27. aqti erovnuli garemosdacviTi politikis Sesaxeb, § 103.
304
1789-1873. am krebulis miTiTebebi Seicavs tomis nomers da misi
gamoqveynebis TariRs.
17.9.3 saprezidento gamocemebi
saprezidento gamocemebi, brZanebulebebi, vetoebi, mimarTvebi da a.S.
qveyndeba `saprezidento dokumentebis yovelkvireul krebulSi’’(the Weekly
Compilation of Presidential Documents) da `SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebis
sajaro dokumentebSi~ (Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States).
mowodebebi da brZanebulebebi Tavsdeba, agreTve, yoveldRiur
`federalur reestrSi’’ (Federal Register), Semdeg ki qveyndeba `federaluri
normatiuli aqtebis krebulis’’ (the Code of Federal Regulations) me-3 tomSi.
saprezidento gamocemebi wyarod gamoiyeneT `krebulSi’’ gamoqveynebis
Semdeg.
305
32. warm. pal. dok. nom.210, 17.
306
S:32. senati, komunaluri momsaxurebis korporaciebis Sesaxeb vaWrobis
federaluri komisiisadmi angariSi,70-e mowvevis kongr., 1-li sesia, 1935 , sen.
dok. 91, naw. 71 A.
17.9.6 xelSekrulebebi
1949 wlamde xelmowerili xelSekrulebebis teqstebi qveyndeba
`SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebulSi~ (United States Statutes at Large);
307
araoficialur miTiTebaSi gamoiyeneba terminebi `xelSekrulebebis seria~
(the Treaty Series) an`saprezidento SeTanxmebebis seria~ (the Executive Agreement
Series).1949 wels an mas Semdeg xelmowerili xelSekrulebebi Tavmoyrilia
dokumentSi `SeerTebuli Statebis xelSekrulebebi da sxva
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi~ (United States Treaties and Other International
Agreements)(UST, 1950-) an `xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebis
seriebi~ (Treaties and Other International Acts Series)(TIAS, 1946-). orze meti
saxelmwifos monawileobiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebi SeiZleba,
moiZebnos dokumentSi `gaerTianebuli erebis xelSekrulebebis seria:
gaerTianebuli erebis samdivnoSi daregistrirebuli an daarqivebuli, an
aRricxvaSi gatarebuli xelSekrulebebi da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi~
(the United Nations Treaty Series: Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed or
Recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations). 1920-1946 wlebSi dadebuli
msgavsi xelSekrulebebi Tavmoyrilia ,,erTa ligis xelSekrulebebis
seriaSi~(the League of Nations Treaty Series).
miuTiTeT xelSekrulebebis saxelebi swori SriftiT, moaTavseT
brWyalebSi. dawereT daxrili SriftiT gamocemebis saxelebi, im
SemTxvevaSic, Tu isini mravaltomeuli naSromebi an seriebia. zusti
TariRi aRniSnavs dokumentze xelmoweris TariRs, amdenad, umjobesia,
zusti TariRis miTiTeba, vidre mxolod wlis, romelic SeiZleba
gansxvavdebodes xelSekrulebis gamoqveynebis wlisgan.yuradReba
miaqcieT Semoklebuli SeniSvnis formas, romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli
modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1.)
308
b:SeerTebuli Statebi. `sazRvao
SeiaraRebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmeba”. 1922 wlis 26 Tebervali. SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli
43, naw. 2(1922).
309
Reporter) (SemoklebiT S. Ct.), Tu is jer ar aris asaxuli pirvel
dokumentSi.
310
S:39. ilinoisis generaluri asamblea, kanonSi cvlilebis Setanis komisia,
angariSi ilinoisis Statis 80-e mowvevis generaluri asambleis winaSe (Cikago,
1977w). 14-18.
41. niu meqsikos konstitucia, muxli 4, seq. 7.
44. ohaios Statis ganaxlebuli kodeqsi, anotaciebiT, seq.3599.01 (West
2000).
52. meTampetaminis kontrolis da sazogadoebis dacvis Sesaxeb aqti,
ilinoisis sakanonmdeblo dokumentebis krebuli, Tavi.720,naw. 646/10 (2005).
S:2. kanada, TemTa palatis debatebi (2000 wlis 3 ivnisi), gv. 7904 (q-ni
lalondi, parlamentis wevri).
311
saparlamento kanonproeqtebis miTiTebisas daurTeT misi nomeri,
saTauri, sesiis nomeri, parlamentis nomeri da, saWiroebisamebr,
damatebiTi informacia.
S:3. kanonproeqti C-40, eqstradiciis Sesaxeb aqti me-2 sesia, 36-e mowvevis
parlamenti,1998, cl. 1 (miRebulia 17 ivniss,1999). kanadis kanonmdebloba1999, c.
18.
312
S:1. saparlamento debatebis oficialuri angariSi, me-3 ser.,t. 249 (1879),
cols. 611-27.
313
wlamde gamoSvebuli aqtebis aRniSvnisas miuTiTeT monarqis mefobis
weli, monarqis saxeli (SemoklebiT) da rigiToba (arabuli cifrebiT).
314
b:generaluri xelSekruleba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb. mravalmxrivi
savaWro molaparakebebis urugvais raundis Sedegebi: iuridiuli
teqstebi. Jeneva: tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb generaluri xelSekrulebis
(GATT) samdivno, 1994.
315
adgilmdebareobis aRniSvna SeniSvnaSi aRwerilobiTi informaciis
damatebiT SegiZliaT (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri).
316
msgavsi situacia SeiZleba Seiqmnas, rodesac uTiTebT citatas, romelic
meorad wyaroSi ipoveT, xolo am meorad wyaroze ki pirvelwyaros
miTiTebiT gadaxvediT. (ix. 3.1.1). xSirad ver SeZlebT, gaecnoT
pirvelwyaros, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is gamouqveynebeli xelnawerebis
krebulia. am SemTxvevaSi ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT mocemuli principebiT.
317
18 teqstobrivi miTiTebis stili:
standartuli formati
18.2 bibliografia
18.2.1 muxlebis dalageba
18.2.3 wyaroebi, romlebic SegiZliaT, ar miuTiToT
R: Cronon, William. 1991. Nature’s metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W.W. Norton
& Company.
318
mkiTxveli Tqvengan sworad wyaros miTiTebis wesebis zedmiwevniT dacvas
moelis. es wesebi Seexeba ara mxolod CasarTav informacias da am monacemebis
Tanmimdevrobas, aramed. agreTve, punqtuacias, mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebas
(inglisur enaze werisas. mTarg. SeniSvna), daxrili Sriftis gamoyenebas da sxva.
wyaro rom sworad miuTiToT, didi yuradReba unda miaqcioT wvrilman
detalebs, romelic mkvlevarTa didi nawilisTvis advilad dasamaxsovrebeli
ar aris. momdevno TavSi mocemulia mza gzamkvlevi am detalebTan dakavSirebiT.
18.1.2 punqtuacia
gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis muxlebSi elementebis umetesoba
gamoyaviT wertilebiT; teqstobriv miTiTebebSi avtors da TariRs Soris
sasveni niSani ar dasvaT, TariRi gverdis nomrisgan mZimiT gamoyaviT.
319
gavrcelebuli saxis citirebisas. naCvenebia, agreTve, punqtuacia, saTaurebis
mTavruli asoebiT dawyeba da elementebis gaformeba. ruxi feriT daCrdiluli
teqsti aRniSnavs abreviaturebs da sxva terminebs, rogorc isini miTiTebaSi
daiwereboda. XX aRniSnavs citirebuli teqstis gverdis nomrebs, YY aRniSnavs
statiis an Tavis gverdebis srul diapazons.
wignebi
1. erTi avtori an redaqtori
R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis
qvesaTauri. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba.
Diamond, Jared. 1997. Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies. New York: W. W. Norton
and Company.
2. ramdenime avtori
Tu wigns ori avtori hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi sqema:
Bird, Kai & Martin J. Sherwin. 2005. American Prometheus: The triumph and tragedy of J. Robert
Oppenheimer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
320
Tu wigns oTxi an meti avtori hyavs, SeniSvnis struqtura mxolod aseTi saxiT
SecvaleT:
P: (pirveli avtoris saxeli da sxvebi. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)
[Hall da sxvebi. 1987, 114-15]
3. avtor(eb)i, agreTve, redaqtori an mTargmneli
Tu wigns avtoris garda, redaqtoric hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi struqtura:
R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis
qvesaTauri, red. redaqtoris saxeli da gvari. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba.
Harley, J.B. 2002. The new nature of maps: Essays in the history of cartography. red. Paul Laxton.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
P: (avtoris gvari gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)
(Harley 2002, 132-33)
4. gamocemis nomeri
R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis
qvesaTauri, gamocemis nomeri gam. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba.
Daniels, Roger. 1002. Coming to America: A history of immigration and ethnicity in American life. me-2
gam. New York: Harper Perennial.
saJurnalo statiebi
6. saJurnalo statiis beWduri gamocema
R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. statiis saTauri: statiis
qvesaTauri. Jurnalis saxelwodeba tomis nomeri (TariRTan dakavSirebuli
damatebiTi informacia): YY-YY.
bibliografia
321
P: (avtoris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)
bibliografia
Tu statias ramdenime avtori hyavs, ixelmZRvaneleT avtorebis saxelebis
miTiTebis meore nimuSSi warmodgenili Sesabamisi sqemiT.
18.1.5 ricxvebi
saTaurebSi ricxvebi sityvierad gadmoicema an cifrebiT iwereba zustad ise,
rogorc wyaroSia. gverdis nomrebi, romlebic wyaroSi romauli cifrebiT aris
warmodgenili, mieTiTeba patara romauli cifrebiT. yvela sxva ricxvi
(rogoricaa Tavis nomrebi an naxatebis nomrebi) warmodgenilia arabuli
cifrebiT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu originalSi isini romauli cifrebiT aris
warmodgenili an sityvierad aris gadmocemuli.
18.1.6 abreviaturebi
SeniSvnebSi SeamokleT terminebi, rogoricaa redaqtori, mTargmneli, da tomi
(red., mTargm., da t.). mravlobiTi forma, Cveulebriv, iwarmoeba `ebi”-s damatebiT
(red.-ebi). adgilobrivi saxelmZRvanelo principebiT SesaZloa, nebadarTuli
iyos damatebiTi abreviaturebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa univ. _ universitetis
Semokleba.
322
18.1.7 Seweuli abzaci
gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebis muxlebis Seweva Sebrunebulad xdeba;
pirveli xazi swordeba marcxniv, xolo yvela momdevno striqoni Seweulia
abzacis identuri intervaliT. teqstobrivi miTiTebebi teqstSi Tavsdeba da
maTi Seweva ar xdeba.
18.2 bibliografia
naSromebSi, romlebSic gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebisTvis
gamoiyeneba teqstobrivi miTiTebebis – gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis
stili, bibliografiaSi warmodgenilia sruli bibliografiuli informacia
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi aRniSnul wyaroebze (ramdenime gansakuTrebuli tipis
wyaros garda; ix. 18.2.2). SegiZliaT, agreTve, miuTiToT naSromebi, romlebic
mniSvnelovni iyo Tqveni azrovnebis procesSi, magram teqstSi konkretulad ar
migiTiTebiaT. bibliografiuli informaciis warmodgenis garda, gamoyenebuli
literaturis CamonaTvlidan mkiTxveli xedavs Tqvens mier ganxorcielebuli
kvlevis masStabs da am kvlevis kavSirs manamde momzadebul naSromebTan.
gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels, agreTve,
SeuZlia wyaroebis sakuTar kvlevaSi gamoyeneba. Tu wyaros miTiTebis am stils
gamoiyenebT, naSromSi aucileblad unda CarToT bibliografia.
CamonaTvali daasaTaureT ase: bibliografia (an gamoyenebuli
literatura). ix. naxati A.16 danarTSi, sadac mocemulia bibliografia.
R: Gates, Henry Louis Jr. 1989. The signifying monkey: A theory of African-American Literary critisism.
New York: Oxford University Press.
-------------, red. 2002. The classic slave narratives. New York: Penguin Putnam.
323
------------. 2004. America behind the color line: Dialogues with African Americans. New York: Warner
Books.
Gates, Henry Louis Jr., da Cornel West. 2000. The African American century: How black Americans
have shaped our country. New York: Free Press.
R: Marty, Martin E., da R. Scott Appleby. 1992. The glory and the power: The fundamentalist challenge
to the modern world. Boston: Beacon Press.
----------, red.-ebi. 2004. Accounting for fundamentalisms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Marty, Martin E., da Micah Marty. 1998 When true simplicity is gained: Finding spiritual clarity in a
complex world. Grand Rapids, Ml: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
R: Davis, Natalie Zemon. 1983a. Beyond the market: Books as gifts in the sixteenth-century France.
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 33: 69-88.
---------. 1983b. The return of Martin Guerre. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
R: bibliografia
324
• Tu mniSvnelovania pirvelwyaroebis gamoyofa meoradi da mesamexarisxovani
wyaroebisgan, muxlebi calke nawilebSi CamowereT.
325
citatas rTavT, frCxili unda daxuroT mZimis, wertilis da sxva sasveni niSnis
win.
326
TariRi ar aris miTiTebuli. Tu uTiTebT gamoqveynebul naSroms, romelzec
ar aris miTiTebuli TariRi, TariRis adgilas dasviT T.a.m. (`TariRi ar aris
miTiTebuli”), rogorc bibliografiaSi, ise, teqstobriv miTiTebebSi. gamoiyeneT
swori Srifti da patara asoebi.
[Smith T.a.m., 5]
sxva tipis wyaroebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebi SegiZliaT, ixiloT me-
19 Tavis Sesabamis nawilSi.
amis Semdgom, Cangi sakmaod detalurad aRwers nankinis okupacias [1997, 159-67].
ariesis [1965] mier warmodgenili argumentebi Seicvala Semdgomi kvlevebis
Sedegad.
N: 10. jeims uilsoni aRniSnavs, rom `arc erT politikoss arasdros daukargavs
xmebi biurokratiis dagmobis gamo.” [1989, 235].
327
19. teqstobrivi miTitebis stili: specifikuri tipis
wyaroebis miTiTeba
19.1 wignebi
19.1.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
19.1.2 gamocemis TariRi
19.1.3 saxelwodeba
19.1.4 gamocema
19.1.5 tomi
19.1.6 seriebi
19.1.7 monacemebi gamocemaze
19.1.8 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia
19.1.9 Tavebi da wignis saxelwodebis mqone sxva nawilebi
19.1.10 onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi
19.2 samecniero Jurnalebisstatiebi
19.2.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
19.2.2 gamoqveynebis TariRi
19.2.3 statiis saTauri
19.2.4 samecniero Jurnalis saxelwodeba
19.2.5 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb
19.2.6 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilTandakavSirebulisxva informacia
19.2.7 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi
19.2.8 internetSigamoqveynebuli statiebi
19.3 arasamecnieroJurnalebisstatiebi
19.4 sagazeTo statiebi
19.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi
19.4.2 specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi
19.5gamoqveynebuli wyaroebisdamatebiTitipebi
19.5.1 klasikuri, Suasaukuneebis da adreuli periodis inglisuri
literaturuli nawarmoebebi
19.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi
19.5.3 sacnobaro literatura
328
19.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi
19.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi
19.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi
19.5.7 gamocemebi mikroformis saxiT
19.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi anDVD-ROM-ebi
19.5.9 internetSi ganTavsebulimonacemTa bazebi
19.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi
19.6.1 sadiplomo Temebi da disertaciebi
19.6.2 Sexvedrebze wakiTxulileqciebi da moxsenebebi
19.6.3 interviuebi da piradi saubrebi
19.6.4 xelnawerTa koleqciebi
19.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi
19.7.1 vebgverdebi
19.7.2 veblogebze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi
19.7.3 adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi
329
19.9.9 kanadis mTavrobis dokumentebi
19.9.10 britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi
19.9.11 saerTaSoriso organizaciebis publikaciebi
19.9.12 gamouqveynebeli saxelmwifo dokumentebi
19.9.13 onlain sajaro dokumentebi
330
agreTve, SegiZliaT, SeqmnaT qvemoT moyvanil principebTan da magaliTebTan
misadagebuli sakuTari stili. pedagogebis, ganyofilebebis da universitetebis
umravlesoba eTanxmeba amgvar adaptaciebs, Tu maT am ukanasknelebTan
SeTanxmebiT gamoiyenebT.
19.1 wignebi
wignebi asaxavs elementebis ufro farTo diapazons, vidre sxva tipis
gamoqveynebuli wyaroebis umetesoba. elementebSi arsebuli mravali
variacia, romelic winamdebare nawilSia ganxiluli, sxva tipis
wyaroebsac Seesabameba.
19.1.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
Tqvens bibliografiaSiyoveli avtoris saxeli da gvari warmoadgineT
zustad iseve, rogorc satitulo furcelzea warmodgenili. Tu saxeli
da gvari moicavs erTze met inicials, datoveT maT Soris sivrceebi (ix.
24.2.1). CamowereT avtorebis saxelebi da gvarebi Sebrunebuli
TanmimdevrobiT (pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT gvari), zogierTi ucxoenovani
saxelebis da gvarebisa da sxva SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, romlebic
ganmartebulia qvemoT miTiTebul paragrafSi `specialuri tipis saxelebi
da gvarebi~ (gv. ___).
R: boli, filipi. 2001. brwyinvale dedamiwa: xelovneba da feris gamogoneba.
niu iorki: farari, Strausi da Jiru.
brini, t. g. revoluciis bazari: rogor Camoayaliba momxmarebelTa
politikam amerikis damoukidebloba. niu iuorki: oqsfordis
universitetis gamomcemloba.
elizabet i. 2000. namuSevrebis krebuli. gamomc. li s. markusi, jeneT
miuleri da meri beT rouzi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi CawereT mxolod avtoris gvari, zustad
ise, rogorc miTiTebulia bibliografiaSi. Tu cnobilia mxolod da
mxolod avtoris saxeli, gamoiyeneT igi gvaris nacvlad.
P: (bol 2001, 140)
(brin 2004, 48)
(elizabet I 2000, 102-4)
331
mravali avtori. iseTi wignis bibliografiis muxlSi
miTiTiebisas,romelSic erTze meti avtoria, miuTiTeT pirveli avtoris
saxeli da gvari Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT, daurTeT mZime da
CamoTvaleT danarCeni avtorebi standartuli TanmimdevrobiT. daurTeT
yvela avtori maTi raodenobis miuxedavad; nu gamoiyenebTsxvebi-s.
R: berdi, kai da martin j. Servini. 2005. amerikeli promeTe: j. robert
opengeimeris triumfi da tragedia. niu iorki: alfred a. knopfi.
eplbi, joisi, lin hanti da margaret jeikobi. 1994. simarTle istoriis
Sesaxeb. niu iorki: u. u. nortoni da kompania.
holi, Jaklin daudi, jeims leludisi, robert korstedi, meri merfi, lu
en jounsi da kristofer b. deili. 1987. ojaxiviT: samxreTis bambis
sarTavi fabrikis samyaros Seqmna. Cepel hili: CrdiloeT karolinas
universitetis gamomcemloba.
332
menCu, rigoberta. 1999. sazRvrebis gadakveTisas. mTarg. da gamomc. en
raiti. niu iorki: verso.
adorno, Teodori v. da uolter benjamini. 1999. korespondenciis sruli
krebuli. 1928-1940. gamomc. anri lonici. mTargm. nikolas uokeri. kembriji,
masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba.
333
fulopi, timoTi e. da albert j. raboto, gamomcemlebi 1997. afrikul-
amerikuli religia: ganmartebiTi eseebi istoriasa da kulturaSi. niu
iorki: rautleji.
334
• fsevdonimi. ixmareT farTod gamoyenebuli fsevdonimi, rogorc avtoris
namdvili saxeli da gvari. Tu namdvili saxeli da gvari ucnobia,
bibliografiis muxlSi, magramarateqstobriv miTiTebaSi, daurTeT fsevd.
kvadratul frCxilebSi.
335
• Sedgenili saxelebi da gvarebi.Sedgenili
gvarebi,defisiani gvarebis
CaTvliT, daawyveT anbanuri wesiT,kompozitis pirveli nawilis mixedviT.
Tu gaTxovili qali xmarobs rogorc sakuTar, ise, qmris gvars defisis
gareSe, daawyveT anbanuri wesiTmeore gvaris mixedviT. mraval ucxo enaSi
advilad amosacnobia kompozituri saxelebi (naCvenebia qvemoT gamuqebuli
SriftiT), Tumca,aris iseTi enebi, magaliTad, franguli da germanuli,
sadac ase ar xdeba.
336
hakimi tofik al- abu zafar, siedi
jamal, muhamed hamid al- ibn Saudi, azizi
Tu avtori, romelic Cinur an iaponur gvars atarebs, xelmZRvanelobs
tradiciuli wesiT (gvari mosdevs saxels), nu dasvamT saxels gvaris win
an mZimes saxelsa da gvars Soris. Tu avtori xelmZRvanelobs dasavluri
wesiT (saxeli mosdevs gvars).
tradiciuli wesi dasavluri wesi
Cao vu-Ci cou, tangi
ioSida Sigero kurosava, noriaki
19.1.2 gamocemis TariRi
wignis gamocemis TariRi Seicavs mxolod wels da ara Tvesa da dRes.is,
rogorc wesi, identuria saavtoro uflebis TariRisa, romelic, zogadad,
miTiTebulia saavtoro uflebis gverdze da zogjer satitulo
furcelze.
bibliografiis muxlSi gamoyaviT TariRi wertilebiT, rogorc calke
elementi. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi dasviT igi avtoris gvaris Semdeg
Sualeduri punqtuaciis gareSe.
R: ginsborgi, poli. 2005. yoveldRiuri cxovrebis politika: arCevanis
gakeTeba, cxovrebis Secvla. niu heiveni: ielis universitetis
gamomcemloba.
P: (ginsborgi 2005, 53)
gadamuSavebuli gamocemebi da xelaxali gamocemebi SeiZleba,
Seicavdessaavtoro uflebis erTze met TariRs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, uaxlesi
TariRi miuTiTebs gamocemis TariRze – magaliTad, 2003 “© 1982, 1992, 2003.”
ixileT 19.1.4 aseT naSromebSigamocemis TariRebis misaTiTeblad.
Tu ar SegiZliaT nabeWdi naSromis gamocemis TariRis gansazRvra, mis
nacvlad gamoiyeneT Semokleba daudg. (daudgeneli). Tu TariRi ar aris
mowodebuli, magram migaCniaT, rom iciT mis Sesaxeb, SegiZliaT, CasvaT
igikvadratul frCxilebSi da daurToT kiTxvis niSani imis saCveneblad,
rom ara xarT darwmunebuli).
R: smiTi, joni. daudg. saTnoebaTa wigni. edinburgi..
mileri, semueli. [1750?]. kidev erTi saTnoebaTa wigni. bostoni.
337
P: (smiTi daudg, 5)
(mileri[1750?], 5)
Tu wignis gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT dadebulia kontraqti
gamomcemelTan da mas ukve aqvs saTauri, magram gamoqveynebis TariRi jer
cnobiliar aris, CasviT ,,gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi’’TariRis nacvlad.
gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad, am tipis teqstobriv miTiTebaSi
dasviT mZime avtoris gvaris Semdeg. gamouqveynebel xelnawerad miiCnieT
nebismieri wigni, romlis gamocemazec kontraqti jer ar aris
dadebuli(ix. 19.6).
R: avtori, jein q. gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi. wignis saxelwodeba.
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlis saxeli.
P: (avtori,gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi, 16)
19.1.3 saTauri
bibliografiis muxlebSi CamoTvaleT wignebis sruli saTaurebi da
qvesaTaurebi. dawereT orive daxrili SriftiT da gamoyaviT saTauri
qvesaTaurisgan ori wertiliT. ori qvesaTauris arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi,pirvelis win dasviT ori wertili, meoris win ki _ wertil-
mZime.
R: kaliki, iani g. da devid l. goldvini, gamomc., 2005. energia da
usafrTxoeba: sagareo politikis axali strategiisken. baltimori: jons
hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba.
ahmed, leila. 1999. sazRvris gadakveTis adgili: kairodan amerikaSi; qalis
mogzauroba. niu iorki: Strausi da Jiru.
datoveT ucvlelad originaluri saTauris damwerloba, defisebis
ganlageba da punqtuacia, magram SegiZliaT, SecvaloT ampersandi (&) da-
Ti. cifrebi dawereT sityvierad an warmoadgineT cifrebis saxiT,
originalis Sesabamisad (meTormete saukune an me-12 saukune), Tu umjobesi
ar iqna maTi siis sxva saTaurebTanSesabamisobaSi moyvana.
wignis Tavebis da sxva nawilebis saTaurebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT 19.1.9.
saTaurebSi arsebuli specialuri elementebi.specialur gaformebas
saWiroebs saTaurebSi arsebuli ramdenime elementi.
338
• TariRebi. ixmareT mZime saTaurSi da qvesaTaurSi TariRebis gamosayofad,
originalur wyaroSi punqtuaciis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic. Tu wyaroSi
miTiTebul TariRebs axlavs afiqsi(,,1920-dan 1945-mde”)an ori wertili,
ixelmZRvaneleT wyaroSi gamoyenebuli wesiT.
339
leki, raimondi b. 2001. kreiser indianapolisis tragikuli bedi: aSS-s
sazRvao flotis udidesi ubedureba okeaneSi. niu iorki: koper skveris
gamomcemloba.
• kiTxvis da Zaxilis niSnebi. rodesac saTauri an qvesaTauri mTavrdeba
kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT, mas aranairi sxva sasveni niSani ar mosdevs.
340
R: Maisonneuve, Danielle, Jean-François Lamarche, and Yves St-Amand. 1998. Les relations
publiques: Dans une société en mouvance. Sainte-Foy, QC: Presses de l’Université de Québec.
(franguli)
Stojanovic, Ljiljana Piletic, ed. 1971. Gutfreund i ceski kubizam. Belgrade: Muzej savremene
umetnosti. (serbuli?)
Krone-Schmalz, Gabriele. 1992. In Wahrheit sind wir stärker: Frauenalltag in der Sowjetunion.
Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. (germanuli)
Tu saTaurs Targmans daurTavT, moaTavseT igi originalis Semdeg.
CasviT frCxilebSi, daxrili Sriftis an brWyalebis gareSe.
R: Wereszycki, Henryk. 1977. Koniec sojuszu trzech cesarzy [The end of the Three Emperors’
League]. Warsaw: PWN. (polonuri)
Zhongguo renkou tongji nianjian 1996 [China population statistics yearbook 1996 – CineTis
mosaxleobis statistikis yovelwliuri angariSi 1996]. 1996. Beijing: Zhongguo
tongji chubanshe.
Tu gesaWiroebaT rogorc originalis, ise misi Targmanis miTiTeba,
ixmareT erT-erTi qvemoT moyvanili forma imisda mixedviT, razegsurT
mkiTxvelis yuradRebis gamaxvileba_ originalze Tu Targmanze.
R: Furet, François. 1995. Le passé d’une illusion. Paris: É ditions Robert Laffont. (franguli)
Targm. debora fiures mier, rogorc iluziis gaqroba(Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999).
an
fiure, fransua. 1999. iluziis gaqroba. mTargm. debora fiure. Cikago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba. Tavdapirvelad gamoica, rogorc Le
passé d’une illusion (Paris: É ditions Robert Laffont, 1995).
19.1.4 gamocema
termingamocemasaqvs ramdenime mniSvneloba da yvela maTgani
gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom zogi naSromi araerTxel gamoicema maT
SinaarsSi da/an formatSi Setanili cvlilebebiT. Tu miuTiTebT wigns,
romelic gamoqveynda araerTi gamocemis saxiT, Tqvens bibliografiaSi
yovelTvis mianiSneT, romeli gamocemiT isargebleT, vinaidan
SeiZleba,gamocemebi gansxvavebuli iyos (Tu qvemoT aRwerili
markerebidan arcerTi ar miesadageba wigns, SegiZliaT CaTvloT, rom igi
pirveli gamocemaa – faqti, romlis miTiTebac ar xdeba).
341
ganaxlebuligamocemebi. rodesac wigni xelaxla gamoicema SinaarsSi
SesulimniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT, mas SeiZleba, vuwodoT `ganaxlebuli~
an `Semdgomi~ gamocema. es informacia, rogorc wesi, ganTavsebulia wignis
satitulo furcelze da meordeba, gamocemis TariRTan erTad, saavtoro
uflebis gverdze.
pirvelis garda sxva gamocemis miTiTebisas, saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT
gamocemis rigiTi nomeri an aRwera. SeamokleT iseTi formulireba,
rogoricaa `meore gamocema, ganaxlebuli da gavrcobili~, rogorc ,,me-2
gamoc.”.SeamokleT `ganaxlebuli gamocema~ rogorc,,ganax. gamoc.”aRweras
daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli gamocemis da ara sxva nebismieri wina
gamocemis gamoqveynebis TariRi (ix.19.1.2.).
R: danielsi, rojeri: 2002. amerikaSi Casvla: imigraciisa da eTnikuri
warmomavlobis istoria amerikis cxovrebaSi. me-2 gamoc. niu iorki: harper
pereniali.
bebi, florensi. 1989. yanas da qvabs Soris: gamyidveli qalebis
politekonomika peruSi. gadaxed. gamoc. ostini: texasis universitetis
gamomcemloba.
gadabeWdili gamocemebi. SesaZlebelia, agreTve, wignis xelaxali
gamocema axal formatSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qaRaldis ydiani
gamocema (gamoqveynebuli Tavdapirveli an sxva gamomcemlis mier) an
eleqtronuli forma (ix.19.1.10).maSinac, roca wignis Sinaarsi SesaZloa,
minimalurad iyos Secvlili originalTan SedarebiT, miuTiTeT
gadabeWdili gamocema, Tu mas eyrdnobodiT. SeiZleba, isurvoT, miuTiToT
Tqvens bibliografiaSi, rom es gadabeWdili gamocemaa, gansakuTrebiT, Tu
igi gamoqveynda originaluri gamocemidan erTi an orze meti wlis Semdeg.
am SemTxvevaSi, miiCnieT xelaxali gamocemis TariRi gamocemis TariRad,
xolo bibliografiis muxlSi frCxilebSi daurTeT originalis TariRi
(ix.19.1.2).
R: fei, piter vodi. 1997. opiumis omi, 1840-1842. Cepel hili: Crdilo
karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba. (Tavdapir. gamoc. 1975 w.).
P: (fei 1997, 67-68)
Tu gadabeWdili gamocema klasikuri naSromis Tanamedrove nabeWdi
gamocemaa, mainc unda miuTiToT, rom es aris gadabeWili gamocema; magram
342
Tu Tqveni naSromis konteqsti moiTxovs originaluri gamocemis TariRis
miTiTebas, daurTeT igi frCxilebSiaxali gamocemis TariRis win rogorc
bibliografiaSi, ise,teqstobriv miTiTebebSi.
R: emersoni, ralf voldo. 1997. neiCe. bostoni: bikoni. (Tavdapir. gamoc. 1836 w.).
P: (emersoni 1985, 10)
an
R: emersoni, ralf voldo. [1836] 1985. neiCe. bostoni: bikoni.
P: (emersoni [1836] 1985, 10)
19.1.5 tomi
Tu wigni mravaltomeuli naSromis nawilia, CarTeT es informacia Tqvens
miTiTebebSi.
konkretuli tomi. is, Tu rogor miuTiTebT mravaltomiani naSromis
konkretul toms, damokidebulia imaze, aqvs Tu ara toms mTeli
naSromisgan gansxvavebuli saTauri. dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi,
miuTiTeT konkretuli tomis saTauri, romelsac mosdevs rogorc tomis
nomeri, aseve zogadi saTauri. SeamokleT tomi (t.) da tomebis
nomrebisTvis ixmareT arabuli cifrebi.
R: pelikani, iaroslavi. 1989. qristianuli doqtrina da Tanamedrove
kultura (1700 wlidan). gamocemis qristianuli tradicia: doqtrinis
ganviTarebis istoria me-5 t. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
Tu tomebs ar aqvs individualuri saTaurebi da Tqven miuTiTebT
mxolod erT-erT maTgans, bibliografiis muxls daumateT tomis nomeri
(ix. qvemoT, rogor unda miuTiToT mTlianad mravaltomeuli
naSromi).teqstobriv miTiTebaSi CasviT tomis nomeri uSualod gverdis
nomris win da ganacalkeveT isini ori wertiliT Sualeduri
intervalebis gareSe.
R: birni, miuriel sent-kleri, gamomc. 1981. lailis werilebi. t. 4. Cikago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (birni 1981, 4:243)
zog mravaltomeul naSroms hyavs rogorc saerTo redaqtori, ise
yoveli tomis individualuri redaqtori an avtori. amgvari naSromebis
nawilebis miTiTebisas bibliografiis muxlSi daurTeT informacia tomis
individualuri gamomcemlis an avtoris Sesaxeb (ix. 19.1.1) individualuri
343
tomis saTauris Semdeg da tomis nomris da saerTo saTauris win. es
magaliTi gviCvenebs, agreTve, rogor unda mivuTiToT erTze met fizikur
nawilSi gamoqveynebuli tomi _t.2, w. 3. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi CawereT
mxolod miTiTebuli nawilis avtori.
R: mundi, barbara e. 1998. mezoamerikuli kartografia. gamocemaSi
kartografia tradiciul afrikul, amerikul, arqtikul, avstraliur da
wynari okeanes sazogadoebebSi. gamomc. devid vudvordi da j. malkolm
liuisi, gamocemis kartografiis istoria t. 2, w. 3, gamomc. j. braian
harli da devid vudvordi, 183-256. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis
gamomcemloba.
P: (mundi 1998, 233)
mTliani mravaltomeuli naSromi. Tu Tqvens bibliografiaSi
miuTiTebT mravaltomeuli naSromis erTze met toms, bibliografiaSi
miuTiTeT mTliani naSromi (Tu naSromi Seicavs rogorc mTliani
naSromis, aseve,konkretuli tomebis saTaurebs an redaqtorebs, rogorc
zemoT iyo aRwerili, meti sizustisTvis saWiroa tomebis saTiTaod
miTiTeba). Tu tomebi gamoicemoda ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, miuTiTeT
saTauri da tomebis saerTo raodenoba.rogorc bibliografiaSi,
aseve,teqstobriv miTiTebebSi daurTeT gamoqveynebis TariRebis sruli
periodi.
R: aristotele. 1983. aristoteles sruli naSromebi: gadaxeduli oqsfordis
Targmani. gamomc. j. barnsi, 2 t. prinstoni, niu jersi: prinstonis
universitetis gamomcemloba.
tiliCi, poli. 1951-63. meTodikuri (sistematuri) Teologia. 3 t. Ckago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (tiliCi 1951-63, 2:41)
19.1.6 seria
Tu miTiTebuli wigni aris formaluri seriis nawili, ar gevalebaT,
daurToT informacia seriis Sesaxeb, magram SegiZliaT amis Taobaze
garkveuli an sruli informaciis darTva, raTa daexmaroT mkiTxvelebs
wyaros adgilmdebareobis an misi saimedoobis dadgenaSi. CasviT es
informacia saTauris (da Tu aseTi arsebobs, gamocemis da tomis Sesaxeb
informaciis) Semdeg da publikaciaze monacemebiswin.
344
yvelaze sasargeblo informacias seriis Sesaxeb Seicavs misi
saTauri. warmoadgineT igi swori SriftiT (ix.22.3.1). Tu seriis tomebi
danomrilia, SegiZliaT daurToT miTiTebuli naSromis nomeri seriis
saTauris Semdeg.seriis redaqtoris gvari xSirad gamotovebulia, magram
SegiZliaT misi miTiTeba seriis saTauris Semdeg.
R: markmeni, Carlzi v. 1991. istoriamdeli Cikago: Tanamedrove didi qalaqis
raionis istoriamdeli arqeologia. ilinoisis arqeologiuri
gamokvlevebi 7. springfildi: ilinoisis istoriis dacvis saagento.
aizenbergi, nensi. 1998. seqsi da moqalaqeobrioba omamdel amerikaSi. sqesi
da amerikuli kultura, gamomc. linda k. qerberi da nel irvin peinteri.
Cepel hili: Crdilo karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba.
zogi danomrili seria imdeni xania arsebobs, rom danomvra Tavidan
iwyeba. axali seriis wignebi miTiTebulia ax. ser. (axali seriebi), me-2
ser. (me-2 seriebi)an sxva msgavsi aRniSvniT, romelic, rogorc wesi,
gamoyofilia mZimeebiT, seriis nomris win. Zveli seriis wignebis
identificireba xdeba aRniSvniT Zv. Ser (Zveli seriebi), pir. ser. (pirveli
seria)da a.S.
R: boqseri, Carlzi r., gamomc. 1953. samxreTi CineTi meTeqvsmete saukuneSi.
hakluit sazogadoebis publikaciebi, me-2 ser., 106. londoni.
palmatari, elen k., 1950. maraJos kunZulis keramika, brazilia. amerikis
filosofiuri sazogadoebis Sromebi, ax. ser.,39, naw. 3. filadelfia.
19.1.7 monacemebi gamocemaze
monacemebigamocemaze,Cveulebriv, Seicavs or elements: gamocemis adgils
(qalaqs) da gamomcemlis saxelwodebas. (gamocemis mesame monacemi –
TariRi – miTiTebis am stilSi irTveba, rogorc calke elementi, avtoris
saxelis da gvaris Semdeg; ix.19.1.2.)
R: daiamondi, jaredi. 1997. qvemexebi, baqteriebi da foladi: adamianuri
sazogadoebebis bed-iRbali. niu iorki: v. v. nortoni da kompania.
wignebs, romlebic gamoqveynda meoce saukunemde an romelTa Sesaxebac
informacia sakuTriv naSromSiar Cndeba, SesaZloa, ar hqondes
zemoaRniSnuli monacemebi publikaciaze.
R: lemi, Carlzi. 1823. elias eseebi.
345
gamoqveynebis adgili. gamoqveynebis adgili aris qalaqi, sadac
mdebareobs gamomcemlis mTavari redaqciebi; igi Cveulebrivad Tavsdeba
satitulo furcelze, zogjer ki saavtoro uflebis Semcvel gverdze. iq,
sadac ori an meti qalaqia miTiTebuli (magaliTad, `Cikago da londoni~),
miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli qalaqi.
los anJelesi: j. pol geti trastis publikaciebi
niu iorki: kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemloba
mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, ar icodes gamocemis qalaqi an aerios imave
saxelis matarebel sxva qalaqSi, amitomdaumateT mas (Statis) (ix. 24.3.1),
provinciis an (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi) qveynis abreviatura. rodesac
gamomcemlis saxelwodeba Seicavs Statis (qveynis) saxels, aRar aris
saWiro Statis (qveynis) abreviaturis darTva.
CeSiri, koneqtikuti: grafiks presi
harmondsvorTi, gaerTianebuli samefo: pengvin buqs
kembriji, masaCusetsi: masaCusetsis teqnologiuri institutis
gamomcemloba
Capel hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba
gamoiyeneT ucxo qveynebis qalaqebis Tanamedrove,
farTodxmarebulisaxelebi.
vaSingtoni da ara uoSingtoni pekini da ara beijini
Tu gamoqveynebis adgili ar aris cnobili, SegiZliaT ixmaroT
abreviatura ucn. (ucnobi)gamomcemlis saxelwodebis win.Tu iciT adgili,
magram ar xarT darwmunebuli sizusteSi, CasviT frCxilebSi kiTxvis
niSniT.
ucn.: vindzori..
[leik blafi, ilinoisi?): vlieti da edvardsi
gamomcemlis saxelwodeba. yoveli wignisTvis miuTiTeT gamomcemlis
saxelwodeba, zustad ise, rogorc mocemulia satitulo furcelze,
maSinac, rodesac TqvenTvis cnobilia, rom saxelwodeba mas Semdeg
Seicvala an Tqvens bibliografiaSi mocemul wignebSisxvadasxvagvarad
ibeWdeba.
arkur breisi da veldi
arkur breisi iovanoviCi
346
arkur, breisi
ucxo qveynebis gamomcemlebis SemTxvevaSi, nu gadaTargmniT an
SeamoklebT gamomcemlis saxelwodebis nebismier nawils. Tu gamomcemeli
ucnobia, daurTeT mxolod gamoqveynebis adgili (Tu cnobilia) da
TariRi.
19.1.8 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilmdebareobis dasadgeni sxva informacia
gverdebis nomrebi da is sxva informacia, romelic gamoiyeneba
miTiTebuli amonaridis an elementis adgilmdebareobis dasadgenad,
Cveulebriv, gvxvdeba teqstobriv miTiTebebSi da ara bibliografiaSi.
nomrebis diapazonis saCveneblad saWiro saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebi ixileT 23.2.4.
gverdi, Tavi da gamyofi nomrebi. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi gverdebis
nomrebi, rogorc wesi, wignis miTiTebis bolo elementia. nu daurTavT
sityvas gverdian abreviaturebs gv. an gv.-ebi;ixmareT arabuli cifrebi,
garda originalSi romauli cifrebiT danomrili gverdebisa.
