Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Eine Informationsschrift
An information der Initiative
brochure published Furnier+Natur
by Initiative e.V., e.V.
Furnier+Natur
der TU Dresden und des Institutes für Holztechnologie Dresden
THE BEST
OF WOOD
VENEER
2 veneer in Interior Work
Foreword
Foreword
A recent market survey of architects by initiative Furnier + natur e.V. (iFn) substantiates the enor-
mous interest in, in their eyes, unique, honest and timeless material veneer, positioned between
tradition and innovation.
However, as trendsetters, multipliers and co-decision makers in building, modernising, fitting out
and furnishing, they do not feel adequately informed to give decisive stimulus and encourage use
of veneer.
The architects have the technical knowledge. Some will have trained as a joiner or cabinet maker
before starting their degree in architecture. A greater problem is rather the knowledge that today‘s
students have about veneer, and therefore future architects. Their knowledge and relationship to
veneer is deemed to be rather scant.
This brochure „Veneer in Interior Work. Definition – Properties - Veneering and Examples of
Veneer Use“ provides basic and comprehensive specialist knowledge for students about the use
of veneer in interior work. The high specialist level is authoritatively vouched for by the Profes-
sor of Wood and Fibrous Materials Engineering of Dresden TU and Dresden Institute of Wood
Technology (Institut für Holztechnologie Dresden gemeinnützige GmbH). Together a standard
work and valuable resource has been created, which is intended to extend specialist knowledge
of veneer.
Dirk-Uwe Klaas
Contents
2 Material 6
2.1 Raw wood 6 Glossary50
2.2 Veneer production 7
2.2.1 Bark stripping, cutting to length,
flitching 8 Sources60
2.2.2 Steaming and cooking 8
2.2.3 Production techniques 9
2.2.4 Drying, trimming, bundling 13 Brief-portrait of the IHD and TUD 61
2.2.5 Appraising and measuring 13
2.3 Veneer properties 14
2.3.1 Production-induced characteristics 14 Imprint62
2.3.2 Mechanical properties 15
2.3.3 Colours and visual properties 17
2.3.4 Figures 18
2.3.5 Growth features 20
2.4 Quality assurance, grading
and marking 22
3 Veneering 24
3.1 Cutting and jointing veneer 25
3.2 Laminating and overlaying
with veneer 27
3.3 Finishing veneer 32
3.3.1 Colour and veneer match 32
3.3.2 Shaping and designing 36
3.3.3 Special properties 37
3.4 Surface treatment of veneered
surfaces 39
3.4.1 Pretreatment methods 39
3.4.2 Types of surface treatments 39
3.4.3 Recommendations for the choice of
application methods and surface
treatments 41
3.4.4 Care and maintenance of veneered
surfaces 43
4 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Veneer is wood in its most attractive form. Veneer is a thin sheet of wood, which is sepa-
Experts call veneers the finest thing that can rated from a log by peeling, slicing or sawing.
be produced from wood. Veneers are the most This is how DIN 4079 defines veneer. From
economical way of using wood and therefore what thickness a veneer is to be named as
form the greatest added value of this natural such, is not defined. DIN 4079 defines nominal
material. thicknesses for veneers made from different
species of wood. They are generally between
Wood is a naturally grown raw material. Each 0.5 mm and 0.6 mm. Veneers of this thick-
wood species has characteristic features and ness are also called standard veneer. Other
decorative particularities. In the same way as veneer thicknesses are also produced, depen-
no tree is like any other, no two sheets of veneer ding on their intended use, which are called
are the same. The colour, figure (pattern) and micro or thick veneers according to their thick-
structure of each sheet of veneer are unique. ness. Micro-veneers are very thin, translucent
Each sheet of veneer has its own individual veneers between 0.1 mm and 0.3 mm thick.
character. Veneer is a design element, which Their extreme thinness makes them suscep-
retains its natural beauty and dynamism, even tible to cracking, which requires particular
after working. care when they are used. Thick veneer is the
name given to veneers that are between 0.9
mm and 2.5 mm thick. There is no fluent tran-
sition between individual veneer thicknesses.
Veneers are always produced with defined
thicknesses, e.g. as 0.55 mm, 1.5 mm and 2.5
mm thick veneers. However, these thicknesses
vary from wood species to wood species.
Fig. 1
Types of veneer to
DIN 68330
Types of veneer
Secondary
Face veneer Cross-band Veneer Sliced veneer Peeled veneer Sawn veneer
cross-band veneer
1.3 History
Face veneers are veneers that form the visible The production of veneer and veneering itself
surface. Face veneers are divided into outer were practised in Egypt as far back as ca. 2900
and inner (back) veneers. The outer veneers BC. Fine, high-grade woods were valuable.
form the outer surfaces of the finished pro- Therefore, the Egyptians invented econo-
ducts, which determines the appearance of the mic ways of using and working these woods
product, while the inner veneers on the inner and sawed the logs into the thinnest possible
surfaces of the product contribute less to the boards and planks. In Europe, veneers were
appearance. increasingly used in furniture-making from
the 14th century. However, at the beginning of
High-quality sliced or peeled veneers are used the modern age, the production of small quan-
as face veneers. The production of sliced and tities of veneer was so labour-intensive and
peeled veneers and the resulting matched time-consuming that the pieces of furniture
veneers (veneer matches) are described in made from them were exclusively reserved for
detail in chapter 2.2.3. prosperous sections of society. Until the 19th
century, veneers were solely made by sawing.
Secondary cross-band and cross-band During this period, industrial production began,
veneers are located under the face veneer and which enabled larger quantities of veneers
are mainly used to improve dimensional sta- to be produced and worked. The first veneer
bility. peeling machine was patented in 1818. The
first veneer slicing machine was started up in
1870. With it, the cornerstone of the modern
veneer industry was laid. Due to the increasing
use of wood-based materials, in the middle
of the 20th century, veneer was the predomi-
nant surface material used for furniture, doors
and in interior work. Today veneer competes
against a range of decorative coating materi-
als, however, it is an important design element
in the furniture industry, door production and in
interior work (e.g. in floorings, ceiling and wall
panelling, in interiors in boat, aircraft and car
manufacture).
6 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 2 Material
2 Material
The structure of the wood is produced as a result direction of the radius of the annual rings, appro-
of the growth of a tree. Due to the different func- ximately parallel to the wood rays. The annual
tions necessary for the growth of a living tree, rings form parallel stripes in the radial cut.
wood is made up of different types of tissues
and cells. They are arranged in rings around the The cut along the tangent of an annual ring circle
trunk (stem) axis (medulla, pith). Cells are also is called a tangential, crown or flat-sawn cut (in
created to supply the trunk in a radial direction; Australia back-sawn timber), (more rarely plain-
these are called wood rays (xylem rays). These sawn or through-and-through sawn). It also runs
evolve as radial, often shiny lines. parallel to the log axis, however, it cuts through
the annual rings, which taper conically towards
Depending on the climatic conditions, a tree the top of the tree. They therefore appear as
forms annual rings or growth zones as a result parabolic curves and produce a figure known as
of its annual growth. These are a clear sign of crown figure (also described as tapered, oval,
wood material, because by cutting the annual arch, heart, looped, conical) or figured.
rings in different directions, different wood pat-
terns are formed, also called the figure or grain In practice, the longitudinal sections are often
of the wood. Fig. 2 shows the three cutting combined, so that a semi-radial or semi-tan-
planes in wood with their typical figure. gential cut is produced. Selected figures are
described in chapter 2.3.4.
The cut perpendicular to the longitudinal (trunk
or log) axis is called an end-grain (cross-grain) The inner part of a cross-section through a log,
cut or cross-section (transverse section). In the which in the living tree is only used to store
end-grain cut the annual rings appear approxi- material and as strengthening, is called heart-
mately round. wood. It is mostly different in colour to sapwood
and is significantly darker than the sapwood.
The radial or rift-cut (also known as the edge- The sapwood is the outer, in most cases lighter
grained or quarter-cut) is a cut parallel with the coloured part of a trunk cross-section.
longitudinal axis of the trunk or log. It runs in the
Fig. 2
Cutting planes in the wood,
Source: GWT-TUD GmbH
Apart from its natural beauty, as a material, Each veneer sheet (leaf) is unique. A large
wood has many special properties, which have number of different veneer matches can be
to be taken into account when processed and produced during veneer production. To limit the
worked. choice of veneer, veneer producers provide the
option of joint sampling. To this end, manuf-
Wood is a hygroscopic material, which can acturers, veneerers and designers/clients,
absorb and dissipate water from and to the examine different veneers, in order to agree
air. During this change in moisture content, the veneer selection or veneer match in detail
dimensional changes occur; the swelling or at an early stage. The designer/client should
shrinkage of wood. make use of the opportunity of sampling, i.e.
examining veneer examples, and therefore the
Due to the annual ring structure and the ability to discern the expertise of the veneer
different tissue and cell types, wood in an inho- producer or dealer, in order to avoid misunder-
mogeneous material. standings in the veneer selection.
Most of the cells or fibres of a tree are aligned Despite modern technology, veneer produc-
parallel with the tree trunk axis (also called stem tion requires much experience and craft skills.
axis). Wood therefore has different physical Each wood species is individually processed.
properties in different directions. The longi- Veneer is produced in the technological steps
tudinal direction of the fibres is the direction described in the following.
parallel to the trunk axis. It is in this direction
that wood has its highest strength, its highest
stiffness and the lowest swelling and shrinkage
values. Perpendicular to the fibre direction, a
further differentiation is made between radial
and tangential directions, which are analogous
to the cutting planes. The strength and stiff-
ness values perpendicular to the fibre direction
are significantly lower than in the longitudinal
direction of the fibres. The swelling and shrin-
kage values on the other hand are highest
in the tangential direction; those in the radial
direction are somewhat lower.
Fig. 4 (right)
Steaming the veneer blocks,
Source: Schorn & Groh GmbH
veneer in Interior Work 9
Chapter 2 Material
Fig. 6
Cutting technique for
flat slicing and resulting
veneer match, Source:
Danzer Group
Fig. 7
Cutting technique for real
quarter-cut slicing and
resulting veneer match,
Source: Danzer Group
Fig. 8
Cutting technique for
false quarter-cut slicing
and resulting veneer
match, Source: Danzer
Group
Fig. 9
Cutting technique for flat
quarter-cut slicing and
resulting veneer match,
Source: Danzer Group
veneer in Interior Work 11
Chapter 2 Material
Rift peeling
The log is cut into quarters for rift peeling. The
block is clamped with one of the two flat sides
on the lathe and is peeled from the opposite
side. The rotary movement of the block is
also eccentric. The resulting veneer match
is striped (Fig. 12). Striped veneers are pre-
ferably produced using this technique.