P: (rouzi 1992, 145-46)
(keigani1994, xxii-xxiv)
zogjer miTiTeba Seexeba mTlian Tavs (SemoklebiT T.), nawils
(naw.),wigns (w.)an seqcias (seq.) gverdebis nomrebis diapazonis sanacvlod.
P: (mileri 1996, naw. 2)
sepecialuri tipis lokatorebi. wignis zogierT nawils aqvs
specialuri tipis lokatorebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba miTiTebebSi.
• SeniSvnebis nomrebi. SeniSvnebis miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneT abreviatura
Sen. (SeniSvna), mravlobiTSi Sen.-ebi.Tu miTiTebuli SeniSvna aris
erTaderTi sqolio Tavis gverdze an daunomravi sqolio, daumateT
Sen.gverdis nomris Semdeg (Sualeduri intervalis an punqtuaciis gareSe).
Tu miTiTebuli SeniSvnis gverdze sxva SeniSvnebic aris, miuTiTeT
gverdis nomeri da Semdeg Sen.an (Tu TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebulia ori an
meti SeniSvna) - Sen.-ebida SeniSvnis nomeri (nomrebi).
347
P: (sobeli 1993, 87, cxrili 5.3)
• striqonebis nomrebi. striqonebis nomrebiT identificirebuli poeturi
da sxva naSromebisTvis morideT abreviaturebisstr.(striqoni)da str.-
ebigamoyenebas; isini Zalze advilad SeiZleba agverios cifrebSi 1 da 11.
ixmareT str. an str-ebi, an ixmareT mxolod cifrebi iq, sadac naTlad
aRniSneT, rom mxedvelobaSi gaqvT striqonebi.
348
identifikatorebsan msgavs sistemas, daurTeT informacia, romlis
Sedareba SesaZlebeli iqneba Tqvens miTiTebaSi arsebul URL-Tan.
doi: 10. 1006/jeth.2000.2694
nebismieri internet wyaros miTiTebisas daurTeT am wyaroSi
ukanasknelad Sesvlis TariRi, Tu ise moxda, rom mas Semdeg Sinaarsi
Seicvala an amoRebulia internetidan (ix.15.4.1). SeRwevis TariRi CasviT
frCxilebSi URL-is an mudmivi identifikatoris Semdeg.
(boloSesvlis TariRi: 17 maisi, 2006)
internetSi gamoqveynebuli wignebi SeiZleba, ar Seicavdes
gverdebis nomrebs, romlebic gvexmarebateqstobriv miTiTebebSi naCvenebi
amonaridis adgilmdebareobis identificirebaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
SegiZliaT,URL-is da SesvlisTariRis win daumatoT aRwerilobiTi
maCvenebeli,rogoricaa, magaliTad, wina qvesaTauri (ix., magaliTad,
19.1.10). aucilebeli ar aris amgvari maCveneblis CarTva bibliografiis
muxlSi.
19.1.9 Tavebi da wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi,unda miuTiToT nebismieri im wignis mTavari saTauri,
romelSic SemoTavazebulia calkeuli, uwyveti argumenti an Txroba,
maSinac, roca Tqven, faqtobrivad,mis mxolod erT romelime
nawilsiyenebT. Tu xelmZRvanelobT im wignis mxolod erTi nawiliT,
romelic warmoadgens erTi an ramdenime avtoris mier sxvadasxva Temaze
dawerili damoukidebeli naSromebis krebuls, SegiZliaT, miuTiToT
mxolod is erTi Tavi an nawili, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba
Tqvens gamokvlevas. amiTdaexmarebiT mkiTxvels,dainaxos, ramdenad
miesadageba wyaro Tqvens proeqts.
R: demosi, joni. 2001. realuri cxovrebis istoriebi da sxva mokle
moTxrobebi (novelebi): uolas stegneris `saukuno gansvenebis angelozis~
xelaxali ganxilva. gamocemaSi romanis istoria: istorikosebi da
romanistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da erTmaneTs), gamomc.
mark k. karnesi, 132-45. niu iorki: saimoni da Susteri
P: (demos 2001, 137)
nacvlad Semdegisa:
349
R: karnesi, marki k., gamomc. 2001. romanis istoria: istorikosebi da
romanistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da erTmaneTs). niu iorki:
saimoni da Susteri.
P: (karnesi 2001, 131)
erTi avtoris mier dawerili wignebis nawilebi. Tu miuTiTebT erTi
avtoris mier dawerili wignis dasaTaurebul nawils, bibliografiaSi
unda Sevides, pirvel rigSi, am nawilis saTauri, swori SriftiT,
brWyalebis gareSe, Semdeg wertili. aRniSvnis,,wignSi” Semdeg miuTiTeT
wignis saTauri, Semdeg am nawilis gverdebis nomrebi sruli intervaliT.
R: Cestini, joni Carlzi. 2001. neokolonializmi. gamocemaSi sisxlSi da
cecxlSi dabadebulni: laTinuri amerikis mokle istoria, 179-206. niu
iorki: v. v. nortoni da kompania
Tu miuTiTebT nawils saerTo saTauriT, rogoricaa,Sesavali,
winasityvaoba an bolosityvaoba, CasviT es termini wignis saTauris win.
miuTiTeT saerTo saTauri swori SriftiT brWyalebis gareSe da daiwyeT
mTavruli asoTi mxolod pirveli sityva.
Tu es nawili dawerilia sxva da ara wignis ZiriTadi avtoris mier,
miuTiTeT misida wignis avtoris gvari saTauris Semdeg; teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi moxseniebulia mxolod nawilis avtoris gvari.
R: krosbi, alfredi v. 2004. wignis ekologiuri imperializmi: evropis
biologiuri eqspansia, 900-1900 axali gamocemiswinasityvaoba. axali gamoc.
niu iorki: kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba.
kalxuni, kreigi. 2005. wignis mravalkulturuli politika: rasizmi,
eTnikuri kuTvnileba da musulmanebi britaneTSi winasityvaoba, avtori
tarik modudi. mineapolisi: minesotas universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (kalxuni 2005, xv)
redaqtirebuli krebulebis nawilebi. Tu bibliografiaSi miuTiTebT
redaqtirebuli krebulis nawils, romelic moicavs mravali avtoris
naSroms, pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT nawilis avtori, TariRi da nawilis
saTauri (swori SriftiT, brWyalebis gareSe). Sityvis,,wignSi” Semdeg
miuTiTeT wignis saTauri, redaqtoris gvari da am nawilis gverdebis
nomrebi sruli intervaliT. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi moixsenieba mxolod
nawilis avtoris gvari.
350
R; kari, eni da duglas j. Suurmani. 1996. religia da feminizmi: reformisti
qristianis analizi. gamocemaSi: religia, feminizmi da ojaxi, gamomc. en
qari da meri stiuart van leve, 11-32. luisvili, kentuki: vestminsteris
jon noqsis gamomcemloba.
P: (karida Suurmani 1996, 13-14)
Tu miuTiTebT erTsa da imave redaqtirebul krebulSi Semaval or
an met naSroms, SegiZliaT miiCnioT isini calkeul wyaroebad an, sivrcis
dazogvis mizniT, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT Semoklebuli forma.
bibliografiaSisrulad miuTiTeT mTliani wigni da SemoklebiT _ yoveli
individualuri nawili. Amukanasknels daurTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari,
gamoqveynebis TariRi da nawilis sruli saTauri; sityvis,,wignSi” Semdeg
daurTeT wignis redaqtoris arasrulisaxeli (mxolod gvari),
gamoqveynebis TariRi da am nawilis gverdebis nomrebi sruli
intervaliT.
R: engli, poli m., gamomc. 1967. preriebis Stati: STabeWdilebebi
ilinoisidan, 1673-1967, Sedgenili mogzaurebis da sxva damkvirveblebis
mier. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
kitingi, viliami h. 1967. forti dieborni da Cikago. Jurnali engli 1967,
84-87.
lipinkoti, sara klarki. 1967. Cikago. Jurnali engli 1967, 362-70.
am formis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,teqstobrivi miTiTebebi unda
exebodes mxolod nawilebs da ara mTlianad wigns.
P: (kitingi 1967, 84), arasworia (engli 1967, 84)
(lipinkoti 1967, 362), arasworia (engli 1967, 362)
anTologiebSi moqceuli naSromebi. miuTiTeT anTologiaSi dabeWdili
mokle moTxroba, poema, leqsi an nakvevi, ese an sxva naSromi iseve,
rogorc miuTiTebdiT mravali avtoris mier redaqtirebul krebulSi
Semaval naSroms. anTologiebSi gamoqveynebuli umetesi naSromebis
saTaurebi dawereT swori SriftiT. Gamonaklisiaamonaridis saTaurididi
moculobis poemidan an prozauli nawarmoebidan, romelic unda
daiweros daxrili SriftiT (ix.22.3.2).
351
R: alende, izabeli. 1997. sulebs surdaT. laTinur-amerikuli eseebis
oqsfordis wignSi, gamomc. ilan stavansi, 461-67. niu iorki: oqsfordis
universitetis gamomcemloba.
viglsvorTi, maikli, 2003. amonaridi bedisweris dRidan. gamocemaSi
amerikuli poeziis axali anTologia: tradiciebi da revoluciebi,
sawyisebi daTariRebuli 1900 wliT, gamomc. stiven guld aqselrodi,
kamil romeni da Tomas travisano,68-74. niu bransuiki, niu jersi:
ratjersis universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (alende 1997, 463-64)
(viglsvorTi 2003, 68)
Tu nawarmoebis originaluri gamocemis TariRi mniSvnelovania
Tqveni naSromis konteqstidan gamomdinare, daurTeT igi frCxilebSi
anTologiis gamoqveynebis TariRis win rogorc bibliografiaSi,
ise,teqstobriv miTiTebebSi.
R: viglsvorTi, maikli. [1662] 2003. amonaridi ... dan
P: (viglsvorTi [1662] 2003, 68)
19.1.10onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi
onlain wignebis SemTxvevaSi, ixelmZRvaneleT nabeWdi wignebisTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda Cveulebrivi
elementebisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens mier masalis bibliografiaSi
Setanis TariRi (ix, 15.4.1, 19.1.8). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i
sakmarisi ar aris; unda warmoadginoT gamoqveynebasTan dakavSirebuli
yvela faqti, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iqneba maTi dadgena, raTa
mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros migneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Seicvleba URL-i.
Tu ar aris gverdebis nomrebi, miTiTebuli amonaridis adgilmdebareobis
identificireba SegiZliaT teqstobriv miTiTebebSi aRwerilobiTi
maCveneblis damatebiT (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri) sityvisqveSSemdeg.
R: samora, juliani da patricia vandel saimoni. 2000. meqsikel-amerikeli
xalxis istoria. gadaxed. gamoc. ist lansingi, miCigani: julian samoras
kvleviTi instituti, miCiganis Statis
universiteti.http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter14.html#six
(bolos Sesvlis TariRi: 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).
P: (samora da vandel saimoni 2000, gamocemaSi `samoqalaqo omi meqsikaSi~)
352
an
(samora da vandel saimoni 2000)
rodesacmiuTiTebT sxva eleqtronul formatebSi gamocemul iseT
wignebs, romlebic xelmisawvdomia CamosatvirTad wignebis gamyidvelisgan
an biblioTekidan, miuTiTeT formati (CD-ROM, maikrosoftis el-wignebis
wamkiTxveli).
R: davenporti, Tomasi jon beki, 2001. sasignalo ekonomika: biznesSi fulis
mimoqcevis axali saSualebebis gageba (biznesis axali gavrcobilobis
gageba) kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis biznesis skolis gamomcemloba.
programis TK3 rideris eleqtronuli wigni.
helmani, heli. 2004. didi SinabrZolebi teqnologiaSi: aTi dava yvelaze
gacxovelebuli davebidan.niu iorki: jon uaili. eleqtronuli wigni.
353
19.2.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
miuTiTeT avtorebis saxeli da gvari zustad ise, rogorc esstatiebis
saTaurebSia gakeTebuli. ixelmZRvaneleT19.1.1-Si mocemuli wignebis
avtorebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.
19.2.2 gamoqveynebis TariRi
samecniero Jurnalisstatiis gamoqveynebis ZiriTadi TariRi mxolod
welia. bibliografiis muxlSi gamoyaviT is, rogorc misi sakuTari
elementi, xolo avtoris saxelis da gvaris Semdeg dasviT wertili.
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi dasviT igi avtoris gvaris Semdeg Sualeduli
punqtuaciis gareSe.
R: bernsi, sara. 2005. mxatvris sxeulis SekveTa: Tomas ikinsis mier
avtoportretebis Seqmnis mcdelobebi. amerikuli xelovneba. 19, # 1
(gazafxuli): 82-107.
jenkinsi, j. kreigi, devid jekobsi da joun anioni. 2003. politikuri
SesaZleblobebi da afrikul-amerikuli protesti, 1948-1997. amerikis
sociologiuri Jurnali109, #. 2 (seqtemberi): 277-303.
P: (bernsi 2005, 95)
(jenkinsi, jekobsi, daanioni2003, 298-99)
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom damatebiTi informacia TariRis
Sesaxeb,SesaZlebelia, mogvianebiT gamoCndes frCxilebSi bibliografiis
muxlSi, tomis nomris Semdeg (an gamoSvebis nomris Semdeg, Tu iqneba; ix.
19.2.5)
Tu statia miRebulia gamosaqveyneblad, magram jer ar
gamoqveynebula, ixmareT fraza(gamova axlo momavalSi) TariRis (da
gverdebis nomrebis) sanacvlod. gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad, am
tipis teqstobriv miTiTebebSi dasviT mZime avtoris gvaris Semdeg.
nebismieri statia, romelic jer ar aris miRebuli gamosacemad, CaTvaleT
gamouqveynebel xelnawerad (ix. 19.6).
R: avtori, margaret m. gamova axlo momavalSi. statiis saTauri. Jurnalis
saxelwodeba 98.
P: (avtori, gamodis axlo momavalSi)
354
19.2.3 statiis saTauri
CamoTvaleT statiis sruli saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi.gamoiyeneT swori
Srifti, gamoyaviT saTauri qvesaTaurisgan ori wertiliT da nu ixmarT
brWyalebs. dasviT mTavruli asoebi winadadebis stilis dacviT (ix. 22.3.1).
R: grini, nensi l. 2005. gamosvlis politika: imigraciis paradigmis mkveTri
Secvla. Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali77 (ivnisi): 263-89.
iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa saxeobebis saxelwodebebi da wignebis
saTaurebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, daxrili SriftiT iwereba teqstSi,
kvlav daxrili SriftiT daiwereba statiis saTaurSi; terminebi,
romlebic, Cveulebriv, citirebulia teqstSi, kvlav rCeba ormag
brWyalebSi. nu dasvamT mZimes an wertils statiis im saTauris an
qvesaTauris Semdeg, romelic sruldeba kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT.
R: liuisi, judiTi. 1998. `ubedurebaa didgvarovan mandilosnad yofna~:
dedaTa sikvdilianoba britaneTis aristokratiaSi, 1558-1959. britanuli
gamokvlevebis Jurnali 37:26-40.
lofteni, piteri.eqo (gamoxmaurebebi) kalambursa da maxvilgonierebas
(farikaobas) Soris halmetSi.aelianuri kvlevebi. 2:12-29.
viliamsoni, jorji s. ram mokla avgust fon kocebu? saTnoebis cdunebebi
da germanuli nacionalizmis politikuri Teologia, 1789-1819.
Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali 72 (dekemberi): 890-943.
ucxoenovan saTaurebSi mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba saWiroa
konkretuli enis tradiciebis Sesabamisad ,,winadadebis stilis” dacviT.
nu daurTavT Targmans, CasviT igi frCxilebSi, brWyalebis gareSe.
R: Bouchard, Gérard. 1979. Un essair d’anthropologie régionale: L’histoire sociale du Saguenay aux
XIXe et XXe siècles. Annales: É conomies, sociètés, civilisations 34 (ianvari): 118-34.
(franguli)
Kern, W. 1938.Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden? [sad Seagrova pigaferam
misi malaziuri sityvebi?] Tijdschrift voor indische taal-, land- en volkenkunde 78:271-
73. (holandiuri?)
19.2.4 samecniero Jurnalis saxelwodeba
statiis saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT Jurnalis saTauri daxrili SriftiT,
,,saTauris stilSi” (ix. 22.3.1). miuTiTeT saTauri zustad ise, rogorc
Jurnalis satitulo furcelze an Sinaarsis Tavzea; nu ixmarT
355
abreviaturebs.Tu oficialuri saTauri aris abreviatura, nu gaSifravT
mas.ucxoenovani JurnalebisTvis mTavruli asoebi SegiZliaT dasvaT
rogorc saTauris, aseve, winadadebis stilSi.Tumca, unda datovoT yvela
sawyisi artikli (Der Spiegel).
19.2.5 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb
garda publikaciis TariRisa, bibliografiis muxlebis umravlesoba
Seicavs tomis nomers da gamocemis nomers. mkiTxvelebs SeiZleba, ar
dasWirdeT yvela es elementi statiis mosaZebnad, magram yvela maTganis
miTiTebiT Tavidan vicilebT erT-erT maTganSi Secdomis gaparvis
SesaZleblobas.
tomis nomeri mosdevs Jurnalis saTaurs Sualeduri sasveni niSnis
gareSe da ar iwereba daxrili SriftiT. ixmareT arabuli cifrebi
maSinac, roca Tavad Jurnali iyenebs romaul cifrebs. gamocemis nomris
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, igi mosdevs tomis nomers, gamoyofilia mZimiT da
mas win uswrebs nom. Tu garda gamoqveynebis wlisa, TariRTan
dakavSirebiT nebismieri sxva damatebiTi informacia gaqvT (ix.19.2.2),
daurTeT igi frCxilebSi tomis da gamocemis nomrebis Semdeg.am
informaciasTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT Jurnalis wesebiT;
informaciam SeiZleba, moicvas weliwadis dro, Tve an zusti dRe. daiwyeT
JurnalebSi miTiTebuli weliwadis droebis saxelebi mTavruli asoTi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini teqstSi ar weria mTavruliT.
R: mekai, kristoferi, s. 1999. laqtanciusi da diokletianes taxtis memkvidre.
klasikuri filologia 94, # 2:198-209.
kumar, rahuli. 2003. gonivruli safuZvlebi kontraqtualistur moralur
argumentSi.eTika 114 (oqtomberi): 6-37.
rodesac Jurnali iyenebs mxolod gamocemebis nomrebs tomebis
nomrebis gareSe, Jurnalis saTaurs mosdevs mZime.
R: biti, j. m. 1974. danaSaulis xasiaTi (suraTi, modeli, sqema) inglisSi,
1660-1800. warsuli da awmyo, # 62:47-95.
19.2.6 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia
bibliografiis muxlebSi miuTiTeT statiis gverdebis nomrebi sruli
intervaliT (ix.23.2.4). tradiciisamebr, bibliografiebSi Jurnalis
statiebis gverdebis nomrebi mosdevs or wertils da ara mZimes. rodesac
356
frCxilebSi moqceuli damatebiTi informacia TariRze uSualod win
uswrebs or wertils, datoveT intervali ori wertilis Semdeg; rodesac
tomis an gamocemis nomeri uSualod win uswrebs or wertils, nu
datovebT intervals ori wertilis Semdeg.
R: hiCkoki, timi. 2005. maTxovroba meTvramete saukunis londonis quCebSi.
Jurnali britanuli gamokvlevebi 44, # 3 (ivlisi): 478-98.
gouldi, ana groZinsi. 1998. simarTlis marcvlebi: purisa da mowyalebis
cvalebadi ierarqiebi sam rajastanul zRaparSi. gamocema religiebis
istoria 38, # 2:150-71.
Tu teqstobriv miTiTebebSi miuTiTebT konkretul nawyvets,
daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli konkretuli gverdi (gverdebi),
romelsac(romlebsac) win uswrebs mZime (da ara ori wertili).
P: (hiCkoki 2005, 478)
(gouldi 1998, 152-53)
internetSi gamoqveynebuli Jurnalis statiebis miTiTebisas,
daurTeT gverdebis nomrebi (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) da URL-i (an
mudmivi identifikatori)da, aseve, statiis mopovebis TariRi. detalebis
da magaliTebis gasacnobad, ixileT 19.2.8. URL-ebSi punqtuacis gamoyenebis
zogadi principebis gasacnobad, ixileT 19.1.8.
19.2.7 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi
specialuri gamocema aris erTi Temisadmi miZRvnili Jurnalis gamocema.
igi atarebs tomis da gamocemis Cveulebriv nomrebs. Tu specialur
gamocemas aqvs sakuTari saTauri da hyavs redaqtori, daurTeT orive
bibliografiis muxls.saTauri mocemulia swori SriftiT da Casmulia
brWyalebSi. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli
nawilis avtori.
R: jounsi, meTiu l. dekartis geometria, rogorc sulieri varjiSi
(swavleba, momzadeba) 2001. naSromSi `sagnebi~, gamomc. bil brauni.
specialuri gamocema, kritikuli Ziebebis Jurnali28, # 1 (Semodgoma): 40-71.
P: (jounsi 2001, 43-44)
Tu gesaWiroebaT mTlianad gamocemis miTiTeba, gamotoveT
statiasTan dakavSirebuli informacia.
357
R: brauni, bili, gamoc. 2001. `sagnebi~. specialuri gamoSveba, kritikuli
Ziebebis Jurnali28, # 1 (Semodgoma).
Jurnalis damatebas,aseve, SeiZleba,hqondes sakuTari saTauri da
hyavdes avtori an redaqtori. specialuri gamocemisgan gansxvavebiT, igi
Jurnalis Cveulebrivi gamocemebisgancalke inomreba; xSirad misi
gverdebis nomrebis nawilia aso S. dasviT mZime tomis nomersa da
damatebis nomers Soris.
R: iklendi, ivari, jeims j. hekmani da larsi neSeimi. 2004. hedonisturi
modelebis gamovlena da Sefaseba. statiaSi `gamokvlevebi Servin rozenis
pativsacemad~, politikuri ekonomikis Jurnali112, S1 (Tebervali): S60-S109.
19.2.8 internetSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi
onlain JurnalebTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT beWdviTi Jurnalebis
statiebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa,
daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens bibliografiaSi Seyvanili masalis mopovebis
TariRi (ix. 15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi;
Tqven unda miuTiToT publikaciis yvela faqti, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia
maTi dadgena, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic. onlain JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba, ar
moipovebodes gverdebis nomrebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini ar qveyndeba
beWdviTi Jurnalebis paralelurad. Tu gverdebis nomrebi ararsebobs,
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi mocemuli nawyvetis adgilis identificireba
SegiZliaT aRwerilobiTi maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri)
damatebiTsityvisqveS Semdeg.
R: uzi, braiani da jaret spairo. 2005. TanamSromloba da Semoqmedeba: patara
samyaros problema. Jurnali American Journal of Sociology 111, #2
(seqtemberi).http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v111n2/090090/090090.htm
l (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).
P: (uzi da spairo 2005, saTauris `milgremis patara samyaros Teoria~ qveS)
an
(uzi da spairo 2005)
statiebis onlain monacemTa bazebi, rogorc wesi, Seicavs
miTiTebebisTvis saWiro yvela elementis CamonaTvals. daurTeT
358
miTiTebuli stabiluri URL-i, romelic, aseve, axdens im monacemTa bazis
identificirebas, romliTac Tqven ixelmZRvaneleT statiis miTiTebisas.
R: Sapiro, lorensi a. 2000. mravaljeradi realizaciebi. filosofiis
Jurnali 97, # 12 (dekemberi): 635-54. http://links,jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-
362X%28200012%2997%3A12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q(bolo Sesvlis
TariRi 27, 2006).
P: (Sapiro 2000, 642)
359
brWyalebSi. dasaxelebuli avtoris armqone ganyofilebis SemTxvevaSi,
avtoris nacvlad, gamoiyeneT Jurnalis saxelwodeba.
R: uolrefi, barbara. 2005. sityvis sasamarTlo, Jurnali atlanTiq
mansli,ivnisi, 128.
niu iorkeri. 2000. yvela cnobili adamiani. 10 aprili.
P: (uolrefi 2005, 128)
(niu iorkeri2000, 15)
popularuli onlain Jurnalebis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, ixelmZRvaneleT
popularuli beWdviTi Jurnalebis statiebisTvis gankuTvnili
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens
bibliografiaSi Seyvanili masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix. 15.4.1).
gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar aris; Tqven
gamoqveynebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela faqtiundawarmoadginoT srulad,
raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu Seicvleba
URL-i. popularul onlain JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba,
ar iyos miTiTebuli gverdebis nomrebi, magram miTiTebuli nawyvetis
adgilis identificireba SegiZliaT teqstobriv miTiTebebSi sityvis
qveSSemdegaRwerilobiTi maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina
qvesaTauri)damatebiT.
R: ferisi, stefani, 2005. `Tavisufleba~: ar aris aRmoCenili arcerTi
dokumenti. onlain Jurnali Salon.com, 16
dekemberi.http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2005/12/16/censorship/index1.html (bolos
Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).
P: (ferisi 2005, saTauris `internets ar gaaCnia mexsiereba CineTSi~ qveS)
an
(ferisi2005)
360
vinaidan gazeTs SeiZleba gaaCndes ramdenime odnav gansxvavebuli
Sinaarsis gamocema, SegiZliaT, daazustoT, romeli gamocemiT
ixelmZRvaneleT da daumatoT frazebi bolo gamocema, Sua dasavleTis
gamoSvebaan sxva msgavsi identifikatori.
R: kamini, bleri. 2005. riglis Senoba – aSkara RirsSesaniSnaoba. Cikago
tribuni. 1 ivlisi.
miluoki jornal-sentineli. 1998. mowinave. 1 ivnisi.
niu iork Taimsi, erovnuli gamocema.2004. Jak deridas nekrologi. 10
oqtomberi.
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi gamotoveT gverdebis nomrebi, vinaidan
statia SeiZleba, gamoCndes sxvadasxva gverdze an amoRebulic ki iyos
gazeTis sxvadasxva gamoSvebaSi. amasTan, gazeTis saxelwodebaSi
gamotoveT gamoSvebis aRweriloba, Tu avtoris nacvlad gazeTs uTiTebT.
P: (kamini 2005)
(miluoki jornal-sentineli1998)
(niu iork Taimsi2004)
teqstobrivi miTiTebis gamoyenebis nacvlad, SegiZliaT miTiTebis
zogi elementis Tqvens teqstSi Casma. Tumca, bibliografiaSi saWiroa
statiis srulad miTiTeba.
gazeT niu iork taimsSi uzenaes sasamarTloSi mimdinare
gadaadgilebebisadmi miZRvenil statiaSi (2005) grinhausi ganixilavs am
tendenciebs.
an
2005 wlis 30 seqtembers gamoqveynebul statiaSi, gazeTi niu iork taimsi,
linda grinhausi ganixilavsuzenaes sasamarTloSi mimdinare
gadaadgilebebs.
19.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi
amerikuli gazeTebis miTiTebisas, saxelwodebaSi gamotoveT sawyisi
artikli The. Tu gazeTis saxelwodeba ar Seicavs qalaqs, daumateT igi
oficialur saTaurs, garda iseTi kargad cnobili erovnuli gazeTebisa,
rogoricaa the Wall Street Journal an the Christian Science Monitor. Tu aseTi
saxelwodebis gazeTiqalaqSia an saxeli bundovania, SegiZliaT,
frCxilebSi daumatoT Stati an provincia (Cveulebriv, Semoklebuli
361
formiT; ix. 24.3.1). sxva ucxouri gazeTis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, datoveT
Seucvlelad sawyisi artiklebi da saTaurebis Semdeg daurTeT qalaqebis
saxelebi.
Chicago Tribune Le Monde
Saint Paul (Alberta or AB) Journal Times (London)
• internet statiebi.onlain
gazeTebTan dakavSirebiT, ixelmZRvaneleT
beWdviT gazeTebSi ganTavsebuli statiebisTvis gankuTvnili
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens mier
masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix.15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom marto URL-i
sakmarisi ar aris; Tqven unda warmoadginoT publikaciis yvela faqti
srulad, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic.
362
R: heqstra, deivi. 2005. memkvidreobis aRdgena. gazeTi Chicago Sun-Times. 19
dekemberi. http://www.suntimes.com/output/hurricane/cst-ftr-nola 19.html (bolo Sesvlis
TariRi 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).
363
rodosTan peloponesis flotis oTxmocdRiani umoqmedoba, romlis
Sesaxebac iuwyeba tucidide (peloponesis omis istoria8.44.4), Sewyvetili
zamTris dasrulebamde (8.60.2-3), varaudobs (gulisxmobs) ...
Tu Tqveni naSromi exeba literaturul gamokvlevebs an sxva raime
sferos, romelic moicavs teqstebis detalur analizs an Tu mniSvnelovania
sxvaobebi Targmanebs Soris, miuTiTeT aseTi nawarmoebebi Tqvens
bibliografiaSi. ixelmZRvaneleT 19.1.1-Si moyvanili sxva naTargmni da
redaqtirebuli wignebisTvis gankuTvnili wesebiT.
R: properciusi. 1990. elegiebi. gamomc. da mTargn. j. p. guldi. lebis klasikuri
biblioTeka 18. kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba.
aristotele. 1983. aristoteles naSromebis sruli krebuli: oqsfordis
gadaxeduli Targmani. gamomc. j. barnesi. 2 t. prinstoni, niu jersi:
prinstonis universitetis gamomcemloba.
klasikuri nawarmoebebi.zemoT moyvanil zogad principebTan
erTaddamatebiT warmogidgenT wesebs, romlebic vrceldeba klasikuri
nawarmoebebis citirebaze.
avtorsa da nawarmoebis saTaurs an saTaursa da seqciis nomers Soris
gamoiyeneT sasveni niSani, cifrobrivi danayofebi gamoyofilia wertilebiT
intervalebis gareSe. seqciebis nomrebisTvis ixmareT arabuli cifrebi.
dasviT mZimeebi erTi da igive wyaros citirebebs Soris da wertil-mZime –
sxvadasxva wyaros citirebebs Soris.
P: (aristofane bayayebi 1019-30)
(ciceroni ver. 1.3.21, 2.3.120; tacitusi germ. 10.2-3)
(aristotele metafizika3.2.996b5-8; platoni respublika 360e-361b)
SegiZliaT, agreTve, avtorebis, nawarmoebebis, krebulebis da a.S.
saxelebis Semokleba. yvelaze farTod aRiarebul abreviaturebs Seicavs
oqsfordis klasikuri leqsikoni. isargebleT am abreviaturebiT, nacvlad
sityvisa ibid. erTi da igive naSromis Tanmimdevruli moxseniebis dros.
P: (Thuc. 2.40.2-3)
(Pindar Isthm. 7.43-45)
Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebebi.klasikuri naSromebis miTiTebis forma
Tanabrad misaRebia Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebebisTvis, romlebic dawerilia
364
ucxo enebze. Tu seqciis nomers win uswrebs aRwerilobiTi termini, meti
sicxadisTvis gamoyaviT igi mZimiT naSromis saTaurisgan.
P: (avgustini RvTis qalaqi20.2) (laTinuri)
(abelari epistole 17 eloizas, mini Pl180 375c - 378a)
adrindelinawarmoebebi. zemoT CamoTvlili zogadi principebis garda,
adrindeli literaturuli nawarmoebebis miTiTebebze Semdegi wesebi
vrceldeba:
poemebis da piesebis miTiTebisas moixsenieT wigni, Tavi da strofi; strofi
da striqoni; aqti, scena da striqoni an msgavsi danayofebi. meti
sicxadisTvis, elementebi gamoyaviT mZimeebiT.
P: (Coseri, baTis peiqris colis moTxrobis prologi, kenterberis moTxrobebi,
striqonebi 105-14)
(miltoni, dakarguli samoTxe, wigni 1, striqonebi83-86)
SegiZliaT, SeamokloT danomrili danayofebi aqti, striqonida sxva msgavsi
sityvebis gamotovebiT da klasikur bibliografiebSi arsebulismsgavsi
sistemis gamoyenebiT (ix. zemoT). aucileblad ganmarteT sqolioSi Tqveni
sistema.
P: (miltoni, dakarguli samoTxe, 1.83-86)
Tu gamocemebi gansxvavdeba redaqciiT, striqonebis danomvriT da
scenebad dayofiTac ki, CasviT es nawarmoebi Tqvens bibliografiaSi da
miuTiTeT konkretuli gamocema.
P: Seqspiri, uiliami. 1982. hamleti. ardenis gamocema. gamomc. harold jenkinsi.
londoni: meTueni.
19.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi
miuTiTeT biblia da sxva religiuri Sinaarsis wminda werilebi teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi. ar aris saWiro maTi CarTva Tqvens bibliografiaSi.
bibliidan citirebis SemTxvevaSi, daurTeT wignis Semoklebuli
saxelwodeba, Tavis nomeri da strofis nomeri – gverdis nomris gareSe.
konteqstidan gamomdinare, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT wignebis saxelwodebebis
tradiciuli an ufro mokle abreviaturebi (ix.24.6); mimarTeT rCevisTvis
Tqvens pedagogs, Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, romeli formaa misaRebi.
isargebleT arabuli cifrebiT Tavebis, strofebis nomrebisa (maT Sorisori
wertiliT) da wignebis nomrebis bibliografiaSi miTiTebisas..
365
tradiciuli abreviaturebi:
P: (1Ts. 4:11, 5:2-5, 5:14)
ufro mokle abreviaturebi:
P: (2sm. 11:1-17, 11:26-27; 1mt. 10:13-14)
vinaidan wignebi da danomvra gansxvavdeba wminda werilebis versiebis
mixedviT, Tqvens pirvel miTiTebaSi miuTiTeT frCxilebSi is versia,
romliTac sargeblobT, saxelwodebis sityvierad an miRebuli abreviaturis
saxiT warmodgenis meSveobiT (ix.24.6.4).
P: (2 mefeebi 11:8 [axali gasworebuli standartuli versia])
(1kr. 6:1-10 [axali amerikuli biblia NAB])
sxvareligiis wminda werilebidan citirebis SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad
gamoiyeneT bibliidan citirebis zogadi principebi (ix. 24.6.5)
366
(aulescia1989, 509)
enciklopediebis onlain versiebi eqvemdebareba regularul
ganaxlebas.amitom CarTeT rogorc URL-i, ise masalis mopovebis TariRi
(ix.15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom zogierTi sacnobaro naSromi miuTiTebs
konkretuli muxlis citirebisTvis Sesaferis URL-s; sasurvelia misi
gamoyeneba nacvlad saZiebo sistemebis mier generirebuli naklebad sando
URL-isa.
P: (onlainenciklopedia britanika, ix.`sibeliusi, jini~,
http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article?tocld=9378608 [bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1
ivnisi])
19.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi
wignebis, speqtaklebis da a.S. naSromebis recenzia SeiZleba, daibeWdos
sxvadasxva periodul gamocemebSi. Tqvens bibliografiaSi CasviT
mimomxilvelis gvari da saxeli, sityva(recenzia), romelsac mosdevs
mimoxiluli naSromis saxelwodeba da avtori (an kompozitori, reJisori da
a.S.); adgili da TariRi (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saubaria speqtaklze) da bolos
is perioduli gamocema, romelSic daibeWda mimoxilva.
R: taubi, riCardi p. 2004. naSromis sazogadoebrivi (saxelmwifo) sacxovrebeli
binebis aRdgena: naxevarsaukunovani brZola sam sazogadoebriv raionSi
mimoxilva lorens j. veilis avtorobiT. sociologiis amerikuli
Jurnali110, # 3 (noemberi): 797-99.
iSevudi, Carlzi. 2005. cisferi Citunas mimoxilva, avtori - Ceril l. vesti,
reJisori – seret skoti. seqand sTeijis Teatri, niu iorki. niu iork Taimsi.
24 ivnisi.
kozini, aleni. 2000. timoTi feinis (violino) da stiven bekis (fortepiano)
mier Sesrulebuli koncertis mimoxilva. niu iuorki, 92-e quCa Y, niu iorki.
niu iork Taimsi. 21 aprili.
19.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi
samecniero statiebis, sakonferencio naSromebis, disertaciebis da a.S.
reziumeebi SeiZleba, gamoqveyndes sakuTriv naSromTan erTad an specialur
gamocemebSi (Cveulebriv, JurnalebSi), romlebic Sedgeba mxolod da mxolod
reziumeebisgan.
367
daurTeT sakuTriv naSromis sruli miTiTeba. Tu reziume ibeWdeba
naSromTan erTad, miTiTebaSi sityva reziumeCasviT saTauris Semdeg.Tu
reziume ibeWdeba sxva gamocemaSi, sityvebi reziume . . . –SiCasviT sawyisi
miTiTebis Semdeg da miuTiTeT reziumes adgilmdebareoba.dasviT sakuTriv
naSromis TariRi, nacvlad reziumes TariRisa, avtoris gvarisa da saxelis
Semdeg.
R: ludersi, jozefi. 2006. moZraobis warmatebis ekonomika: biznesis reagireba
samoqalaqo uflebebis mobilizaciaze. reziume. amerikuli sociologiis
Jurnali111, # 4 (ianvari): 963.
albini, sesilia. 2003. molaparakebebi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis
sakiTxebze: globaluri sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da samarTlianoba.
saerTaSoriso gamokvlevebis mimoxilva29 (ivlisi): 365-85. reziume mSvidobis
kvlevis referatebis JurnalSi 42, publik. nom. 236625 (2005 wlis Tebervali):
6.
19.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi
miuTiTeT bukletebi, korporaciuli angariSebi, broSurebi da sxva
avtonomiuri publikaciebi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns. Tu gakliaT
informacia zogierTi standartuli elementisTvis, rogoricaa avtori da
gamomcemeli, dokumentebis identificirebis mizniT, miuTiTeT sakmarisi
odenobis sxva informacia.
R: klarki, heizeli v. 1957. mesopotamia: or mdinares Soris. mesopotamia, ohaio:
moqalaqeebis universaluri maRaziis dasasruli.
TIAA-CREF. 2005. 2005 wlis wliuri angariSi: kolejis pedagogebis sapensio
aqciebis fondi. niu iorki TIAA-CREF.
19.5.7 gamocemebi mikroformis saxiT
mikroformis saxiT gamocemuli naSromebi, romlebiTac xelmZRvanelobdiT,
maT Soris disertaciebi, Tqvens bibliografiaSi miuTiTeT wignis
msgavsad.nabeWdi formiT an internetiT nasargeblevidisertaciebis
misaTiTeblad(ix.19.6.1.),daurTeT publikaciis forma (mikrofiSa, mikrofilmi
da a.S.) publikaciis faqtebis Semdeg.
R: farveli, beatrisa, 1995. franguli popularuli liTografiuli
gamosaxulebebis miRebis xerxebi. t. 12, liTografia xelovnebasa da
vaWrobaSi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba. mikrofiSa.
368
tauberi, abrahami. 1958. damwerlobis reforma SeerTebul StatebSi. en
arbori, miCigani: universitetis mikrofilmebi. mikrofilmi.
Tu SesaZlebelia, teqstobriv miTiTebebSi CasviT adgilis ganmsazRvreli
elementi. Semdeg magaliTSi gverdis nomeri,romelic TvalsaCinoebisTvis
identificirebulia abreviaturiT gv. gvxvdeba nabeWd teqstSi mikrofiSaze;
danarCeni cifrebi aRniSnaven mikrofiSas da kadrs, xolo aso aRniSnavs
rigs.
P: (farveli 1995, gv. 67, 3C12)
19.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi an DVD-ROM-ebi
miuTiTeTCD- an DVD-ROM-ze Cawerili naSromebi, rogorc miuTiTebdiT
analogiur nabeWd naSromebs, ufro xSirad, wignebs.
R: “neiSenal jeografiki” nomrebis sruli krebuli: Jurnalis `National
Geographic~ 110 weli. 2000. CD-ROM. kompiuteruli programuli uzrunvelyofis
gamomcemeli kompania mainsqeipi.
oqsfordis inglisuri leqsikoni. 1999. me-2 gamoc. CD-ROM, versia 2.0. niu
iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba.
19.5.9 onlain monacemTa bazebi
onlainmonacemTa bazebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero Jurnalebis statiebis
citirebasTan dakavSirebiT, ixileT 19.2.8. sxva tipis onlain monacemTa
bazebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens bibliografiaSisrulad miuTiTeT monacemTa
baza, Tu axdenT misgan mravali dokumentis an Canawerebis citirebas.
(miuTiTeT monacemTa bazis saxeli, (swori SriftiT), URL-i mTavari
gverdisTvis da Tqvens mier masalis mopovebis TariRi (an TariRebis
diapazoni). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod da mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar
aris; unda warmoadginoT sruli informaciapublikaciis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac
es SesaZlebelia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic.