12 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 2 Material
Fig. 10
Peeling technique for
rotary peeling and
resulting veneer match,
Source: Danzer Group
Fig. 11
Peeling technique for
stay-log peeling and
resulting veneer match,
Source: Danzer Group
Fig. 12
Peeling technique for
rift peeling and resulting
veneer match, Source:
Danzer Group
Fig. 13
Peeling technique for
„from the heart“ peeling
and resulting veneer
match, Source: Danzer
Group
veneer in Interior Work 13
Chapter 2 Material
Fig. 15
Microscopic image of
cracks in walnut veneer,
Source: TU Dresden
veneer in Interior Work 15
Chapter 2 Material
Table 2.1: Mechanical characteristic values from the tensile test for veneers made from European beech and
European oak, Source: Tu Dresden
71,0 12000
parallel 0,48
(9,4) (600)
European beech
7,9 630
perpendicular 0,52
(1,0) (20)
41,3 7400
parallel 0,50
(3,3) (600)
Oak
1,0 270
perpendicular 0,52
(0,2) (70)
16 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 2 Material
Due to their irregular structure, burl (burr) These values clearly show the effect of the
figured veneers do not have any defined fibre cracks produced during peeling on the side
(grain) directions. Their mechanical characteri- facing the blade. If the cracks run perpendicu-
stics depend on the figure and intensity of the lar to the load, far lower values are achieved
burls. The characteristic values shown in Table for the modulus of elasticity and strength than
2.2 for walnut burl veneers with conspicuous with loading parallel to the cracks.
burls, were determined from tensile tests.
Table 2.2 Results of the tensile tests on walnut burl veneer in various directions, Source: TU Dresden
Fig. 16
Wood species with
different colours
a) maple (light)
b) wild service (reddish)
c) oak (medium brown)
d) walnut (dark brown)
Source: TU Dresden
a) b)
c) d)
18 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 2 Material
2.3.4 Figures
Plain figure
Fig. 17
Plain figure is the name given to a uniform wood figure without cons-
Plain figure in
picuous coloured or visual effects (Fig. 17). Typical wood species
birch,
with plain texture are maple, alder, birch, plane and lime.
Source: Holzatlas
Fig. 18
Crown (cut) (curved, oval, looped, etc.) is the name given to the
Crown figure in
parabola-shaped, bay-shaped or serrated pattern of the wood in the
larch, Source: Holzatlas
tangential cut. It is produced by conspicuous early/late wood con-
trast of the annual rings, which are cut with a tangential cut due
to their conical tapering towards the top of the log and produce a
typical figure (Fig. 18). All coniferous woods (softwoods), as well
robinia, walnut, ash, oak or elm have a crown figure.
Fig. 19 The highly contrasting annual rings or annual ring transitions are
Striped, straight-grained also responsible for a striped, straight-grained figure. In the radial
figure in elm, cut they cause the longitudinally striped pattern of the wood (Fig.
Source: Holzatlas 19). Typical indigenous wood species with striped figure are the
coniferous woods as well as robinia, walnut, ash, oak or elm.
Fig. 21
Striped wood pattern running across the fibre (grain) direction and
Wavy, block figure in
produced by wavy, tangential fibre direction and different light reflec-
maple, Source: Holzatlas
tions (Fig. 21). Wavy, block figuring only becomes visible with a radial
cut. Typical wood species with wavy, block figure are maple and ash.
Fig. 22
The crotches and buttresses („pyramid“) figure describes a y-shaped
Crotches & buttresses in
pattern of the wood (Fig. 22). It occurs in the area of trunk or branch
walnut, Source: Holzatlas
forks as well as in the radial and in tangential cut. Typical wood
species, in which a crotch or buttress („pyramid“) figure is to be
found are walnut and pear.
Burl figure
Burl or burr growth is a growth anomaly on the trunk or on the root, Fig. 23
in which the wood structure is highly changed. It causes increased Burl figure in
formation of buds, which are continuously overgrown. Veneers with elm, Source: Holzatlas
Fig. 25 Discoloration
Pith flecks in alder, Discolorations are local changes in colour in the
Source: TU Dresden wood, which are produced through growth or
can be caused by foreign bodies. Growth-indu-
ced discolorations are, e.g. pith flecks, reaction
wood, wound tissue or red heart in beech. Pith
flecks are small dark stripes, which are formed
by fly larvae in several hardwoods from decidu-
ous trees (Fig. 25). They are characteristic for
birch and alder. Reaction wood, wound tissue
or red heart are large, dark (reddish) discolora-
tions (Fig. 26).
Knots
Fig. 27
Knots are small, round or oval, solid defor-
Knots in cherrywood,
med initial branch growth. They interrupt the
Source: Schorn & Groh
direction of the fibre (grain). Knots occur e.g.
GmbH
in maple, birch, beech, oak, alder, ash, cherry
and walnut (Fig. 27).
Flashes
Fig. 28
Flashes are individual stria or rays running
Flashes in ash, Source:
across the direction of the fibres (Fig. 28).
Schorn & Groh GmbH
They can occur in maple, oak, ash, cherry and
walnut.
Fig. 29
FSC seal, PEFC seal,
„The Best of Wood
Veneer“ quality seal
THE BEST
OF WOOD
VENEER
24 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 3 Veneering
3 Veneering
Veneering essentially includes joining the Table 3.1 shows the swelling and shrinkage
veneer sheets to form a size sheet (the layon), dimensions of selected wood species depen-
attaching these size sheets to substrates and ding on the change in ambient humidity.
their surface treatment.
The differential shrinkage is used to deter-
Analogous to the veneer production, a large mine the dimensional change per percentage
number of different surfaces can also be change in wood moisture content. The follow-
offered when producing size sheets. Here too, ing example should clearly show the extent of
veneerers offer their customers the opportunity swelling and shrinkage movements.
of joint sampling to limit the selection. To this
end, manufacturers, veneerers and designers On a summer‘s day with a room climate of
/ clients examine different veneer surfaces, 25°C and 65 % rel. humidity, the wood moisture
in order to agree the surface match in detail. content is roughly 7.5 %, on a winter‘s day with
The designer/client should make use of the a room climate of 20°C and 40 % rel. humidity
opportunity of sampling, i.e. examining veneer it is around 11.5 %. The difference of 4 % wood
examples, and therefore the ability to discern moisture content causes the wood to shrink.
the expertise of the veneerer, in order to avoid This means, e.g. for a veneer sheet made of
misunderstandings when defining the appea- European beech, 1 m long and 12 cm wide,
rance of the surfaces. that it shortens by 0.6 mm lengthwise and by
1.1 mm in the tangential direction.
When veneering, remember that different
materials are brought together, which can have In order to compensate for the swelling and
a different swelling and shrinkage behaviour shrinkage movements of the different materi-
if the ambient humidity changes. The makes als, adhesives appropriate for the requirements
for particular challenges when working with are used (see Chapter 3.2). Therefore, the
these materials, with regard to the dimensio- veneerers have to be aware of the use con-
nal stability that the veneerers have to take into ditions (ambient humidity and temperature) of
account. the end product.
Tab. 3.1 Swelling and shrinkage of selected wood species, Source: Holzatlas
Precisely cut edges are indispensible for join- Before the veneers can be applied as a deco-
ting veneer sheets to form a veneer layon rative overlay on substrates, they must be
with larger dimensions or other shapes. The joined. In order to obtain a visually attractive
individual veneer sheets (aka leaves) are cut overlay match, the veneers should be jointed
to size using different tools or cutting tech- in the order they were made during slicing.
niques. Straight, parallel outer edges can The joining of the consecutive veneer sheets
be achieved using so-called veneer guillotine or leaves of a pack (flitch) or log to form a
or jointing cutters. Veneers up to approx. 1 large veneer layon is called veneer matching.
mm thick are usually cut to size and trimmed The following different techniques are used for
using guillotines. Thicker veneers are cut to veneer matching:
size and trimmed using a chip removal cutting
method, as otherwise unwanted „pre-splitting“ A decorative surface appearance with a mir-
can occur. Curved or freely-shaped contours ror-image veneer arrangement is achieved
are produced using computer-aided mechani- through book matching. Single book matching
cal cutting (CNC). The tools used are lasers or is the term used for successive turning over
special blades. With these computer-controlled of two veneer leaves on top of each other in
cutting techniques, individual patterns through the flitch (like the pages in a book) and edge-
to inlays can be produced cost-effectively and joining them along a longitudinal or transverse
rationally (Fig. 30). joint. Accordingly, in double book matching,
every second of four veneer leaves lying on top
of each other in the flitch is folded open about a
vertical and horizontal joint. This is how veneer
matches with cross-joints are produced, which
can also be diagonal.
Fig. 30
Inlay, Source: Schorn &
Groh GmbH
26 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 3 Veneering
In slip matching (also push or pull), the leaves methods can be used to join the veneer leaves
on top of each other in the flitch are removed lengthwise and crosswise.
from the stack without turning them over and
are slipped alongside each other. The result Joining veneers to produce visually successful
is a repetition of the veneer grain without and cost-effective veneer surfaces is generally
symmetry. carried out by experts as a fixed-size produc-
tion. The term veneer fixed-size or veneer
In slip matching with leaf turning (also called finished-size is used for made to order pro-
reverse slip matching) the veneer leaves are duction of veneer layons. The use of modern
slip matched and then every second leaf is machines and the high degree of specialisation
turned end to end. The result is a uniform sym- of the fixed-size manufacturers enable diverse
metrical pattern (Fig. 31 and 32). design options, for example, with mixed mate-
rials or high-quality figure veneering.
Jointing the individual veneer leaves requires
gluing the veneer edges. Various technologies
exist for this. In zigzag stitching the veneer
leaves are joined using a glue thread. The
thermoplastic thread is heated during the
jointing process and as it alternately applied
to both veneer sheets as it passes through.
Butt joining (splicing) is a method, in which
the edges of the veneers are wettened with
adhesive and are glued together. Both joining
Fig. 31
Joining techniques,
Source: GWT-TUD GmbH
Fig. 32
Jointed veneers, Source:
Kiefer Furnier + Design
GmbH und Co. KG
veneer in Interior Work 27
Chapter 3 Veneering
To create a decorative surface, the jointed To compensate for the different swelling and
veneers or semi-finished products such as shrinkage behaviour of the substrate and
Fig. 37 (right) Façade non-woven laminated veneers or real wood veneer, depending on the subsequent use
of an office building in laminates, are glued onto panel substrates. conditions (ambient humidity and tempera-
Joseph-Goggeln- Straße Substrates are usually particleboards or fibre- ture), suitable adhesives must be selected
in Düsseldorf (Prodema boards. Fibreboards are more high-quality, accordingly. To this end, the standards EN 204
ProdEx – façade panel), particleboards are less expensive. Particle- for thermoplastic and EN 12765 for thermoset-
Photo: Redevco boards are sold with a density around 680 kg/ ting adhesives, define classification by climate
m³, fibreboards with densities around 750 kg/ conditions and areas of use (Tab. 3.2). The
m³. Fibreboards (e.g. MDF) are easier to edge symbol „D“ is used for thermoplastic adhesives
trim and with better results, due to their more and „C“ is used for thermosetting adhesives,
homogeneous structure. Both wood-based the group classification with numbers is identi-
material variants react like would to changes cal for both types of adhesive.
in ambient humidity, but are also available in
moisture-resistant qualities and therefore,
compared to solid wood, provide significantly
improved swelling and shrinkage behaviour.
veneer in Interior Work 29
Chapter 3 Veneering
Tab. 3.2 Durability classes for adhesives (EN 204 and EN 12765)
Durability class Examples of the service climate conditions and areas of use
C1 or D1 • Indoor area, maximum wood moisture content 15 %
C2 or D2 • Indoor area with occasional short-term effect of flowing water or
condensation and/or occasional high humidity with an increase
in wood moisture content up to 18 %
PVAc adhesives (thermoplastic) or urea form- For the Japanese market, a system exists with
aldehyde resins (UF resins, thermosetting) are the designation F Four star (F****), with which
usually used for gluing veneers. Both are cha- the emissions values are only 30 % to 35 % of
racterised by a light-coloured glue line, which the E1 limits.