R: perseusis cifruli biblioTeka. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ (bolos Sesvlis
TariRi 1 Tebervali-31 marti, 2006)
Tu miuTiTebT msgavsi monacemTa bazidan mxolod erT dokuments an
Canawers, Tqvens bibliografiaSi igi CawereT cal-calke. daurTeT
dokumentis avtori da saTauri (Tu xelmisawvdomia), monacemTa bazis saxeli
(swori SriftiT), URL-i konkretuli gverdisTvis da Tqvens mier masalis
369
mopovebis TariRi. onlain monacemTa bazebSi arsebul disertaciebTan
dakavSirebiT ixileT 19.6.1.
R: plini ufrosi. bunebrivi istoria, gamomc. jon bostoki da g. t. raili.
perseusis cifrul biblioTekaSi, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-
bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+1.dedication (bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2006 wlis 31 marti).
Tqvens teqstSi dokumentis Tu Canaweris damowmebisTvis,miuTiTeT
SeZlebisdagvarad amomwuravi informacia, raTa citata bibliografiis
muxlSi moyvanil informaciasTan daakavSiroT. CasviT es informacia
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi (romlis elementebi gamijnulia mZimeebiT)an
teqstSi.
P: (plini ufrosi, perseusis cifruli biblioTeka)
. . . rogorc miTiTebulia plini ufrosis samecniero naSromSi bunebrivi
istoria (perseusis cifruli biblioTeka).
370
R: merfi, priscila koiti. 2000. risi gakeTeba SeuZlia wigns: Cumi gazafxuli da
media-saSualebebSi mowyobili sajaro diskusia. dis. filosofiis doqtoris
samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, CrdiloeT karolinas universiteti.
kulkesi, karen lei. 2003. kurdistanis kartografiuli gamosaxulebebi
beWdviT mediaSi. disertacia magistris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad,
sirakiusis universiteti.
imisaTvis, rom miuTiToT disertacia, romelsac gaecaniT onlain
monacemTa bazaSi, daurTeT monacemTa bazis saxeli, URL-i da monacemTa
bazaSi SeRwevis TariRibibliografiis sawyisi informaciis Semdeg
(mikroformis saxiT gamoSvebuli gamocemebis Sesaxeb ixileT 19.5.7.)
R: merfi, priscila koiti. 2000. risi gakeTeba SeuZlia wigns: Cumi gazafxuli da
media-saSualebebSi mowyobili sajaro diskusia. dis. filosofiis doqtoris
samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, CrdiloeT karolinas universiteti.
linkze: ProQuest Disserations and Theses,
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=727710781&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=13392&RQT=
309&VName=PQD (bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2006 wlis 1 aprili).
19.6.2 Sexvedrebze wakiTxuli leqciebi da moxsenebebi. gamosvlis an moxsenebis
avtoris, TariRis da saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT sponsori, adgilmdebareoba
da (Tu aris xelmisawvdomi) TaTbiris Catarebis konkretuli dRe.
Sityvagamouqveynebeli saWiro ar aris.
R: trautmeni, joni. 2005. induri bluzi: amerikeli indielebi da musikis
politika, 1890-1935. leqcia, niuberis biblioTeka, Cikago, ilinoisi. 2
Tebervali.
gredi, kareni. 2004. rodesac maRali kultura iyo popularuli kultura.
amerikel istorikosTa organizaciis yovelwliur sxdomaze warmodgenili
moxseneba, bostoni, masaCusetsi. 26 marti.
skoqpoli, Teda. 2003. xma da uTanasworoba: amerikuli samoqalaqo
demokratiis transformacia. saprezidento mimarTva, politikuri mecnierebis
amerikuli asociaciis yovelwliuri sxdoma, filadelfia, pensilvania. 28
agvisto.
19.6.3 interviuebi da piradi urTierTobebi
imisaTvis, rom mivuTiToT gamouqveynebeli interviu (maT Soris, interviu,
romelic Tavad CaiwereT),daiwyeT bibliografiis muxli im piris gvariT da
371
saxeliT, romelsac CamoerTva interviu, da interviueris saxeliT da gvariT;
daurTeT, agreTve, intervius Catarebis adgili da TariRi (Tu cnobilia) da
nebismieri firisa Tu transkriptis (Tu aris xelmisawvdomi)
adgilmdebareoba. (radio- an telemauwyeblobiT gadacemuli interviuebis
Sesaxeb ixileT 19.8.3)
R: makmilani, endriu. 2007. avtoris mier CamorTmeuli interviu. san diego,
kalifornia. 2 marti.
spoki, benjameni. 1974. milton j. e. senis mier CamorTmeuli interviu. 20
noemberi. interviu 67A, Canaweri, senis zepiri istoriis koleqcia, medicinis
erovnuli biblioTeka, betesda, merilendi.
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi miuTiTeT respodnetis da ara interviueris saxeli.
P: (makmilani 2007)
(spoki 1974)
Tu ar SegiZliaT im piris vinaobis gamJRavneba, romelsac interviu
CamoarTves, gamoiyeneT mxolod teqstobrivi miTiTebebi konteqstisTvis
Sesaferisi informaciiT. Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT am informaciis zogierTi
nawilis an sruli informaciis teqstSi CarTva, magram ar aris saWiro
intervius miTiTeba bibliografiaSi. ganmarteT vinaobis ardasaxelebis
faqti sqolioSi an winasityvaobaSi (`yvela interviu iyo konfidencialuri;
im pirTa vinaobas, visac CamovarTviT interviuebi, ar vasaxelebT erToblivi
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze~
P: (interviu jandacvis sferos muSakTan, 2006 wlis 10 agvisto)
miuTiTeT saubrebi, werilebi, eleqtronuli werilebi da a.S.
mxolodteqstobriv miTiTebebSi. zogadad ar aris saWiro maTi miTiTeba
Tqvens bibliografiaSi, magram SeiZleba, moisurvoT, uCvenoT konkretuli
komunikaciis faqti, romelsac kritikuli mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni
argumentaciis gasamyareblad an, romelsac xSirad citireben. is ZiriTadi
elementebi, romlebic mZimeebiTunda gamoiyos, arissxvaadamianis saxeli da
gvari, TariRi da komunikaciis tipi. bevr SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba, es
informacia teqstSi nawilobriv an sruladCarToT. gamotoveT eleqtronuli
fostis misamarTebi. EleqtronulmisamarTebze gagzavnili Setyobinebebis
miTiTebis Sesaxeb ixileT 19.7.3-Si.
372
P: (maqsin grini, 2005 wlis 29 seqtemberi, avtoris misamarTze gagzavnili
eleqtronuli werili)
2006 wlis 12 oqtombers avtorTan gamarTul satelefono saubarSi
polkovnikma viliam riCma gamoaSkarava, rom . . .
373
da TariRi, dokumentis saTauri an tipi da koleqciis an arqivis
saxeli.gamoyaviT elementebi mZimeebiT. bevr SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba, es
informacia nawilobriv an srulad CarToT teqstSi.
P: (jeims oglTorpi ndobiT aRWurvil pirebs, 1733 wlis 13 ianvari, egmontis
xelnawerebi)
ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis misamarTiT 1733 wlis 13 ianvars gagzavnil
werilSi (egmontis xelnawerebi) jaims oglTorpma ganacxada . . .
Tu axdenT koleqciidan mxolod erTi dokumentis citirebas, igi
calkeCasviT bibliografiaSi da ixelmZRvaneleT teqstobrivi
miTiTebebisTvis gankuTvnili Cveulebrivi modeliT.
R: dinkeli, jozefi. 1869. elisabed keri agasis TxovniT dawerili lui agasis
aRwera. agasis dokumentebi. houtonis biblioTeka, harvardis universiteti,
kembriji, masaCusetsi.
elementebis daformatebis wesi.warmogidgenT ramdenime rekomendacias
xelnawerTa koleqciebSi arsebuli dokumentebis specialur
daformatebasTan dakavSirebiT.
• individualuri saTaurebi - ganzogadebuli saTaurebi. miuTiTeT rogorc
individualuri, ise, ganzogadebuli saTaurebi, rogoricaa angariSian
oqmi, swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi Casmis an daxrili Sriftis gareSe.
374
19.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi
masalas, romelic araoficialurad qveyndeba internetSi, xSirad ar
eqneba publikaciis iseTi standartulimonacemebi, rogoricaa avtori,
saTauri, gamomcemeli an TariRi. maSinac ki, rodesac SegiZliaT,
publikaciis Sesaxeb mxolod Zalian mwirimonacemebis mopoveba an
saerTod ver adgenT maT, mainc unda miuTiToT bibliografiaSi URL-ze
meti informacia. Tu miuTiTebT mxolod URL-s da isSeicvleba an
moZveldeba, Tqveni miTiTeba gamousadegari xdeba mkiTxvelebisTvis. URL-i
miuTiTebs, sad ido masala, rodesac Tqven mas ecnobodiT;sruli
miTiTeba,aseve,unda uCvenebdes wyaros da Tqvens mier misi ukanasknelad
monaxulebis TariRs (ix.15.4.1).
19.7.1 vebgverdebi
wignebisa da perioduli gamocemebis garda, onlain wyaroebidan miRebul
sxva originalur masalasTan dakavSirebiT bibliografiaSi SeitaneT rac
SeiZleba meti informacia Semdegi CamonaTvlidan: avtori, gverdis
saTauri (swori SriftiT, brWyalebis gareSe), saitis saxeli an
mflobeli, URL-i da saitze Sesvlis TariRi (an saitze Sesvlis
TariRebis diapazoni).
R: evanstonis sajaro biblioTekis mzrunvelTa sabWo. evanstonis sajaro
biblioTekis strategiuli gegma, 2000-2010: sazogadoebasTan
urTierTobebis aTwleuli. evanstonis sajaro biblioTeka.
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1
ivnisi-15 agvisto).
Tu avtori dasaxelebuli ar aris, miuTiTeT saitis mflobelis
saxeli.
R: amerikel mecnierTa federacia. rezoluciis Sedareba: sanomre niSnebisa
da saTaurebis (hedlainebis) wakiTxva. http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/resolve5.html
(bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1 ivnisi).
araoficialur saitebze, rogoricaa personaluri gverdebi da
gasarTobi saitebi,romlebsac SeiZleba, arc hqondeT saTaurebi,
gamoqveynebuli masalebisTvis ixmareT aRwerilobiTi frazebi
375
R: kemp takonikis gamoSveba. 1955 wlis fotogalerea.
http://www.taconicalumni.org/1955.html (bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1 ivnisi).
imisaTvis, rom Tqvens teqstSi miuTiToT vebsaiti oficialuri
publikaciis TariRis gareSe, CasviT avtoris an saitis mflobelis
saxeli an bibliografiis muxlSi gamoyenebuli aRwerilobiTi fraza.
CasviT es informacia frCilebSi an teqstSi.
rogorc iyo miTiTebuli amerikel mecnierTa federaciis vebsaitze . . .
19.7.2 veblogze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi
Tu miuTiTebT veblogze (an blogze) gamoqveynebul informacias da
komentarebs, daurTeT veblogi Tqvens bibliografias.amisaTvisunda
ixelmZRvaneloT vebsaitebis sabazo modeliT. saitis mTavari
gverdisTvismiuTiTeT URL-i.
R: beker-pozneris blogi. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/ (bolos Sesvlis
TariRi 2006 wlis 28 marti).
veblogzegamoqveynebuli calkeuli infoirmaciisa da komentarebis
citireba xdeba mxolod teqstobriv miTiTebebSi. is ZiriTadi elementebi,
romlebic gamoiyofa mZimeebiT, aris avtoris saxeli da gvari, veblogis
saxeli da miniSneba imaze, Tu romelia veblogze (saitis avtoris
mier)gamoqveynebuli Canaweri da romeli _ komentari,(dawerili sxva
adamianis mier) da gamoqveynebis TariRi. Tu avtoris saxeli arasrulia an
fsevdonimia, miuTiTeT igi, rogorc saxeli.xSirad SeiZleba, es
informacia teqstSi srulad an nawilobriv CarToT.
P: (piter pirsoni, beker-pozneris blogi, komentari, gagzavnili 2006 wlis 6
marts)
. . . geri bekeris Tanaxmad (komentari, gagzavnili 2006 wlis 6 marts, beker-
pozneris blogze). sapasuxo komentarebi ekuTvnis piter pirsons (gagzavna
6 marts) da bils (gagzavna 10 marts) . . .
19.7.3 adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi
adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siidanmasalis citirebis mizniT
daurTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari, gagzavnis TariRi da siis saxeli.
gamotoveT eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. msgavsi informaciis
citireba, rogorc wesi, xdeba mxolod teqstobriv miTiTebebSi, sadac
elementebi gamoyofilia mZimeebiT. zogadad saWiro ar aris maTi CarTva
376
Tqvens bibliografiaSi, magram SeiZleba, moisurvoT, CarToT Tqveni
argumentaciis gamyarebisTvis kritikulad mniSvnelovani an xSirad
miTiTebuli specialuri informacia. xSirad SeiZleba, es informacia
teqstSi srulad an nawilobriv CarToT.
P: (jon paueli, 2004 wlis 30 oqtomberi, eleqtronuli werili greipvainis
eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebze)
greipvainis eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebze 2004 wlis 30 oqtombers
gagzavnil eleqtronul werilSi jon paueli acxadebs ..
377
ferweruli namuSevrebi, qandakebebi, fotosuraTebi da
xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebebi. ferweruli naxatebi, skulpturebi,
fotosuraTebi da xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebebi aRiniSneba mxolod
teqstur miTiTebebSi. miTiTebas daurTeT mxatvris saxeli da gvari,
nawarmoebis saxelwodeba da Seqmnis TariRi (romelsac win uswrebs
ca. [circa], Tu TariRi miaxloebiTia), aseve im dawesebulebis
saxelwodeba da adgilmdebareoba, romelSic igi inaxeba (aseTis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi). ferweruli namuSevrebisa da skulpturebis
saxelwodebebi daxrili SriftiT dawereT, xolo fotosuraTebis
saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT miuTiTeT da brWyalebSi CasviT.
gamoyaviT elementebi mZimeebiT.
P: (jorjia o’kifi, kldis sakvamurebi, 1938, miluokis xelovnebis
muzeumi)
(mikelanjelo, daviTi, 1501-4, akademiis galerea, florencia)
(anseli, adamsi, `CrdiloeTi gumbaTi, kalaTisebri gumbaTi,
hofmanis mTa, iosemiti~, ca. 1935, smiTsonis amerikuli xelovnebis
muzeumi, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi)
teqsturi miTiTebebis gamoyenebis nacvlad, zogjer
xelovnebis nimuSebis citireba elementebis teqstSi CarTviTac
SegiZliaT,
o’kifma pirvelad warmoadgina es teqnika suraTSi kldis
sakvamurebi (1938; miluokis xelovnebis muzeumi).
Tu xelovnebis nawarmoebi gamoqveynebul wyaroSi naxeT da
adgilobrivi wesebi Tqvengan am wyaros identificirebas moiTxovs,
SeiyvaneT gamoqveynebuli wyaro miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi . teqstur
miTiTebebSi aRniSneT avtori da TariRi nacvlad dawesebulebis
saxelisa da adgilmdebareobisa. onlain suraTebTan dakavSirebiT
ix. 19.8.6.
378
R: linsi, barbara buleri, lesli poling-kempesi da frederik v.
terneri. 2004. jorjia o’kifi da niu meqsiko: adgilis SegrZneba.
prinstoni: prinstonis universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (jorjia o’kifi, kldis sakvamurebi, 1938, linsis, poling-kempesisa
da terneris naSromSi 2004, 25)
sxva grafikuli wyaroebi. SeiZleba, dagWirdeT iseTi grafikuli
wyaroebis citireba, rogoricaa sareklamo gancxadebebi presaSi,
rukebi, karikaturebi da a.S. aRniSneT aseTi wyaroebi mxolod
teqstur miTiTebebSi, miusadageT maT xelovnebis nimuSebisTvis
gankuTvnili sabaziso modelebi da daurTeT rac SeiZleba meti
informacia. miuTiTeT saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi
CasmiT da aRniSneT grafikis tipi, Tu is saxelwodebidan cxadi ar
aris. onlain grafikis Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.6.
P: (ojaxSi wera-kiTxvis codnis erovnuli centri, `imitom, rom
SemiZlia kiTxva~, reklama (gancxadeba), Jurnali atralntik mansli,
2006 wlis aprili, 59)
19.8.2 cocxali Sesruleba
Teatri, musika da cekva. aRniSneT cocxali Teatraluri,
musikaluri an sacekvao Sesruleba mxolod frCilebSi Casmul
miTiTebebSi. aRniSvnas daurTeT Sesrulebuli nawarmoebis
saxelwodeba, yvela wamyvani Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari da maT
mier Sesrulebuli rolebi, romel TeatrSi, darbazSi da a.S
gaimarTa warmodgena, warmodgenis geografiuli mdebareoba da
TariRi. piesebis da didi musikaluri kompoziciebis saTaurebi
dawereT daxrili SriftiT, xolo ufro mcire namuSevrebis
saTaurebi miuTiTeT swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi CasmiT.
saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT saTaurebis weris
stili. Tu citata xazs usvams individis Sesrulebas,
Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari miuTiTeT nawarmoebis saTauris win.
gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT.
379
P: (cisferi Cituna, avtori Ceril l. vesti, reJisori sirit skoti,
seqond sTeijis Teatri, niu iorki, 2005 wlis 22 ivnisi)
(iuja vangi, pianisti, `valsi~, kompozitori moris raveli,
simfoniuri centri, Cikago, 2006 wlis 26 marti)
teqsturi miTiTebebis gamoyenebis nacvlad, xandaxan, citireba
cocxali Sesrulebis Sesaxeb elementebis teqstSi CasmiTac
SegiZliaT.
iuja vangis mier Sesrulebulma moris ravelis `valsma~ (2006 wlis
26 marti, simfoniuri centri, Cikago) warmoaCina mis mier . . . gageba
. . .
Tu cocxali Sesruleba CanawerSi ixileT an moismineT,
miuTiTeT es Canaweri. audio Canaweris Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.4; video
CanawerTan dakavSirebiT _ 19.8.5; inlain failebis Sesaxeb _ 19.8.6.
kinosuraTebi. Tu filmi kinoTeatrSi naxeT, cocxali Sesrulebis
miTiTebis msgavsad, teqstur miTiTebebSi aRniSneT an CarTeT
elementebi teqstSi. (videoCanawerebSi nanaxi filmebis Sesaxeb ix.
19.8.5; onlain nanaxi kinofilmebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.6.) miuTiTeT
kinosuraTis saxelwodeba, reJisori, mwarmoebeli kompaniisa an
distributoris saxelwodeba da filmis gamoSvebis weli (daxrili
SriftiT). saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT saTaurebis
weris stili. gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT. Tu saWiroa,
aRwereT Tqvens mier citirebuli epizodis moqmedebis adgili.
P:
(kapote, reJisori benet mileri, kinostudia soni fiqCerz klasiqsi,
2005, Sesavali scena)
19.8.3 satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi
programebi. miuTiTeT teleprogramebi, radioprogramebi da sxva
samauwyeblo wyaroebi mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi. daurTeT
programis saxeli da TariRi, rodesac naxeT an moismineT gadacema.
SegiZliaT, agreTve, aRniSnoT epizodis saTauri da nomeri (Tu
380
xelmisawvdomia), yvela wamyvani Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari (Tu
Tqvens diskusias Seesabameba), adgili, saidanac xdeba mauwyebloba
da Tavdapirveli mauwyeblobis TariRi (Tu gansxvavdeba im
TariRisgan, rodesac Tqven naxeT an moismineT gadacema). dawereT
daxrili SriftiT programebis saxelebi, xolo epizodebis an
segmentebis saTaurebi – swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi CasmiT.
gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT.
P: (sainfeldi, `sapirispiro~, epizodi 86, 2005 wlis 22 seqtemberi
[Tavdapirvelad gavida eTerSi 1994 wlis 19 maisi])
(mTavari sainformacio programa yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT,
erovnuli sazogadoebrivi radio NPR, 2006 wlis 20 aprili)
xSirad, teqsturi miTiTebebis nacvlad, SegiZliaT, amgvari
programebi aRniSnoT ZiriTadi elementebis teqstSi CarTviT,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac zogierTi an yvela damatebiTi
elementi ar aris xelmisawvdomi an ar Seesabameba citirebas.
sainfeldis epizodi saTauriT `sapirispiro~ (eTerSi gavida 2005
wlis 22 seqtembers) SesaniSnavad gadmoscems am Txrobis
struqturas.
Tu programa CanawerSi naxeT an moismineT, miuTiTeT Canaweri.
videoCanaweris Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.5; onlain failebis Sesaxeb - 19.8.6.
interviuebi. miuTiTeT mauwyeblis meSveobiT gadmocemuli
interviuebi mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi an teqstSi elementebis
CarTviT. miiCnieT respodenti avtorad da citirebis konteqstSi
miuTiTeT interviueris vinaoba. daurTeT, agreTve, mauwyeblobis
forumi da TariRi. saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT
saTaurebis weris stili. gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT.
gamouqveynebeli interviuebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.6.3.
P: (kondolisa raisi, jim lereris mier CamorTmeuli interviu,
satelevizio sianformacio programa niu auerz, sazogadoebrivi
samauwyeblo samsaxuri, 2005 wlis 28 ivlisi)
381
reklamebi. miuTiTeT mauwyeblobis saSualebebiT gadmocemuli
reklamebi mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi an teqstSi elementebis
CasmiT. daurTeT rac SeiZleba meti informacia.
P: (federal eqspresi, `mRvimis kacis~ reklama, eTerSi gavida super
boulis me-40 matCis dros, 2006 wlis 5 Tebervali)
19.8.4 audio Canawerebi
Tu audio CanawerSi moismineT musikaluri Sesruleba an
deklamacia, miuTiTeT Canaweri. gamoqveynebuli naSromebis msgavsad,
aseT Canawerebs, zogadad, ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi
saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiro iqneba maTi aRniSvna
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. teqstur miTiTebebSi unda aRniSnoT
mxolod avtori da TariRi.
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi Canawerebi aRniSneT kompozitoris
an Semsruleblis saxelis qveS imis mixedviT, Tu romeli ufro
Seesabameba Tqvens msjelobas. imisaTvis, rom sxva msgavsi
Canawerebisgan ganasxvavoT, daurTeT SeZlebisdagvarad meti
informacia: kompaniis saxeli, Canaweris saidentifikacio nomeri,
Canaweris forma (kaseta, kompaqtdiski) da saavtoro uflebis
miniWebis an Canaweris gakeTebis TariRi (an orTave). SeamokleT
kompaqtdiski, rogorc CD.
R: beTxoveni, ludvig van. 1992. sonata # 29 fortepianosTvis
“hemmerklavier.” rudolf serkini. ProArte Digital CDD 270.
andersoni, dugi. 2001. vokalur-instrumentaluri jgufi Frostwork.
OAR 1001, Dolby HX PRO. audiokaseta.
bernstaini, leonardi, diriJ. 1985. simfonia # 5, kompozitori
dimitri SostakoviCi. niu iorkis filarmoniuri orkestri. CBS IM
35854.
musikaluri Canaweris msgavsad, miuTiTeT dramatuli piesebis,
prozisa da poeziis, leqciebisa da amgvari sajarod wakiTxuli
masalebis Canawerebi.
382
R: tomasi, dilani. 1950. radio piesa rZis xis qveS. Semsruleblebi
dilan tomasi da sxvebi. Caedmon TC-2005 (audiokaseta), CDLS-2005 (CD).
imisTvis, rom teqstSi miuTiToT masala, romelsac ar aqvs
Caweris oficialuri TariRi, aRniSneT is miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi
da nawarmoebis saTaurSi miuTiTeT kompozitoris an Semsruleblis
gvari da saxeli. CasviT es informacia frCxilebSi an teqstSi.
19.8.5 videoCanawerebi
Tu cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi, satelevizio programa, an sxva
samauwyeblo wyaro videoCanawerSi naxeT, miuTiTeT Canaweri.
gamoqveynebuli naSromebis msgavsad, amgvar Canawerebs, zogadad,
ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da
isini miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi unda ganTavsdes. teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi aRniSneT mxolod avtori da TariRi.
videoCanawerebis miTiTebisas, zogadad, vxelmZRvanelobT
wignebisTvis gankuTvnili nimuSebiT, Canaweris formis damatebiT
(VHS, DVD). gaiTvaliswineT, rom meore magaliTSi miTiTebulia 2001
wlis gamoSvebis masala, amitom filmis Tavdapirveli gamosvlis
TariRi gamotovebulia.
R: hendeli, georgi fridrixi. 1988. mesia. VHS. atlantas simfoniuri
orkestri da kameruli gundi, diriJori robert Sou. batavia, ohaio:
video saunje.
klizi, joni, teri jiliami, erik aidli, teri jonsi da maikl
palini. 2001. komentarebi. dosko 2. monti piToni da wminda graali,
spec. gamoc. DVD. diriJori teri jiliami da teri jonsi. kalver-
siti, kalifornia: kompania kolamvia tristar houm enterteimenti.
19.8.6 onlain multimediuri failebi
Tu onlain naxeT gamosaxuleba, cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi,
satelevizio programa, an sxva samauwyeblo wyaro (podkastebis
CaTvliT), miuTiTeT onlain faili. iseve, rogorc gamoqveynebuli
naSromebi, onlain multimediur failebs, zogadad, ucvleli da
383
xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiroa maTi
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi Seyvana.
citirebisas ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT aRwerili Sesabamisi tipis
wyarosTvis gankuTvnili principebiT. Tu rTulia failis TariRis
gansazRvra, ixmareT aRniSvna TariRis gareSe an miuTiTeT sxva
mxriv Sesaferisi TariRi. amasTan, miuTiTeT saitis saxeli da
failis tipi. daurTeT URL-i da saitze Sesvlis TariRi.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi; unda
warmoadginoT damatebiTi informacia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos
wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. Tu fails ar aqvs
individualuri URL-i (rogorc qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi),
miuTiTeT mTeli saiti.
R: bi-bi-si. TariRis gareSe. `bleri akeTebs gancxadebas axali
afrikuli komisiis Sesaxeb~. bi-bi-sis sainformacio vebsaiti bi-bi-
sis axali ambebis veb gverdi. vindousis mediapleeris videofaili.
http://news.bbc.uk/nolavconsole/ifs_news/hi/newsid_5110000/newsid_5119200/nb_wm_
5119262.stm (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2006 wlis 27 ivnisi).
mocarti, volfgang amadeusi. 1778. `alegro moderato~, sonata # 10
fortepianosTvis do maJorSi. kusnt de fugi. MIDI faili.
http://www.kunstderfuge.com/mozart.htm (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis
19 noemberi).
oficialuri TariRis armqone failis citirebisas, aRniSneT
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi avtoris saxeli da gvari da saTauri.
daurTeT es informacia frCxilebSi an teqstSi. Tu saWiroa,
miuTiTeT, agreTve, citirebuli masalis failSi gamoCenis dro.
P: (BBC TariRis gareSe, 3:43)
19.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi
vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi teqstebs, zogadad,
ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da
384
isini miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi unda SeiyvanoT. teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi aRniSneT mxolod avtori da TariRi.
gamofenebis katalogebi. miuTiTeT gamofenis katalogi iseve,
rogorc wigns miuTiTebdiT. miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi,
gamoqveynebis monacemebis Semdeg, CawereT gamofenis saxelwodeba da
adgilmdebareoba(ebi).
R: barteri, judiTi a., red. 1998. meri keseti: Tanamedrove qali. Cikago:
Cikagos xelovnebis instituti, gari n. abramsTan TanamSromlobiT.
gamoqveynda erTdroulad gamofenasTan `meri keseti: Tanamedrove
qali~, romelic moewyo bostonis natifi xelovnebis muzeumSi,
vaSingtonis, kolumbiis olqi, erovnul galereaSi da Cikagos
xelovnebis institutSi.
piesebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ganTqmuli piesebi SegiZliaT,
aRniSnoT mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi. (ix., agreTve, 19.5.1.)
saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT saTaurebis weris
stili. daaSoreT elementebi mZimeebiT. gamotoveT publikaciis
monacemebi da miuTiTeT nawyvetebi aqtisa da scenis (an sxva
dayofis) da ara gverdis nomris mixedviT.
P: (iujin o’neili, grZeli mogzauroba RameSi, aqti 2, scena 1)
Tu Tqveni naSromi exeba literaturul kvlevas an teqstebis Rrma
analizs, an Tu bundovani nawarmoebis citirebas akeTebT, yvela
piesa miuTiTeT ise, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns da aRniSneT is
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. pasaJebi miuTiTeT gverdebiT an
danayofebiT adgilobrivi moTxovnebis mixedviT.
R: bagnoldi, inidi. 1953. carcis baRi. niu iorki: gamomcemloba rendom
hausi Random House.
anui, Jani. 1996. Tomas beketi. mTargm. lusien hili. niu iorki:
gamomcemloba riverhed buqsi Riverhead Books.
P: (bagnoldi 1953, 8-9)
(anui 1996, moqm. 1, sc. 1)
385
partiturebi. miuTiTeT gamoqveynebuli partituta ise, rogorc
miuTiTebdiT wigns.
R: verdi, juzepe. 1998. korsari (tragikuli melodrama sam moqmedebad).
libretos avtori franCesko maria piave. gamomc. elisabed hadsoni.
2 t. juzepe verdis naSromebi, ser. 1, operebi. Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba; milani: gamomcemloba j. rikordi G.
Ricordi.
mocarti, volfgang amadeusi. 1960. sonatebi da fantaziebi
fortepianosTvis. momzadebuli originalebidan da yvelaze
adrindeli beWdviTi wyaroebidan naTan broderis mier. gadaxed.
gamoc. brin mari, pensilvania: gamomcemloba Theodore Presser.
miuTiTeT gamouqveynebeli partitura ise, rogorc
miuTiTebdiT gamouqveynebel masalas xelnawerTa koleqciebidan.
R: Seipi, ralfi. 1966. partita violinosTvis da cameti
SemsruleblisTvis. partitura. specialuri koleqcia, jozef
regenSteinis biblioTeka. Cikagos universiteti.
386
da gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobebisa da, aseve, saerTaSoriso
organoebis mier gamoqveynebuli dokumentebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.9.9-
19.9.11. zogadad, gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis Sesaxeb
ix. 19.9.12.
19.9.1 Sesatani elementebi, maTi Tanmimdevroba da daformatebis wesi
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi SeitaneT rac SeiZleba meti qvemoT
CamoTvlili elementi:
• mTavrobis (qveynis, Statis, qalaqis, olqis an sxva qvedanayofis) da
saxelisuflo organos (sakanonmdeblo organos, aRmasrulebeli
departamentis, sasamarTlo biuros, sabWos, komisiis an komitetis)
saxeli, romelmac gamosca dokumenti;
• gamoqveynebis TariRi;
387
logikurad da Tanmimdevrulad SeamokloT. bevr SemTxvevaSi
teqsturi miTiTebebis nacvlad, SeiZleba, moaxerxoT am
informaciis teqstSi srulad an nawilobriv CarTva.
P: (aSS-is senati 1956, 9-10)
. . . rogorc daadgina senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetma
Tavis angariSSi, romelic Tan axlavs 1956 wlis erToblivi
usafrTxoebis aqts (9-10).
388
Tu gesaWiroebaT momxseneblis da gansaxilveli sakiTxis
miTiTeba, CasviT es monacemebi teqstSi, xolo teqstur miTiTebebSi
warmoadgineT mxolod monacemebi publikaciis Sesaxeb.
masaCusetsis senatorma kenedim Tavis gamosvlaSi isaubra erTobliv
rezoluciaze birTvuli iaraRis gayinvis da SezRudvis Sesaxeb
(kongr. reest. 1982, 128, naw. 3: 3832-34).
1874 wlamde kongresSi gamarTuli debatebi qveyndeboda
gamocemaSi `SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis istoria~ (romelic,
aseve cnobilia sxva saxelebiT) da moicavs 1789-1824 wlebis
periods, `kongreSenal dibeits~ (kongresis debatebi) (1824-37) da
`kongreSenal gloub~ (kongresis samyaro) (1833-73). miuTiTeT es
dokumentebi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT ,,kongreSenal rekords”.
angariSebi da dokumentebi. senatis (SemoklebiT sen.), aseve
warmomadgenelTa palatis (SemoklebiT war. pal.) angariSebisa da
dokumentebis citirebisas daurTeT rogorc kongresis, aseve
sesiebis nomrebi da, Tu SesaZlebelia, seriis nomeric.
R: aSS-is kongresi. warmomadgenelTa palata. 1947. saerTaSoriso
savaluto da finansuri sakiTxebis erovnuli sakonsultacio
sabWos saqmianobis 1947 wlis 31 martis angariSi. 80-e kongr., 1-li
ses. war. pal. dok. 365.
P: (aSS-is war. pal. 1947, 4)
mosmenebi. konkresis komisiebisTvis micemuli Cvenebebis Canawerebi,
Cveulebriv, qveyndeba saTaurebiT, romlebsac aRniSnaven
miTiTebebSi. avtorad miuTiTeT Sesabamisi komiteti.
R: aSS-is kongresi. senati. sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti. 1985.
SimSili afrikaSi: mosmenebi sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetSi. 99-e
kongr., 1-li ses., 17 ianvari.
P: (aSS-is senati 1985, 53)
389
kanonproeqtebi da rezoluciebi. kongresis kanonproeqtebi
(sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi) da rezoluciebi qveyndeba bukletis
formiT. miTiTebebSi warmomadgenelTa palataSi wardgenili
kanonproeqtebis da rezoluciebis Semoklebad gamoiyeneba war. pal.
(HR), xolo senatSi wardgenili kanonproeqtebisa da rezoluciebis
Semoklebad - sen. daurTeT ,,kongreSenal rekordSi” gamoqveynebuli
publikaciis detalebi (Tu xelmisawvdomia).
R: aSS-is kongresi. warmomadgenelTa palata. 1985. 1985 wlis sakvebis
usafrTxoebis aqti. war. pal. 2100. 99-e kongr., 1-li ses., kongresis
reestri 131, # 132, yoveldRiuri gamoc. (8 oqtomberi): war. pal. 8353-
8486.
P: (aSS-is warmomadgenelTa palata 1985, war. pal. (H) 8461)
sakanonmdeblo aqtebi. kanonproeqtebi an rezoluciebi, romlebic
kanonad damtkicda jer calke ibeWdeba, Semdeg ki ikribeba da
ikinZeba yovelwliur tomebad saxelwodebiT: `SeerTebuli Statebis
kanonebis krebuli~. am krebulis gamoqveyneba daiwyo 1874 wels.
mogvianebiT am tomebs aerTianeben SeerTebuli Statebis kodeqsSi.
miuTiTeT aSS-is sakanonmdeblo aqti, aSS-is kodeqsi an orive;
gansakuTrebuli debulebebi miuTiTeT nawilis mixedviT (romelsac
win uswrebs nawilis simbolo da intervali), xolo aqtebi –
gverdebis mixedviT.
teqstur miTiTebebSi daurTeT aqtis miRebis weli;
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi SeitaneT agreTve aqtebis krebulis
gamoqveynebis TariRi. is SeiZleba, gansxvavdebodes kanonis miRebis
wlisgan.
R: 1946 wlis aqti atomuri energiis Sesaxeb. sajaro kanoni 585. 79-e
kongr., me-2 ses. 1 agvisto.
aqti kreditebis zusti angariSgebis Sesaxeb. 1970. aSS-is kodeqsi 15
(2000), §§ 1681 da Semdgomi.
390
1969 wlis aqti erovnuli garemosdacviTi politikis Sesaxeb.
sajaro kanoni 91-190. aSS-is kanonebis krebuli 83 (1970): 852.
kodificirebulia aSS-is kodeqsiT 42 (2000), §§ 4321 da Semdgomi.
P: (1946 wlis aqti atomuri energiis Sesaxeb)
(aqti kreditebis zusti angariSgebis Sesaxeb 1970)
(1969 wlis aqti erovnuli garemosdacviTi politikis Sesaxeb., par.
102)
1874 wlamde kanonebi qveyndeboda Cvidmettomian `amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis krebulSi~, 1789-1873. am
krebulis miTiTebebi Seicavs tomis nomers da misi gamoqveynebis
TariRs.
19.9.3 saprezidento gamocemebi
391
aSS-s prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi ikribeba or
mravaltomeul naSromSi: `prezidentebis mimarTvebis da
dakumentebis krebuli”, 1789-1897, –da `SeerTebuli Statebis
prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi~. es ukanaskneli gankuTvnilia
momavali mTavrobebisTvis.
R: huveri, gerberti. 1977. SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebis sajaro
dokumentebi: gerbert huveri, 1929-33. t. 4, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis
olqi: samTavrobo beWdvis sammarTvelo.
P: (huveri 1977, 178-83)
19.9.4 samTavrobo dawesebulebebisa da saagentoebis gamocemebi
saministroebi, sammarTveloebi da saagentoebi gamoscemen
angariSebs, biuletenebs, cirkularebsa da sxva masalebs. saTauris
Semdeg daurTeT miTiTebuli avtoris saxeli da gvari.
R: aSS-is Sinagan saqmeTa saministro. sasargeblo wiaRiseulis marTvis
samsaxuri. 1984. navTobis daRvris riskis analizi meqsikis yures
centraluri (1984 aprili) da dasavleTi nawilebisTvis (1984
ivlisi), moamzada robert p. labelma. sajaro angariSi, aSS-is
geologiuri samsaxuri. denveri.
aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. 1975. mTliani binis qiris
mediana SeerTebuli Statebis olqebis mixedviT, 1970. moamzada
geografiis ganyofilebam sabinao mSeneblobis ganyofilebasTan
erTad, mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. vaSingroni, kolumbiis olqi:
samTavrobo beWdvis sammarTvelo.
P: (aSS-is Sinagan saqmeTa saministro 1984, 3)
(aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 1975, 15-16)
samTavrobo komisiebis, magaliTad, kavSirgabmulobis
federaluri komisiis an fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis komisiis
mier gamocemuli biuletenebis, cirkularebis, angariSebisa da
kvlevebis citireba xdeba zustad iseve, rogorc sakanonmdeblo
392
angariSebisa. isini xSirad klasificirdeba, rogorc
warmomadgenelTa palatis (war. pal.) an senatis (sen.) dokumentebi.
R: aSS-is kongresi. senati. 1935. federaluri vaWrobis komisiis
angariSi sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis (komunaluri) korporaciebis
Sesaxeb. 70-e kongr., 1-li ses., sen. dok. 91, naw. 71A.
aSS-is fasiani qaRaldebisa da sabirJo operaciebis komisia. 1983.
fasiani qaRaldebisa da sabirJo operaciebis komisiis wliuri
angariSi finansuri wlisTvis. vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi:
samTavrobo beWdvis sammarTvelo.
P: (aSS-is senati 1935, 1)
(aSS-is fasiani qaRaldebisa da sabirJo operaciebis komisia 1983,
42)
19.9.5 aSS-s konstitucia
aSS-s konstitucia aRiniSneba mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi; ar aris
aucilebeli misi CarTva miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. daurTeT muxli
an Sesworeba, nawili da, Tu saWiroa, punqtic. iseTi terminebisTvis,
rogoricaa Sesworeba da nawili, gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi da,
Tu moisurvebT, abreviaturebi.
P: (aSS-is konstitucia, mux. 2, naw. 1, punq. 3)
(aSS-is konstitucia, Seswor. 14, naw. 2)
xSir SemTxvevaSi, SegiZliaT, teqstSi CarToT
saidentifikacio monacemebi. aseT dros nawilebis saxelebi
dawereT sityvierad. Tu Sesworebebis nomrebs cifrebis nacvlad
sityvierad werT, sityvebis pirveli asoebi mTavruliT dawereT.
aSS-is konstitucia, 1-l muxlSi, me-9 nawilSi, krZalavs
sasamarTlo brZanebis SeCerebas (gadavadebas), `garda SemTxvevebisa,
rodesac ajanyebis an samxedro Semosevis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba,
saWiro iyos sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad~.
pirveli SesworebiT daculia azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmis ufleba.
393
19.9.6 xelSekrulebebi
1949 wlamde xelmowerili xelSekrulebebis teqstebi qveyndeba
`SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebulSi~; araoficialur
miTiTebaSi gamoiyeneba terminebi `xelSekrulebebis seria~ an
`saprezidento SeTanxmebebis seria~. 1949 wels an mas Semdeg
xelmowerili xelSekrulebebi Tavmoyrilia dokumentSi
`SeerTebuli Statebis xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebebi~, 1950- an `xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso
aqtebis seriebi~, 1946-). orze meti saxelmwifos monawileobiT
dadebuli xelSekrulebebi SeiZleba, moiZebnos dokumentSi
`gaerTianebuli erebis xelSekrulebebis seria: gaerTianebuli
erebis samdivnoSi daregistrirebuli an daarqivebuli, an
aRricxvaSi gatarebuli xelSekrulebebi da saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebebi~. 1920-1946 wlebSi dadebuli amgvari xelSekrulebebi
Tavmoyrilia ,,erTa ligis xelSekrulebebis seriaSi".
miuTiTeT xelSekrulebebis saxelebi swori SriftiT,
brWyalebis gareSe. dawereT daxrili SriftiT gamocemebis
saxelebi, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu isini mravaltomeuli naSromebia da
ara seriebi. zusti TariRi aRniSnavs dokumentze xelmoweris
TariRs da misi miTiTeba SeiZleba xelSekrulebis gamoqveynebis
welTan erTad.