enables various colourings. If UF resins are
used, only low resistances to moisture effects Since 01/01/2009, the requirements of the
can be achieved (durability class C1 or C2). CARB system (Californian Air Resources
Therefore, if the end products are used in Board) have been important for the manufac-
areas with higher moisture resistance require- turers of wood-based materials. Compared
ments (e.g. bathrooms, durability class C3 or to the E1 limits, the CARB system contains
C4), melamine-reinforced UF resins are used. significantly more stringent requirements for
PVAc adhesives are offered for all durability formaldehyde emissions, especially with regard
classes (D1 – D4). to particleboards (0.06 ppm to 0.65 ppm) and
plywood (0.03 ppm to 0.04 ppm). Furniture
Adhesives based on, for example, epoxy manufacturers, who supply the North Ameri-
resins or polyurethane, are used for other can market, must note that they must be able
applications, such as bonding metal or glass to prove that the wood-based materials used
with veneers. by them for their products are certified under
the CARB system and that they comply with
The following should be noted regarding the the required limits (in addition to the increased
problem of formaldehyde: The particleboards requirements for own and external monitoring).
and fibreboards offered for sale on the market
in Europe and therefore in Germany too must
satisfy emissions class E1. This corresponds
to a maximum formaldehyde equilibrium con-
centration of 0.1 ppm.
30 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 3 Veneeering
The IKEA group has adopted large parts of solid wood or plastic edging strips of different
the CARB system requirements and has even thicknesses and visual appearances (different
increased some. The requirements named colours, metallic look) are attached. The edge
in the corresponding IKEA standard „IOS-MAT- shape can either be straight or profiled.
0003: Formaldehyde requirements of wood
based materials und products“ apply to all IKEA After the substrates have been completely
suppliers since 1/9/2009 and are also signifi- overlaid, the veneered surfaces are sanded
cantly below the requirements of the emission and are coated with lacquer to protect them.
class E1.
When substrates are veneered, defects can
Because of the increased formaldehyde limit occur in the surface of the component. Table
requirements, for the overlaying of substrates, 3.3 shows the most frequent veneering defects.
it is important to know that use of urea form-
aldehyde resins (including when reinforced
with melamine) can result in an increase in
the formaldehyde emission values, while no
problems are to be expected in this respect if
PVAc or PUR adhesives are used.
Fig. 38
Curtain made of With regard to their fire performance, particle-
laminated European boards and plywood are classified as „normally
beech veneer, Source: flammable“ (construction material class B 2 to
Furnilux GmbH DIN 4102); however, if necessary, they are also
available in „flame resistant“ quality (construc-
tion material class B 1 to DIN 4102).
Showing through the Stained, flecked, patchy or non- • clear lettering on veneer or substrate
veneer uniformly stained surface too thin, light-coloured veneers glued onto
• dark substrate
Occasionally, the growth features so typical The visible parts of the veneered surfaces are
for veneer are thought to be veneering errors. viewed from a distance of 50 cm in diffuse day-
The difference between defects and errors can light. The evaluation of the veneered surface
be determined by a sworn expert. should take into account whether the parts con-
cerned are possibly secondary and whether or
Guidelines and regulations for the evaluation not the harmonious overall impression of the
of veneered surfaces only exist for pieces of room is impaired.
furniture (RAL GZ 430 or DIN/EN standards).
Based on these standards, the following proce- Guidelines cannot be drawn up for natural cha-
dure should be used to check whether a defect racteristics. Several rules are summarised in
exists in veneered surfaces: Table 3.4 for the evaluation of conspicuous
surface features.
32 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 3 Veneering
Smoking veneer
Another way of producing darker veneer is so-
called smoking. Smoking is a staining method
that was already in use 150 years ago. With this
method the wood is steamed with ammonia for
several weeks. All woods rich in tannin are sui-
table for smoking, for example, oak, pine, larch,
wild service, apple and Douglas fir. The reac-
tion of the acid in the wood with ammonia as
a base produces the dark colouring (Fig. 42).
The discoloration remains absolutely stable to
aging and largely stable to light. Incompletely
formed heartwood remains light coloured in the
sapwood area.
Fig. 42
Colours of smoked
oaks, Source: Mehling &
Wiesmann GmbH
34 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 3 Veneering
Fig. 45
Surface veneered with
Vinterio Nimbus veneer,
Source: Vinterio AG
36 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 3 Veneering
Natural oils penetrate deep into the wood, but Lacquers and varnishes are used both in craft
not form a film on the surface. They are there- trades and industrially. Compared to lacquers,
fore relatively sensitive to dirt, light and water. varnishes form smaller coat thicknesses in
Waxes on the other hand form thin films on the interior areas. They are often slightly pigmen-
surface, which improve abrasion, water and ted and let the wood surface show through.
dirt resistance. However, the films have little
chemical resistance. Combinations of both Typical representatives of solvent-containing
coatings are often used in industrial coating, in lacquers are cellulose nitrate lacquers (mostly
order to produce more resistant and breatha- called NC lacquers), acid-curing lacquers (SH
ble surfaces. lacquers), two-pack polyurethane lacquers
(2K PUR or DD lacquer) and solvent-containing
Hard oils or hard waxes are produced using UV lacquers. Important advantages of solvent-
special compositions of the oils or waxes (e.g. containing systems are easy use, significant
by using carnauba wax), which lead to harder, priming of the wood and less sanding work.
more mechanically resistant surfaces, but are Solvent emissions during use and from the end
by no way comparable to the resistance of lac- product are a disadvantage. Use of acid-curing
quered surfaces. lacquer systems is in sharp decline due to their
formaldehyde emissions.