R: aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti. 1963. birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis
akrZalva, 5 agvisto, 1963. SeerTebuli Statebis xelSekrulebebi da
sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi 14, naw. 2.
SeerTebuli Statebi. 1922. xelSekruleba samxedro-sazRvao
SeiaraRebebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb. 1922 wlis 26 Tebervali.
SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli 43, naw. 2.
P: (aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti 1963)
(SeerTebuli Statebi 1922)
394
19.9.7 sasamarTlo saqmeebi
yvela instanciis sasamarTlos saqmeebis miTiTeba erTnairad xdeba.
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi daxrili SriftiT miuTiTeT saqmis
sruli saxeli (v _ laT., winaaRmdeg, mTarg. SeniSvna) abreviaturis
CaTvliT). daurTeT tomis nomeri (arabuli cifrebiT), sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebaTa krebulis saxeli (SemoklebiT; ix. qvemoT), seriis
rigiTi nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gadawyvetilebis sawyisi gverdis
nomeri, sasamarTlos Semoklebuli saxeli da TariRi, sxva
Sesabamisi informacia, magaliTad, amkinZavi samsaxuri, an Statis, an
adgilobrivi sasamarTlos saxeli (Tu miTiTebuli ar aris
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulis Semdgenis saxelSi).
R: SeerTebuli Statebi qrismasis winaaRmdeg. 222 F.3d 141 (4th Cir. 2000).
mogebaSi monawileobis gegma embank dalasis winaaRmdeg, N.A. 683 fed.
dam. 592 (N.D. Tex. 1988).
erTaderTi elementi, romelic gansxvavdeba sasamarTlos
instanciis mixedviT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulis
saxelia. qvemoT CamoTvlilia yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelebi.
• aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebebis moyvanisas, miuTiTeT `SeerTebuli Statebis
uzenaesi sasamarTlos moxsenebebi~ (SemoklebiT `aSS-s uzenaesi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~, Tu is jer ar aris
asaxuli pirvel dokumentSi.
395
R: SeerTebuli Statebi dennisis winaaRmdeg. 183 F. 201 (2d Cir. 1950).
itoni ai-bi-em korp.-is winaaRmdeg 925 fed. dan. 487 (S.D. Tex. 1996).
• Statisa da adgilobrivi sasamarTloebi. Statis da adgilobrivi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis citirebisas, sadac SesaZlebelia,
miuTiTeT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulis oficialuri
saxelmwifo Semdgenebi. Tu komerciul krebuls iyenebT, miuTiTeT
igi, rogorc es naCvenebia qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi. Tu
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebuli ar asaxelebs sasamarTlos,
miuTiTeT is frCxilebSi TariRis win.
396
brZolaSi sazogadoebis CarTvis mimoxilva da reziume. moamzada
sidnei m. marderma. igxdi-s dokuemnti # 77/21. Cikago.
P: (niu meqsikos konstitucia, mux. 4, naw. 7)
(kanoni metamfetaminis moxmarebis kontrolis da sazogadoebis
dacvis Sesaxeb 2005)
19.9.9 kanadis samTavrobo dokumentebi
kanadis samTavrobo dokumentebi miuTiTeT aSS-s sajaro
dokumentebis msgavsad. miTiTebebi daiwyeT sityviT kanadis, Tu igi
calsaxad ar aris gasagebi konteqstidan. SeamokleT sityvebi Tavi
(T.) da nawili (naw),
saparlamento debatebi gamoicema calke seriebad: `TemTa
palatis debatebi~ da `senatis debatebi~. sadac saWiroa, daurTeT
gamomsvlelis saxeli da gvari. provinciebisa da teritoriebis
sakanonmdeblo organoebi gamoscemen sakuTar debatebs.
R: kanada. manitoba. sakanonmdeblo asamblea. 2000. debatebi da
protokolebi. 17 agvisto.
P: (kanada 2000, 5326)
saparlamento sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miTiTebisas daurTeT
sakanonmdeblo aqtis nomeri, saxeli, miRebis weli, sadac saWiroa,
sesiis nomeri, parlamentis nomeri da, saWiroebisamebr, damatebiTi
informacia.
R: kanonproeqti C-40. kanoni eqstradiciis Sesaxeb. 1999. me-2 ses., 36-e
parlamenti, 1998, punq. 1. kanadis statutebi, T. 18.
P: (kanonproeqti C-40, kanoni eqstradiciis Sesaxeb 1999)
kanadis aqtebi pirvelad yovelwliur `kanadis statutebSi~
gamoqveynda, 1985 wels ki is gaaerTianes dokumentSi `kanadis
gadamuSavebuli aqtebi~. sadac SesaZlebelia, gamoiyeneT bolo
wyaro da daasaxeleT aqtis saxeli, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis
krebulis Semdgeni, Sedgenis weli, Tavi da nawili.
397
R: kanoni kanadis cocxali bunebis Sesaxeb, kanadis gadamuSavebuli
aqtebi 1985, T. W-9, naw. 1.
kanoni adamianis reproduqciis damxmare saSualebebis Sesaxeb,
kanadis statutebi 2004, c.2, s. 2.
P: (kanoni kanadis cocxali bunebis Sesaxeb 1985)
19.9.10 britanuli samTavrobo dokumentebi
britaneTis samTavrobo dokumentebi miuTiTeT aSS-is sajaro
dokumentebis msgavsad. citirebebi daiwyeT fraziT `gaerTianebuli
samefo~, Tu es koteqstidan calsaxad cxadi ar aris. britanuli
saxelmwifo dokumentebis umetesobas misi udidebulesobis (mefis
an dedoflis) saxelmwifo kancelaria gamoscems londonSi.
saparlamento debatebi gamoicemoda ramdenime seriad, xolo
1909 wlidan – gamoicema calke-calke seriebad lordTa da TemTa
palatebisTvis. miTiTebebi Seicavs TariRs, serias, tomis nomers da
(Tu saWiroa) svets an xandaxan gverdis nomers. zog SemTxvevaSi
SegiZliaT, miuTiToT tomis konkretuli dokumenti.
R: gaerTianebuli samefo. 1879. saparlamento debatebis oficialuri
angariSi. me-3 ser., t. 249.
CerCili, uinstoni. 1945. TemTa palataSi warmoTqmuli sityva, 18
ianvari. saparlamento debatebi, TemTa palata, me-5 ser., t. 407 (1944-
45), svetebi 425-46.
P: (gaerTianebuli samefo, svetebi 611-27)
(CerCili 1945, svetebi 425-46)
parlamentis mier calke gamocemuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi,
moxsenebebi da dokumentebi yoveli sesiis dasasruls erTad
gamoicema tomebad. am tomebs `sesiis dokumentebi~ (Sessional Papers)
ewodeba. yoveli tomi Seicavs nawilis saxels.
R: gaerTianebuli samefo. TemTa palata. 1983. saxalxo ganaTlebis
adgilobrivi organoebis mTavari administratoris TanaSemwis
398
amJamindeli da momavali roli. sesiis dokumentebi, 1982-83.
patimrebisTvis profesiis swavleba cixeebSi. 25 aprili. t. 2.
P: (gaerTianebuli samefo 1983, t. 2, par. 9.14, gv. 102)
parlamentis aqtebi, rogorc wesi, aRiniSneba mxolod
teqstur miTiTebebSi an teqstSi. aucilebeli ar aris maTi CarTva
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. Tumca, SegiZliaT, CamonaTvalSi CarToT
is naSromi, romelic kritikulad mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis
gasamyareblad an romelic xSirad gaqvT gamoyenebuli. aqtebis
citirebisas miuTiTeT saxeli (swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi Casmis
gareSe), TariRi da Tavis nomeri (T. TavisTvis; arabuli cifri
saxelmwifo nomrisTvis, nusxuri romauli cifrebi adgilobrivi
nomrisTvis). 1963 wlamde gamoSvebuli aqtebis aRniSvnisas miuTiTeT
monarqis mefobis weli, monarqis saxeli (SemoklebiT) da rigiToba
(arabulad).
P: (1701 wlis aqti taxtis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb, 12 da 13 uil. 3, T. 2)
(1963 wlis qti konsolidirebuli fondis Sesaxeb, T. 1)
(1967 aqti manCesteris korporaciis Sesaxeb, T. xl)
399
19.9.11 saerTaSoriso organoebis gamocemebi
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, magaliTad, gaerTianebuli erebis,
dokumentebis citirebisas, miuTiTeT sanqciis gamcemi organo (da,
sadac saWiroa, avtori da redaqtori), TariRi da dokumentis Tema
an saxeli. daurTeT, agreTve, seriis da gamocemis nomrebi,
gamocemis adgili da gamomcemeli. sayovelTaod cnobili mTavari
organoebis citirebisas SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi
(gaero _ gaerTianebuli erebi, mso _ msoflio savaWro organizacia
da a.S.).
R: erTa liga. 1935. rusuli warmoSobis qalebis mdgomareoba Soreul
aRmosavleTSi. ser. LoNP, IV.3. Jeneva: erTa liga.
generaluri SeTanxmeba tarifebis da vaWrobis Sesaxeb (gStv). 1994.
mravalmxrivi savaWro molaparakebebis urugvais raundis Sedegebi:
normatiuli aqtebis teqstebi. Jeneva: gStv-is samdivno.
P: (erTa liga 1935)
(gStv 1994)
19.9.12 gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebi
gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis citirebisas
ixelmZRvaneleT 19.6.4-Si aRwerili modelebiT.
aSS-is mTavrobis gamouqveynebeli dokumentebis umravlesoba
inaxeba erovnul arqivebSi, vaSingtonSi, kolumbiis olqSi an mis
filialebSi. yvela am masalis, maT Soris, filmebis,
fotosuraTebis da audio Canawerebis, aseve, teqsturi masalebis
citireba xdeba Canaweris jgufis nomris mixedviT.
kanadis gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis Sesanaxi
dawesebulebaa kanadis erovnuli arqivebi otavaSi, ontario.
gaerTianebul samefos aqvs gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo
dokumentebis ramdenime sacavi, kerZod, saxelmwifo arqivi da
britaneTis muzeumi, orive maTgani mdebareobs londonSi.
400
19.9.13 sajaro dokumentebi onlain reJimSi
sajaro dokumentebis citirebisas ixelmZRvaneleT 19.9-Si
warmodgenili Sesabamisi magaliTebiT. amasTan, daurTeT URL-i da
masalis internetiT gacnobis TariRi (ix. 15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT,
rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi; SeZlebisdagvarad unda
miuTiToT wyaros yvela monacemi, raTa mkiTxvelma SeZlos wyaros
moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. Tu gverdebis nomrebi
xelmisawvdomi ar aris, miTiTebuli nawyvetis adgilmdebareobis
aRniSvna teqstur miTiTebebSi aRwerilobiTi lokalizatoris
damatebiT SegiZliaT (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri).
R: aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. 2004. Semosavali, siRaribe da
dafarva janmrTelobis dazRveviT SeerTebul StatebSi, 2004.
http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf (bolos Sesvlis TariRi
2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).
P: (aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 2004, saTauris `Semosavlis da
siRaribis donis fardoba~ qveS)
an
(aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 2004)
401
meorad wyaroSi~. teqstur miTiTebebSi SeitaneT mxolod
originaluri wyaros avtoris gvari.
R: Jukofski, lui. 1931. gulwrfeloba da xorcis Sesxma. Jurnali
poezia 37 (Tebervali): 269. citirebulia naSromSi boni kostelo,
mariana muri: warmosaxviTi simdidreebi (kembriji, masaCusetsi:
harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981).
P: (Jukofski 1931, 269)
msgavsi situacia SeiZleba Seiqmnas, rodesac uTiTebT
citatas, romelic meorad wyaroSi ipoveT, xolo am meorad wyaroze
ki pirvelwyaros miTiTebiT gadaxvediT. (ix. 3.1.1). xSirad ver
SeZlebT, gaecnoT pirvelwyaros, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is
gamouqveynebeli xelnawerebis krebulia. am SemTxvevaSi,
ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT mocemuli principebiT.
402
nawili III
stili
20 orTografia (marTlwera)
20.1 mravlobiTi ricxvi
20.1.1 zogadi wesi
20.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
20.2 kuTvnilebiTi brunva
20.2.1 zogadi wesi
20.2.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
20.3 Sedgenili da prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi
20.3.1Sedgenili sityvebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba, rogorc zedsarTavi
saxelebi
20.3.2 Sedgenili sityvebi, romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc arsebiTi da
zedsarTavi saxelebi
20.3.3 prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi
20.4 striqonis gadatana
20.4.1 sityvebis gadatana
20.4.2 intervalebis gadatana da punqtuacia
403
orTografiis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze sando da
avtoritetuli leqsikonia `vebsteris mesame axali saerTaSoriso
leqsikoni~ (Webster’s Third New International Dictionary) an misi
Semoklebuli varianti –`meriem-vebsteris sauniversiteto
leqsikonis~ (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary)meTerTmete gamocema.
Semoklebuli varianti xelmisawvdomia wignis, CD-ROM-isa da
vebformatis saxiT. adamianebis saxelebi da geografiuli
adgilebis dasaxelebebi ixileT,,vebsteris” leqsikonis bolos an
`meriem-vebsteris biografiuli leqsikonisa~ (Merriam-Webster’s
Biographical Dictionary)da `meriem-vebsteris geografiuli leqsikonis~
(Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary) calke gamocemebSi.
Tu ,,vebsteris” leqsikonSi erTi da imave sityvis sxvadasxva
dawerilobaa mocemulivariantis amosarCevad ixelmZRvaneleT
Semdegi principebiT: sadac variantebi gamoyofilia sityviT `an~
(or), airCieT erT-erTi varianti da mudmivad isgamoiyeneT; sadac
variantebi gamoyofilia sityviT `aseve~, ixmareT pirveli. Tu
,,vebsteris” leqsikonSi moyvanili sasurveli
dawerilobagansxvavdeba Tqvens disciplinaSi miRebuli
variantisgan, ixelmZRvaneleT Tqveni disciplinis dawerilobiT.
sxvadasxva disciplinisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis
saxelmZRvaneloebi ixileT bibliografiaSi.
umetesi teqsturi procesorisorTografiis Semowmebis
funqcias SeuZlia zogi, magram ara uklebliv yvela,
orTografiuli Secdomis dafiqsireba. magaliTad, igi ver
gamoicnobs imas, rom Tqven dabeWdeT sityva and, magram
gulisxmobdiT sityvas an-s, an dawereT sityva quite sityvis quiet-
isnacvlad. is, savaraudod, ver dagexmarebaT sakuTari saxelebis an
ucxouri sityvebis beWdvisas da SeiZleba, ise masStaburad
SegacvlevinoT damwerloba, rom orTografia araswori gamovides.
404
damwerlobis Semowmebis funqcia ver Secvlis karg leqsikons an
saguldagulo koreqturas.
winamdebare Tavi gTavazobT zogad saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebs damwerlobis im SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac
leqsikonebis umravlesobaSiver naxavT. Tu muSaobT sadiplomo
naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens ganyofilebas an universitets
SeiZleba,damwerlobis specialuri moTxovnebi hqondes (specifikuri
leqsikonebis gamoyenebis CaTvliT). es moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi,
disertaciebis ganyofilebaSi moipoveba. Tu muSaobT sakurso
naSromze, Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba, aseve, mogTxovoT,
ixelmZRvaneloT damwerlobis garkveuli principebiT. gaerkvieT am
moTxovnebSi, sanam Tqvens naSromsmoamzadebT. isini winamdebare
TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze upiratesia.
405
20.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
Sedgenili sityvebi. ori arsebiTi saxelisgan Semdgari Sedgenili
sityvebis SemTxvevaSi bolo arsebiT saxels daumateTs-i daes-i.
bookkeepers district attorneys actor-singers
Tu arsebiT saxels mohyveba windebuliani frazaan
zedsarTavi saxeli, mTavar arsebiT saxelsdaurTeT s-i anes-i.
sisters-in-law attorneys general men-of-war
asoebi da ricxviTi saxelebi. umetes SemTxvevebSi, mTavruli
asoebisa da ricxviTi saxelebis mravlobiTi ricxvi awarmoeT
mxolod s-is (da ara ‘s-is) darTviT.
The three Rs the 1950s 767s
dotting all the i’s x’s and y’s three A’s and two B’s
URLs vols.
DVDs eds.
406
PhD’s (or Ph.D.’s; see 24.2.3)
6 kg 37 m2
terminebi daxrili SriftiT da brWyalebSi. daxrili SriftiT
dawerili terminis mravlobiTi ricxvis sawarmoeblad daurTeT mas
mxolods-i(da ara’s)swori SriftiT. nu awarmoebT brWyalebSi
Casmuli terminis mravlobiT ricxvs ‘s-is darTviT; xelaxla
CamoayalibeT winadadeba.
two Chicago Tribunes
. . . included “To be continued” many times
da ara
. . . included many “To be continued’s”
407
An argument’s effects Steven’s poems 2009’s economic outlook
the phalanx’s advance Diaz’s revolt JFK’s speech
usulo arsebiTi saxelebi, garda drois monakveTis aRmniSvnelisa,
iSviaTad iRebs kuTnilebiT formas.
A day’s length magram ara The house’s door
mravlobiTi ricxvis sazogado da sakuTari saxelebis kuTnilebiTi
forma awarmoeT mxolod apostrofis dasmiT. gansakuTrebuli
SemTxvevebisTvis ixileT 20.2.2.
Politicians’ votes ara Politicians’s votes
The Rodriguezes’ house ara The Rodriguezes’s house
im arsebiTi saxelebis kuTvnilebiTi forma, romelTac arawesieri
mravlobiTi forma aqvs da s-iT ar bolovdeba, awarmoeT apostrofis
Semdeg s-is darTviT.
the mice’s nest children’s literature
20.2.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
S-iT daboloebuli mxolobiTi arsebiTi saxelebi. Semdegi tipis
arsebiTi saxelebis kuTvnilebiTi brunva awarmoeT mxolod
apostrofis meSveobiT:
• arsebiTi saxelebi, romliTac moixsenieben jgufs an koleqtiur
erTobas, magramgramatikaSi miCneulia mxolobiTad nouns that name a
group or collective entity but are treated as grammatically singular.
408
for conscience’ sake
for appearance’ sake
amis sanacvlod, SegiZliaT, xelaxla CamoayaliboT winadadeba,
romelic Seicavs erT-erT aseT gamonakliss. (am situaciaSi U.S.
abreviaturis xmarebis wesis Sesaxeb ix.24.3.1.)
the role of the United States nacvlad the United States’ role
for the sake of appearance nacvlad for appearance’ sake
Sedgenili sityvebi. mxolobiTi Sedgenili sityvebis kuTvnilebiTi
brunva awarmoeT bolo sityvisTvis apostrofis da s-is darTviT,
maSinac, roca pirveli mTavari arsebiTi saxelia.
his sister-in-law’s business the attorney general’s decision
moerideT kuTvnilebiTi brunvis xmarebas mravlobiT ricxvSi myof
Sedgenil sityvebSi, romlebSic arsebiT saxels mosdevs
windebuliani fraza an zedsarTavi saxeli; xelaxla CamoayalibeT
winadadeba.
decisions of the attorneys general da ara attorneys’ general decisions
ramdenime arsebiTi saxeli. Tu kuTvnilebiTi brunva aRniSnavs,
rom ori an meti obieqtidan TiToeulical-calke flobs raimes,
CasviT yvela arsebiTi saxeli kuTvnilebiT brunvaSi.
New York’s and Chicago’s teams historians’ and economists’ methods
Tu kuTvnilebiTi brunva aRniSnavs, rom ori an meti obieqti
erToblivad flobs raimes, CasviT kuTvnilebiT brunvaSi mxolod
bolo arsebiTi saxeli.
Minneapolis and St. Paul’s teams historians and economicsts’ data
daxrili SriftiT dabeWdili da brWyalebSi Casmuli terminebi.
Tu daxrili SriftiT dabeWdili termini kuTvnilebiT brunvaSia,
rogorc apostrofi, iseve s-i unda daibeWdos swori SriftiT. nu
CasvamT kuTvnilebiT brunvaSi brWyalebSi moqceul termins;
xelaxla CamoayalibeT winadadeba.
the Atlantic Monthly’s editor admirers of “Ode on a Grecian Urn”
409
20.3 Sedgenili da prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi
Znelia winaswar Tqma, rodis unda daurToT Sedgenil sityvas an
Sedgenil modifikators defisi, davtovoT udefisod (intervaliT
da ara defisiT elementebs Soris) an uintervalod(daweroT
rogorc erTi sityva). am SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso avtoritetiTqveni
leqsikonia. Tu leqsikonSi ver moZebniT Sedgenil sityvas,
ixelmZRvaneleT Semdgom paragrafebSi Camoyalibebuli principebiT,
raTa gansazRvroT, unda ixmaroT Tu ara defisi. Tu vercerT
magaliTSi vermoaxerxebT formis moZebnas, datoveT Sedgenili
sityva udefisod.
qvemoT Camoyalibebuli modelebi ar aris upirobo wesebi.
konteqstidan, piradi gemovnebidan an Tqvens disciplinaSi miRebuli
xmarebis wesidan gamomdinare,mravali individualuri SemTxvevis
gansazRvramogixdebaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom qvemoT
SemoTavazebuli defisis dasmis magaliTebi logikuri da
wasakiTxad ufro advilia, zogierTi maTgani mxolod da mxolod
tradiciulia.
20.3.1 Sedgenili sityvebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba, rogorc zedsarTavi
saxelebi
zogi Sedgenili sityva gamoiyeneba, rogorc mxolod zedsarTavi
saxeli. umetes SemTxvevebSi, aseTi Sedgenili sityva dawereT
defisiT, Tu igi win uswrebs mis mier gansazRvrul arsebiT
saxels; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, datoveT igi udefisod.
arsebiTi saxelis win arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg
open-ended question most of the questions were open ended
full-length treatment treatment is full length
duty-free goods goods brought in duty free
thought-provoking commentary commentary was thought provoking
over-the-counter drug drug sold over the counter
a frequently referred-to book this book is frequently referred to
410
spelled-out numbers numbers that are spelled out
411
gansazRvravs zedsarTav gansazRvravs arsebiT saxels
saxels
colleges produce more-skilled workers we hired more skilled workers for the
holidays
arsebobsramdenime gamonaklisi:
412
• Sedgenili sityva, romelic iwyeba e-Ti (electronic-is Semoklebuli
varianti), ex-iT anself-iT, yvela konteqstSi defisiTdawereT. erTi
gamonaklisi: Tuself-s win uswrebs un-i, Sedgenili sityva iwereba
erTad, (magaliTad, unselfconscious).
stick-in-the-mud jack-of-all-trades
413
sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebis Semcveli Sedgenili
sityvebi.dawereT defisis gareSe im Sedgenili sityvebis
umravlesoba, romlebic Seicavs sakuTar arsebiT saxelebs,
eTnikuri jgufebis saxelebis CaTvliT.
zedsarTavi saxeli arsebiTis arsebiTi saxeli an zedsarTavi
win saxeli arsebiTis Semdeg
African American culture an African American has written
French Canadian explorer the explorer was French Canadian
Middle Eastern geography the geography of the Middle East
State Department employees employed by the State Department
Korean War veterans veterans of the Korean War
414
arsebobs ramdenime gamonaklisi:
• yovelTvis defisis gareSe dawereT sityva percent-isSemcveli
Sedgenili sityva, xolo ricxvi miuTiTeT arabuli cifrebiT
(ix.23.1.3).
415
pro-Asian magram pronuclear
sub-subentry
416
bio infra micro post semi ultra
417
dasawyisSi centrirebuli wertilebiT an msgavsi saSualebebiT
miTiTebulia sityvebis gadatanis misaRebi variantebi.
• ricxvebi da TariRebi.
nurasdros gadaitanT meore striqonze
cifrebiT daweril ricxvebs (25,000) an nebismier termins, romelic
Seicavs cifrebs,mimatebis simbolos, abreviaturebs an sazom
erTeulebs(10%; £6 4s. 6d.; 6:40 p.m.; AD 1895; 245 ml). TariRebSi nu
gayofT Tvis dRes da Tvis saxels (February 15). dawvrilebiT
ricxvebisa da TariRebis sistemebis Sesaxeb ix. 23-e TavSi.
418
magaliTad, AFL-CIO, SeiZleba,gaiyosdefisze. 24-e TavSi ixileT meti
informacia abreviaturebis Sesaxeb.
http://
www.press.uchicago.edu
http://www
.press.uchicago.edu
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/
cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/12917.ctl
Tu Tqveni teqsturi procesori avtomaturad aformatebs
URL-ebs da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebs hiperteqsturi
kavSiris saxiT, mas SeuZlia am nawilebis dayofa zemoxsenebuli
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis darRveviT. mraval dasayenebel
parametrSi aseTi dayofa misaRebia imdenad, ramdenadac mkafiod
dgindeba sruli URL-i an misamarTi hiperteqsturi kavSiris saxiT
(xazgasmiT an meore feriT) da ar erTvis zedmeti defisebi
striqonis gadatanis saCveneblad.
419
21 punqtuacia
21.1 wertili
21.2 mZime
21.2.1 damoukidebeli winadadebebi
21.2.2 rigebi
21.2.3araSemzRudavi winadadebebi da frazebi
21.2.4 mZimis gamoyenebis sxva SemTxvevebi
21.3 wertil-mZime
21.4 ori wertili
21.5 kiTxvis niSani
21.6 Zaxilis niSani
21.7 defisi da tireebi
21.7.1 defisi
21.7.2 tire
21.7.3 mravaljeradi tireebi
21.8 frCxilebi da kvadratuli frCxilebi
21.8.1 frCxilebi
21.8.2 kvadratuli frCxilebi
21.9 daxrili xazebi
21.10 brWyalebi
21.11 mravaljeradi sasveni niSnebi
21.11.1 sasveni niSnebis gamotoveba
21.11.2 sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevroba
winamdebare YTavSi warmodgenilia punqtuaciis zogadi
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi Tqveni naSromisTvis. zogi wesi mkafiod
aris Camoyalibebuli, zogi ki ara, amitom xSirad mogiwevT saR
azrs da maxvil yurs miendoT.
420
specialur elementebs, rogoricaa abreviaturebi, citirebebi
da miTiTebebi, punqtuaciis Tavisiwesebi aqvs, romlebic ganixileba
winamdebare wignis Sesabamis TavebSi.
Tu werT sadiplomo naSroms an disertacias, Tqvens
ganyofilebas an universitets punqtuaciasTan dakavSirebiT
SeiZleba, specifikuri moTxovnebihqondes. am moTxovnebis Sesaxeb
informacias, Cveulebriv, awodebs sadiplomo naSromebisa da
disertaciebis ganyofileba. Tu muSaobT sakurso naSromze, Tqvenma
pedagogma SeiZleba, mogTxovoT, ixelmZRvaneloT punqtuaciis
garkveuli principebiT. gaecaniT am moTxovnebs, vidre moamzadebT
naSroms. maT upiratesoba aqvT winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebul
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebTan SedarebiT. sxvadasxva disciplinaSi
miRebul stilTan dakavSirebuli miTiTebebi ixileT
bibliografiaSi.
21.1 wertili
wertiliT bolovdeba TxrobiTi an brZanebiTi winadadeba da iribi
SekiTxva. wertiliT, aseve, SeiZleba, dabolovdes winadadebis
fragmenti, Tu konteqstidan naTlad ikveTeba misi ritorikuli
funqcia. Tumca,akademiur nawerSi wertilis ase gamoyeneba iSviaTia.
yvela am SemTxvevaSi wertili azrisdamasrulebeli simboloa da
mas erTi intervaliunda mosdevdes.
Consider the advantages of this method.
The question was whether these differences could be reconciled.
vertikalur nusxaSi CamoTvlili punqtebis bolos wertili
unda dasvaT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu punqtebi dasrulebuli
winadadebebia (ix.23.4.2). sxva SemTxvevebSi nu dasvamT saboloo
wertilebs ukanaskneli punqtis boloSic ki da nu daiwyebT pirvel
sityvebs mTavruli asoTi.
The report covers three areas:
1. the securities markets
421
2. the securities industry
21.2 mZime
mZime gamoyofs komponentebswinadadebis SigniT, maT Soris,
damoukidebel da damokidebul winadadebebs, frazebsa da calkeul
sityvebs. mas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba maSin, rodesac
mkiTxveli SeiZleba, ver gaerkves, sad mTavrdeba damoukidebeli da
damokidebuli winadadeba an fraza da iwyeba sxva winadadeba an
fraza:
Before leaving the members of the committee met in the assembly room.
Before leaving, the members of the committee met in the assembly room.
ricxvebSi mZimeebis xmarebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.2.2. miTiTebebSi
mZimeebis xmarebis Sesaxeb ixileT 16.1.2 da 18.1.2.
21.2.1 damoukidebeli winadadebebi
winadadebaSi, romelic Sedgeba ori an orze meti damoukidebeli
winadadebisgan, romlebic gaerTianebuliadamakavSirebeli
sityvebiT(and, but, or , nor, for, so, yet), dasviT mZime kavSiris win. es ar
aris upirobo wesi; mZimis dasma saWiro ar aris or mokle,
422
damoukidebel winadadebas Soris, romlebsac ar aqvs Sida
punqtuacia.
Students around the world want to learn English, and many young Americans are eager to
teach them.
The senator arrived at noon and the president left at one.
winadadebaSi, romelic Seicavs sam an samze met mokle da
martiv damoukidebel winadadebebs Sida punqtuaciis gareSe,
gamoyaviT winadadebebi mZimeebiT da CasviT damakavSirebeli sityva
bolo winadadebis win. (yovelTvis CasviT mZime kavSiris win). Tu
winadadebebi ufro grZeli da ufro rTulia, gamoyaviT isini
wertil-mZimiT (ix.21.3) an,umjobesi iqneba,sxvagvarad CamoayaliboT
winadadeba.
The committee designed the questionnaire, the field workers collected responses, and the
statistician analyzed the results.
The committee designed the questionnaire, which was short; the field workers, who did
not participate, collected responses; and the statistician analyzed the results, though not
until several days later.
nu dawerT mZimes ori qvemdebaris an ori Semasmenlis
damakavSirebeli kavSiris win.
The agencies that design the surveys and the analysts who evaluate the results should
work together. :
They do not condone such practices but attempt to refute them theoretically.
rodesac winadadeba iwyeba fraziT an damokidebuli
winadadebiT, romelic gansazRvravs momdevno or damoukidebel
SeTanxmebul winadadebas, dasviT mZime Sesavali elementis Semdeg,
magram ara or damoukidebel winadadebas Soris.
Within ten years, interest rates surged and the housing market declined.
423
21.2.2 rigebi
seriaSi, romelic Sedgeba sami an samze meti sityvisgan, frazisgan
an Sida punqtuaciis armqone winadadebisgan,elementebi gamoyaviT
mZimeebiT. yovelTvis dasviT mZime im kavSiris win, romelsac
Semohyavsboloelementi.
The governor wrote his senators, the president, and the vice president.
Attending the conference were Fernandez, Sullivan, and Kendrick.
The public approved, the committee agreed, but the measure failed.
nu ixmarT mZimeebs, Tu rigis yvela elementi dakavSirebulia
kavSirebiT.
The palette consisted of blue and green and orange.
Tu sami an samze meti sityvisgan, frazisgan an winadadebisgan
Semdgari rigi bolovdeba gagrZelebis gamomxatveli gamoTqmiT (da
a.S.) (and so forth, and so on, and the like, anetc.), am bolo gamoTqmis
punqtuacia igivea, rac rigis bolo elementisa. Tumca, SegiZliaT,
mZime daamatoT gagrZelebis gamomxatveli gamoTqmis Semdeg, raTa
Tavidan aiciloT gaugebroba grZeli rigis Semdeg.
They discussed movies, books, plays, and the like until late in the night.
Management can improve not just productivity, but hours, working conditions, training,
benefits, and so on, without reducing wages.
ixmareT wertil-mZime rigSi elementebis gamosayofad, Tu erTi an
erTze meti elementi Seicavs mZimeebs an Tu elementebi grZeli da
rTulia (ix.21.3).amasTan, Tu aseTi rigi moqceulia winadadebis
mTavari zmnis win, Tavidan CamoayalibeT winadadeba.
The three cities that we compare are Hartford, Connecticut; Kalamazoo, Michigan; and
Pasadena, California.
da ara
Hartford, Connecticut; Kalamazoo, Michigan; and Pasadena, California, are three cities
worth comparing.
424
21.2.3 araSemzRudveli winadadebebi da frazebi
ixmareT mZimeebiaraSemzRudveli winadadebis orive mxridan
gamosayofad.winadadebaaraSemzRudvelia, Tu ar aris aucilebeli
mis mier gansazRvruli arsebiTi saxelis erTmniSvnelovani
identificireba.
These five books, which are on reserve in the library, are required reading.
The books that are required reading are on reserve in the library.
425
21.2.4 mZimisgamoyenebis sxva SemTxvevebi
If the insurrection is to secceed, the army and police must stand side by side.
After this week the commission will be able to write its report.
• ganmartebiTi komentarebi.
iseT sityvebs da frazebs,
rogoricaanamely, that is anfor example, Cveulebriv, SemoyavT
ganmartebiTi komentari. amrigad, yvela am sityvis Semdeg iwereba
mZime da SeiZleba,saWiro gaxdesmaT win wertil-mZimis an wertilis
426
dasma. amasTan, rodesac iyenebT kavSirsor mniSvnelobiT `sxva
sityvebiT~, dasviT mZime mis win. (es da sxva msgavsi gamoTqmebi
SeiZleba, aseve gamovyoT tireebiT an frCxilebiT; ix.21.7.2 da 21.8.1.)
Many people resent accidents of fate; that is, they look on illness or bereavement as
undeserved.
magram
• geografiuli saxelebi.
geografiul saxelebSi mZimeebi dasviT
mravaljeradi individualuri elementebis gamosayofad.
(misamarTebSi mZimeebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ix.23.1.7.)
427
Perhaps it is therefore clear that no deposits were made
She was delighted with, but also disturbed by, her new freedom.
• gameorebuli sityvebi.
ixmareT mZimeidenturi sityvebis
gamosayofad. gamonakliss warmoadgens sityvathat.
magram
21.3 wertil-mZime
428
damoukidebeli winadadebebis gamosayofad, romlebic ar aris
dakavSirebuli maerTebeli kavSiriT(and, but, or, nor, yet, for, so).
One hundred communities are in various stages of completion; more are on the drawing
board.
Some think freedom always comes with democracy; however, many voters in many
countries have voted for governments that they know will restrict their rights.
Green indicates vegetation that remained stable; red, vegetation that disappeared; yellow,
new vegetation.
429
21.4 ori wertili
People expect three things of government: peace, prosperity, and respect of civil rights.
Chinese culture is unnrivaled it its depth and antiquity: it is unmatched in its rich artistic
and philosophical records.
nacvlad Semdegisa:
430
21.5 kiTxvis niSani
Several legislators raised the question, Can the fund be used in an emergency, or must it
remain dedicated to its original purpose?
Several legislators raised the question of using the fund in an emergency, which was not
its original purporse.
431
21.6 Zaxilis niSani
21.7.1 defisi
21.7.2 tire
2
arsebobs tires meore tipi, romelsac ewodeba en-tire (tire, romelic Tavis droze
zustad Seesabameboda mTavruli aso n-is siganes), romelic gamoiyeneba gamoqveynebul
naSromebSi da aRniSnavs intervals (“through”), rogorc wesi, ricxvebTan an TariRebTan
mimarTebaSi (1998-2008). SesaZlebelia, agreTve, misi sxva konteqstSi gamoyeneba, amas
ambobs `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ (Chicago Manual of Style) me-15 gamocemis (2003)
nawilSi 6 83. Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi moiTxovs mis
gamoyenebas, niSani SegiZliaT naxoT umetes teqstur procesorSi; sxva SemTxvevebSi am
konteqstSi ixmareT defisi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom winamdebare wignSi, sadac saWiroa,
gamoiyeneba en tireebi (en dashes), iseve, rogorc adrindel miTiTebaSi `Cikagos
saxelmZRvanelosTan~ (Chicago Manual) dakavSirebiT.
432
ormagi defisis em-tired avtomaturad gadayvanis funqcia aqvs. nu
datovebT intervals tires orive mxareze.
Some characters in Tom Jones are “flat”—if you do not object ot this borrowing of E. M.
Forster’s somewaht discredited term—because they are caricatures of their names.
The statue of the discus thrower, the charioteer of Delphi, the poetry of Pindar — all
represent the great ideal.
433
21.7.3 mravaljeradi tireebi
H----h? [Hirsch?]
21.8.1 frCxilebi
The conference has (with some malice) divided into four groups.
434
Each painting depicts a public occasion, in each–a banquet, a parade, a coronation
(though the person crowned is obscured)–crowds of people are pictured as swarming
ants.
There are tax incentives for “clean cars” (e.g., gasoline-electric hybrids and vehicles
powered by compressed natural gas and liquefied propane).
He agrees with the idea that childhood has a history (first advanced by Philippe Ariès
[1914-84] in his book Centuries of Childhood [1962]).
21.9 daxrilixazebi
marcxniv daxrili xazi (‘/’) gamoiyeneba wiladebSi (ix.23.1.3) da
poeziis citirebebSi (ix.25.2.1). erTmagi da ormagi xazebi,
aseve,marjvniv daxrili xazebi (“\”) gvxvdeba URL-ebSi da sxva
eleqtronul parametrebSi (ix. 20.4.2).
21.10 brWyalebi
citirebul masalaSi brWyalebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25.2.1.
saTaurebSi da sxva specifikur situaciebSi maTi xmarebis Sesaxeb
ixileT 22.3.2. miTiTebebSi maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 16.1.4 da
18.1.4.
435
zogierTi dargi – magaliTad, lingvistika, filosofia da
Teologia – sityvebisa da cnebebis gamosayofad iyenebs erTmag
brWyalebssingle quotation marks. am SemTxvevaSi damamTavrebeli brWyali
win unda uswrebdes mZimes an wertils (ix.21.11.1).
kami ‘hair, beard’
The variables of quantification, ‘something’, ‘nothing’, . . .
sxva danarCeni dargebis umetesobaSiterminebis gansazRvrebebSi
brWyalebis da daxrili xazebis gamoyenebisas ixelmZRvaneleT
22.2.2-issaxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.
436
21.11.2 sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevroba
momijnave sasveni niSnebis yvelaze savaraudo SemTxvevebi moicavs
damaboloebel sasven niSnebs brWyalebTan, frCxilebTan an
kvadratul frCxilebTan erTad. sasveni niSnebis xmarebis
amerikuli varianti eyrdnoba sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevrobis
ramdenime sando saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebas.
brWyalebTan erTad
saboloo mZime an wertili TiTqmis yovelTvis win uswrebs
damaboloebel brWyals, miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ar aris igi
citirebuli masalis nawili.
In support of the effort “to bring justice to our people,” she joined the strike.
She made the argument in an article titled “On ‘Managing Public Debt.’”
aris erTi gamonaklisi: Tu erTmagi brWyalebi gamoiyeneba
specialuri terminebis gamosayofad garkveul dargebSi, rogoricaa
lingvistika, filosofia da Teologia (ix.21.10), dasviT wertili an
mZime damaboloebeli brWyalis Semdeg.
Some contemporary theologians, who favored ‘religionless Christianity’, were
proclaiming the ‘death of God’.
kiTxvis niSnebi da Zaxilis niSnebi win uswrebs
damaboloebel brWyals, Tu isini warmoadgens citirebuli masalis
nawils. isini mosdevs brWyals, Tu Seexeba mTel winadadebas,
romelSic Cndeba citireba.
Her poem is titled “What Did the Crow Know?”
Do we accept Jefferson’s concept of “a natural aristocracy”?
wertil-mZime da ori wertili yovelTvis mosdevs brWyalebs.
Tu citireba bolovdeba wertil-mZimiT an ori wertiliT, SecvaleT
is wertiliT an mZimiT, raTa miusadagoT mTavari winadadebis
struqturas (ix. 25.3.1).
He claimed that “every choice reflects an attitude toward Everyman”; his speech then
enlarged on the point in a telling way.
437
The Emergency Center is “almost its own city”: it has its own services and governance.
frCxilebTan da kvadratul frCxilebTan erTad.mTliani
winadadebis frCxilebSi Casmisas dasviT am winadadebis
damasrulebeli wertili (an sxva damaboloebeli sasveni niSani)
bolo frCxilis win. magram wertili frCxilis gareTdasviT, Tu
frCxilebSi Casmuli masala, gramatikulad dasrulebuli
winadadebac ki, wina winadadebas ganmartavs an agrZelebs mis azrs.
igive principebi vrceldeba kvadratul frCxilebSi Casmul
masalazec.
We have noted similar motifs in Japan. (They can also be found in Korean folktales.)
Myths have been accepted as allegorically true (by the Stoics) and as priestly lies (by the
Enlightenment).
(The director promised completion “on time and under budget” [italics mine].)
frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebis damaboloebeli punqtuaciis
Sesaxeb ixileT 25.2.
438
22. saxelebi, specialuri terminebi da naSromebis saTaurebi
22.1 saxelebi
22.1.1 xalxebi, geografiuli adgilebi da organizaciebi
22.1.2 istoriuli movlenebi, kulturuli terminebi da drois
aRniSvnebi
22.1.3 sxva tipis saxelebi
22.2 specialuri terminebi
22.2.1 ucxoenovani terminebi
22.2.2 terminebad gansazRvruli sityvebi
22.3 naSromebis saTaurebi
22.3.1 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba
22.3.2 teqstis tipografiuli moniSvna
22.3.3 punqtuacia
winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebulia saxelebis, specialuri
terminebis da naSromebis saTaurebis warmodgenis zogadi
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi. am TavSi, aseve,ganxilulia, Tu ra
SemTxvevebSi unda gamoviyenoT mTavruli an nusxuri asoebi
sityvebis dasawyisSi da rodis unda gamoviyenoT brWyalebi an
daxrili Srifti (gansxvavebiT swori Sriftisgan) sityvebis,
frazebisa Tu saTaurebis gamosayofad.
zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, mogixdeT am saxelmZRvanelo
principebis misadageba SemTxvevebTan, romlebic ar aris moyvanili
winamdebare naSromSi. Tu es ase moxdeba, iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni. Tu
ar SegiZliaT daxrili Sriftis xmareba, mimarTeT xazgasmas.
TumuSaobT sadiplomo naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens
ganyofilebas an universitets SeiZleba,hqondes saxelebis,
specialuri terminebisa da saTaurebis daweris gansakuTrebuli
moTxovnebi. es moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi, moipoveba Tezisebisa da
disertaciebis ganyofilebaSi. Tu muSaobT saklaso naSromze,
439
Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba, aseve, mogTxovoT daicvaT msgavsi
naSromebis warsadgenad saWiro principebi. ganixileT es
moTxovnebi, sanam moamzadebT Tqvens naSroms. isini winamdebare
TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze upiratesia.
sxvadasxva disciplinaSi arsebul stilTan dakavSirebiT
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi ixileT bibliografiaSi.
22.1 saxelebi
sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebi an saxelebi iwereba mTavruli asoebiT,
Tumca xSirad rTulia, ganvasxvavoT saxeli zogadi terminisgan.
winamdebare nawilSi ganxilulia yvelaze gavrcelebuli
SemTxvevebi. ufro detaluri informaciis misaRebad ixileT
`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-8
Tavi (Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (2003)).
teqstSi saxelebi, Cveulebriv, warmodgenilia swori SriftiT,
Tumca, aris ramdenime gamonaklisi, romelic ganxilulia 22.1.3-Si.
22.1.1 xalxebi, geografiuli adgilebi da organizaciebi
440
Eleanor Roosevelt the Unived States Congress
441
mTavruliT iwereba, aseve, eTnikuri da nacionaluri jgufebis
saxelebi, rac ar vrceldeba socio-ekonomikuri fenis aRmniSvnel
terminebze. (orive tipis Sedgenil sityvebSi defisis dasmis Sesaxeb
ixileT 20.3.2. tomebis saxelebis, magaliTad, Hopi, mravlobiTi
ricxvis Sesaxeb ixileT 20.1.1.)
442
kulturis stilis, moZraobebisa da skolebis aRmniSvneli
arsebiTi saxelebi da zedsarTavi saxelebi zogadad mTavruliT
iwereba mxolod maSin, rodesac isini warmoebulia sakuTari
saxelebisgan an rodesac saWiroa, ganvasxvavoT isini saerTo
terminebisgan (magaliTad,Stoicism). am SemTxvevaSic daicaviT Tqveni
disciplinis wesebi.
classical Aristotelian reasoning
impressionism Dadaism
modernism Hudson River school
deconstruction Romanesque architecture
kviris dReebis, Tveebisa da dResaswaulebis saxelebi iwereba
mTavruli asoTi, xolo weliwadis droebis – ara. meti informacia
TariRis sistemebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.3.
Tuesday September Independence Day spring
22.1.3 sxva tipis saxelebi
sxva tipis saxelebis werisas, aseve, vxelmZRvanelobT mTavruli
asoebis gamoyenebis specialuri nimuSebiT, xolo zogierTi maTgani
daxrili SriftiT unda daiweros.
• akademiuri kursebi da sagnebi. dawereT mTavruliT specialuri
kursebis saxelebi da ara zogadi sagnebis an kvlevis sferoebis
saxelebi, garda enebis saxelebisa.
the United States (or U.S.) Constitution the due process clause
the Treaty of Versailles the treaty
Head Start `hed starti~ (ganmanaTlebeli da
443
samedicino programa)
Coca-Cola cola
Xerox photocopy
• eleqtronuli teqnologia.
dawereT mTavruliT kompiuteruli
aparaturisa da programebis, qselebis, brauzerebis, sistemebisa da
enebis saxelebi da am saxelebis Semoklebuli formebi.
444
mcenareebisa da cxovelebis saxeobebis dasaxelebebs.mTavruliT
iwereba mxolod maTi warmoSobis mimaniSnebeli geografiuli
adgilis dasaxeleba. saxeobebis ornawiliani laTinuri saxelebi
iwereba daxrili SriftiT, gvariiwereba mTavruliT, xolo saxeoba
(an specifikuri epiTeti) nusxuri asoebiT. tipebis, rigebis da a.S.
saxelebi iwereba swori SriftiT. sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebisadmi miZRvnil naSromebSi ixelmZRvaneleT Tqvens
disciplinaSi miRebuli wesebiT.
445
According to Sartrean ontology, man is always de trop (in excess).
ucxoenovani wyaroebidan moyvanili ufro grZeli
citatebisTvis gamoiyeneT swori Srifti. dawereT daxrili
SriftiT mTliani citata an masSi arsebuli nebismieri sityva
mxolod maSin, Tu isini daxrili SriftiT aris warmodgenili
originalSi. CasviT citata brWyalebSi teqstis SigniT an
gamoiyeneT blok-citata 25.2-Si Camoyalibebuli principebis
Sesabamisad.
The confusion of le pragmatisme is traced to the supposed failure to distinguish “les
propriétés de la valeur en général” from the incidental.
22.2.2 terminebad gansazRvruli sityvebi
Tqvens mier gansazRvruli ZiriTadi terminebis xazgasmis mizniT,
maTi pirvelad moxseniebisas dawereT isini daxrili SriftiT,
Semdeg ki ixmareT swori Srifti. SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT brWyalebi
(e.w. `gamafrTxilebeli brWyalebi’’), raTa gaafrTxiloT mkiTxveli,
rom arastandartulad an ironiuli kuTxiT iyenebT termins.
zedmeti xmarebis SemTxvevaSi es ori meTodi naklebad efeqturi
xdeba.
The two chief tactics of this group, obstructionism and misinformation, require careful
analysis.
Government “effeciency” resulted in a huge deficit.
dawereT termini daxrili SriftiT, Tu mas moixseniebT,
rogorc termins.
The term critical mass is more often used metaphorically than literally.
How did she define the word existential?
magram
A critical mass of students took existential philosophy.
dawereT daxrili nusxuri SriftiT asoebi, romlebic calke
moixsenieba. niSnebis da magaliTebis gamomxatveli sityvebi iwereba
swori SriftiT da mTavruliT. amgvarad gamoyenebuli sityvebis
mravlobiTi ricxvis formebis Sesaxeb ixileT 20.1.2.
446
Many of the place-names there begin with the letters h and k.
In her senior year, she received an A and six B’s.
Imagine a group of interconnected persons: A knows B, B knows C, and C knows D.
447
miTiTebebis CamonaTvlisTvis. (aris ramdenime gamonaklisi; ixileT,
Sesabamisad, me-17 da me-19 Tavebi.)
Tqveni naSromisada misi nebismieri nawilebis an Tavebis
saTaurebisTvis isargebleT saTauris stiliT, Tu Tqvens
disciplinaSi ar aris miRebuli winadadebis stili (ix. A.1.5).
saTauris stili. saTauris stilis mizaniateqstidan saTaurebis
mkafiodgamokveTa. am stilSi mTavruliT dawereT saTauris da
qvesaTauris yvela sityvis pirveli a,so garda Semdegi
gamonaklisebisa:
• nu dawerT mTavruliT artiklebs (a, an, the),kavSirebs (and, but, or, nor,
for, so, yet) an sityvebs to daas, Tu aseTi sityva ar aris saTauris an
qvesaTauris pirveli an bolo sityva.
448
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri mokle sityva am stilSi nusxuriT
iwereba,mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebas sityvis sigrZe ar
gansazRvravs. saWiroa mokle zmnebis (is, are), zedsarTavi saxelebis
(new), piris nacvalsaxelebis (it, we) da CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis
(that) mTavruli asoebiT dawera, vinaidan isini zemoT CamoTvlili
gamonaklisebis siaSia. dawereT nuxuriT grZeli windebulebi
(according), radgan isini gvxvdeba gamonaklisebs Soris.
dauSvebelia ori tipis saTauris saTauris stilSi
warmodgena maSinac, Tu am stils Tqven iyenebT yvela sxva
saTaurisTvis:
• sxva enebze, garda inglisurisa, daweril saTaurebSi ixmareT
winadadebis stilis kapitalizacia (ixileT qvemoT).
449
principebi gansxvavdeba inglisuri enis principebisgan, amitom Tu
ar xarT darwmunebuli konkretuli ucxo enis principebSi,
CaixedeT avtoriterul wyaroSi.
Speculum Romanae magnificentiae
Historia de la Orden de San Gerónimo
Reallexikon zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte
Phénoménologie et religion. Structures de l’institution chrétienne
22.3.2 teqstis tipografiuli moniSvna
specialuri tipografiuli moniSvna – daxrili Srifti da
brWyalebi – aseve,gvexmareba naSromebis saTaurebis teqstidan
gamokveTaSi. winamdebare paragrafSi CamoTvlili saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebi vrceldeba teqstSi gamoyenebul saTaurebze. isini aseve
vrceldeba umetes saTaurze bibliografiis stilis miTiTebebSi
(ix. me-17 Tavi), rac ar SeiZleba, iTqvas sqolioSi miTiTebis
stilSi aRniSnul saTaurebze(ixileT me-19 Tavi).
qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi warmodgenilia saTauris stiliT.
Tumca, saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi, aseve, vrceldeba winadadebis
stilis mqone saTaurebze (ix. 22.3.1).
daxrili Srifti. dawereT daxrili SriftiT SedarebiT
grZeligamoqveynebuli (dabeWdili an eleqtronuli formiT
mocemuli) an sazogadoebisTvis sxvamxriv cnobili naSromebis
saTaurebi, teqstSi (da ara miTiTebebSi) sityva the swori SriftiT
da nusxuri asoebiT iwereba umetesi saTauris dasawyisSi, maSinac,
roca is oficialuri saTauris nawilia. am naSromebis nawilebTan
da amave tipis ufro mokle naSromebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT
qvemoT.
• wignebi (Culture and Anarchy, the Chicago Manual of Style)
450
• samecniero Jurnalebi (Signs), popularuli Jurnalebi (Time),
gazeTebi (the Washington Post) da sxva perioduli gamocemebi
451
• leqciebi da sxdomebze wakiTxuli moxsenebebi (“Voice and
Inequality: The Transformation of American Civic Democracy”)
452
a comprehensive bibliography killed off in act 3, scene 2
22.3.3 punqtuacia
Have you ever read The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787?
453
23. ricxvebi
23.1 sityvebi Tu ricxvebi?
23.1.1 zogadi wesi
23.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
23.1.3 procentebi da wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi
23.1.4 fuli
23.1.5 dro
23.1.6 saxelebi ricxvebTan erTad
23.1.7 misamarTebi da magistralebi
23.1.8 gamoqveynebuli namuSevrebis nawilebi
23.1.9 gantolebebi da formulebi
23.2 ricxvebis mravlobiTi forma da punqtuacia
23.2.1 ricxvebi mravlobiTSi
23.2.2 mZimeebi ricxvebSi
23.2.3 sxva punqtuacia ricxvebSi
23.2.4 CaTvliTi ricxvebi
23.3 TariRTa sistemebi
23.3.1 Tve, dRe da weli
23.3.2 aTwleulebi, saukuneebi da epoqebi
23.4 teqstis gareT gamoyenebuli ricxvebi
23.4.1 ricxvebi cxrilebSi, suraTebSi da miTiTebebSi
23.4.2 CamonaTvlebi
23.4.3 naSromis struqtura
454
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi hqondes. Tu amzadebT naSroms
sabunebismetyvelo an zust mecnierebebSi, an romelime sxva
wmindad teqnikur dargSi, dacaviT am konkretul disciplinaSi
miRebuli wesebi. sxvadasxva disciplinisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi ixileT bibliografiaSi.
zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, mogixdeT am saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis
morgeba im situaciebze, romlebic aq ar aris moyvanili. Tu es ase
iqneba, iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni.
Tu muSaobT sadiplomo naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens
ganyofilebas an universitets SeiZleba, gaaCndes specifikuri
moTxovnebi ricxvebis wardgenasTan dakavSirebiT. es moTxovnebi,
rogorc wesi, moipoveba sadiplomo namuSevrebisa da disertaciebis
ofisSi. Tu amzadebT saklaso naSroms, Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba,
aseve, mogTxovoT ricxvebis wardgenis garkveuli principebis dacva.
gaerkvieT am moTxovnebSi vidre naSromis weras daiwyebT. isini
winamdebare paragrafSi moyvanil saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze
upiratesia.
455
23.1.1 zogadi wesi
vidre SeadgenT Tqveni naSromis proeqts, miiReT gadawyvetileba
rogor warmoadgenT masSi ricxvebs da ganuxrelad daicaviT
arCeuli wesi. Tqveni arCevani damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramden
ricxvobriv monacems warmoadgenT da rogoria Tqvens disciplinaSi
miRebuli wesebi. im SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb, romlis drosac SeiZleba,
SecvaloT zemoaRniSnuli wesi, ixileT 23.1.2-23.1.8.
cxrili 23.1. romauli ricxvebi
arabuli romauli arabuli romauli arabuli romauli
1 I 11 XI 30 XXX
2 II 12 XII 40 XL
3 III 13 XIII 50 L
4 IV 14 XIV 60 LX
5 V 15 XV 70 LXX
6 VI 16 XVI 80 LXXX
7 VII 17 XVII 90 XC
8 VIII 18 XVIII 100 C
9 IX 19 XIX 500 D
10 X 20 XX 1,000 M
456
romlebsac mosdevs: thousand, ten thousand, million da a.S. yvela sxva
cifrisTvis ixmareT arabuli ricxvebi. ixelmZRvaneleT am
modeliT, roca ricxvi gamoxatavs fizikuri sididis sazomis
nawils (manZili, sigrZe, temperatura da a.S.) da nu ixmarT
abreviaturebs am erTeulebTan (ix. 24.5).
After seven years of war came sixty-four years of peace. .
The population of the three states was approximately twelve million. .
He catalogued more than 527 works of art.
Within fifteen minutes the temperature dropped twenty degrees.
Tu Tqveni Tema Zalian damokidebulia ricxobriv monacemebze,
daicaviT sxva wesi: dawereT sityvierad mxolod martivi ricxvebi
da ixmareT cifrebi yvela sxva ricxvisTvis.
This study of 14 electoral districts over seven years included 142 participants.
He hit the wall at 65 miles per hour, leaving skid marks for nine feet.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi zogadi wesi SeiZleba,
iTvaliswinebdes cifrebis gamoyenebas yvela ricxvisTvis, garda im
SemTxvevebisa, rodesac maTiT iwyeba winadadeba (ix. 23.1.2).
SegiZliaT, aseve, raodenobis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyenoT
abreviaturebi (ix. 24.5).
rogorc aRmoCnda, saSualo wonam Seadgina 7 gr. – savaraudoze
bevrad naklebi.
rigobiT ricxviT saxelebTanac igive, raodenobiTi ricxviTi
saxelebis gamoyenebis wesebi unda daicvaT. sadac saWiroa, daurTeT
st, nd, rd an th.
On the 122nd and 123rd days of his trip, he received his eighteenth and nineteenth letters
from home.
23.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
ramdenime gavrcelebul SemTxvevaSi 23.1.1-Si ganxiluli situacia
modifikacias saWiroebs.
457
sawyisi ricxvebi. nurasdros daiwyebT winadadebas ricxviTi
saxeliT. dawereT ricxvi sityvierad an sxvagvarad dawereT
winadadeba, gansakuTrebiT, maSin, rodesac masSi sxva msgavsi tipis
ricxviTi saxelia.
Two hundred fifty soldiers in the unit escaped injury; 175 sustained minor injuries.
an, ukeTesi variantia,
Of the soldiers in the unit, 250 escaped injury and 175 sustained minor injuries.
sityvierad dawerisas gamotoveT terminSi arsebuli sityva and
(miuRebelia two hundred and fifty).
ricxvebis rigi. nu daicavT zogad wess, rodesac erTsa da imave
winadadebaSi warmodgenilia zRvruli sididis zemoT da qvemoT
arsebuli ricxvebis rigi, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac am ricxvebs
erTmaneTs adareben. qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi yvela ricxvi
cifrebSia warmodgenili.
Of the group surveyed, 78 students had studied French and 142 had studied Spanish for
three years or more.
We analyzed 62 cases; of these, 59 had occurred in adults and 3 in children.
Tu ganixilavT Tematurad Zalian daaxloebul monacemTa or rigs,
nu daicavT zogad wess da sicxadisTvis sityvierad dawereT erTi
rigis yvela ricxvi da gamoiyeneT ricxviTi saxelebi meore rigis
yvela ricxvisTvis.
programis farglebSi 9 bavSvs daetyo garkveuli gaumjobeseba
eqvsi Tvis Semdeg, xolo 37 bavSvs daetyo mniSvnelovani
gaumjobeseba Tvrameti Tvis Semdeg.
mrgvali ricxvebi. dawereT calke, sityvierad mrgvali ricxvi
(mTeli ricxvi, romelsac mosdevs hundred, thousand, hundred thousand,
million da a.S) (ix. 23.1.1), xolo ramdenime mrgvali ricxvi –
gverdigverd, cifrebiT. Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT, msxvili mrgvali
ricxvebi warmoadginoT cifrebisa da sityvebis kombinaciis saxiT
(ix., aseve, 23.1.4).
458
They sold 1,500 copies in the first year and 8,000 in the second.
These changes will affect about 7.8 million people in New York alone.
23.1.3 procentebi da wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi
gamoiyeneT ricxvebi procentebisa da wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelebis
saCveneblad, garda winadadebis dasawyisisa (ix. 23.1.2). sityva
procenti percent dawereT sityvebiT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac
mravlad gixdebaT procentuli cifruli monacemebis Cveneba da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa disciplinebisa, sadac, rogorc
wesi, ufro misaRebia simbolo % (ricxvis Semdeg Sualeduri
intervalis gareSe). gaiTvaliswineT, rom dauSvebelia percentage
xmareba ricxvTan erTad.
Scores for students who skipped summer school improved only 9 percent. The percentage
of students who failed was about 2.4 times the usual rate.
Within this system, the subject scored 3.8, or 95%.
magram ara
The average rose 9 percentage points.
rodesac erTi da imave tipis punqtisTvis erTsa da imave
winadadebaSi an paragrafSi iyenebT wilobiT ricxviT saxelebsa da
mTel ricxvebs, orive ricxvebis saxiT warmoadgineT.
The average number of children born to college graduates dropped from 2.4 to 2.
kolejis kursdamTavrebulTa Soris Sobadobis saSualo
raodenobam iklo 2.4-dan 2-mde.
dasviT noli 1.00-ze naklebi wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelis win, Tu
warmodgenili sidide SeiZleba, gautoldes an gadaaWarbos 1.00-s;
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamotoveT sawyisi noli.
a mean of 0.73 a loss of 0.08 p < .05
calkeuli wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelis SemTxvevaSi,
ixelmZRvaneleT nawilebis sityvierad daweris zogadi wesiT (ix.
23.1.1). nawilebis sityvebiT dawerisas dawereT defisi maT Soris.
dawereT cifrebiT da nawilebs Soris Sualeduri intervalis
gareSe mTeli ricxvisgan da wiladisgan Sedgenili erTeuli.
459
Trade and commodity services accounted for nine-tenths of all international receipts and
payments.
One year during the Dust Bowl era, the town received only 15/16 of an inch of rain.
ZiriTadi saWreli iaraRis sigrZe, romelsac sazogadoebaSi
iyenebdnen, Seadgenda 2½ futs.
23.1.4 fuli
aSS-is valuta. Tu aSS-is valutas mxolod drodadro moixseniebT,
ixelmZRvaneleT zogadi wesiT (ix. 23.1.1) da dawereT sityvebiT
dollars da cents. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ixmareT ricxvebi
simboloebTan $ an ȼ. gamotoveT aTobiTi wertili da momdevno
nolebi mxolod dolarebSi miTiTebuli Tanxebis dawerisas, Tu
amavdroulad ar aCvenebT wilad.
Rarely do they spend more than five dollars a week on recreation.
The report showed $135 collected in fines. .
After peaking at $200.00, shares of the stock plummeted to $36.75.
warmoadgineT msxvili mrgvali ricxvebi cifrebisa da sityvebis
kombinaciis saxiT.
The deficit that year was $420 billion.
sxva valutebi. garda SeerTebuli Statebis valutisa, sxva
valutebis dawerisas ixelmZRvaneleT aSS dolaris modeliT.
umetes valutebSi fuladi erTeulis simboloebi win uswrebs
ricxvebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropuli qveynebi aTobiT wertils
warmoadgenen mZimeebiT wertilebis nacvlad, Tqven SegiZliaT,
wertilebi gamoiyenoT, garda uSualod wyaroebidan amoRebuli
citatebis dawerisas.
When she returned, she had barely fifty euros in her name.
The household records show that it costs only £36.50.
Its current estimated worth is ¥377 m illion.
evropuli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba amJamad iyenebs erTian
valutas, romelsac ewodeba evro (€), magram Tu Tqveni naSromi 2002
460
wlamde periodis Temebs eZRvneba, SeiZleba, SegxvdeT iseTi
valutebi, rogoricaa franguli franki (F), germanuli doiCe marka
(DM) da italiuri lira (Lit). britanuli valuta kvlavindeburad
gamosaxulia girvanqa sterlingebSi (£) da pensebSi (p.). Tumca, 1971
wels aTobiT sistemaze gadasvlamde, igi gamoisaxeboda girvanqa
sterlingebSi, SilingebSi da pensebSi (magaliTad, £12 17s. 6d.). unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom billion tradiciul britanul xmarebaSi
aRniSnavs milion milions da ara miliards; gaugebrobis Tavidan
asacileblad nu gamoiyenebT sityvas billion Tanxebis britanul
valutaSi dawerisas.
Tu ar icnobT romelime konkretuli valutis daweris wesebs,
CaixedeT avtoritetul wyaroSi.
23.1.5 dro
drois monakveTebis - saaTi, naxevari saaTi an meoTxedi saaTi –
dawerisas miuTiTeT dro sityvierad, nawilebs Soris defisiT.
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daakonkreteT in the morning an in the evening.
SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT o’clock, Tumca, kvleviT naSromebSi is
iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
The participants planned to meet every Thursday around ten-thirty in the morning.
Although scheduled to end at 11:00 a.m. , the council meeting ran until 1:37 p.m.
gamoiyeneT noon da midnight (ricxvebis nacvlad) dReRamis am
konkretuli monakveTis aRsaniSnavad.
TariRebSi sityvebis an ricxvebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.3.
23.1.6 saxelebi ricxvebTan erTad
zogierTi tipis sakuTari, samTavrobo da organizaciebis saxelebi
da saxelwodebebi Seicavs sityvebiT an cifrebiT gamosaxul
ricxvebs. ixileT, aseve, 22.1 zogadad sakuTari saxelebis mTavruli
asoebiT dawerasTan dakavSirebiT.
• liderebi. erTi da imave saxelis mqone imperatorebs, mefeebs an
papebs ganasxvaveben mTavruliT dawerili romauli cifrebiT
(ix. cxrili 23.1).
461
Charles V Napoleon III Elizabeth II Benedict XVI
• ojaxis wevrebi. identuri saxelebisa da gvarebis mamrobiTi
sqesis ojaxis wevrebs xSirad ganasxvaveben romauli an
arabuli ricxviTi saxelebiT (ix., aseve, 24.2.1). unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom saxelsa da ricxviT saxels Soris ar
iwereba mZime.
462
quCebis an Senobebis misamarTebi, telefonis da faqsis nomrebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom teqstSi sruli misamarTis elementebi
gamoyofilia mZimeebiT, magram mZime ar iwereba safosto indeqsis
win. misamarTebSi miRebuli abreviaturebis Sesaxeb ixileT 24.3.2.
The National Park Service maintains as a museum the house where Lincoln died (516
10th Street NW, Washington, DC 20004; 202-426-6924).
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed the apartments at 860-880 North Lake Shore Drive.
Interstate 95 as a critical transportation line from Boston to Miami.
463
23.2.2 mZimeebi ricxvebSi
oTx an oTxze metniSna ricxvTa umravlesobaSi gamoyaviT mZimeebiT
aTasebi, asobiT aTasebi, milionebi da a.S. sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa disciplinebSi oTxniSna ricxvebSi mZimeebi xSirad
gamotovebulia.
1,500 12,275,500 1,475,525,000
nu ixmarT mZimes oTxniSna wlebSi; ixmareT mZime xuT an xuTze met
niSnian wlebSi (ixileT aseve 23.3).
2007 10,000 BC
nu ixmarT mZimes oTxniSna gverdebis nomrebSi, quCebis misamarTebSi,
telefonis an faqsis nomrebSi, safosto indeqsebSi, erTze nakleb
wilobiT ricxviT saxelebSi an organizaciebis saxelebSi.
page 1012 0.1911 centimetres Committee of 1000
23.2.3 sxva punqtuacia ricxvebSi
ricxvebi zogjer Seicavs Sida sasven niSnebs. sad ixmaroT
wertilebi (aTobiTi ricxvebi decimals), ixileT 23.1.3 da 23.1.4; ori
wertili _ 23.1.5; defisi _ 23.1.1 da 23.1.3; tireebi _ 23.2.4.
23.2.4 CaTvliTi ricxvebi
ricxvebis diapazonis, magaliTad, gverdebis an wlebis, saCveneblad
miuTiTeT Tanmimdevrobis pirveli da bolo (an CaTvliTi) ricxvebi.
Tu cifrebi sityvierad weria, bolosarTebiT from da to aRniSneT
diapazoni; Tu ricxvebi mocemulia cifrebiT, gamoiyeneT es sityvebi
an maerTebeli defisi orive mxridan intervalis gareSe. zogierT
konstruqciaSi, magaliTad, miTiTebebSi, yovelTvis ixmareT
defisebi (ix. Tavebi 16-19). nu gamoiyenebT erTad sityvebs da
defisebs CaTvliTi ricxvebis warmosadgenad.
from 45 to 50 magram ara from 45-50
45-50 magram ara forty-five-fifty
asi an asze meti mniSvnelobis CaTvliTi ricxvebisTvis SegiZliaT,
gamoiyenoT sruli cifrebi defisis orive mxares (245-280 an 1929-
464
1994) an SeamokloT meore ricxvi. 23.2 cxrilSi warmodgenilia
Semoklebis erT-erTi sistema.
es sistema mosaxerxebelia rogorc gverdebis numeraciisTvis, aseve,
wlebis aRniSvnisTvis. mZimeebi ixmareba mxolod xuTniSna
ricxvebTan, rac Zalze iSviaTad xdeba (ix. 23.2.2). Tu ricxvi
Seicavs erT an met mZimes, saWiroebisas, meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis
gaimeoreT ricxvi mZimis marjvniv. nurasdros SeamoklebT romaul
cifrebs (ix. cxrili 23.1).
6,000-6,018 12,473-479 xxv-xxviii
wlebis SemTxvevaSi uCveneT im diapazonis yvela cifri, romelic
Seicavs erTze met saukunes. miuTiTeT, aseve, sruli TariRebi
sistemaSi, romelSic TariRebis daTvla xdeba konkretuli
wertilidan ukana mimarTulebiT (anu BC, “before Christ” da BCE,
“before the common era”Cv.w.aR-mde – Cvens welTaRricxvamde). sxva
SemTxvevebSi isargebleT sistemiT, romelic naCvenebia cxrilSi
23.2. ixileT 23.3 TariRebis sistemebze meti informaciis misaRebad.
the years 1933-36 15,000-14,000 BCE
the winter of 1999-2000 115 BC-10 AD
465
23.3 TariRTa sistemebi
teqstSi TariRebis warmodgena moicavs 23.1 da 23.2-Si moyvanili
problemebis msgavs mraval problemas, iseve, rogorc elementTa
TanmimdevrobasTan da dasaxelebasTan dakavSirebul garkveul
wesebs.
23.3.1 Tve, dRe da weli
dawereT sityvebiT Tveebis saxelebi, rodesac isini Cndeba teqstSi
– calke an TariRebis SemadgenlobaSi. warmoadgineT dReebi da
wlebi ricxvebiT da Tavi aarideT maT gamoyenebas winadadebis
dasawyisSi, sadac saWiro iqneba maTi sityvierad dawera (ix. 23.1.2).
nurasdros SeamoklebT wlebis miTiTebebs (“the great flood of ‘05”).
cxrilebis, suraTebis da miTiTebebis miRebuli abreviaturebis
Sesaxeb ixileT 24.4.2.
Every September, we recall the events of 2001.
magram ara
Two thousand one was a memorable year.
imisaTvis, rom srulad miuTiToT TariRebi, dawereT Tve, dRe
(momdevno mZimiT) da weli, aSS-Si miRebuli praqtikis Sesabamisad.
Tu gamotovebT dRes, gamotoveT mZimec. gamotoveT, aseve, mZime
TariRebSi, romlebSic Tveebis nacvlad miTiTebulia weliwadis
droebi; nu dawerT mTavruliT weliwadis droebs (ix. 22.1.2). Tu
masala, romelic citatad mogyavT, iyenebs britanuli stilis
TariRebis aRniSvnas (15 March 2007), nu SeitanT maTSi cvlilebebs.
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963.
By March 1865, the war was nearly over.
The research was conducted over several weeks in spring 2006.
466
daboloebebi mxolod sityvierad daweril ricxvebTan erTad, im
SemTxvevaSi, roca miuTiTebT romelime garkveul TariRs da ar
asaxelebT arc Tves, arc wels.
The date chosen for the raid was the twenty-ninth.
magram ara
The events occurred on June 11th, 1968.
23.3.2 aTwleulebi, saukuneebi da epoqebi
zogadad miuTiTeT aTwleulebi ricxvebiT, saukunis CaTvliT
(ixileT 23.2.1 ricxvebisTvis mravlobiTSi). Tu saukune gasagebia, nu
SeamoklebT ricxvebs (magaliTad, “the ‘90s”); amis nacvlad,
aTwleulis saxeli dawereT sityvebiT. nebismieri saukunis pirveli
ori aTwleuli ar eqvemdebareba arcerT stils da sicxadisTvis
srulad unda iqnes miTiTebuli.
The 1920s brought unheralded financial prosperity.
During the fifties, the Cold War dominated the headlines.
Many of these discoveries were announced during the first decade of the twenty-first
century.
am aRmoCenebis umravlesobis Sesaxeb gamocxadda ocdameerTe
saukunis pirvel dekadaSi.
dawereT saukuneebi ricxvebiT an sityvierad, nusxuriT (ixileT
23.2.1 ricxvebisTvis mravlobiTSi). Tu saukune dawerilia
sityvierad da gamoiyeneba zedsarTav saxelad, romelic win
uswrebs mis mier gansazRvrul arsebiT saxels, rogorc meore
magaliTSia naCvenebi, gamoiyeneT defisi; sxva SemTxvevebSi defiss
nu dawerT.
The Ottoman Empire reached its apex in the 1600s.
She teaches nineteenth-century novels but would rather teach poetry from the twentieth
century.
igi aswavlis mecxramete saukunis romanebs, Tumca, erCivna,
eswavlebina meoce saukunis poezia.
467
epoqebis yvelaze gavrcelebul aRniSvnebSi gamoyenebulia
abreviaturebi BC (“before Christ”) da AD (anno Domini). zog
disciplinebSi iyeneben sxva aRniSvnebs, rogoricaa BCE da CE
(ixileT 24.4.3). AD win uswrebs wels; sxva aRniSvnebi mosdevs wels.
epoqebTan CaTvliTi ricxvebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.2.4.
Solomon’s Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BC and again by the
Romans in AD 70.
468
CamonaTvlebi. Tqveni teqsti SeiZleba, Seicavdes im sakiTxebis
siebs, romelTa CamoTvlac xazgasmis mizniT gsurT. rodesac aseTi
siebi mokle da martivia, CarTeT isini erT winadadebaSi. saWiroa
uzrunvelyoT yvela komponentis gramatikuli paraleluroba
(yvela saxelobiTi jgufis zedsarTavi saxelebis da a.S.). yovel
komponents win unda uZRvodes arabuli ricxvi frCxilebSi. orze
meti komponentis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, yovel maTgans unda
mosdevdes mZime (an, Tu komponenti struqturulad rTulia,
wertil-mZime; ix. 21.3). Tu sia teqstSi Semodis dasrulebuli
winadadebis Semdeg, ixmareT ori wertili am winadadebis bolos;
sxva SemTxvevebSi nu ixmarT sasven niSans.
Wilson’s secretary gave three reasons for his resignation: (1) advancing age, (2)
gradually failing eyesight, and (3) opposition to the war.
The committee strongly endorsed the policies of (1) complete executive power, except as
constitutionally limited; (2) strong ligislative prerogatives; (3) limited judicial authority,
especially when it interfered with their own role.
Tu sxva miznebisTvis ukve iyenebT arabul ricxvebs frCxilebSi,
cifrebis nacvlad dawereT asoebi, nusxurad, daxrili SriftiT.
Haskin’s latest theory has several drawbacks; (a) it is not based on current evidence and
(b) it has a weak theoretical grounding.
Tu siaSi CamoTvlili komponentebi grZelia an gsurT, maTTvis meti
mniSvnelobis miniWeba, daawyveT isini vertikaluri siis saxiT. sias
win gauZRveba sruli winadadeba, boloSi ori wertiliT. aqac
saWiroa uzrunvelyoT, rom yvela komponenti iyos gramatikulad
paraleluri. yoveli maTgani daiwyeT msxvili wertiliT an arabuli
ricxviT, romelsac mosdevs wertili frCxilebis gareSe. Tu
komponentebi sruli winadadebebia, dawereT mTavruliT yoveli
winadadebis pirveli aso da dasviT damaboloebeli wertilebi; sxva
SemTxvevebSi ixmareT nusxuri asoebi wertilebis gareSe (ix. 21.1).
469
daalageT erT mwkrivSi ricxvebi wertilebiT, intervali da
pirveli striqonis pirveli sityva.
My research therefore suggests the following conclusions:
1. The painting could not have been a genuine Picasso, regardless of the claims of
earlier scholars.
A. United States
a) Cause
(1) Slavery
(a) Compromise
i) Missouri Compromise
b) Result
........................
470
II. Wars of the twentieth century
A. United States
2.
471
24. abreviaturebi
24.1 zogadi principebi
24.1.1 abreviaturebis tipebi
24.1.2 rodis gamoviyenoT abreviaturebi
24.1.3 rogor davaformatoT abreviaturebi
24.2 saxelebi da saxelwodebebi, titulebi
24.2.1 sakuTari saxelebi
24.2.2 profesiuli titulebi, wodebebi
24.2.3 samecniero xarisxebi
24.2.4 saagentoebi, kompaniebi da sxva organizaciebi
24.3 geografiuli terminebi
24.3.1 geografiuli saxelebi
24.3.2 misamarTebi
24.4 dro da TariRebi
24.4.1 dro
24.4.2 dReebi da Tveebi
24.4.3 epoqebi
24.5 zomis erTeulebi
24.6 biblia da misi wignebi
24.6.1 Zveli aRTqma
24.6.2 arakanonikuri teqstebi
24.6.3 axali aRTqma
24.6.4 bibliis versiebi
24.6.5 sxva wminda wignebi
24.7 abreviaturebi miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi
472
SemTxvevaSi, axla ki isini garTod gamoiyeneba werisas. miuxedavad
amisa, maTi gamoyenebisas konkretuli disciplinebis wesebs unda
misdioT. am TavSi warmodgenili wesebi Seesabameba umetes
humanitarul da socialur mecnierebaSi miRebul wesebs. Tu
amzadebT naSroms sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa disciplinebSi
(natural sciences), fizikaSi, qimiaSi, astronomiaSi, geologiaSi (physical
sciences), maTematikaSi an nebismier sxva teqnikur dargSi, daicaviT
ama Tu im disciplinis wesebi.
zog disciplinaSi SeiZleba, dagWirdeT iseTi abreviaturebis
gamoyeneba, romlebic aq ar ganixileba. `meriam-vebsteris saerTo
sauniversiteto leqsikonSi~ mocemulia mravali abreviatura
mravali dargidan. kidev erT resurss warmoadgens `Cikagos stilis
saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-15 Tavi.
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi sxvadasxva disciplinaSi miRebul
stilTan dakavSirebiT ixileT bibliografiaSi.
Tu muSaobT sadiplomo naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens
ganyofilebas (fakultets, kaTedras) an universitets SeiZleba,
hqondes abreviaturebis gamoyenebis specifikuri moTxovnebi,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, moipoveba sadiplomo naSromebisa da
disertaciebis ganyofilebaSi. Tu amzadebT saklaso naSroms,
Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba, mogTxovoT garkveuli principebis
dacva abreviaturebis gamoyenebis dros. ganixileT es moTxovnebi
manam, vidre moamzadebT Tqvens naSroms. isini am TavSi
SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze upiratesia.
473
am sityvebs ewodeba abreviatura. sxva terminebi mciredeba
Semoklebis wesiT: rCeba mxolod terminis pirveli da bolo asoebi
(Mr., Dr.) an vardeba bolo asoebi (ed., Tues.). winamdebare TavSi yvela
es forma ganxilulia zogadi terminis abreviaturis saTauriT,
abreviaturebis tipebs Soris zemoxsenebuli gansxvavebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
24.1.2 rodis gamoviyenoT abreviaturebi
umetes naSromebSi mcire raodenobiT gamoiyeneT Semoklebebi,
vinaidan maT gamo teqsti SeiZleba, zedmetad araformaluri an
zedmetad specifikuri gamoCndes. winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia
Semoklebebis is tipebi, romelTa gamoyenebac sjobs sruli,
gavrcobili terminis gamoyenebas, aseve, iseTi Semoklebebi,
romlebic, Tu Tanmimdevrulad gamoiyeneba, misaRebia samecniero
naSromebSi.
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT es
daSvebulia, SegiZliaT, Semoklebebi gamoiyenoT saxelebis,
titulebisa da sxva terminebisTvis, romlebsac xSirad xmarobT
Tqvens naSromebSi. pirvelad moxseniebisas srulad miuTiTeT
termini da daurTeT Semokleba frCxilebSi. Semdgom miTiTebebSi
Tanmimdevrulad gamoiyeneT es Semokleba. mravali Semoklebis
gamoyenebisas, SesaZloa, upriani iyos naSromis satitulo
elementebSi Semoklebebis siis darTva, raTa daexmaroT im
mkiTxvelebs, romlebsac, SesaZloa, gamorCaT Semoklebis pirveli
ganmarteba (ix. A.2.1).
Semoklebebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli formaa da xSirad gamoiyeneba
naSromis teqstis gareTac. winamdebare TavSi ganixileba zogi
iseTi Semokleba, romlebic, SesaZloa, gamoiyenebodes cxrilebSi,
suraTebsa da miTiTebebSi. cxrilebsa da suraTebSi gamoyenebuli
Semoklebebi damatebiT ganixileba 26-e TavSi; Semoklebebi sqolios
474
stilis mixedviT ixileT _ 16.1.6-Si da me-17 TavSi; Semoklebebi
teqsturi miTiTebis stilSi ixileT _ 18.1.6-Si da me-19 TavSi.
BC p. Gov.
CEO a.m. Dist. Atty.