Shellac is a special form of coating with natural
raw materials, which is still in use in some craft Usable water-based lacquer systems are
firms and producers of bespoke products. non-self cross-linking and self cross-linking
1 pack water-based lacquers, 2 pack polyu-
rethane water based lacquers and UV curing
water-based lacquers. They have far better
environmental and health properties, but
require significantly greater time and effort
for their application and drying. The visual
appearance of the surface is often poorer than
with solvent-containing systems.
veneer in Interior Work 41
Chapter 3 Veneering
Fig. 47
European beechwood
with different lacquer
systems: left NC lacquer,
right water-based lacquer,
Source: (IHD)
42 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 3 Veneering
The gloss units or colour of surface coatings thickness (dry coat thickness approx. 80 - 100
are usually matched with the interior according µm). Edge areas must also be properly sealed,
to taste. In the case of high-quality veneered especially to prevent the transport of moisture
office surfaces it should be noted that certain in the direction of the wood‘s fibres or grain,
surface gloss and colour ranges must be com- which can cause greyness or swelling.
plied with by law to protect the eyesight of the
office users. High-quality interiors of boats are exposed to
large climate fluctuations. Here highly-resistant
The users, designers and manufacturers but also very elastic lacquer systems (e.g. two
should agree the required look by producing pack systems) should be used.
specimen lacquering using the planned appli-
cation techniques and surface layups. In the case of veneered surfaces exposed to
strong sunlight, lacquer systems containing
Selection depending on the expected use sunscreening agents can be used, which signi-
intensity and the place of use ficantly reduce the speed of the colour change.
The listed surface treatments have different However, these systems are considerably
resistances to mechanical, chemical, climatic more effective with light coloured wood species
and other loads (e.g. light). than with dark veneers.
In the case of horizontal surfaces, e.g. work To define the surface requirements, DIN 68861
or tabletops, they can be exposed to heat, Parts 1 to 8 provide a relatively comprehen-
attrition, scratches, impact or chemical loads. sive testing and evaluation system for furniture
The best protection against these is provided surfaces. Surface requirements for kitchen
by UV lacquers or two-pack lacquer systems furniture are defined in DIN 68930; RAL GZ
which, due to their greater degree of cross-lin- 430 should be used as a guideline for other
king, provide greater resistance than one-pack furniture.
systems (non cross-linking single pack water-
based or NC lacquer). Natural coating systems
have significantly lower resistances to mecha-
nical effects. However, they do offer the
advantage of easier renovation, which should
also be wanted by the end user. Worktop oils
also provide acceptable resistance to stains.
4.1 Components
Interior work is the (artistic) design of interior finish for the furniture and walls. White lac-
spaces. Figures 51 to 53 show rooms in which quered oak boarded parquet was used for the
veneered components have been integrated in flooring. The seating was installed gently rising
the room design. on a metal substructure. It is laid out in solid
lenticular rows, which also follow the wooden
Figure 51 shows a large meeting room in the panelled walls of the long sides of the room.
mdr Landesfunkhaus in Dresden. This room The room is covered by a glass roof structure
has fold-down media walls at both ends. These and is fitted with a semi-transparent lighting
were made from Lignoform acoustic panels and ceiling. This makes the room appear to be
veneered with European maple. The radiator bathed in light.
panelling is also made of maple. The flexibly
adaptable conference table that can seat 24
was also overlaid with European maple.
Fig. 51
mdr Landesfunkhaus
Figure 52 shows the cloakroom and the foyer
Dresden,
area of the international congress centre in
Photo: Lothar Sprenger,
Dresden. In this building, perspectives are
Source: Deutsche
important. They create the visual link with the
Werkstätten Hellerau
meadows of the River Elbe. The foyer area,
kept dark, forms a perfect background for the
view in the direction of the River Elbe. This
area is designed with dark stained oak in con-
trast to light-coloured floorings and ceilings.
This contrast is repeated in many places within
the building complex.
Fig. 52
International Congress The plenary chamber of the Bavarian parlia-
Center Dresden, ment (Figure 53) was renovated and structurally
Photo: Bernadette altered in 2004 – 2005 to planning and design
Grimmenstein, Source: by the architects Volker Staab (Berlin). The
Deutsche Werkstätten walls and furniture were to be given a natural
Hellerau character with fine visible grain. The colour
was to produce a homogenous appearance in
the room without concealing the naturalness
of the wood. The architect opted to completely
design the room with oak surfaces. For the
table and wall panelling he chose a bleached,
Fig. 53 light coloured dyed oak from Tabu. Flame-resi-
Bayerischer Landtag - the stant particleboard was used as the substrate
Bavarian parliament with with a matt UV-resistant lacquer as the surface
dyed oak veneer, Source:
www.tabu.it
veneer in Interior Work 47
Chapter 4 Examples of Veneer
Fig. 55
Interior of a yacht, Photo:
Stephane Brarin, Source:
Deutsche Werkstätten
Hellerau
48 veneer in Interior Work
Chapter 4 Examples of Veneer
Glossary
A Bedroom length:
Lengths of round wood (round timber) and
Alternating spiral grain: veneers between 2.60 m and 3,20 m. Bedroom
The wood fibres run spirally around the trunk quality is mostly higher than the panel quality.
axis, where bands of annual rings turn alter-
nately clockwise and anti-clockwise around the Birdseye:
middle of the trunk (the axis). Especially in birds‘ eye maple, the name given
to the eye-shaped figure of the veneer, but can
Annual ring: also occur in other species of wood (see Chap.