U.S. kg PhD
• punqtuacia. zogadad, mTavruliT warmodgenili yvela
abreviatura ar Seicavs wertilebs, maSin, rodesac nusxuriT an
mTavruli da nusxuri asoebis kombinaciiT daweril
abreviaturebs aqvs wertili yoveli Semoklebuli elementis
Semdgom. amasTan, rogorc zemoT mocemul magaliTebSi xedavT,
aris gamonaklisebic: abreviatura a.S.S. U.S. Seicavs wertilebs
(ix. 24.3.1); metruli sazomi erTeulebi (ix. 24.5) mocemulia
nusxurSi wertilebis gareSe da abreviaturas PhD ar aqvs
wertilebi. sxva gamonaklisebi moxseniebulia am Tavis sxva
nawilebSi.
475
Sidsi (NATO, AIDS) warmoiTqmeba, rogorc sityvebi; akronimebi
(initialisms) (EU) ikiTxeba, rogorc asoebis rigebi.
476
umetesobaSi aucilebeli ar aris maTi gamoyeneba, Tu es,
savaraudod, ar iwvevs gaurkvevlobas, vTqvaT, qmris an colis
moxseniebisas.
dawereT Semdegi abreviaturebis Sr., Jr., III (an 3rd), IV (an 4th) msgavsi
abreviaturebi maT win mZimis gareSe. dawereT isini mxolod
saxelisa da gvaris Semdeg da ara mxolod gvarTan erTad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mefeebi da religiuri moRvaweebi SeiZleba,
cnobili iyvnen mxolod saxeliT. nu dawerT sityvebiT termins,
rodesac is saxelis nawilia (magaliTad, dauSvebelia John Smith
Junior).
477
Fr. Father Sgt. Sergeant
Hon. Honorable
478
Lauren Shapiro, MD, discovered . . .
loren Sapirom, medicinis doqtorma, aRmoaCina . . .
Dr. Shapiro discovered . . . doqtorma Sapirom aRmoaCina . . .
The doctor discovered . . . eqimma aRmoaCina . . .
damatebiT warmogidgenT ramdenime sxva profesiul tituls,
romelTa Semoklebac SesaZlebelia piradi saxelis Semdeg. aseTi
titulebi gamoiyofa mZimeebiT, rogorc zemoT moyvanil
magaliTebSi.
JP justice of the peace
LPN licensed practical nurse
MP member of Parliament
SJ Society of Jesus
24.2.3 samecniero xarisxebi
qvemoT CamoTvlili saerTo samecniero terminebis abreviaturebis
gamoyeneba SegiZliaT rogorc teqstSi, aseve sxvaganac. zogi maTgani aris
abreviatura (ix. 24.1.1), dawerili mTavruliT, wertilebis an intervalebis
gareSe. sxvebi Seicavs rogorc inicialebs, ise Semoklebul terminebs da,
Sesabamisad, rogorc mTavrul, ise, nusxur asoebs, Cveulebrivad,
wertilebis an intervalebis gareSe. Tumca, Tu muSaobT Tezisze an
disertaciaze, Tqveni fakultetis (kaTedris) saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebiT
SeiZleba, moiTxoveba am xarisxebis (da SesaZloa, aseve, abreviaturebis)
daformateba Sida wertilebiT, rogorc es miTiTebulia frCxilebSi.
AB Artium Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Arts)
AM Artium Magister (Master of Arts)
BA Bachelor of Arts
BD Bachelor of Divinity
BFA Bachelor of Fine Arts
BM Bachelor of Music
BS Bachelor of Science
DB Divinitatis Baccalaureus (Bachelor of
Divinity)
DD Divinitatis Doctor (Doctor of Divinity)
479
DMin (D.Min.) Doctor of Ministry
EdD Doctor of Education
JD Juris Doctor (Doctor of Law)
LHD Litterarum Humaniorum Doctor (Doctor of
Humanities)
LittD (Litt.D.) Litterarum Doctor (Doctor of Letters)
LLB (LL.B.) Legum Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Laws)
LLD (LL.D.) Legum Doctor (Doctor of Laws)
MA Master of Arts
MBA Master of Business Administration
MD Medicinae Doctor (Doctor of Medicine)
MFA Master of Fine Arts
MS Master of Science
PhB (Ph.B.) Philosophiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of
Philosophy)
PhD (Ph.D.) Philosophiae Doctor (Doctor of
Philosophy)
SB Scientiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of
Science)
SM Scientiae Magister (Master of Science)
STB Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Sacred
Theology)
480
gareSe. ixileT qvemoT aseTi abreviaturebis warmomadgenlobiTi
CamonaTvali; am kategoriebSi Semavali sxva saxelebi da
saxelwodebebi (magaliTad, ABA, CBS da NEH) imave WrilSi
ganixileba.
AAAS CNN NAFTA TVA YMCA
AFL-CIO EU NFL UN
AMA FTC NIMH UNESCO
AT&T HMO NSF VA
COC NAACP OPEC WHO
Tu kompaniis abreviatura ar aris sayovelTaod cnobili, dawereT
teqstSi misi saxeli srulad da mTavruliT. SegiZliaT, saxelidan
amoiRoT terminebi Inc. an Ltd. nu dawerT mTavruliT artikls the
saxelis dasawyisSi.
Merck and Company the University of Chicago Press
cxrilebSi, suraTebze da miTiTebebSi SegiZliaT, aseve, daweroT
qvemoT CamoTvlili abreviaturebi kompaniis saxelebSi. miaqcieT
yuradReba gansxvavebebs mTavrulis dasmasa da punqtuaciaSi.
Assoc. Ltd.
Bros. Mfg.
Co. PLC (public limited company)
Corp. RR (railroad)
Inc. Ry. (railway)
LP (limited partnership)
481
yovelTvis sityvebiT dawereT United States misi arsebiTi saxelis
funqciiT gamoyenebisas. zedsarTavi saxelis funqciiT gamoyenebisas
SegiZliaT, an SeamokloT is, rogorc U.S., an daweroT sityvebiT
(meti formalobisTvis). tradiciisamebr, is Seicavs wertilebs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom akronimia.
She was ineligible for the presidency because she was not born in the United States.
His U.S. citizenship was revoked later that year.
cxrilebSi, suraTebze, miTiTebebSi da safosto misamarTebSi
SeamokleT aSS-is Statebis saxelebi aSS-is safosto samsaxuris
mier SemoRebuli ori asosgan Semdgari uwertilo safosto
kodebis gamoyenebiT.
AK Alaska DE Delaware
AL Alabama FL Florida
AR Arkansas GA Georgia
AZ Arizona HI Hawaii
CA California IA Iowa
CO Colorado ID Idaho
CT Connecticut IL Illinois
DC District of Columbia IN Indiana
KS Kansas NY New York
KY Kentucky OH Ohio
LA Louisiana OK Oklahoma
MA Massachusetts OR Oregon
MD Maryland PA Pennsylvania
ME Maine RI Rhode Island
MI Michigan SC South Carolina
MN Minnesota SD South Dakota
MO Missouri TN Tennessee
MS Mississippi TX Texas
MT Montana UT Utah
NC North Carolina VA Virginia
482
ND North Dakota VT Vermont
NE Nebraska WA Washington
NH New Hampshire WI Wisconsin
NJ New Jersey WV West Virginia
NM New Mexico WY Wyoming
NV Nevada
SegiZliaT, aseve, SeamokloT kanadis provinciebisa da
teritoriebis saxelebi da gamoiyenoT miRebuli abreviaturebi:
AB Alberta NU Nunavut
BC British Columbia ON Ontario
MB Manitoba PE Prince Edward Island
NB New Brunswick QC Quebec
NL Newfoundland and Labrador SK Saskatchewan
NS Nova Scotia YT Yukon
NT Northwest Territories
24.3.2 misamarTebi
teqstSi dawereT sityvebiT da mTavruliT terminebi, romlebic
misamarTebis nawilia, maT Soris qvemoT CamoTvlili da maTi
msgavsi terminebi (magaliTad, sityvis street sxva sinonimebi).
cxrilebSi, suraTebze, miTiTebebSi da safosto misamarTebSi
gamoiyeneT abreviaturebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela abreviatura
iyenebs wertilebs, garda akronimebisa (Northeast da misi msgavsi
terminebi). ixileT 23.1.7, sadac mocemulia teqstSi CarTuli
misamarTis magaliTi.
Ave. Avenue Sr. Street
Blvd. Boulevard N. North
Ct. Court S. South
Dr. Drive E. East
Expy. Expressway W. West
Pkwy. Parkway NE Northeast
483
Rd. Road NW Northwest
Sq. Square SE Southeast
SW Southwest
Tu calke iyenebT erT-erT am termins, igi iqceva saerTo terminad
da iwereba nusxuriT da sityvebiT.
He drove down the street.
The storm came in from the west.
24.4.3 epoqebi
arsebobs epoqebis aRniSvnis sxvadasxva sistema da yvela maTganSi
cifrebiT daweril TariRebTan gamoiyeneba abreviatura. yvelaze
gavrcelebuli sistema iyenebs terminebs BC da AD, Tumca, zog
disciplinebSi miRebulia sxvanairi aRniSvnebi, rogoricaa qvemoT
CamoTvlili aRniSvnebi. Tqvens naSromSi yvelgan gamoiyeneT
Sesabamisi abreviaturebi; CasviT yvela aso mTavrulSi, wertilebis
484
gareSe. AD win uswrebs wels; sxva aRniSvnebi mosdevs mas (ix., aseve,
23.2.4 da 23.3.2).
BC before Christ
da
AD anno Domini (in the year of the Lord)
BCE before the common era
da
CE common era
485
sazomi erTeulebis abreviaturis cxrili ixileT 15.55 Cikagos stilis
me-15 gamocema (2003)
486
Amos Am Amos
1 Chron. 1 Chr 1 Chronicles
2 Chron. 2 Chr 2 Chronicles
Dan. Dn Daniel
Deut. Dt Deuteronomy
Eccles. Eccl Ecclesiastes
Esther Est Esther
Exod. Ex Exodus
Ezek. Ez Ezekiel
Ezra Ezr Ezra
Gen. Gn Genesis
Hab. Hb Habakkuk
Hag. Hg Haggai
Hosea Hos Hosea
Isa. Is Isaiah
Jer. Jer Jeremiah
Job Jb Job
Joel Jl Joel
Jon. Jon Jonah
Josh. Jo Joshua
Judg. Jgs Judges
1 Kings 1 Kgs 1 Kings
2 Kings 2 Kgs 2 Kings
Lam. Lam Lamentations
Lev. Lv Leviticus
Mal. Mal Malachi
Mic. Mi Micah
Nah. Na Nahum
Neh. Neh Nehemiah
Num. Nm Numbers
Obad. Ob Obadiah
Prov. Prv Proverbs
Ps. (plural, Pss.) Ps (plural, Pss) Psalms
Ruth Ru Ruth
1 Sam. 1 Sm 1 Samuel
2 Sam. 2 Sm 2 Samuel
487
Song of Sol. Sg Song of Solomon (Song of
Songs)
Zech. Zec Zechariah
Zeph. Zep Zephaniah
488
1 Cor. 1 Cor 1 Corinthians
2 Cor. 2 Cor 2 Corinthians
Eph. Eph Ephesians
Gal. Gal Galatians
Heb. Heb Hebrews
James Jas James
John Jn John (Gospel)
1 John 1 Jn 1 John (Epistle)
2 John 2 Jn 2 John (Epistle)
3 John 3 Jn 3 John (Epistle)
Jude - Jude
Luke Lk Luke
Mark Mk Mark
Matt. Mt Matthew
1 Pet. 1 Pt 1 Peter
2 Pet. 2 Pt 2 Peter
Phil. Phil Philippians
Philem. Phlm Philemon
Rev. Rv Revelation (Apocalypse)
Rom. Rom Romans
1 Thess. 1 Thes 1 Thessalonians
2 Thess. 2 Thes 2 Thessalonians
1 Tim. 1 Tm 1 Timothy
2 Tim. 2 Tm 2 Timothy
Titus Ti Titus
P
24.6.4 bibliis versiebi
qvemoT mocemuli abreviaturebi moicavs bibliis mraval
standartul versias. Tu versia, romelsac Tqven miuTiTebT, ar
aris warmodgenili am siaSi, mimarTeT Tqvens pedagogs.
ARV American Revised Version
ASV American Standard Version
AT American Translation
AV Authorized (King James) Version
CEV Contemporary English Version
489
DV Douay Version
ERV English Revised Version
EV English version(s)
JB Jerusalem Bible
NAB New American Bible
NEB New English Bible
NRSV New Revised Standard Version
RSV Revised Standard Version
RV Revised Version
Vulg. Vulgate
24.6.5 sxva wminda wignebi
sxva mravali religiuri wminda wigni dayofilia bibliis msgavs
nawilebad. sakuTriv wignebis saTaurebi dawereT mTavruliT da
swori SriftiT (Qur’an, Vedas), magram dawereT daxrili SriftiT
maTi nawilebis saTaurebi (al baqara, rig-veda al-Baqarah, Rig-Veda).
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs am wignebisa da maTi nawilebis
Semoklebis sayovelTaod miRebuli meTodi, SegiZliaT, bibliis
miTiTebebis punqtuaciis msgavsi sasveni niSnebi gamoiyenoT maTi
miTiTebebisas (ix. aseve 17.5.2 da 19.5.2). Tu wigns aqvs mravaljeradi
danomrili danayofebi, SegiZliaT, SeanacvloT ori wertili
wertilebiT an mZimeebiT an sxvagvarad miuTiToT nawyvetis
adgilmdebareoba.
Qur’an 2:257 an Qur’an 2 (al-Baqarah): 257
Mahabharata 1.2.3
Tu Tqveni naSromi eZRvneba religiuri Temebis gamokvlevas,
mimarTeT Tqvens pedagogs ufro konkretuli saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebis misaRebad.
490
(ed. red., trans. mTargmn.), naSromis nawilebis (vol. t., bk. wig., sec. naw.)
gansazRvrisa da informaciis adgilmdebareobis mosaZieblad (gv. p.,
Sen. n.). Tumca, teqstSi da zog miTiTebebSi saWiroa abreviaturebis
nacvlad sityvebis srulad gamoyeneba. sqolios stilSi
abreviaturebis gamoyenebis wesebi ixileT 16.1.6-Si da me-17 TavSi;
teqstobrivi miTiTebis stilSi abreviaturebis gamoyenebis wesebi
ixileT 18.1.6-Si da me-19 TavSi.
zog disciplinaSi dasaSvebia naSromis teqstSi, frCxilebSi Casmul
winadadebebSi samecniero abreviaturebis gamoyeneba: mag. e.i. e.g. da
i.e. gaecaniT Tqveni disciplinis wesebs abreviaturebis
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.
qvemoT mocemulia miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi
gamoyenebuli yvelaze gavrcelebuli abreviaturebis CamonaTvali.
abreviaturebis umravlesobas mravlobiT ricxvSi daurTeT
daboloeba s an es, garda gamonaklisebisa. nu dawerT daxrili
SriftiT laTinuri terminebis abreviaturebs. Tu ar xarT
darwmunebuli ama Tu im abreviaturis saTanado gamoyenebaSi,
mimarTeT avtoritetul wyaros.
abbr. abbreviated, abbreviation
abr. abridged, abridgment
anon. anonymous
app. appendix
assn. association
b. born
bib. Bible, biblical
bibliog. bibliography, bibliographer
biog. biography, biographer
bk. book
ca. circa, about, approximately
cap. capital, capitalize
CD compact disk
cf. confer, compare
491
chap. chapter
col. column
comp. compiler, compiled by
cont. continued
d. died
dept. department
dect. dictionary
diss. dissertation
div. division
DOI digital object identifier
DVD digital versatile (or video) disc
ed. editor, edition, edited by
e.g. exempli gratia, for example
esp. especially
et al. et alii or et alia, and others
etc. et cetera, and so forth
ex. example
fig. figure
ff. and following
fol. folio
ftp file transfer protocol
http hypertext transfer protocol
ibid. ibidem, in the same place
id. idem, the same
i.e. id est, that is
intl. international
intro. introduction
l. (pp. ll.) line
loc. cit. loco citato, in the place cited
misc. miscellaneous
MS (mr. MSS) manuscript
n (mr. nn) note
natl. national
n.b. an NB nota bene, take careful note
n.d. no date
no. number
492
n.p. no place; no publisher; no page
NS New Style (dates)
n.s. new series
op.cit. opera citato, in the work cited
org. organization
OS Old Style (dates)
o.s. old series
p. (mr. pp.) page
par. paragraph
pl. plate; plural
PS postscriptum, postscript
pseud. pseudonym
pt. part
pub. publication, publisher, published by
q.v. quod vide, which see
r. recto, right
repr. reprint
rev. revised, revised by, revision; review, reviewed by
ROM read-only memory
sec. section
ser. series
sing. singular
soc. society
sup. supra, above
supp. supplement
s.v. (pl. s.vv.) sub verbo, sub voce, under the word
syn. synonym, synonymous
trans. translated by, translator
univ. university
URL uniform resource locator
usu. usually
v. (pl. vv.) verse; verso, right
viz. videlicet, namely
vol. volume
vs. or v. versus (in legal contexts, use v.
493
25. citirebebi
25.1 zusti citireba da plagiatis Tavidan acileba
25.2 citatebis CarTva teqstSi
25.2.1 winadadebaSi CarTuli citatebi
25.2.2 blokuri citatebi
25.3 citatebis gardaqmna
25.3.1 dasaSvebi cvlilebebi
25.3.2 gamotovebuli adgilebi
494
Tu disertacias gare sadisertacio sacavSi gzavniT,
garkveuli tipis citatebis gamosayeneblad SesaZloa, dagWirdeT
oficialuri nebarTvis aReba saavtoro uflebis mflobelebisgan.
ixileT `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15
gamocemis me-4 Tavi.
495
blokuri citata, brWyalebis gareSe. SeniSvnebSi da sqolioebSi
citatebis moyvanisas ixelmZRvaneleT igive principebiT (ix. 16:3.5).
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT blokuri citata xuT striqonze patara
citatis SemTxvevaSic, Tu gsurT misi gamoyofa an misi Sedareba
ufro did citatasTan.
25.2.1 winadadebaSi CarTuli citatebi
xuT striqonze naklebi nawyvetis citirebisas CasviT zustad
citirebuli sityvebi ormag brWyalebSi. teqstSi citatis Casmis
ramdenime saSualeba arsebobs (ixileT 7.5.). SegiZliaT citatis
Semoyvana avtoris saxelTan erTad, romelsac mosdevs termini,
magaliTad, aRniSnavs, acxadebs, amtkicebsan Tanaxmad(miaqcieT
yuradReba, rom es terminebi, Cveulebriv, awmyoSia da ara
warsulSi: aRniSnavda, moiTxovda da a.S., magram zogi disciplina
gansxvavebuli wesebiTxelmZRvanelobs). am SemTxvevaSi dasviT mZime
citatis win.
rikoeri wers, `arc ise advilia intrigasa da davas Soris zRvaris
gavleba.”
rogorc rikoeri aRniSnavs,`arc ise advilia zRvaris gavleba
intrigasa da davas Soris~.
Tu citatis SuaSi svamT kuTvnilebis aRmniSvnel frazas, gamoyaviT
is mZimeebiT.
`arc iseTi advilia~, rikoeris TqmiT, `zRvaris gavlebaintrigasa
da davas Soris~.
citataSi mZimeebis, wertilebis da sxva sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb ixileT 21.11.2 da 25.3.1; citataSi mTavruli asoebis
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25.3.1.
citatebis ganlageba. Tu SeniSvnaSi an sqolioSimiuTiTebT
citirebis wyaros, maSin is, Tu sad daurTavT zeda indeqsis nomers
(ix. 16.3.2), damokidebulia winadadebis SigniTcitatis adgilze. Tu
496
citata winadadebis boloSia, daurTeT nomeri Camketi brWyalis
Semdeg.
litvakis TqmiT, `aTobiT axalgaTavisuflebuli monisTvis es
moZraoba maTi emansipaciis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
gamoxatuleba iyo~.4
Tu citata mTavrdeba winadadebis SuaSi, dasviT nomeri im
(damokidebuli an damoukidebeli) winadadebisbolos, romelic
Seicavs citatas da romelic xSirad winadadebis dasasrulia.
`aTobiT axalgaTavisuflebuli monisTvis es moZraoba maTi
emansipaciis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani gamoxatuleba iyo~,
litvakis TqmiT. 4
497
specialuri punqtuacia. erT citataSi meore citatis moqcevisas
citirebuli sityvebis Sida rigisTvis gamoiyeneT erTmagi
brWyalebi.
roTkos, bolis mtkicebiT, `surda Seeqmna naxatebi, romelTac
sulieri problemebis gadaWris unari eqneboda: ‘suraTebi saswauls
unda sCadiodnen’, ganacxada man erTxel.~
Tu teqstSi or an orze met poetur striqons CasvamT, gamoyaviT
isini daxrili xaziT (/) winmswrebi da momdevno intervalebiT.
Tumca, poeziisTvis, umetes SemTxvevebSi, gamoiyeneT blokuri
citatebi.
maT cxovreba erT martiv azramde dahyavT: `yvelaferi mSvidad aris
da mwifdeba saflavisken mimaval gzaze; / Cumad, mwifdeba, ecema da
kvdeba.”
25.2.2blokuri citatebi
proza. warmoadgineT xuTi an xuTze meti striqonis mqone
prozauli citata blokuri citatis saxiT. citata SeiyvaneT
teqstSi Tqvenive sityvebiT; ix. 7.5. Tu citata SemogyavT sruli
winadadebis formiT, daaboloeT winadadeba ori wertiliT.Tu
iyenebT mxolod wyaros mosaxseniebel frazas, magaliTad,
aRniSnavs, moiTxovs, amtkicebs, mixedviT, avtoris saxelTan erTad,
daasruleT fraza mZimiT. Tuki citatas Tqveni winadadebis
sintaqsSi rTavT, nu gamoiyenebT punqtuacias citatis win, Tu aseT
situaciaSi, Cveulebriv, ar iwereba sasveni niSnebi (ixileT meore
magaliTi qvemoT).
blokur citataSi striqonebs Soris erTi intervalia.
gamotoveT erTi striqoni citatis win da citatis Semdeg. nu
dawerT brWyalebs dasawyisSi da boloSi, magram datoveT
xeluxlebeli originalSi arsebuli nebismieri brWyalebi. SewieT
498
marjvniv mTliani citata imdenad, ramdenadac SewevdiT abzacis
pirvel striqons. (literaturis Semswavlel da sxva dargebSi,
sadac teqstebis saguldagulo analizitardeba, Tu originalis
teqsti Seweulia marjvniv, unda SewioT marjvniv blokuri citatis
pirveli striqoni ufro Rrmad, vidre danarCeni citata; ixileT,
aseve, 25.3.) damatebiTi informacia citataSi sasveni niSnebisa da
mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25.3.1-Si.
jeksoni iwyebs keris mniSvnelobis aRniSvniT:
sacxovrebeli saxli adamianis Sinagani bunebis
gamoxatulebaa; vercerT sazogadoebas ver gavugebT bolomde
mis wevrTa sacxovrebeli saxlebis gareSe. mecxramete
saukunis melodiaSi ismis sityvebi: `araferi Seedreba keras~
da, Tumca, mis fexqveS garTxmuli iyo zurmuxtis qalaqi,
doroTis ver warmoedgina kanzasSi mSobliuri saxlis garda
sadme sxvagan yofna, Cveni saxlebi gvicavs samyarosgan.1
Sesavalis bolo nawilSi igi ganixilavs . . .
Tu citataSi mogyavT erTze meti abzaci, nu daurTavT damatebiT
striqonebs abzacebs Soris da SewieT marjvniv meore da momdevno
abzacebis pirveli striqoni - ufro Rrmad, vidre danarCeni citata.
man aRniSna, rom
mTavrobebs, Cveulebriv, Rupavs maTi ususuroba an tirania.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi Zalaufleba xelidan usxltebaT; meore
SemTxvevaSi ki mas ZaliT glejen xelidan.
bevrma adamianma, romelmac naxa, rogor moicva anarqiam
demokratiuli qveynebi, CaTvala, rom im qveynebSi mTavroba
susti da ususuri iyo. sinamdvileSi ki sakmarisia, erTxel
gaCaRdes omi maT partiebs Soris, rom mTavroba kargavs
sazogadoebazegavlenas. (tokvili, 248)
Tu sqolioSi miuTiTebT wyaros, daurTeT SeniSvnis nomeri
striqonis zeda indeqsis saxiT blokuri citirebis boloSi,
499
rogorc zemoT moyvanil pirvel magaliTSia naCvenebi (ix., aseve,
16.3.2). Tu teqstSive miuTiTebT wyaros, daurTeT miTiTeba blokuri
citirebis damaboloebeli punqtuaciis Semdeg, rogorc es
naCvenebia meore magaliTSi. (unda aRiniSnos, rom es gansxvavdeba
25.2.1-Si naCvenebi wesisgan, sadac aRwerilia ra adgilze unda
mieTiTos wyaro brWyalebSi Casmuli citatis moyvanisas).
poezia da drama. ori an orze meti poeturi striqonisgan Semdgari
citata warmoadgineT blokuri citatis saxiT. poemis (leqsis)
yoveli striqoni daiwyeT axal xazze, originalis msgavsi
punqtuaciiT striqonebis boloebSi. naSromebis umetesobaSi SewieT
poeturi nawarmoebis bloki marjvniv prozauli citatis msgavsad;
Tu striqoni imdenad grZelia, rom ver Tavsdeba erT xazze, SewieT
gadmosuli nawili danarCen citataze ufro Rrmad. disertaciaSi an
sxva ufro vrcel naSromSi, romelic mravlad Seicavs citatebs
poeziidan, moaTavseT yoveli citata gverdis centrSi.
Seqspiris es soneti Seicavs ramdenime dauviwyar pasaJs:
ra Sxami masva siyvarulma?! an ra samsala
damalevina jojoxeTur cremlTan nazavi?!
SiSi imedze da imedi SiSze gacvala,
rom gamarjvebuls marcxi megrZno uzarmazari.
Tu citatad mogyavT uCveulod ganlagebuli striqonebis
mqone leqsi, gaimeoreT striqonebis dajgufebis originaluri
varianti.
es herbertma Zalian lamazad gadmosca Semdeg striqonebSi:
da iq iyo Rvino
sanam TvaliT davaSrobdi mas: iq iyo puri
sanam Cems cremlSi CavZiravdi mas.
nuTu is xani mxolod me davkarge?
nuTu im napirs veRar mivagneb?
Aarc yvavilebi, aRarc gvirgvini?sul ganviZarcve?
sul gavflange?
500
Tu dramatuli piesis dialogidan ori an meti striqoni mogyavT
citatad, gamoyaviT is, rogorc blokuri citata, daformatebuli
prozauli nawarmoebis msgavsad. miuTiTeT yoveli moqmedi piris saxeli
ise, rom igi gamoirCeodes dialogisgan, magaliTad, dawereT isini
mTavruliT an sxvadasxva SriftiT. daiwyeT yoveli replika axali
striqonidan, xolo gadmosuli nawilebi SewieT danarCen citataze ufro
Rrmad.
r. roister doisteri. Tu ar moviyvane colad, gavgiJdebi.
m. merigriki. ara, `suleli~ ar vici, magram `giJi~ namdvilad xar.
epigrafebi. epigrafi aris citata, romelic gansazRvravs Tqveni
naSromis Tematikas. sadiplomo naSromebis an disertaciis
satitulo elementebSi gamoyenebuli epigrafebis Sesaxeb ixileT
A.2.1-Si. epigrafi Tavis an nawilis dasawyisSi miiCnieT blokur
citatad. epigrafis qvemoT miuTiTeT avtori da saTauri, striqoni
gaasworeT marjvniv da win emtire (an ori defisi; ix. 21.7.2)
daurTeT. epigrafis citirebisas ar gesaWiroebaT amaze meti
formalobis dacva. datoveT ori carieli striqoni wyaros
striqonsa da teqstis dasawyiss Soris. ix., aseve, suraTi A.9.
qalaqi ar gviambobs Tavis warsulze, magram xelisgulis xazebiviT Tan
atarebs mas.
-- italo kalvino, uCinari qalaqebi
501
magaliTad, sawyisi mTavruli an nusxuri asoebis gardaqmnis da
gamotovebuli adgilebis nacvlad mravalwertilis dawerisTvis.
disciplinaTa umetesobaSi naSromis dawerisas ixelmZRvaneleT
zogadi wesebiT. literaturis Semswavlel da sxva iseT dargebSi,
sadac teqstebis saguldagulo analizitardeba, ixelmZRvaneleT
ufro mkacri wesebiT, romlebic garkveul TemebSia mocemulia. Tu
ar xarT darwmunebuli, romel miTiTebebs misdioT, ixelmZRvaneleT
adgilobrivi wesebiT an rCevisTvis mimarTeT pedagogs.
502
marTlwerasa da punqtuacias gamoiyenebT citataSi, SeniSvnaSi an
SesavalSi, acnobeT Tqvens mkiTxvelebs amis Sesaxeb.
mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba da punqtuacia. disciplinebis
umravlesobaSi SegiZliaT, SecvaloT citirebuli nawyvetis sawyisi
aso mTavrulidan nusxuriT an nusxuridan mTavruliT cvlilebis
Sesaxeb aRniSvnis gakeTebis gareSe. Tu CaaqsovT citatas Tqveni
teqstis sintaqsSi, daiwyeT igi nusxuriT.sxva SemTxvevaSi daiwyeT
citata mTavruliT, Tu igi iwyeba sruli winadadebiT, xolo
nusxuriT _ Tu ar iwyeba sruli winadadebiT. msgavsi cvlilebebi
SegiZliaT, aseve, gaataroT mravalwertilis gamoyenebisas; ixileT
25.3.2.
originali: am faqtorebis Sedegad cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis
sargebeli unda moetana.
fernandesis TqmiT, `cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda
moetana.”
fernandesi acxadebs, rom `cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli
unda moetana.”
fernandesi aRniSnavs, rom `am faqtorebis Sedegad cvlilebas meqsikeli
xalxisTvis sargebeli unda moetana.~
“cvlilebas~, aRniSnavs fernandesi, `meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli
unda moetana.”
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor daamuSavebT citatas teqstSi,
SegiZliaT, aseve, gamotovoT damaboloebeli wertili an SecvaloT
is mZimiT.
fernandesi aRniSnavs, rom cvlilebas `meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli
unda moetana~ mis mier ganxiluli faqtorebis Sedegad.
`cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda moetana~, amtkicebs
fernandesi.
literaturis Semswavlel da sxva iseT dargebSi, sadac teqstebis
siRrmiseuli analizi tardeba, mTavruli asos nebismieri cvlileba
aRniSneT Secvlili asos kvadratul frCxilebSiCasmiT.
503
fernandesis mtkicebiT, `cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda
moetana.~
fernandesi yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom `am faqtorebis Sedegad
cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda moetana.~
nebismier disciplinaSi, Tu ormag brWyalebSi CasvamTnawyvets,
romelic ukve Seicavs maT, sicxadis mizniT SecvaleT Sida
brWyalebi erTmagi brWyalebiT (ix. 25.2.1). Tu originaluri nawyveti
bolovdeba wertil-mZimiT an orwertiliT, SecvaleT igi wertiliT
an mZimiT, raTa miusadagoT Tqveni winadadebis struqturas (ix.
21.11.2).
daxrili Srifti. sityvebi, romlebic originalSi daxrili
SriftiTar weria, SegiZliaT, daweroT daxrili SriftiT, magram
citataSi an mis miTiTebaSi unda aRniSnoT cvlileba sityvebiT
(daxrili Srifti Cemia)an (gamoyofilia). citataSi daurTeT
kvadratul frCxilebSi Casmuli aRniSvna uSualod daxrili
SriftiT dawerili sityvebis Semdeg. miTiTebaSi daurTeT aRniSvna
gverdis nomris Semdeg; mas win unda uswrebdes wertil-mZime (ix.,
aseve, 16.3.5). Tu daxrili SriftiT dawerT or an met adgils
citataSi, ixmareT SeniSvna da ara frCxilebSi Casmuli komentari.
ix., aseve, 22.2.2.
Sulcis mixedviT, `2010 wlis bolosTvis yoveli demokratia
[gamoyofilia] birTvuli terorizmis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba.~1
brauni aRniSnavs mxolod, rom tomebi ganadgureba “sul raRac aT welze
mokle droSi~ [271; daxrili Srifti Cemia].
CanarTebi. Tu TqvenTvis aucilebelia citataSi erTi an meti
sityvis Casma ganmartebis an Sesworebis mizniT, CasviT CanarTi
kvadratul frCxilebSi. Tu aRmoCnda, rom bevri amgvari CanarTi
gamogdiT, umjobesia, xelaxla CamoayaliboT winadadeba an ufro
mcire zomis citatebi CarToT teqstSi.
rogorc igi aRniSnavs, `es udidesi mxatvrebi [pikaso, braki, matisi]
akademiuri swavlebis winaaRmdeg ajanydnen.~
504
igi aRniSnavs, rom pikaso, braki da matisi `ajanydnen akademiuri
swavlebis winaaRmdeg.~
SeniSvnebi. Tu citatad mogyavT nawyveti, romelic Seicavs
SeniSvnis striqonis zeda indeqss, magram Tqven sakuTriv SeniSvnas
ar rTavT teqstSi, SegiZliaT, gamotovoT SeniSvnis nomeri.
25.3.2 gamotovebuli adgilebi
Tu citatidan gamotovebT sityvebs, frazebs, winadadebs an
abzacebs imis gamo, rom isini ar exeba Tqvens Temas, nu SecvliT an
arasworad nu warmoadgenT originaluri citatis azrs. Tqven
valdebuli xarT ara mxolod datovoT is sityvebi, romlebsac
SeuZlia citatis mTliani azris Secvla (rogoricaa ara, arasodes,
yovelTvis), aramed datovoT mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebi. qvemoT
moyvanil citataSi arasworad aris gadmocemuli avtoris azri. (ix.,
aseve, 4.2.3.)
originali: rogorc ki moixsneboda mimdinare problemebi, cvlileba
aucileblad moitanda sargebels.
iangis mtkicebiT, `cvlileba aucileblad moitanda sargebels~.
gamotovebuli sityvis, frazis an winadadebis aRniSvnis
mizniT, ixmareT mravalwertili – sami wertili maT
SorisintervalebiT. (bevr teqstur procesors aqvs specialuri
niSani, romelic mravalwertils aRniSnavs).vinaidan wertilebi
cvlis gamotovebul sityvebs, isini yovelTvis rCeba brWyalebis an
kvadratuli frCxilebis SigniT. datoveT intervali bolo
citirebuli sityvis an sasveni niSnis da mravalwertilis pirvel
wertils Soris da kidev erTi intervali bolo wertilis Semdeg
sityvis an sasveni niSnis win.
Cven vibrZviT simarTlisTvis; . . . TavisuflebisTvis . . .; da . . .
gadarCenisTvis~.
is, Tu rogor iyenebT Tqven mravalwertils garkveul situaciebSi,
damokidebulia Tqvens disciplinaze. disciplinaTa
umravlesobisTvis ixelmZRvaneleT zogadi meTodiT; literaturis
505
Semswavleli da sxva im dargebisTvis, sadac tardeba teqstebis
saguldagulo analizi, ixelmZRvaneleT teqstebis Seswavlis
meTodiT (ixileT qvemoT). Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, romeli
meTodiT unda ixelmZRvaneloT, gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv wesebs
an SeekiTxeT Tqvens pedagogs. 25.3.1-Si ixileT mTavrulis dasmisa
da punqtuaciis Secvlis wesebi gamotovebuli adgilebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
zogadi meTodi. SegiZliaT, citata sxvadasxvanairad SeamokloT,
ise, rogorc es qvemoT aris warmodgenili.
originali: rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da bodiSi
mouxados dazaralebul mxares. is unda moiqces saerTaSoriso
diplomatiuri standartebis Sesabamisad. man, aseve, unda gadadgas
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.
Tu gamotovebT sityvebs winadadebis SigniT, dawereT
mravalwertili, rogorc es qvemoT aris naCvenebi.
`rodesac eri cdeba, man . . . bodiSi unda mouxados dazaralebul mxares.”
Tu gamotoveT masala winadadebebs Soris da Tu
gamotovebuli adgilis winmswrebi masala gramatikulad
srulyofili winadadebaa, dawereT damaboloebeli sasveni niSani
uSualod am winadadebis Semdeg. datoveT intervali am sasveni
niSnis da mravalwertilis pirvel wertils Soris. daicaviT es
wesi im SemTxvevaSic, Tu gamotoveT winmswrebi winadadebis
dasasruli da Tuki is, rac darCa, gramatikulad srulyofilia
(rogorc aris naCvenebi qvemoT meore magaliTSi).
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da bodiSi mouxados
dazaralebul mxares. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas nabijebi situaciis
Sesacvlelad.”
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.”
Tu tovebT masalas winadadebebs Soris ise, rom
gamotovebuli adgilis winmswrebi da momdevno masala
506
gaerTianebisas qmnis gramatikulad srulyofil winadadebas, nu
dawerT damaboloebel sasven niSans mravalwertilis win. amasTan,
avtoris azris arasworad gadmocemis Tavidan asacileblad, am
dros, zogadad, umjobesia, gamoviyenoT Semoklebis erT-erTi zemoT
naCvenebi varianti an cal-calke ori citata.
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da . . . gadadgas nabijebi
situaciis Sesacvlelad.”
iqidan gamomdinare, Tu sad aris sityvebi gamotovebuli, igive
principebi vrceldeba sxva tipis sasven niSnebze, romlebic win
uswrebs an mosdevs mravalwertils, zog situaciaSi, rogoricaa
qvemoT moyvanili meore magaliTi, gamoiyeneT citatis moyvanis
gansxvavebuli wesi.
`rogor cioda? . . . veravin SeZlebda aseT amindSi muSaobas.~
`vaWris saqonelSi iyo qsovilebi da mravali sxva ram . . . , yvelaferi,
rasac qalaqis qalbatonebi SeiZendnen~.
an
vaWris saqonelSi iyo qalaqis qalbatonebisTvis gankuTvnili `qsovilebi
da bevri sxva ram~.
vinaidan mraval konteqstSi naTlad Cans, rodis Semoklda citata,
arsebobs situaciebi, roca aucilebeli ar aris mravalwertilis
gamoyeneba:
• citirebuli frazis, arasruli winadadebis an originalis sxva
iseTi fragmentis win an Semdgom, romelic calsaxad ar aris
srulyofili winadadeba. magram, Tu raimes gamotovebT
fragmentis SigniT, ixmareT mravalwertili Sesaferis adgilas:
507
• citatis bolos, maSinac, roca gamotovebulia originaluri
winadadebis bolo nawili.
508
dawerilia mTavruliT, CasviT Secvlili aso kvadratul
frCxilebSi (ix. 25.3.1).
mertoni wers:
es-esaa Cndeboda axalTaxali sindisi, rogorc sulis realuri,
moqmedi funqcia. sul male yoveli Cemi moqmedeba ufro Segnebuli
gaxdeboda. . . .
. . . vinaidan aravis SeuZlia an SeeZlo mxolod TavisiT da
TavisTvis cxovreba, sxva aTasobiT adamianis beds es aucileblad
unda Sexeboda.
aCveneT blokur citataSi moqceuli leqsis erTi mTliani an
meti gamotovebuli striqoni mravalwertilebis xaziT, romlis
sigrZe zeda striqonis sigrZis toli iqneba.
mTavar pasaJSi weria:
509
nuRar itirebT, kaeSniT savse mwyemsebo, nuRar itirebT,
radgan, licidas, Seni wuxili araa mkvdari,
...............................................
maTTvis, vinc Sedis im xifaTiT savse mdinareSi.
510
26. cxrilebi da suraTebi
511
formatebidan yvelaze efeqtiani airCioT; zogi tipis monacemebi
SeiZleba, ukeT warmoadginoT cxrilSi, zogi _ sqemaSi, zogi ki _
grafikSi. Tqveni arCevani gavlenas moaxdens imaze, Tu rogori
reaqcia eqneba mkiTxvels Tqvens monacemebze. es aris ritorikuli
sakiTxebi, romlebic ganixileba me-8 TavSi. winamdebare Tavi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor unda aagoT SerCeuli
konkretuli forma, am SemTxvevaSi, cxrilebi da ori tipis suraTi:
sqemebi (diagramebi) da grafikebi.
dResdReobiT cxrilebis, sqemebis (diagramebis) da grafikebis
umravlesoba kompiuteruli programebis meSveobiT iqmneba. Tumca,
programa ver SegirCevT yvelaze efeqtur formats an cxrilebisa
da suraTebis swor stils; programa, aseve, ver uzrunvelyofs
logikur an formalur Tanmimdevrulobas. mzad unda iyoT, rom
cxrilebis, sqemebis (diagramebis) da grafikebis Seqmnamde
mogixdebaT zogi standartuli parametris Secvla, xolo Seqmnis
Semdeg _ Sesabamisad daxvewa. informacias Tqvens naSromSi
cxrilebisa da yvela tipis suraTebis Casmis Sesaxeb,
gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini ar aris Seqmnili Tqvens teqstur
procesorSi, ixilavT danarTis A.3.1-Si.