Annual growth zone of a tree with clear sepa- 2.3.4)
ration between the wood produced during the
vegetation phase (spring: earlywood) and the Blade check:
vegetation rest period (latewood) Cracks in the veneer caused by poorly set
pressing bars in veneering machines (also
„Appled“: called knife, cutting or lathe check).
Term derived from French word „Pommelé“
(Pomme = apfel) denoting a special regular Blister:
figure in the veneer, which can remind people A small bulge in veneer glued over the entire
of apples (rounded or knobbed form, like the area, which is due to insufficient glue in this
pommels of sword hilts). area.
Crown veneer: E
A name for veneer that has been sliced tan-
gentially from a log and has an oval or arched Earlywood:
figure or pattern. The part of the annual ring formed in spring
(also called springwood).
Cutover:
Type of processing through the stay log End-grain cut:
machine. Also called eccentric peeling. = cross-cut; across or perpendicular to the
trunk axis.
D
F
Diffuse-porous:
Deciduous wood with hardly conspicuous False quarter:
annual ring Production technology sliced veneers (see
Chap. 2.2.3.1)
DIN 4079:
Standard applicable in Germany for veneer Feather figure:
production, in which the standard thicknesses Another term for „pyramid“ figure (crotches and
are defined. buttresses).
Discoloration: Figured:
Colours in the veneers differing from the Another name for a crowned figure, flat sliced
required colour, e.g. green stripiness in cherry. figure (see Chap. 2.3.4). Produced by slicing
across the heartwood.
Door length:
Lengths of round wood (round timber) and Fire-pored:
veneers between 2.05 m and 2.40 m, which the pores can only be recognised with a
are required by the door industry. microscope, e.g. in maple, pear, cherry,
birch, beech, elm (also called microporous,
Dry density: small-pored, fine-grained, close-grained, fine-
Abbreviation ρ, the mass of a unit volume of textured). These woods have a uniform figure.
wood, expressed in g/cm³. The dry density is
given for a specific wood moisture content. Flake:
Most wood properties depend on the dry irregular veneer figure, which is mostly unwanted.
density (also called apparent density).
Flamed figure:
Dryer marks: See figured
See grid marks
Flash:
individual figure markings, mostly starting from
branches are called flash, also called flares or
stria.
veneer in Interior Work 53
Glossary
Flat-cut: H
= crown cut, back-sawn, tangential section,
plain cut, slash cut (see Chap. 2.1) Hairs:
Fine hair-like stains or patches, which espe-
Flitch: cially occur in pear and maple, which can be
see block spread over the entire surface of the veneer
and are considered to reduce the quality.
Foot:
Bottom end of log in roundwood or veneer, fre- Half-figure:
quently characterised by coarse annual rings See cluster
and unwanted colour variations, coming from
rootstock. Hardwood:
Term for wood with higher density, usually
Foxiness: wood of deciduous trees.
Coloured changes to the end grains of a log
or the entire log if it is stored too long. If faci- Heart:
litated by direct sunlight or excessive dryness. The heart or centre axis of the tree (also called
To prevent foxiness from occurring, the log is stem axis or log axis)
either waxed at the end grains or is sprinkled
with water. Heart / heartwood:
Inner part of the trunk cross-section, which has
Frieze: a different colour to normal veneer.
Striped veneer match without „figuring“ (rift or
comb grain). Heartwood crack:
Stress cracks originating in the middle of the
Furniture quality: trunk. The location of the heartwood crack is
Veneers of different lengths of 1 to 4 m within a decisive in dividing the log for slicing. Heart-
log, which can be used by the furniture industry. wood cracks in the veneer are open and cannot
be used for veneer.
G
Horizontal slicing machine:
Grid marks: Slicing machine in which the log/blade move-
Imprints of the dryer belts on the surface of ment is horizontal.
the veneer, caused by faulty or improperly
maintained dryer belts. They can cause difficu- I
lties during surface treatment.
Inlay:
Gum: Decorations made from veneer or other mate-
Black, spotted inclusions in black cherry rials (e.g. metal or mother of pearl) which are
veneer, which can jump from one veneer sheet laid in or glued onto wood, very expensive and
to another. is used in craft trades.
Inlay banding:
a uniform coloured or patterned strip of veneer,
which is used for decorative edges (also called
inlaid strips, inlay borders).
54 veneer in Interior Work
Glossary
M Outer veneer:
Better quality veneer, which is used for the
Marquetry: visible top layers (faces) of a workpiece.
Inlaid work made by joining together small
pieces of veneer to form decorative patterns or P
pictures.
Pack:
Matching: Cut packs of veneer, mostly bundled into packs
The joining of consecutive veneer sheets of 16, 24 or 32 sheets or leaves, which contain
from a pack (flitch) or an entire log to form a consecutive veneer sheets. Usually the smaller
larger veneer area is called veneer matching. sales unit (also called flitch, bundle, packet,
Because of their direct, consecutive order, parcel)
the veneer sheets have approximately the
same figure. Panel length:
Lengths of round wood (round timber) and
Mature wood trees: veneers between 2.55 m and 3.30 m, which
Do not have a coloured core, but their wood in the are required by the panel industry. Quality is
core is significantly lower in water content than in mostly not as high as bedroom lengths.
the outer layer (pine, spruce, beech, lime).
veneer in Interior Work 55
Glossary
Parcel: Pommelé:
A quantity of veneers prepared for customers, See appled
often sorted and assembled with uniform qua-
lities. Pores:
Relatively large cells of deciduous trees. They
Parquet marquetry: are more or less visible in the cross-section as
A similar process to marquetry. However, here round or oval openings and in the longitudinal
the veneer is cut into geometric shapes, which cut as pore grooves or needle cracks. Their
are joined to form decorative mosaic patterns. size, number and distribution is species spe-
cific.