Tu muSaobT sadiplomo Temaze an disertaciaze, romelic
Seicavs cxrilebsa da suraTebs, Tqvens fakultets (kaTedras,
ganyofilebas) an universitets SeiZleba, hqondes specifikuri
moTxovnebi maT formatTan dakavSirebiT. es moTxovnebi, rogorc
wesi, SegiZliaT, moiZioT sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis
ofisSi. Tu muSaobT sakurso naSromze, Tqvenma pedagogma SesaZloa,
aseve, mogTxovoT cxrilebisa da suraTebis momzadeba garkveuli
wesebis dacviT. gaerkvieT am moTxovnebSi, vidre moamzadebT Tqvens
naSroms. isini winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebze upiratesia. saxelmZRvaneloebis xvadasxva
disciplinebSi arsebuli wesebis Sesaxeb ixileT bibliografiaSi.
512
26.1 zogadi wesebi
naSromebSi cxrilebisa da suraTebis warmodgenis ramdenime zogadi
wesi arsebobs.
26.1.1 adgilmdebareoba teqstSi
cxrili an suraTi rac SeiZleba axlos unda iyos im abzacTan,
romelSic pirvelad moixseniebT mas. Tu cxrili an suraTi ver
Tavsdeba darCenil gverdze da arc srul gverds ikavebs,
daamTavreT teqsti gverdis dasrulebamde da moaTavseT cxrili an
suraTi meore gverdis dasawyisSi. (ixileT A.3.1-Si informacia
naSromSi cxrilebisa da suraTebis Casmis Sesaxeb, aseve, A.12-Si da
A.13-Si ixileT cxrilebisa da suraTebis gverdze ganTavsebis
magaliTebi).
SegiZliaT, mcire zomis cxrilebi an suraTebi erT gverdze
jgufebad daawyoT, oRond isini calsaxad unda gamoirCeodes
erTmaneTisgan. jgufebad dawyobili cxrilebi zogadad inarCunebs
saTaurebs (ix. 26.2.2). Tu jgufebad dawyobili suraTebi axlo
kavSirSia erTmaneTTan, daurTeT erTi nomeri da saerTo warwera;
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneT cal-calke nomrebi da warwerebi
(ix. 26.3.2).
Tu cxrili an suraTi teqstTan naklebad aris dakavSirebuli
an zedmetad didia masSi Casasmelad, moaTavseT danarTSi an Tqveni
naSromis sacnobaro ganyofilebis nawilSi saTauriT naxatebi
(ix.A.2.3).
26.1.2 zoma
sadac SesaZlebelia, daaformateT cxrilebi da suraTebi ise, rom
isini moTavsdes horizontaluri an vertikaluri sworebis mqone
erT gverdze. Tu ver Tavsdeba, ecadeT, SeamokloT svetebis grZeli
saTaurebi an SeamokloT ganmeorebiTi terminebi.
Tu ver axerxebT cxrilis an suraTis moTavsebas erT
gverdze, ramdenime gamosavali gaqvT.
513
• horizontaluri sworeba. Tu cxrili an suraTi Zalian farToa
gverdisTvis, SeabruneT igi oTxmocdaaTi gradusiT ise, rom
marcxena mxare moxvdes gverdis ZirSi; aRniSnul sworebas ewodeba
vertikaluri. nu moaTavsebT raime teqsts horizontaluri cxrilis
an suraTis Semcvel gverdze. dabeWdeT cxrilis saTauri an
suraTis warwera horizontaluri an vertikaluri sworebiT.
ixileT magaliTisTvis suraTi A.13.
514
ase unda moiqceT im SemTxvevaSic, Tu monacemebs axali formiT
warmoadgenT – magaliTad, agebT grafiks Tavdapirvelad cxrilis
saxiT gamoqveynebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT, amatebT cxrilSi
axal monacemebs sxva wyarodan an metaanalizis gziT aerTianebT
sxvadasxva wyarodan mopovebul monacemebs.
miiCnieT wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonebi cxrilis sqoliod
(ix. 26.2.7) an suraTis warweris nawilad (ix. 26.3.2). daiwyeT wyaros
aRmniSvneli striqoni sityviT wyaro(ebi). Tu striqoni ikavebs orze
met xazs, gadasuli sityvebi unda gaswordes marcxniv da
daibeWdos striqonebs SoriserTi intervaliT. dasviT wertili
striqonis bolos.
Tu miTiTebebisas xelmZRvanelobT sqolioSi miTiTebis stiliT,
miuTiTeT sruli informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (ix. me-16 Tavi), aseve,
miuTiTeT originaluri cxrilis an suraTis nomeri an im gverdis
nomeri, saidanac aiReT monacemebi. Tu ar miuTiTebT am wyaros
naSromis sxva adgilebSic, saWiro ar aris misi CarTva Tqvens
bibliografiaSi.
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemidan devid hale, kulturis
gageba: xelovneba da klasi amerikul ojaxbSi (Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1993), cxrili 2.)
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemebidan riCard g. adamsi umc.,
`fuladi gzavnilobebi, investireba da soflis kapitalis
akumulireba pakistanSi~, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da kulturuli
cvlileba 47, # 1 (1998); 155-73; devid beveni, pol kolieri da ien
ganingi, glexebi da mTavroba: ekonomikuri analizi (oqsfordi:
gamomcemloba klerdoni. 1989), 125-28.
Tu iyenebT teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils, miuTiTeT wyaro
teqstobriv miTiTebis msgavsad, magram frCxilebis gareSe da
bibliografiaSi miuTiTeT sruli informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (ix.
me-18 Tavi).
515
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemidan hale 1993, cxrili 2.
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemebidan adamsi 1998, 155-73; beveni,
kolieri da ganingi 1989, 125-28.
Tu monacemebi adaptirebulia originalur wyaroSi warmodgenili
masalidan, wyaros aRmniSvnel striqons daurTeT fraza
adaptirebulia . . . –dan, rogorc naCvenebia cxrilebSi 26.1 da 26.3.
im fotoebs, rukebs da sxva suraTebs, romlebic uSualod Tqven ar
SegiqmniaT, wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonis nacvlad miuTiTeT
avtori.
ruka Seadgina jerald f. failma. foto gadaiRo jeims l. beladma
Tu disertaciasgare sadisertacio arqivSi waradgenT SesaZloa,
saavtoro uflebiT daculi cxrilebis an suraTebis reproduqciis
gamosayeneblad oficialuri nebarTva dagWirdeT. ixileT `Cikagos
stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-4 Tavi. Tu
gWirdebaT nebarTvebTan dakavSirebuli samadlobeli striqonebis
darTva, ixileT CMOS 12.40-51 (suraTebi) da 13.44 (cxrilebi).
26.2 cxrilebi
bevr situaciaSi SeiZleba, gerCivnoT masalebis cxrilis saxiT
warmodgena. me-8 TavSi naCvenebia cxrilebis gamoyenebis
kriteriumebi da, aseve, maTi Sedgenis zogadi principebi.
winamdebare nawili moicavs im sakiTxebs, romlebic SeiZleba,
wamoiWras cxrilebis momzadebisas. cxrilebSi 26.1-26-3 naCvenebia am
nawilSi ganxiluli principebis magaliTebi.
Sinaarsis sirTulidan da, Sesabamisad, struqturidan
gamomdinare, cxrilebs Soris bevri gansxvavebaa, magram arsebiTad
mniSvnelovania cxrilebis SigniT da maT Soris logikuri kavSiri,
raTa Tqveni monacemebi mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi iyos.
gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi cxrilebSi moTavsebuli yvela
ricxobrivi monacemisTvis, Tu ar iqneba sxva raime miTiTebaamasTan
516
dakavSirebiT. adgilis dazogvis mizniT, SegiZliaT, SedarebiT
ufro Tavisuflad ixmaroT abreviaturebi da simboloebi, magram
gamoiyeneT isini dazogviT da Tanmimdevrulad. Tu ar arsebobs
standartuli abreviaturebi, Tavad SeqmeniT Semoklebebi da
ganmarteT isini cxrilis sqolioSi (ix. 26.2.7) an, Tu aseTi bevri
iqneba, Tqveni naSromis satitulo elementebis abreviaturebis
CamonaTvalSi (ix.A.2.1).
cxrili 26.1 for kornerSi, bostoni, SerCeuli eklesiebi
517
lebi lebi lebi
provinciis
asamblea
konservatorebi 35.5 47 26.0 37 30.9 52
socialistebi 12.4 18 27.1 44 24.8 39
qristian- 49.2 85 41.2 68 39.2 59
demokratebi
sxvebi 2.9 0 5.7 1a 5.1 0
sul 100.0 150 100.0 150 100.0 150
erovnuli
asamblea
konservatorebi 32.6 4 23.8 3 28.3 3
socialistebi 13.5 1 27.3 3 24.1 2
qristian- 52.1 7 42.8 6 46.4 8
demokratebi
sxvebi 1.8 0 6.1 0 1.2 0
sul 100.0 12 100.0 12 100.0 13b
wyaro: monacemebi ervonidan 1950, 1956, 1960.
a
es adgili moipova radikalma socialistma, romelic konservatiuli koaliciis
wevri gaxda.
b
1960 wlis gadanawilebam gotfrits moapovebina damatebiTi adgili erovnul
asambleaSi.
518
weli
humanitarul 2.6 2.3 ...
mecnierebaTa
bakalavri BA an meti
asakis mixedviT
16-19 ... ... 19.3
20-34 ... ... 6.5
35-54 ... ... 4.7
55-64 ... ... 2.9
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia naSromidanmark levitani, `es namdvilad aq
moxda: siRaribis zrda niu iork sitiSi~, gamocemaSi niu iorki da los
anJelesi: politika, sazogadoeba da kultura – SedarebiTi mimoxilva,
gamomc. devid hale (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003),
cxrili 8.2.SeniSvna:.`samuSao asaki~ ganisazRvreba 16-dan 64 wlamde.
aRweris monacemebSi 25 wlamde asakis ganaTlebis done mokvleuli ar
yofila.
26.2.1 cxrilis struqtura
cxrils gaaCnia elementebi, romlebic analogiuria grafikis
horizontaluri da vertikaluri RerZebisa. horizontalur RerZze
ganTavsebulia svetis saTaurebi. vertikalur RerZze _ saTaurebi,
romlebic Seadgens egreT wodebul gverdul svets.
cxrilSi (vertikaluri) svetebisgan da (horizontaluri)
striqonebisgan Semdgari cxauri erTmaneTs ufardebs
damoukidebeli da damokidebuli cvladebis or rigs.
damoukidebeli cvladebi, tradiciulad, Tavsdeba marcxniv,
gverdul svetSi. damokidebuli cvladebi ki _ tradiciulad,
svetebis saTaurebSi. Tu CarTavT cvladebis imave rigs Tqveni
naSromis or an orze met cxrilSi, iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni: yovel
cxrilSi cvladebi unda CasvaT erTsa da imave adgilas – rogorc
svetebis saTaurebSi, ise gverdul svetSi.
monacemebs, romlebic SeiZleba, iyos sityvebi, ricxvebi an
orive (ix. cxrili 26.1), weren svetebis saTaurebis qveS da
gverduli svetis marjvniv arsebulujredebSi.
519
26.2.2 cxrilebis nomrebi da saTaurebi
zogadad, yovel cxrils aqvs nomeri da saTauri. moaTavseT nomeri
da saTauri marcxniv gasworebul striqonze, cxrilis zemoT.
daiwyeT sityvierad cxrili, Semdeg dawereT cxrilis nomeri
(arabuli cifrebiT) da dasviT wertili. erTi intervalis Semdeg ki
dawereT saTauri damaboloebeli wertilis gareSe. saTaurSi
mTavruli gamoiyeneT winadadebis stilSi (ix. 22.3.1). Tu saTauri
ikavebs erTze met striqons, Semdegi striqonebi ibeWdeba marcxniv
sworebiT, striqonebs SoriserTi intervaliT.
cxrili 13. iena-dolaris fardobebi iaponur eqsportSi, 1995-2005.
cxrili, romelic martivad Tavsdeba teqstSi, magaliTad,
ubralo orsvetiani CamonaTvali, ar saWiroebs numeracias an
saTaurs.
Cikagos mosaxleoba geometriuli progresiiT gaizarda misi
arsebobis pirvel saukuneSi:
1840 4,470
1870 298,977
1900 1,698,575
1930 3,376,438
cxrilis nomrebi. danomreT cxrilebi calke da suraTebi calke,
im TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moixseniebT maT teqstSi.
Tu gaqvT sul ramdenime cxrili, danomreT isini Tanmimdevrulad
mTel naSromSi, Tavebis CaTvliT. Tu Tqvens naSromSi bevri cxrili
da Tavia, gamoiyeneT ormagi numeracia; anu, dabeWdeT Tavis nomeri,
Semdeg wertili, Semdeg cxrilis nomeri, rogorc naCvenebia
cxrilSi 12.4.
rodesac teqstSi moixseniebT cxrils, miuTiTeT cxrilis
nomeri (`me-3 cxrilSi~) nacvlad misi adgilmdebareobisa (`qvemoT~),
vinaidan SeiZleba, mogixdeT cxrilis gadaadgileba naSromis
redaqtirebis an daformatebis procesSi.
520
cxrilis saTaurebi. cxrilebis saTaurebi unda iyos mokle, Tumca,
sakmaod mravlismetyveli, raTa mianiSnos maTi monacemebis
specifikur xasiaTze da ganasxvaos cxrilebi erTmaneTisgan.
Sesaferisi saTaurebis daweris wesebi ixileT 8.3.1-Si.cxrilebis
saTaurebi SeiZleba, warmoadginoT ufro mcire zomis SriftiT,
vidre danarCeni teqsti; gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs.
16.2.3 svetebis xazebi
xazebi gamoyofs sxvadasxva tipis monacemebs da teqsts. Metismetad
bevri xazi damabnevelia, amitom gamoiyeneT isini ekonomiurad da
Tanmimdevrulad (ix., aseve, 8.3.2).
• gaavleT msxvili horizontaluri xazebi, raTa gamoyoT saTauri
svetebis saTaurebisgan (ix. 26.2.4), svetebis saTaurebi _ cxrilis
ZiriTadi nawilisgan, xolo ZiriTadi nawili _ sqolioebisgan.
Jamebis striqonis zemoT xazis gavleba tradiciulia, Tumca, ara
arsebiTi. teqstSi orsvetiani cxrilebi umjobesia, ganTavsdes
xazebis gareSe, im pirobiT, rom svetebis saTaurebi gamoyofili
iqneba tipografiuli wesiT.
521
Crdilebi da ferebi mkafiod ar Cans. Crdilebis gamoyenebisas
darwmundiT, rom teqsti kargad ikiTxeba, ar ixmaroT sxvadasxva
elferi, radgan maT Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba, ar gamoCndes.
522
%, $da a.S.), amasTan, daicaviT Tanmimdevroba cxrilebSi da maT
Soris.
pasuxebi(%) peso (milioni)
26.2.5 gverduli sveti
cxrilis gverdul svetad wodebul marcxnidan pirvel svetSi
CamoTvlilia yovel rigSi warmodgenil monacemTa kategoriebi.
• yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, gverdul svets daurTeT svetis
saTauri, maSinac, roca saTauri saerTo terminia (`tipuri
maxasiaTebeli~ an `cvladi~). gamotoveT saTauri mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu is,ubralod, imeorebs cxrilis saTaurs an Tu
gverduli svetis kategoriebi Zalze mravalferovania erTi
saTaurisTvis.
523
gamoyenebisas ixelmZRvaneleT mTavari punqtebisTvis gankuTvnili
zemoT moyvanili principebiT.
524
svetSi mocemul yvela ricxobriv mniSvnelobas erTvis noli
aTobiTi wertilis win, SegiZliaT gamotovoT nolebi (ix. suraTi
A.13).
gaasworeT dolarisa da procentis niSnebi, xarisxebi da a.S.
magram Tu isini gvxvdeba svetis yvela ujredSi, amoSaleT isini
ujredebidan da svetis saTaurSi miuTiTeT erTeuli aRniSvnis
saxiT (ix. 26.2.4, cxrili 26.2 da suraTi A.13).
Tu monacemebi Seicavs sityvebs, ganaTavseT yoveli svetis
centrSi saTauris qveS. Tu nebismier punqts aqvs meore xazze
gadasuli teqsti, gaasworeT yoveli sveti marcxniv (ix. cxrili
26.1).
26.2.7 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi
Tu cxrilSi gvxvdeba gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi, gaasworeT isini
marcxniv, striqonebs Soris erTi intervaliT. datoveT carieli
striqoni cxrilis qveda xazsa da pirvel SeniSvnas Soris da aseve,
SeniSvnebs Soris. gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi SeiZleba, daibeWdos
ufro mcire SriftiT, vidre danarCeni teqsti; CaixedeT Tqvens
adgilobriv saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebSi.
cxrilebisTvis gakuTvnili SeniSvnebi SeiZleba, oTxi tipis iyos: (1)
wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonebi (romlebic ganvixileT 26.1.3-Si), (2)
zogadi SeniSnvebi, romlebic exeba mTel cxrils, (3) SeniSvnebi
romlebic exeba cxrilis konkretul nawilebs da (4) SeniSvnebi
statistikuri mniSvnelobis xarisxis Sesaxeb. Tu Tqven gaqvT erTze
meti tipis SeniSvna, daawyveT isini zemoaRniSnuli TanmimdevrobiT.
zogadi SeniSvnebi. zogadi SeniSvnebi exeba mTel cxrils. isini
gansazRvravs abreviaturebs, ganmartavs cxrilis saTaurs,
akonkretebs, rogor xdeboda monacemebis Segroveba an mopoveba,
miuTiTebs mniSvnelobebis damrgvalebaze da a.S. yovelive
zemoaRniSnuls erT SeniSvnaSi mouyareT Tavi. cxrilSi an mis
saTaurSi nu dawerT SeniSvnis nomers (an sxva simbolos), nurc
525
sakuTriv SeniSvnas miawerT nomers. ubralod, daiwyeT SeniSvna
sityviT SeniSvna (daxrili SriftiT, momdevno ori wertiliT). ix,
aseve, 26.3.
SeniSvna: radgan yvela monacemze ar migviwvdeboda xeli, jamebs
Soris Seusabamobaa.
specifikuri SeniSvnebi. SeniSvnebi, romlebic Seicavs cxrilis
konkretuli punqtis axsna-ganmartebebs, SeiZleba, davurToT
cxrilis nebismier nawils, garda cxrilis nomris an saTaurisa.
miuTiTeT aseT SeniSvnaze striqonzeda indeqsiT, gamoiyeneT
nusxuri asoebi nacvlad ricxvebisa, rogorc cxrilSi, ise,
sakuTriv, SeniSvnaSi. SeniSvnis ganmarteba daiwyeT ara sityviT
SeniSvna, aramed striqonzeda indeqsiT, romelic igive asoa, rac
cxrilSi miTiTebisas gamoiyeneT. nu dawerT wertils an
orwertils striqonzeda indeqsis Semdeg.
ajami ar Seicavs vaWrobis muSakebsa da muSebs.
Tu cxrilSi CasvamT erTze met aseT SeniSvnas (rogorc naCvenebia
cxrilSi 26.2), daicaviT Tanmimdevroba, daiwyeT cxrilis zeda
marcxena nawilidan, marcxnidan marjvniv, Semdeg CamouyeviT qvemoT
– rigidan rigamde. Tu SeniSvna exeba cxrilis or an orze met
punqts, ixmareT igive aso yoveli punqtisTvis; Tu SeniSvna exeba
svetis an rigis yvela punqts, daurTeT aso Sesabamisi svetis
saTaurs an gverduli svetis punqts.
SeniSvnebi statistikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. Tu daurTavT
SeniSvnebs Tqveni monacemebis statistikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
(romlebsac, aseve, ewodeba SeniSvnebi albaTobaze) da Tu
mniSvnelobis done standartulia, aRniSneT SeniSvnebi fifqiT
rogorc cxrilSi, ise sakuTriv SeniSvnaSi. ixmareT erTi fifqi
albaTobis yvelaze dabali donesTvis, ori fifqi – momdevno ufro
maRali donesTvis da sami – momdevno ufro maRali donesTvis.
amasTan, Tu aRniSnavT ara standartul, aramed sxva mniSvnelobis
526
xarisxebs, fifqis nacvlad ixmareT striqonzeda indeqsebi. vinaidan
es sqolioebi moklea da erTi mizani aqvs, SegiZliaT, erT
striqonze gaaerTianoT, intervaliT, Sualeduri punqtuaciis
gareSe. asop (albaToba,wertilis gareSe) iwereba nusxuriT da
daxrili SriftiT. gamotoveT nolebi aTobiTi wertilebis win.
*p<.05 **p <.01 ***p <.001
26.3 suraTebi
termini suraTi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas, maT Soris,
sqemebs, grafikebs, diagramebs, fotoebs, rukebs, musikaluri
nawarmoebebis nimuSebs da naxazebs. dResdReobiT SesaZlebelia am
masalebis umetesobis eleqtronulad momzadeba da naSromSi
CarTva. teqnikuri detalebi damokidebulia gamoyenebul
kompiuterul programaze da Zalze rTulia imisTvis, rom srulad
avsaxoT winamdebare wignSi. Tumca, ramdenime zogadi
saxelmZRvanelo principi warmodgenilia danarTis A.3.1-Si.
winamdebare nawilSi naCvenebia monacemebisgan Seqmnili ori
tipis suraTis - sqemebisa da grafikebis - warmodgenis ramdenime
principi. aqve ganxilulia yvela tipis suraTis warwerebi.
videoebi, animaciebi an sxva multimediuri failebi, romelTa
beWdur formaSi warmodgena SeuZlebelia, miiCnieT danarTad
(ix.A.2.3).
26.3.1 diagramebi da grafikebi
bevr SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa, moisurvoT monacemebis sqemis an
grafikis formiT warmodgena. me-8 TavSi naCvenebia am grafikuli
formebis gamoyenebis kriteriumebi da maTi agebis zogadi
principebi. diagramebisa da grafikebis agebis detaluri
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebisTvis mimarTeT avtoritetul wyaros.
527
Tqveni naSromis yoveli diagrama da grafiki iseTi formis unda
iyos, rom saukeTesod asaxos misi monacemebi da daasabuTos masSi
gamoTqmuli mtkicebebi. Tumca, mniSvnelovania SeTanxmebuloba
rogorc diagramebsa da grafikebs SigniT, ise maT Soris, raTa
mkiTxvelebi kargad gaerkvnen Tqvens monacemebSi. nebismieri tipis
diagramisa Tu grafikis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa, mxedvelobaSi iqonioT
Semdegi principebi:
• erTnairi tipis elementebi – RerZebi, xazebi, wertilebi, svetebi
da solebi – warmoadgineT erTnairad. gamoiyeneT gamokveTili
vizualuri efeqtebi mxolod imisTvis, rom ganasxvavoT
elementebi da ara imisTvis, rom SeqmnaT damatebiTi efeqti.
528
ecadeT, ar gaamuqoT suraTis teqsti da ar ixmaroT sxvadasxva
elferi, radgan maT Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba, ar gamoCndes.
529
SeamoklebT mas rogorc sur., garda frCxilebSi Casmuli
miTiTebebisa – magaliTad, ,,(naxe sur. 10)’’.
suraTebis warwerebi. suraTebis warwerebi ufro mravalferovania,
vidre cxrilebis saTaurebi. zog SemTxvevaSi warwerebi SeiZleba,
Sedgebodes mxolod saxelobiTi jgufisgan, (ix. 22.3.1), wertilis
gareSe.
suraTi 9. beTiuni meri maklaudi – Savi kabinetis lideri am
periodis ganmavlobaSi
ufro rTuli warwerebi iwyeba saxelobiTi jgufisgan, romelsac
erTi an meti sruli winadadeba mosdevs. am warwerebs dasmuli aqvT
damaboloebeli wertilebi, sawyisi arasruli winadadebis Semdegac.
Tu Tqveni warwerebi Seicavs am ori tipis narevs,
Tanmimdevrulobis SesanarCuneblad SegiZliaT, dasvaT
damaboloebeli wertili pirveli tipis warwerebis Semdeg.
suraTi 16. benito xuaresi. meqsikis gamoCenili prezidenti, abraam
linkolnis Tanamedrove da megobari, ganasaxierebs Sua saukunis
mZime brZolebSi mopovebul meqsikuri liberalizmis gamarjvebas.
berklis kaliforniis universitetis bankroftis biblioTekis
sakuTreba.
rodesac suraTs aqvs wyaros aRmniSvneli xazi, daurTeT igi
warweris bolos, 26.1.3-is saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis Sesabamisad.
suraTi 2.7. iaos veli, bolo brZolis adgili. anastasia novagis
foto.
zogjer warwera erTvis iseT suraTs, romelic Seicavs
ramdenime nawils. miuTiTeT warweraSi nawili terminebiT TavSi,
qvemoT, zemoT, marcxnidan marjvniv an marcxnidan saaTis isris
mimarTulebiT (daxrili SriftiT, raTa ganasxvaoT sakuTriv
warwerisgan) an daxrili SriftiT.
530
suraTi 6. zemoT, marcxniv, uiliam livingstoni; marjvniv, henri
brokholst livingstoni; qvemoT, marcxniv, jon jei; marjvniv, sara
livingston jei.
suraTi 15. havaiuri ankesebis oTxi tipi: a, ekliani ankesikus
baknisgan; b, ankesi satyuari margalitis niJarisgan da adamianis
Zvlis wveroTi.
Tu suraTis warwera ver eteva imave gverdze, romelzec
sakuTriv suraTia ganTavsebuli, CasviT igi teqstis uaxloes
winmswreb gverdze (ix.3.1), adgilmdebareobis miTiTebiT, daxrili
SriftiT suraTis nomrisa da warweris win.
Semdeg gverdze.suraTi 19. col-qmari 20-diumiani feradi
televizoriT. 1980-iani wlebis ekonomikurma reformebma Zlieri
stimuli misca samomxmareblo interesis zrdas CineTSi.
531
danarTi naSromis formati da misi Cabareba
a.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli zogadi moTxovnebi
a.1.1. are
a.1.2. Sriftis saxeoba
a.1.3. striqonebs Soris daSoreba, abzaci
a.1.4. gverdebis organizeba
a.1.5. saTaurebi
a.2 formatTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi
a.2.1. wina gverdebi
a.2.2. teqsti
a.2.3. ukana gverdebi
a.3. CabarebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi
a.3.1. Tqveni failebis momzadeba
a.3.2. amobeWdili versiis Cabareba
a.3.3. eleqtronuli versiis Cabareba
rodesac sadiplomo naSroms, disertacias an raime Temas werT,
aucilebelia, daicvaT formatisa da stilis garkveuli moTxovnebi.
sadiplomo naSromisa da disertaciis SemTxvevaSi am moTxovnebs Tqveni
kaTedra an universitetis sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis
samsaxuri adgens; sakurso Temis SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnebs Tqveni
instruqtori gansazRvravs. aseve, SesaZlebelia, Temis Cabarebisas
specifikuri procedurebis dacva mogTxovon, magaliTad, amobeWdili
versia unda CaabaroT Tu eleqtronuli.
roca sadiplomo naSroms an disertacias amzadebT, gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba miaqcieT am moTxovnebs. Tqven Segafaseben imis mixedviTac,
ramdenad icavT Tqvens sferoSi dadgenil akademiur wesebs da
moTxovnebs. formatTan da CabarebasTan dakavSirebuli wesebis
umravlesoba gamiznulia imisaTvis, rom Tqveni naSromi Seinaxos, iqneba
es akinZuli Tu eleqtronuli saxiT da momavalSi xelmisawvdomi iyos
mkiTxvelisTvis.
532
aq mocemuli miTiTebebi formatisa da naSromis Cabarebis Sesaxeb
farTodaa miRebuli sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis
momzadebisas. Tumca, universitetebis umravlesobas sakuTari moTxovnebi
aqvs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, xelmisawvdomia sadiplomo naSromebisa da
disertaciebis samsaxurSi. sanam Tqvens sadiplomo naSroms an
disertacias CaabarebT, gadaxedeT Tqveni kaTedris specifikur
moTxovnebs. es moTxovnebi aq mocemul miTiTebebze upiratesia.
zogadad, sakurso naSromTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi naklebad mkacri
da mravlismomcvelia, vidre sadiplomo naSromTan da disertaciasTan
dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi. sakurso Temebi, rogorc wesi, nakleb
elementebs moicavs da vinaidan maT arc kinZaven da arc eleqtronulad
inaxaven, Cabarebis gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi ar arsebobs. Tumca, aseT
SemTxvevaSic, unda daicvaT Tqvens sferoSi dawesebuli wesebi Temis
daformatebisas, radgan isini mkiTxvels exmareba, swrafad moaxdinos
sqolioebisa Tu vrceli citatebis identificireba. Tu Tqveni Temis
formatTan dakavSirebiT raime kiTxvebi gaqvT, SeekiTxeT Tqvens
instruqtors an gaesaubreT Tqveni kaTedris warmomadgenlebs.
am danarTSi mocemul instruqciebSi nagulisxmebia, rom Tqven Temas
kompiuterze moamzadebT. miuxedavad imisa, rom kompiuteruli teqsturi
redaqtorebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia, maTi umetesoba avtomaturad
akeTebs areebs, sqolioebs, nomravs gverdebs. Tumca, Tuki specifikur
miTiTebebs unda misdioT, gansakuTrebiT, areebTan da formatirebis sxva
msgavs sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, SeamowmeT Tqveni Temis amobeWdili
varianti (umjobesia, xelT saxazavi iqonioT) manam, sanam mas CaabarebT.
marTalia, programulma uzrunvelyofam gaamartiva Temis daformateba,
magram igi bolomde verasdros Secvlis Tqvens gansjas.
533
an universitets SesaZloa, dawesebuli hqondes normebi, romlebic aq
mocemuli instruqciebisgan gansxvavdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, aq mocemul
instruqciebTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba Tqvens adgilobriv instruqciebs
eniWeba.
a.1.1. mindvrebi
zogadad yvela Tema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi standartuli zomis
furcelze iwereba - 8, 5 X 11 (inCi). datoveT, daaxloebiT, erTi inCis
zomis mindori gverdis oTxive mxares. sadiplomo naSromis an
disertaciis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, marcxena mxares ufro didi mindvris
dacva dagWirdeT, rogorc wesi – 1,5 inCis.
gaiTvaliswineT isic, rom nebismier sqoliosa da furclis TavSi
dawerili informacia, maT Soris, qudSic da sxva saidentifikacio
informacia, im zomis mindvrebSi unda moeqces (ix. a.1.4), rac adgilobrivi
instruqciebiTaa gansazRvruli.
a.1.2. Sriftis saxeoba
Tqveni teqstisTvis airCieT Srifti, romelic kargad ikiTxeba,
magaliTad, Times New Roman an Palatino da gamoiyeneT is mTel naSromSi.
moerideT ornamentebian Sriftebs. aseTi Sriftis gamo mkiTxvelma
SeiZleba, naklebad seriozulad aRiqvas Tqveni naSromi. (Sriftebis
specifikuri maxasiaTeblebisTvis, ixileT robert brainherstis naSromi,
tipografiuli stilis elementebi [Point Roberts, WA: Hartley & Marks, 2004]).
Temebis umravlesobisTvis, umjobesia, gamoiyenoT 12 zomis Srifti, an
minimum 10 zomis mainc. zogierTi universiteti iTxovs 12 zomis Srifts
teqstisTvis da 10 zomis Srifts sqolioebis da SeniSvnebis, sqemebisa da
cxrilebSi mocemuli warwerebisTvis.
a.1.3. striqonebs Soris daSoreba, abzaci
naSromis teqstSi striqonebi ori xaziT daaSoreT, garda qvemoT
mocemuli SemTxvevebisa, sadac mxolod erTi xazi unda iyos
gamotovebuli:
• vrceli citatebi (ix. 25.2.2)
534
• cxrilebis saTaurebi da sqemis warwerebi
• sqolioebi da SeniSvnebi
535
saTvalavSi unda CaTvaloT, Tumca, SeiZleba, yvela maTgans ar
daaweroT nomeri. kaTedrebsa da universitetebs xSirad aqvT
SemuSavebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi wina gverdebis danomvrasTan
dakavSirebiT; Tu Tqvens SemTxvevaSi ase ar aris, gamoiyeneT am
danarTSi mocemuli instruqciebi.
536
sxva saidentifikacio elementebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, neba
dagrTon, an sulac mogTxovon, rom saidentifikacio informacia
furclis zeda an qveda nawilSi miuTiToT gverdis nomris gverdiT.
sakurso naSromisTvis, instruqtorma SesaZloa, mogTxovoT naSroms
daaweroT Tqveni gvari da saxeli, Temis Cabarebis ricxvi an ,,pirveli
varianti”. ufro grZeli naSromebisTvis, Tavis an seqciis dasaTaureba
daexmareba mkiTxvels teqstSi orientaciaSi. sadiplomo naSromebsa da
disertaciebSi furclis zeda da qveda mxares dasacavi moTxovnebi
dRemde muSavdeba. amdenad, gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv instruqciebs.
a.1.5 saTaurebi
imisda mixedviT, ramdenad kompleqsuria Tqveni Tema, SeiZleba, naSromi
sakmaod bevr komponents moicavdes, ise, rogorc es aRwerilia a.2
nawilSi. maT umetesobas saTauri unda hqondes. yvela aseTi elementis
saTaurisTvis gamoiyeneT erTi da igive tipografia da formati,
tradiciulad gaSualedebuli romauli Srifti (iseve, rogorc naCvenebia
am danarTSi mocemul nimuSebSi). nebismieri cifris aRniSvna, romelic
win uZRvis saTaurs (magaliTad, nawili II: adreuli wlebi) tipografiiTa
da formatiT saTaurs unda Seesabamebodes.
Tu Tqveni naSromi Tavebadaa dayofili, maSin Tavebis dasaTaureba da
cifrebis aRniSvna tipografikulad erTnairi unda iyos, magram unda
gansxvavdebodes sxva komponentebis saTaurebisgan. TavebSi mocemuli
qvesaTaurebisTvis ixileT a.2.2.
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi instruqciebi moqnilia, SegiZliaT, gansxvavebuli
tipografikaDda formati gamoiyenoT sxvadasxva tipis saTaurebisTvis.
mocemuli Sriftis yvela saTauri Tanmimdevruli unda iyos da
TiToeuli Srifti danarCenisgan unda gansxvavdebodes. didi danayofebis
saTaurebi (nawilebi, Tavebi) vizualurad ufro TvalSisacemi unda iyos,
vidre qvesaTaurebi. zogadad, saTaurebi ufro TvalsaCinoa, roca
537
Camuqebuli da daxrili asoebiT centrSia gamotanili, vidre maSin, roca
marcxniv, Cveulebrivi zomis SriftiT an winadadebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli asoebis stiliTaa mocemuli.
yvelaze efeqturi gza saTaurebSi Tanmimdevrulobis dasacavad is aris,
rom Tavidanve gansazRvroT stili yvela tipis saTaurisTvis (maT Soris,
Srifti, pozicia da a.S.) zogadi programuli uzrunvelyofis funqciis
daxmarebiT (i. a.3.1)
538
TanmimdevrobasTan dakavSirebiT; aseTis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
gaiTvaliswineT qvemoT mocemuli instruqciebi.
Cabarebis gverdi. sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis umravlesobas
gaaCnia Cabarebis gverdi da igi naSromis pirveli gverdia. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, igi ar inomreba da wina gverdebis numeraciis saTvalavSic
ar Sedis.
Cabarebis gverdze miTiTebulia, rom naSromi Cabarebulia magistris da
doqtoris xarisxisTvis wayenebuli moTxovnebis dacviT (formulireba
SesaZloa, sxvanairadac Camoyalibdes) da masSi datovebulia carieli
adgili sagamocdo komisiis wevrebis xelmowerisTvis.
539
gardaqmnis misteria:
wminda ignatus loiolas sulieri varjiSebis gavlena
karavajos wminda pavles moqceva
robert loblau
Sesavali xelovnebis istoriaSi
15 marti, 2007 weli
540
Cikagos universiteti
fiona forman-barzilai
Cikago, ilinoisi
2001 wlis dekemberi
541
sarCevi
samadlobeli sityva iv
Sesavali 1
daskvna 212
bibliografia 215
iii
542
cxrilebi
mixedviT, 1856-1860......................................................................................................69
1.6 kontraqtorebis gaZRola kvartirmeisteris departamentSi,
1855-1860..................................................................................................................................66
1.7 fort livenuorsSi kvartirmeisteris departamentis maragis
1861-1862............................................................................................................................................181
2.2 masaCusetsis oci yvelaze didi samxedro mommaragebeli, 1861…...186
1861-1862..............................................................................................................................................188
3.1 a.S.S-s Tavdacvis departamentis (armiis) xarjebi, 1860-1866...............240
543
leqsikoni
544
kaTedrebisa da universitetebis umravlesobas aqvs Cabarebis gverdis
nimuSi, romelic zustad unda daicvaT formatisa da sarCevis
formulirebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
satitulo gverdi. sakurso Temebi unda iwyebodes satitulo gverdiT
(Tumca, zogierTi saTaurs teqstis pirvel gverdze akeTebs. moelaparakeT
amis Sesaxeb Tqvens instruqtors). Temis saTauri furclis zeda kididan
mesamedi manZilis daSorebiT, SuaSi dasviT. Tu Temas mTavari saTauric
aqvs da qvesaTauric, am SemTxvevaSi, mTavari saTauri erT xazze dawereT,
Semdeg ori wertili dasviT da qvesaTauri meore xazze gadaitaneT.
ramdenime xazis qvemoT dawereT Tqveni saxeli im informaciasTan erTad,
romelsac Tqveni instruqtori moiTxovs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kursis
saxelwodeba (kaTedrisa da nomris miTiTebiT) da ricxvi. sqema a.1.
gviCvenebs saklaso naSromis satitulo gverdis nimuSs. Temebis
umetesobisTvis, es erTaderTia, romelic wina gverdebSi Sedis.
sadiplomo naSromis an disertaciisTvis, kaTedrebisa da universitetebis
umravlesobas aqvs sanimuSo satitulo gverdebi, romlebsac zustad unda
miyveT Sinaarsisa da formatis gaTvaliswinebiT. sxva SemTxvevebSi,
nimuSad gamoiyeneT a.2 sqema. satitulo gverdze SegiZliaT, miuTiToT i,
magram gverdis nomeri ar daaweroT.
Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia ramdenime tomad aikinZeba
(ix. a.1.4), albaT, dagWirdebaT calke satitulo gverdebi TiToeulisTvis.
gaecaniT adgilobriv wesebs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
saavtoro ufleba an carieli gverdi. sadiplomo naSromSi an
disertaciaSi, satitulo gverdis Semdeg CasviT saavtoro uflebasTan
dakavSirebuli gverdi. es gverdi danomreT - ii, magram es cifri ar
daaweroT, Tu amas Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi ar migiTiTebT. miTiTeba
saavtoro uflebasTan dakavSirebiT gverdis bolos, marcxena mxares,
daaxloebiT ase daitaneT:
saavtoro ufleba © 20XX ekuTvnis Tqveni saxeli gvari
yvela ufleba daculia
545
ar dagWirdebaT saavtoro uflebaze formaluri ganacxadis gakeTeba,
radgan es Canaweri ukve legalurad asabuTebs Tqvens saavtoro uflebas.
Tu ar gWirdebaT TemaSi saavtoro uflebis miTiTeba, SegiZliaT, am
adgilas carieli furceli CasvaT an saerTod gamotovoT es komponenti.
es damokidebulia Tqvens adgilobriv wesebze.
miZRvna. Tu Tqveni kaTedra an universiteti Tqvens naSromSi miZRvnis
teqstis CarTvis uflebas iZleva, SegiZliaT, mokle miZRvna gaakeToT im
adamianis saxelze, vinc TqvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. es
gverdi wina gverdebis danomvrisas gaiTvaliswineT saTvalavSi, magram
masze cifri ar daaweroT, Tu amas Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi ar
miuTiTebs. miZRvna furclis zeda kididan mesamedi manZilis daSorebiT
ganaTavseT, rogorc wesi, centrSi da gamoiyeneT romauli Srifti sasveni
niSnis gareSe. ar gWirdebaT sityvebi eZRvneba an vuZRvni, ubralod
dawereT:
anikas
SegiZliaT, im adamianis dakonkretebac, visac naSroms uZRvniT (,,mamaCems,
sebastian uelss”). an SegiZliaT, raime sxva informacia daurToT,
magaliTad, dabadebis da gardacvalebis TariRi. ufro metad
eqstravagantuli miZRvnebi ukve Zvelmodurad iTvleba, saxumaro
miZRvnebi ki dros ver uZlebs.
epigrafi. Tu Tqveni kaTedra an universiteti epigrafebis gakeTebis
saSualebas iZleva, SegiZliaT, miZRvnasTan erTad, an mis nacvlad,
epigrafi daurToT. epigrafi aris citata, romelic naSromis Temas exeba.
epigrafi yvelaze Sesaferisia maSin, rodesac misi Sinaarsi
gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia da kargad gamoxatavs naSromis arss.
epigrafis gverdi wina gverdebis saTvalavSi gaiTvaliswineT, magram ar
danomroT,, Tu amas ar miuTiTebs Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi. ar aris
saWiro gverdze sityva epigrafi daurToT.
epigrafi furclis zeda kididan mesamedi manZilis daSorebiT iwereba,
igi an centrSia, an ganvrcobili citatis forma aqvs (ix. 25.2.2). ar
546
gaukeToT brWyalebi. epigrafis Semdeg xazze, rogorc wesi, marjvena
mxares, moiyvaneT wyaro – avtoris saxeli, naSromis saTauri (22.3.2) da,
Tu survili gaqvT, citatis ricxvi, romlis winac tires dasvamT (an or
tires; ix 21.7.2):
patara dasawyisidan, didi saqmeebi gamovida misi xeliT... da rogorc erTi
patara sanTliT aTasobiT sanTeli SeiZleba, dainTos, ise gaanaTa aq
danTebulma sanTelma bevri sxva da mTeli Cveni qveyana.
-uiliam bredfordi
zogierTi adamiani fiqrobs, rom modernizmis mizezi qalebi arian, rasac ar
unda gulisxmobdnen masSi
-niu iork san, 13 Tebervali, 1917
epigrafi, aseve, SeiZleba, iyos Tavis an seqciis dasawyisSi; ix. 25.2.2 da
sqema a. 9.
sarCevi: yvela naSroms, romelic Tavebs moicavs, sarCevi sWirdeba. am
komponentis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT. gverdis TavSi
saTaurad sarCevi daawereT. Tu sarCevi erT gverdze metia, saTauri ar
gaimeoroT sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel striqons Soris
gaakeTeT ormagi daSoreba. CamonaTvalSi, TiToeul elements Soris
daSoreba erTmagi unda iyos.
sarCevSi ar iwereba is gverdebi, romlebic win uswrebs sarCevs
(Cabarebis gverdi, satitulo gverdi, saavtoro uflebis an carieli
gverdi, miZRvna da epigrafi), magram unda iwyebodes wina gverdebis
Semadgeneli im gverdebisgan, romelic sarCevs moyveba. am nawilis Semdeg
Tanmimdevrulad CamoTvaleT nawilebi, Tavebi an teqstis sxva erTeulebi
da Semdeg bolo gverdebis Semadgeneli nawilis komponentebi. Tu
teqstSi qvesaTaurebs iyenebT (ix. a.2.2), gamoiyeneT mxolod pirveli an
meore done, Tu sxva doneebi imdenad specifikuri ar aris, rom Tqvens
mkiTxvels Temis zust mimoxilvaSi daexmaros. darwmundiT, rom sityvebis
formulireba, mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba da danomvris stili
(arabuli, romauli Tu sityvieri), iseve, rogorc yvela saTaurisa da
547
qvesaTauris tipografika (ix. a.1.5) emTxveva zustad imas, rac mocemulia
Tqvens naSromSi.
danomreT TiToeuli komponentis mxolod pirveli gverdi (da ara mTeli
gverdebi), gamoiyeneT nusxuri romauli da arabuli ricxvebi, ise,
rogorc Tavad gverdebze gaqvT. numeracia marjvena mxares moaqcieT da,
Tu survili gaqvT, gamoitaneT wertilebisgan Semdgari xazi (maT
mimarTulebis mimcems uwodeben), raTa mkiTxvelis Tvals mimarTuleba
misces da yvela saTauri gverdis nomerTan daakavSiros.
sqema a.3 gviCvenebs martivi struqturis mqone Temis sarCevis nimuSs.
nawilebisa da Tavebis saTaurebi marcxnivaa, numeracia ki marjvniv.
ufro kompleqsuri TemisTvis, miyeviT Tqveni Temis organizebis logikas,
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi ar moiTxovs gansakuTrebul formats.
sqema a.4 gviCvenebs grZeli sarCevis mqone meore gverds. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom SegiZliaT, centrSi dasvaT nawilebis saTaurebi an
tomebis nomrebi (Tu relevanturia; ix a.1.4) relevanturi Tavebis zemoT
da gamoiyenoT sityva Tavi saTaurad, Tavebis nomrebis aRmniSvneli
svetis zemoT. Tavebis saTaurebi da qveTavebi ufro advilad rom
gaarCioT, SegiZliaT, qveTavebi abzaciT gamoyoT. TiToeuli done
gamoyaviT wina donisgan naxevarinCiani abzaciT.
Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia erTze met tomad aikinZeba,
SesaZloa, sarCevis ganmeoreba mogiwioT an sxva SemTxvevaSi yvela tomSi
Sinaarsis mniSvnelovani elementebi mainc gaimeoroT. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv wesebs.
sqemebis, cxrilebis da ilustraciebis CamonaTvali. Tu Tqveni
sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (zog SemTxvevaSi ki saklaso naSromi)
moicavs sqemebs, cxrilebs an orives, maTi CamonaTvali wina gverdebSi
SeitaneT. aseTi CamonaTvlis gverdi romauli cifriT danomreT. Tu
Tqveni naSromi mxolod sqemebs moicavs (ix. 26-e Tavi ganmartebisTvis),
pirvel gverds TavSi daawereT sqemebi; Tu igi mxolod cxrilebs
moicavs, daawereT cxrilebi. Tu CamonaTvali erTze meti gverdia, ar
548
gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs
Soris ormagi daSoreba gaakeTeT, Tavad TiToeul CamonaTvals Soris ki
- ermagi. sqema a.5 gviCvenebs cxrilebis CamonaTvlis nimuSs.
Tu Tqveni naSromi moicavs rogorc sqemebs, ise, cxrilebs, Tqveni
adgilobrivi wesebis mixedviT, SesaZloa, maTi gaerTianebac SeZloT.
CamonaTvals daarqviT ilustraciebi (im nimuSis mixedviT, rac zemoT
aRvwereT), magram igi or nawilad gayaviT, sqemebi da cxrilebi, rogorc
a.6 sqemaSia mocemuli.
yvela sqema an cxrili arabuli cifrebiT danomreT da vertikalurad
gaaTanabreT CamonaTvali...Tu iyenebT ormag numeracias (rogorc a.5
sqemaSia mocemuli), gaaTanabreT cifrebi meaTedebze.
sqemis warwerebi da cxrilebis saTaurebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos
TemaSi mocemuli sityvebisa da mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebasTan, Tu
warwerebi Zalian grZelia, SeamokleT logikurad. gadatanili teqsti
gamoyaviT naxevarinCiani abzaciT. (cxrilis saTaurebsa da sqemis
warwerebze ufro meti informaciisTvis ix. 26.2.2 da 26.3.2). gverdebi
CamowereT da marjvniv gaaTanabreT. Tu survili gaqvT, gamoiyeneT
mimarTulebis mimcemi xazi, raTa SeaerToT warwerebi da saTaurebi
gverdebis nomrebTan.
winaTqma: Tqvens sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi SesaZloa, gqondeT
winaTqma, sadac axsniT, ra iyo YTqveni motivacia, roca am kvlevaze
muSaoba daiwyeT, mimoixilavT proeqts, kvlevis masStabs da naSromis
mizans. SesavalSi, aseve, SeiZleba, iyos samadlobeli sityva, Tu is
imdenad vrceli da detaluri ar aris, rom calke seqcia dauTmoT (ix.
qvemoT). am komponentis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT.
pirveli gverdis TavSi daawereT winaTqma. Tu igi erTze met gverds
moicavs, ar gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis
pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. teqstSic ori xazi
gamotoveT striqonebs Soris da mTavari teqstis mixedviT daaformateT.
549
samadlobeli sityva: Tqvens sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi
SeiZleba, gamoyoT samadlobeli sityva, romelSic madlobas gadauxdiT
Tqvens xelmZRvanelsa da kolegebs da daasaxelebT im individebs an
institutebs, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, kvlevaSi gansakuTrebiT
dagexmaraT (magaliTad, aRniSneT konsultaciebi teqnikur sakiTxebze an
daxmareba specialuri aRWurvilobis an resursebis kuTxiT). Tu
madlobas uxdiT Temis xelmZRvanels an komisias rutinuli
daxmarebisTvis, igi SesavalSi SeitaneT (ix. zemoT) an sulac gamotoveT.
madlobis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT aRniSneT. Ppirveli gverdis
TavSi dasviT saTauri samadlobeli sityva. Tu samadlobeli sityva
erTze met gverds moicavs, ar gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze.
saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. teqstSic
ori xazi gamotoveT xazebs Soris da mTavari teqstis Sesabamisad
daaformateT.
abriviaturebis CamonaTvali. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia
(an zogierT SemTxvevaSi saklaso naSromi) bevr abriviaturas moicavs,
garda Cveulebrivi abriviaturebisa, romlebic 24-e TavSi mimovixileT,
abriviaturebis CamonaTvali gaakeTeT wina gverdebSi. Aaq unda SeitanoT
iseTi abriviaturebi, romlebic exeba im wyaroebs, romelTac xSirad
moixseniebT, an im organizaciebs, romlebic farTodaa cnobili (24.1.2).
aseTi CamonaTvlis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT. Ppirveli
gverdi ase daasaTaureT - abreviaturebi. Tu abreviaturebi erTze met
gverds moicavs, ar gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da
teqstis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. erTi xazi
gamotoveT TiToeul abreviaturas Soris. sqema a.7 gviCvenebs
abreviaturebis nimuSs. (am nimuSSi mocemuli abreviaturebi daxrili
xaziT mxolod imitomaa warmodgegnili, rom isini gamoqveynebuli
naSromebis saTaurebia.)
550
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom abreviatura anbanis mixedviT aris dalagebuli,
da ara misi ganmartebis mixedviT. abriviaturebi, rogorc wesi, marcxena
mxaresaa gaTanabrebuli.
abreviaturebis ganmartebebi (an gadatanili teqsti) Tanabari abzacebiTaa
gamoyofili, romelic saSualebas iZleva, pirvel svetSi yvelaze grZel
abreviaturasa da meore svetSi, pirvel sityvas Soris, daaxloebiT
naxevari inCis adgili darCes.
leqsikoni: Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (an, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni saklaso Tema) bevr ucxour sityvas an teqnikur
terminebsa da frazebs moicavs, romelic Tqveni mkiTxvelisTvis
SesaZloa, ucnobi iyos, leqsikoni dagWirdebaT. zogierTi kaTedra da
universiteti iTxovs, rom leqsikoni ukana gverdebis nawils Seadgendes,
danarTebis Semdeg da SeniSvnebis, bibliografiisa da saxelTa saZieblis
win. Tuki arCevnis Tavisufleba gaqvT, leqsikoni wina gverdebSi
moaTavseT, Tu saWiroa, rom mkiTxveli icnobdes am sityvebs teqstis
wakiTxvamde. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki igi ukana mxares moaTavseT (ix. A.2.3).
Tu leqsikons wina mxares moaTavsebT, misi yvela gverdi romauli
cifrebiT danomreT. Ppirvel gverds dasawyisSi leqsikoni daawereT. Tu
leqsikoni erTze met gverds moicavs, saTauri aRar gaimeoroT Semdeg
gverdebze. saTauris Semdeg ori xazi gamotoveT, sanam sityvebis
Camoweras daiwyebT. Yyoveli axali sityvisa da frazis Semdeg erTi xazi
gamotoveT. sqema a.8 gviCvenebs leqsikonis nimuSs.
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom terminebi anbanis mixedviT iyos
dalagebuli marcxena mxares da wertiliT mTavrdebodes (zogjer or
wertils an tiresac iyeneben). terminebi SegiZliaT, CaamuqoT an daxrili
asoebiT daweroT, raTa gamoyoT isini. amis Semdeg modis Targmani an
ganmarteba. misi pirveli sityvis pirveli aso mTavrulia da wertili
mosdevs. Tumca, Tu ganmarteba mxolod erTi sityviT an mokle fraziT
Semoifargleba, ar gamoiyenoT wertili. Tu ganmarteba erTze met xazs
moicavs, naxevarinCiani abzaciT gamoyaviT gadatanili teqsti.
551
redaqtirebis an kvlevis meTodi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an
disertacia moiTxovs winaswar axsna-ganmartebas gamoyenebuli kvlevis
meTodebis an redaqtirebis stilTan dakavSirebiT (rogoricaa, rogor
gaakeTeT arCevani sxvadasxva teqstebidan), igi calke komponentad
gamoyaviT. meTodis Sesaxeb, aseve, SesaZlebelia, mokled isaubroT
SesavalSic. Tu mxolod imis Tqma gsurT, rom gamoyenebuli
literaturidan aRebuli citatebis citirebis da mTavruli asoebis
gamoyenebis modernizeba moaxdineT, igi SesavalSi SeitaneT an SeniSvnad
CawereT pirveli citatis Semdeg.
romauli cifrebiT danomreT yvela gverdi, sadac meTods aRwerT.
pirvel gverds TavSi daawereT redaqtirebis an kvlevis meTodi. Tu es
nawili erT gverdze metia, saTauri sxva gverdebze ar gaimeoroT.
saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. Aam
nawilis teqstSi or-ori xazi gamotoveT da ise daaformateT, rom mTavar
teqstTan Sesabamisi iyos.
mokle mimoxilva. zogierTi universiteti da kaTedra moiTxovs, rom
sadiplomi naSroms an disertacias hqondes mokle momoxilva, romelic
mis mokle Sinaarss gvacnobs (zogjer mokle mimoxilvas calke
dokumentad abarebineben). aseTi mimoxilva, savaraudod, Cabardeba
gamosaqveyneblad disertaciebis mimoxilvebis saerTaSoriso gamocemas.
am komponentis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT. pirveli
gverdis TavSi, saTaurad gamoitaneT mokle mimoxilva. Tu mimoxilva
erTze met gverds moicavs, saTauri aRar gaimeoroT Semdeg gverdebze.
saTauris Semdeg ori xazi gamotoveT, sanam teqstis daweras daiwyebT.
zogierT kaTedrasa da universitets mimoxilvis specifikuri modeli
aqvs, romelsac zustad unda misdioT Sinaarsis, formatisa da teqstSi
misi ganlagebis dacviT.
a.2.2 teqsti
naSromis teqsti moicavs yvelafers, rac wina da ukana gverdebs Sorisaa
moTavsebuli. igi iwyeba SesavliT da mTavrdeba daskvniT. orive maTgani
552
SeiZleba erT paragrafs ar aRematebodes an imdenad grZeli iyos, rom
ramdenime gverds moicavdes. sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi,
teqsti ramdenime Tavadaa dayofili, zogjer nawilebad, seqciebad da
qveseqciebad. vrceli saklaso naSromebic SesaZloa, amgvarad iyos
dayofili.
vinaidan, teqstis didi nawili Tqveni kvlevis SedegebTan dakavSirebul
paragrafebs moicavs, a.1-Si ganxiluli moTxovnebis garda, SeiZleba,
arsebobdes TiTze CamosaTvleli formatirebis moTxovnebi. damatebiTi
sakiTxi SeiZleba, mxolod is iyos, Tu rogor daaformatoT SeniSvnebi an
frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebi da rogor ganalagoT cxrilebi da
sqemebi teqstSi.
naSromis danomvra arabuli cifrebiT Tqveni teqstis pirvelive
gverdidan daiwyeT.
Sesavali. sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis umravlesoba iwyeba
seqciiT, romelic mimoixilavs rogorc naSromis Sinaarss, ise, masSi
mocemul argumentebs. es komponenti imdenad gamokveTilia, rom avtori
mas mTeli danarCeni naSromisgan gamoyofs (SinaarsSi unda Sevides
proeqtis mimoxilva da nebismieri sakiTxi, romelic siaxled miiCneva am
proeqtSi; ix. a.2.1). Tu aseTi SesavliT daiwyebT, pirvel gverds TavSi
Sesavali daawereT. saTauri aRar gaimeoroT Semdeg gverdebze. saTauris
Semdeg ori xazi gamotoveT, sanam teqstis daweras daiwyebT. Tu Sesavlis
Sinaarsi naTlad gamokveTili ar aris danarCeni Tavebisgan, dafiqrdiT,
xom ar ajobebs misi Setana pirvel TavSi.
naSromis nawilebi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromis an disertaciis
teqsts or an met nawilad dayofT, romelTaganac TiToeuli or an met
Tavs moicavs, yvela nawili daiwyeT misi satitulo gverdiT. Tu pirveli
nawilis satitulo gverdi moicavs Sesavals (maSinac ki, Tu Sesavals
hqvia 1 Tavi), danomvrisas saTvalavSi gaiTvaliswineT, magram masze
nomeri ar aRniSnoT im gamonaklisi SemTxvevis garda, romelic qvemoTaa
mocemuli an im SemTxvevis garda, roca amas adgilobrivi instruqciebi
553
moiTxovs. am gverds TavSi daawereT nawili da win nomeri miuwereT.
adgilobrivi wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, nawilis nomeri aRniSneT an
mTavruli romauli cifriT (II), an sityvierad (ori); Tavebi sxva stiliT
danomreT. Tu nawils nomerTan erTad saTauric aqvs, datoveT erTi
carieli xazi da dawereT igi ori xazis qvemoT.
Tu nawilis satitulo gverdze waumZRvarebT teqsts, romelic mkiTxvels
am nawilis Sinaars gaacnobs, maSin gverdi arabuli cifriT danomreT.
ori xazi gamotoveT saTaursa da teqstis pirvel striqons Soris. Tu
teqsti erT gverdze metia, ar gaimeoroT nawilis saTauri an nomeri
Semdeg gverdebze.
yvela nawilis satitulo gverdi erTnairad daaformateT: Tu erT
nawils nomerTan erTad saTauric aqvs, maSin yvela nawils gaukeTeT
saTauri; Tu erT nawils wamZRvarebuli aqvs teqsti, aseTi Sesavlis
teqsti yvela nawilSi gaimeoreT.
554
Tavi 1
konfliqturi me
raoden RvarZliani unda iyos filosofia, romelic ar aZlevs adamianobas da megobrobas imave
privilegiebs, rac uyoymanod ergo Surisa da brazis bnel vnebebs. aseTi filosofia ufro
satiras hgavs, vidre adamianuri bunebis realur aRweras da SesaZlebelia, karg safuZvels
qmnides paradoqsuli gonebamaxvilobisa da xumrobisTvis, Tumca, Zalian cudia nebismieri
seriozuli argumentisTvis.
--devid iumi, moralis principebTan dakavSirebuli msjeloba
sakiTxebs, romlebic mis or umniSvnelovanes naSroms exeba. problema, romelic aqamde ,,adam
meoris gagrZelebad SeiZleba, miviCnioT? da Tu ara, romelia maT Soris pirveli smitis
TvalsazrisiT?
iyo es ideebi gadajaWvuli Tavad smitis gonebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ,,smitis memkvidreobis”
rogorebic arian haiaki, fridmani, bekeri da aseve, marqsistebi, rogorebic arian makfersoni da
dumonti, zogadad, Tanxmdebian, rom erebis simdidreSi smiti, ZiriTadad, adamianuri motivaciis
optimizmiT
20
555
gavlenis gamo. faqtobrivad, demokratebi palataSi 1857 wlamde ver moxvdnen da
Camoyalibda, omis Semdgom eraSic SemorCa.67 1865 wlis dekemberSi, mas Semdeg, rac
konservatori iyo; maT Soris iyvnen elihu uoSburni, uan uikis komitetis yofili
wevri, romelic 1870 wels parizidan mis Zmas (aseve kongresmens) swerda
76. Marcus Cunliffe, Soldiers and Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America, 1775-1865 (Boston: Little, Brown
69. Elihu Washburne to C.C. Washburne, February 5, 1879, C.C. Washburne Papers, SHSW.
556
141
im mecnierebis daskvnebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom socialur uzrunvelyofaze orientirebuli
saxelmwifo kriziss gadaurCa (Pierson 1994; Piven and Cloward 1988; Schwab 1991; Ruggies 1996 ),
arasandoa, Tu isini mxolod aseTi saxelmwifos pirvel segmentze saubroben, Zveli drois
arapopularuli iyo, rom man droulad aiRo xeli am iniciativaze da Sedegad socialuri
dacvis xarjebi ara marto SeinarCuna, aramed gazarda kidec. rogorc piersoni dawvrilebiT
aRwers:
gaficva AFDC–s winaaRmdeg, 1981 wlis omnibusis biujetis aqtiT (OBRA Rochefort 1986), romelmac
Seamcira programaSi monawileTa raodenoba da drois limiti daawesa ,,30 da 1/3 wesze”. garda
radgan es Semcirebebi ufro masStaburi ar iyo, aman bevr mecniers afiqrebina, rom
konservatorTa Semoteva ar iyo warmatebuli: ,,es programebi mniSvnelovnad farTo iyo 1985
wels, vidre 1966 wels. reiganis revolucia Zalian patara iyo, Tu mas am istoriul konteqstSi
557
234
sur. 1. Leonce Reynaud, “Prison Mazas,” Traite d’ Architecture (1863), vol. 2, plate 58.
mazas cixe, romelmac Secvala parizis foburgis wminda antuanis cixe, erT-erTi
dizainTan dakavSirebiT (ix. nax. 1)35 . parizis prefeqtma moiwvia diuma, bosingo, lebloni da
maTi kolegebi specialur komisiaSi, sadac cixis haeriT momaragebis mecnieruli standarti
unda SeemuSavebinaT. bevri cdis Sedegad, rogorc vnaxeT, maT gaakeTes saaTisebri figuris
dizaini, romelic gaTvlili iyo aT kubur metr haerze erTi adamianisTvis. es standarti
558
sur, a.13. horizontaluri gverdi. gadmobeWdilia naTaniel baum-snous
nebarTviT, ,,eseebi mosaxleobis sivrcul ganawilebasa da dasaqmebaze”
(sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2005).
559
Tavebi. sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis umravlesoba, iseve,
rogorc bevri vrceli sakurso naSromi, ori an meti Tavisgan Sedgeba.
TiToeuli Tavi axal gverdze iwyeba. gverdis dasawyisSi daawereT Tavi,
Semdeg miawereT nomeri. SegiZliaT, danomroT arabuli cifrebiT (4) an
sityvierad (meoTxe). Tu Tqveni Tema nawilebadacaa dayofili,
TavebisTvis danomvris sxvanairi stili SearCieT (magaliTad, nawili II;
Tavi meoTxe). Tu Tavs nomerTan erTad saTauric aqvs, es saTauri ori
xaziT qvemoT dawereT, gamotovebuli xazis qvemoT. arc nomeri da arc
saTauri ar gaimeoroT Tavis sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel
xazs Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. suraTi a.9 gviCvenebs Tavis pirveli
gverdis nimuSs epigrafiT (ix. 25.2.2).
alternatiuli formati gulisxmobs, rom gamotovoT sityva Tavi da
mxolod misi nomeri da saTauri daweroT, romlebic erT xazze
moTavsdeba da ori wertiliT an maT Soris carieli adgiliT gamoiyofa.
Tumca aseT formats nu gamoiyenebT, Tu Tqveni naSromi nawilebsac
moicavs da Tavebsac, Tu ar asaTaurebT Tavebs an Tu aris mosalodneli,
rom axali Tavi naSromis nebismier sxva nawilSi aerioT.
seqciebi da qveseqciebi. sadiplomo naSromebSi, disertaciebsa da vrcel
sakurso TemebSi, Tavebi SeiZleba, seqciebad iyos dayofili; seqciebi ki
Tavis mxriv – qveseqciebad, da a.S. Tu Tqvens naSromSi, an masSi mocemul
TavSi mxolod ramdenime seqciaa, SegiZliaT, seqciebs Soris danayofebi
araformalurad miuTiToT paragrafebs Soris damatebiTi xazis
gamotovebiT.
Tu naSromSi an mis TavebSi formalurad gaakeTebT seqciebs, TiToeuli
maTgani SegiZliaT, daasaTauroT, am saTaurebs qvesaTaurebsac uwodeben.
SesaZloa, ramdenime donis qvesaTaurebi gqondeT, pirveli donis, meore
donis da ase Semdeg. Tu Zalian grZel da kompleqsur naSroms ar
amzadebT, kargad dafiqrdiT manam, sanam orze an samze meti donis
qvesaTaurs gamoiyenebT. imis magivrad, rom mkiTxvels daexmaros,
SeiZleba, amdenma qvesaTaurma piriqiT, xelic ki SeuSalos mas. nebismier
doneze minimum ori qvesaTauri mainc unda gqondeT; Tu ar gaqvT, Tqveni
dayofa SesaZloa, ar iyos logikuri.
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi instruqciebi qvesaTaurebTan dakavSirebiT raime
specifikur wesebs ar gTavazobT, SegiZliaT, sakuTari tipografika da
560
formati SeimuSaoT. qvesaTauris TiToeuli done Tanmimdevruli unda
iyos da gansxvavdebodes yvela sxva donisagan. maRali donis
qvesaTaurebi vizualurad ufro unda Candes, vidre dabali donisa.
zogadad, qvesaTaurebi ufro kargad Cans, rodesac centrSi,
gamsxvilebuli da daxrili SriftiTaa gamotanili an rodesac
saTaurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli didi asoebis stiliTaa dawerili, vidre,
roca marcxena mxares, Cveulebrivi SriftiT an winadadebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli didi asoebis stiliTaa dawerili. qvesaTauris win da
Semdeg, damatebiT gamotoveT erTi xazi; boloSi ar dausvaT wertili.
gTavazobT sqemas xuTdoniani qvesaTaurebisTvis.
• pirveli done:
centrSi, gamsxvilebuli an daxrili SriftiT,
saTaurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT
Tanamedrove xelovneba
• meore done:centrSi, Cveulebrivi SriftiT, saTaurisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT
abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi
• meoTxe done:
marcxniv, romauli SriftiT, winadadebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT (es magaliTi
qarTulad ar gamodis)
561
arasodes daamTavroT gverdi qvesaTauriT. teqsturi redaqtori ise
daayeneT, rom yvela saTauri momdevno paragrafze iyos mibmuli da Tu
saWiroa, damatebiT erTi an ori xazi gamotoveT, raTa qvesaTauri
gverdis TavSi iyos. sxvadasxva donis or qvesaTaurs Soris, romlebic
erTadaa mocemuli ise, rom maT Soris ar aris teqsti, kidev erTi xazi
gamotoveT.
SeniSvnebi da frCxilebSi mocemuli miTiTebebi. Tu sqolioSi miTiTebis
stils iyenebT, ixileT 16.3, imis Taobaze, Tu rogor daaformatoT
sqolioebi. suraTi a.10 gviCvenebs teqstis nimuSs sqolioebiT.
Tu teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, ixileT 18.3, sadac ganxilulia
rogor daaformatoT frCxilebSi mocemuli miTiTebebi.
cxrilebi da sqemebi. TuU Tqveni naSromi cxrilebs da sqemebs moicavs,
ixileT 26-e Tavi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor daaformatoT cxrilebi,
garkveuli tipis sqemebi da sqemebis warwerebi. aseve, ixileT a.3.1. imis
Taobaze, Tu rogor CasvaT es elementebi Tqvens naSromSi. suraTi a.12
gviCvenebs teqstis nimuSs, sadac sqemaa Casmuli da suraTi a.13 gviCvenebs
horizontaluri cxrilis nimuSs.
daskvna. sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi (zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki
sakurso naSromSi), savaraudod, daskvnac geqnebaT, romelic sakmarisad
didi iqneba imisaTvis, rom calke komponentad gamoyoT. Tu aseTi daskvna
gaqvT, gverdis TavSi daawereT daskvna. ar gaimeoroT saTauri daskvnis
sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi
gamotoveT.
SesaZlebelia, daskvna Tqveni naSromis bolo danomrili Tavi iyos, Tu
gindaT, xazi gausvaT mis kavSirs Tqveni teqstis danarCen nawilTan. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, sityva daskvna, Tavis saTaurad aqcieT (ix. zemoT, gv. 397).
562
Seicavdes. universitetebi da kaTedrebi, rogorc wesi, miuTiTeben, ra
TanmimdevrobiT unda dalagdes es komponentebi; Tu es ase ar xdeba,
miyeviT im rigiTobas, rac qvemoTaa mocemuli. ukana gverdebi arabuli
cifrebiT, erTmaneTis miyolebiT danomreT.
ilustraciebi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (zog
SemTxvevaSi ki Tqveni sakurso Tema) moicavs fotoebs, rukebs an msgavsi
tipis sqemebs, romlebic Tqveni TemisTvis SedarebiT naklebad
relevanturia an zedmetad didia imisaTvis, rom teqstSi CasvaT (ix. 26.1.1),
isini ukana gverdebis pirvel komponentad gadaitaneT. sxva tipis sqemebi,
cxrilebi da grafikebi, romlebic am kriteriumebSi jdeba, danarTad
unda iyos mocemuli; ixileT qvemoT.
pirveli gverdis dasawyisSi daawereT ilustraciebi. ar gaimeoroT
saTauri ilustraciebis sxva gverdebze. Tqvens naSromSi sqemebis
CarTvasTan dakavSirebiT ufro meti informaciisTvis ixileT a.3.1.
danarTebi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (zog SemTxvevaSi
ki Tqveni saklaso Tema) moicavs mniSvnelovan masalas, romelic martivad
ar moTavsdeba Tqvens ZiriTad teqstSi, es masala erT an ramdenime
danarTSi SeitaneT ukana gverdebis nawilad (danarTebi Tavebis bolos
ar daurToT).
aseTi masalis magaliTia cxrilebi da sxvadasxva saxis sqemebi,
grafikebi, romlebic Tqveni TemisaTvis an SedarebiT nakleb
relevanturia, an Zalian didia teqstSi Casasmelad; ganrigebi da
formebi, romlebic gamoiyeneT masalebis Sesagroveblad; dokumentebis
qseroaslebi, romlebic ar aris xelmisawvdomi mkiTxvelisTvis; da
situaciuri magaliTebi, romlebic zedmetad grZelia teqstSi Casasmelad.
pirveli gverdis dasawyisSi daawereT danarTi. ar gaimeoroT saTauri
danarTis sxva gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds moicavs. saTaursa da
teqstis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamotoveT.
Tu danarTSi mocemuli masala sxvadasxva tipisaa – magaliTad, cxrili
da situaciuri magaliTi - maSin erTze met danarTad dayaviT. am
563
SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli danarTi danomreT cifriT an asoTi da saTauric
gaukeTeT. danomvra SegiZliaT, gaakeToT an arabuli cifrebiT (1, 2), an
sityvierad (erTi, ori), an SegiZliaT, ubralod, anbanis asoebi
gamoiyenoT Tanmimdevrulad (a, b). ricxvi an aso sityva danarTis Semdeg
dasviT, saTauri ki momdevno xazze dawereT. (Tu Tqveni naSromi mxolod
erTi danarTisgan Sedgeba, am SemTxvevaSic SegiZliaT saTauris gakeTeba,
magram aq nomris an asos dawera saWiro aRar aris).
Tu danarTi Tqveni sakuTari ganmartebiTi teqstisgan Sedgeba, teqstSi
striqonebi ori xaziT daaSoreT erTmaneTTan da daaformateT ZiriTadi
teqstis Sesabamisad. Tu igi mxolod pirveladi wyaros an situaciuri
magaliTisgan Sedgeba, SeiZleba, teqstSi striqonebs Soris erTxaziani
daSorebebi gaakeToT, gansakuTrebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu teqsti grZelia.
damxmare masala, romelic ver SeZeliT, amobeWdili saxiT gqonodaT,
magaliTad, monacemTa didi baza an multimediuri faili, aseve, danarTad
gqondeT. daurTeT am masalis mokle aRwera da misi adgili, aseve, Tu
arsebobs – hiperlinkic. gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs formatisa
da prezentaciis moTxovnebTan dakavSirebiT; aseve, ixileT a.3.1
564
moicavs. saTaursa da SeniSvnebis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi
gamotoveT, Tavad SeniSvnebs Soris ki _ erTi xazi. suraTi a.14 gviCvenebs
bolo SeniSvnebis gverds im naSromis SemTxvevaSi, romelic Tavebad aris
dayofili.
Tuki teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, SeniSvnebi ar geqnebaT.
bibliografia da saZiebeli. Tu sqolioSi miTiTebis bibliografiis
CarTva bolo gverdebSi mogiwevT. am komponentis sawyis gverds TavSi
daawereT bibliografia. ar gaimeoroT saTauri bibliografiis sxva
gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds moicavs. saTaursa da teqstis
pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamotoveT, Tavad bibliografiaSi
mocemul erTeulebs Soris ki _ erTi xazi. suraTi a.15 gviCvenebs
bibliografiis gverdis nimuSs.
zogierTi saxis bibliografiis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli saTauri unda
gamoiyenoT, magaliTad - gamoyenebuli literatura. Tu bibliografias
avtorebis mixedviT anbanurad ar daalagebT, win SeniSvna gaukeTeT,
qvesaTauri (romelic Sesabamisad iqneba daformatebuli) an orive, raTa
axsnaT struqtura. ix. 16.2 sxvadasxva variaciebisTvis.
Tu teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, aucileblad unda daurToT
saZiebeli ukana mxares. pirveli gverdis TavSi daawereT saZiebeli. ar
gaimeoroT saTauri saZieblis sxva gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds
moicavs. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi
gamotoveT, Tavad saZiebelSi mocemul erTeulebs Soris ki _ erTi xazi.
suraTi a.16 gviCvenebs bibliografiis gverdis nimuSs.
iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saZiebels avtorebis mixedviT anbanurad ar
alagebT (ix. 18.2.1), TavSi gaukeTeT SeniSvna, qvesaTauri (romelic
Sesabamisadaa daformatebuli) an orive, struqturis gansamartad.
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a.3. Cabarebis moTxovnebi
a.3.1. Tqveni failebis momzadeba
eleqtronuli failebis marTvisa da momzadebisTvis ramdenime rCevis
gamoyeneba dagexmarebaT, Tavi aaridoT problemebs da nebismieri
situaciisTvis gasagebi, kargad daformatebuli naSromi waradginoT. es
instruqciebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Tu naSromi eleqtronuli
formiT unda CaabaroT (ix. a.3.3).
failis marTva. SeecadeT maqsimalurad SeamciroT monacemebis
dakargvisa an gafuWebis riski.
• moamzadeT Tqeni naSromi erT eleqtronul failad, miuxedavad
imisa, Tu ra sididisaa is. erT failTan muSaoba saSualebas
gaZlevT, moZebnoT da cvlilebebi ganaxorcieloT globalurad,
aseve, danomvra gaakeToT avtomaturad (magaliTad, sqolioebis
danomvra) da aRweroT stili Tanmimdevrulad (ix. qvemoT).
naSromebi, romlebic eleqtronulad bardeba, yovelTvis erT
failad unda iyos.
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,,pirveli versia” daarqviT da SeinaxeT, sanam bolo versias
CaabarebT. gamouval mdgomareobaSi (rogoricaa kompiuteris
gafuWeba an seriozuli virusiT dabinZureba) SegiZliaT, es versia
gamoiyenoT, raTa daamtkicoT, rom pirveli versia namdvilad
gqondaT.
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• cxrilebi Tqveni teqsturi redaqtoris cxrilebis redaqtorSi
gaakeTeT, Tu aris amis SesaZlebloba. Tu ara, maSin eqselis
failSi gaakeTeT da CasviT Tqvens teqstSi, rogorc cxrili,
romelic ar aris mibmuli romelime failze. daaformateT mis
garSemo arsebuli teqstis Sesabamisad. ixileT 26-e Tavi cxrilis
struqturis, formatis da teqstSi misi ganlagebis Taobaze.
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• cxrilisTvis, romelic mTlian gverds ikavebs an horizontaluria,
daicaviT standartuli veli (ix. 16.1.2). ar daamatoT Cveulebrivi
teqsti im gverdze, romelzec cxrili furclis horizontalurad
aris ganTavsebuli. cxrilis saTauri dasviT furclis
horizontalurad an vertikalurad. gverdi Sesabamisad danomreT.
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• moerideT Crdilebs da ferebs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven naSroms
ferad printerze beWdavT. mogvianebiT is SeiZleba Sav-TeTr
printerze amobeWdon da Tu disertaciaa, SeiZleba, mikrofirebzec
Seinaxon. aseT SemTxvevebSi, Crdilebi da ferebi kargad ar jdeba.
Tu Crdilebs mainc iyenebT, darwmundiT, rom igi cxrilis teqsts
ar faravs, ar gamoiyenoT bevrnairi Crdili, radgan igi garkveviT
ar Cans.
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instruqcias ar miiRebT, naSromi furclis erT mxares amobeWdili
CaabareT.
moTxovnebi sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebisTvis ufro
mkacria, vinaidan aseTi naSromebi, didi albaTobiT, akinZuli an
eleqtronuli formiT Seinaxeba universitetSi an, SesaZloa,
disertaciebis gare sacavSi. manam, sanam Cabarebis dro mova, gaecaniT
Tqveni kaTedris an universitetis konkretul miTiTebebs, Tu ra formiT
unda CaabaroT naSromi (amobeWdili, eleqtronuli versia Tu orive),
ramdeni asli unda CaabaroT da raime dokumentebi xom ar aris
mosawesrigebeli an Sesavsebi manam, sanam naSroms CaabarebT. Tu amis
SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, sTxoveT universitetis kompetentur
TanamSromels, gadaxedos Tqvens naSroms formatis kuTxiT manam, sanam
saboloo versias CaabarebT.
TiTqmis yvela kaTedra da universiteti moiTxovs sadiplomo
naSromi da disertacia ramdenime variantad CaabaroT gansakuTrebuli
tipis qaRaldze amobeWdili. aseTi qaRaldi, rogorc wesi, unda iyos 81/ 2
X 11 inCi (amerikul universitetebSi) da didi xnis manZilze unda
inaxebodes, rac imas niSnavs, rom qaRaldis SemadgenlobaSi mJava ar
unda iyos. Tu adgilobriv instruqciebSi ar weria, rogori unda iyos
qaRaldi, daicaviT amerikuli biblioTekis asociaciis rekomendacia,
romlis mixedviTac unda airCioT oci paundis wonis, Ph-neitraluri
qaRaldi, romelsac aweria ,,buferuli” da minimum 2 procent tutes
Seicavs. yvela qaRaldi, romelsac ,,disertaciebis qaRalds” uwodeben am
kategoriaSi ar gadis, amitom kargad gaigeT ra tipis qaRalds gTxoven,
sanam amobeWdvas daiwyebT.
universitetebis umetesobas erTi an ramdenime aslebis gadamRebi
centri aqvs, kampusze an kampusisgan moSorebiT. am centrebSi kargad
ician, ra tipis qaRaldi dagWirdebaT disertaciebisTvis. marTalia, maTi
momsaxureba cota ufro Zviri SeiZleba dajdes Tqvenive amobeWdilTan
SedarebiT, magram, samagierod, amcirebT imis risks, rom Tqvens Temas
571
daiwuneben furclis araswori SerCevis an amobeWdvis xarvezis gamo.
aslebis gadamRebi centris TanamSromlebi, rogorc wesi, formatTan
dakavSirebul xarvezebs, rogoricaa areebi, ar akvirdebian. amitom,
darwmundiT, rom Tqveni Tema formatis Yyvela moTxovnas akmayofilebs
manam, sanam amobeWdvas daiwyebT. kargad SeamowmeT aslebi manam, sanam
aslebis gadamReb centrs datovebT da acnobeT iq momuSave personals,
Tu raime problemas SeamCnevT.
a.3.3 eleqtronuli failebis Cabareba
bevri kaTedra da universiteti moiTxovs sadiplomo naSromis an
disertaciis eleqtronuli saxiT Cabarebas, zog SemTxvevaSi ki _
eleqtronuli da amobeWdili saxiT. aseve, sakurso naSromebis
SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba, moiTxovos instruqtorma eleqtronuli failis
Cabareba.
gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs teqnikuri specifikaciebisTvis
da moiTxoveT daxmareba karga xniT adre, sanam Temis Cabarebis dro mova.
Tu gTxoven, rom naSromi PDF formatiT CaabaroT, darwmundiT, rom
Srifti mibmulia failze da ar Seicvleba, raTa SeinarCunoT naSromis
garegnuli saxe da formati. SeamowmeT, rom yvela hiperlinki sworadaa
Casmuli. Tu teqstSi ilustraciebic gaqvT, gamosaxulebis rezolucia da
sxva maxasiaTeblebi imisda mixedviT gansazRvreT, Tu rogor
gamoiyeneben naSroms (daarqiveben, dabeWdaven, internet sivrceSi
ganaTavseben Tu sxva). sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis ofisSi
an Tqvens xelmZRvanelTan gadaamowmeT, rogor CaabaroT iseTi masala,
romelic sakmaod mozrdilia, magaliTad, monacemTa didi baza an
multimediis failebi.
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cxrilebis da diagramebis danarTi
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