Pattern:
Figure and colouring of the veneer march (see Price appraisal:
also figure) Defining the price for a veneer log.
Peeled veneer: Q
Term used to described veneers made with a
specific type of production (see Chap. 2.2.3.2) Quarter matching/four-way matching:
Method especially common for figured veneer,
Pepper: in order to produce highly decorative areas and
Black pin knots in yew or European beech figures (fancy pattern, patterned figure). Four
veneers, which produce the typical figure of the consecutive veneer sheets are matched twice
yew veneer. The more pepper and the more and folded up once.
regular it is distributed over the surface, the
higher the quality of the veneer. R
Piano egg: Radial veneer:
A sought after layup of the texture in the flamed A type of peeled veneer, which is produced
figure packs. Is required for the fronts and by tapered peeling of the end of the log. The
piano lids. method is similar to that of sharpening pencils.
Sapwood: Slicing:
The outer, light-coloured part of the wood Method of veneer production (see Chap. 2.2.3.1)
between the bark and heartwood. In heart-
woods different colour of the sapwood. The Slicing nick:
sapwood is usually cut off for veneers. With A diagonal notch across the veneer sheet
several wood species, e.g. palisander and caused by a damaged knife. Typical slicing
European walnut, the sapwood is used deco- error, which calls into question further use of
ratively. the veneer.
Toughness (viscosity): V
In irregularly grown or highly stressed trunks,
buckling or waviness of the veneers. Can also Variegated figure:
be seen as darker colouring along the annual Irregular veneer match, intensity mostly
rings. dependent on incident light. Caused by diffe-
rent growth anomalies, which cause irregular
Tractor tracks: figure.
Typical block formation, especially in beech; is
usually thought to reduce the quality. Veneer sheet:
The smallest veneer unit. In most cases they
True quarter: are bundled together to form a pack (packet,
Production technology sliced veneers flitch, bundle) of 16, 24 or 32 sheets (also
(see Chap. 2.2.3.1) called veneer leaf).
U Whisker:
Very fine blade nicks, which disappear during
Utility grade veneer: surface sanding of the veneer and therefore do
Lowest quality category of veneers, which not impair the veneer (also called burr).
are mostly used as cross-band veneers or for
areas that are not visible. Also called backing Wide-ringed:
grade. Can also be sold by weight. A name for wide-ringed (coarse-grown, coarse-
grained) wood with large pores.
Wild figure:
Irregular figure which changes direction and
makes the wood difficult to machine.
veneer in Interior Work 59
Glossary
Wood defects:
Each defect, which impairs the appearance of
the tree, which makes machining or veneering
difficult and which reduces the value of the
wood for a specific use; frequently also called
a growth feature (e.g. gum in cherry).
Wood rays:
Also called medullar rays. Cell tissue, radial
in the cross-section of the tree, which depen-
ding on the cutting direction is visible as lines,
stripes or stria (flake).
Yellow gum:
Yellowy brown flecks in American black cherry,
which are considered to reduce the quality, as
they are still visible after surface treatment.
60 veneer in Interior Work
Text sources and further literature
Sources
N. N.: Fachwissen Holz, Furnier, 3rd edition, Wiesbaden 2004, Publisher: GD Holz, IFN,
Wehmeyer-Fonds
Zimmer, D., nentwig, a., schwarz, G., schweer, m., Plasberg, P., schelper, J.: Der becker, Form-
holz Kompendium, Brakel 2006, Publisher: Fritz Becker KG
Sources
http://www.danzergroup.com
http://www.veneerwood.com
The sources of photos and images are given directly under the figures and photos.
veneer in Interior Work 61
Brief portrait of the IHD and TUD
The „Institut für Holztechnologie Dresden“ is a not for profit organisation which, as an industry-
focused body, supports the European timber processing industry with applications-oriented research
and development work.
• Material, product and technology development under the aspect of increasing energy and
raw material efficiency
• Use of raw materials, use of alternative materials, wood modification
• Development of auditing methods for product monitoring and quality assurance
• Basic studies and research into wood biology, chemistry and physics
• Damage analyses, expert reports
In addition, its subsidiary, Entwicklungs- und Prüflabor Holztechnologie GmbH provides accredited
tests, monitoring and certification work and services.
Professur für Holz- und Faserwerkstofftechnik der Technischen Universität Dresden - TUD
At the „Professur für Holz- und Faserwerkstofftechnik“ - chair of timber and fibrous materials of TU
Dresden, students are educated as qualified engineers in timber and fibrous material engineering.
Apart from providing higher education and training for students, the chair‘s research work deals with
both fundamental theoretical and practical problems. The following profile lines define the chair‘s
areas of work:
• The material basics profile line deals with research into structural properties in the form of
basic material research.
• The materials profile line includes application-oriented research shaped by process enginee-
ring, in which natural fibre composites as well as lightweight materials with honeycomb struc-
ture or other biological material composites are developed and examined.
• The machining and processing profile line describes applications-oriented research shaped
by mechanical engineering, where new cutting, jointing and forming technologies are deve-
loped and existing ones are further developed, as well as developing new machining methods
and tools.
• The refinement profile line includes the material science based, basic and applications-orien-
tated research into thermal, hydro-thermal and biotechnological wood modification and refi
nement.
62 veneer in Interior Work
Imprint
Imprint
Publisher:
Authors:
Layout:
The technical information in this brochure reflected the recognised rules of sound engineering
practice at the time of publication.
Despite the careful preparation and correction, we are unable to accept liability for the contents
IFN
Initiative Furnier+Natur e.V.
Flutgraben 2
53604 Bad Honnef - Germany
zentrale@furnier.de
www.furnier.de
Your compass through
the world of veneer