MODULE 2

Smart Objects
Module 2
Chapter- 3
 The “Things” in IoT
 Sensors
 Actuators
 Smart Objects
 Sensor Networks
Chapter 4
 Connecting Smart Objects
 Communications Criteria
 IoT Access Technologies.
 IEEE 802.15.4
 IEEE 802.15.4g and 802.155.4e
 IEEE 1901.2a
 IEEE 802.11ah
 LoRaWAN
Sensor categories ➢Produce energy output
➢Require external power supply
Active or Passive ➢Receive energy
➢Require NO external power supply

Invasive or noninvasive Part of measuring environment

External to it
Has physical contact with what they measure
Contact or no contact
No physical contact

Absolute or relative
Area of Application
How sensors measure
What sensors measure
Sensor Types
Actuators
 Complements of sensors
 Receives control signals that triggers a physical effect
Actuators can be classified based on the
 Type of motion
 Power
 Binary or continuous
 Area of application
 Type of Energy
Smart Objects
 Building of blocks of IoT
 Transform everyday objects to network of
intelligent objects
 Object learn & Interact with environment in
a meaningful way
 Standalone object → no use
 Sensor + actuator → good
 (sensor+actuator) + (sensor+actuator) →
power of IoT
Characteristics
 Processing unit:
 Receives data from sensors (acts as sink)
 Analyzes it
 Sends control information to actuators (acts as
source)
 Controls other functions like communication &
power system
 Commonly used→ microcontroller
 Small form factor
 Flexibility
 Programming is simple
 Ubiquity
 Low power consumption
 Low cost
 Sensor(s)/Actuator(s)
➢smart objects interact with physical world using
sensor/actuator
➢Smart object need not contain both sensor/
actuators
➢May contain one or multiple sensor/actuator
pair depending on application
 Communication Device
➢Connects smart object with other smart objects
and outside world
➢Can be wired or wireless
➢ Cost
➢ Limited infrastructure available
➢ Ease of deployment
➢ Different communication protocols exists
 Power source
 Requirement varies from application to
application
 Power efficiency, judicial power management,
sleep modes, ultra low power consumption
hardware etc..
 Solar, wind, battery, mains etc.
Trends in smart objects
 Size is decreasing:
 some are not visible to naked eye
 Power consumption is decreasing:
 some sensors lasts even for 10 years without battery
replacement
 Processing power is increasing:
 more powerful and smaller
 Communication capabilities are improving
 Speeds and range
 Communication is being increasingly standardized
 Open standards for IoT communication protocols
Sensor Networks
Sensor/Actuator network (SANET)
The sensors/ actuators in SANET are capable of
communicating and cooperating in a productive
manner
Coordination is a challenge because of heterogeneity
and resource constrained
Of wireless
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
Limitations of WSN
 Limited processing power
 Limited memory
 Lossy communication
 Limited transmission speeds
 Limited power
 Two communication patterns
 Event- driven: Transmission of sensory
information is triggered only when a smart
object detects a particular event or
predetermined threshold.
 Periodic: Transmission of sensory information
occurs only at periodic intervals
 Example: temperature and blood pressure readings
Connecting Smart Objects
 Communications Criteria
 Range
 Frequency Bands
 Power Consumption
 Topology
 Constrained Devices
 Constrained – Node Networks
Range
 How far the signal needs to be propagated
 Area of coverage for the selected wireless technology
 Indoor versus outdoor deployment differentiation

Short Range
 Tens of meters between two devices
 wired using serial cable
 Bluetooth and VLC
 Medium Range
 Range: tens to hundreds of meters
 Distance between two devices is less than a mile
 Many specification and implementation are available
 Example: Wifi,

 Long Range
 Distance between two devices is greater than mile
 Example: cellular (2G, 3G, 4G), LPWA
Frequency Bands
 Radio spectrum is managed by International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) and Federal
communications Commission (FCC)
 They define regulations and transmission
requirements for various frequency bands
 Portion of the spectrum are allocated to types of
communications such as radio, television, military etc.
 Wireless communications are split between licensed
and unlicensed bands
 Licensed spectrum
 User must subscribe to services
 Network operator can guarantee service
 Example: Cisco Jasper control Centre: automating the
provisioning, deployment and management of large
numbers of devices
 Unlicensed spectrum
 Use for industrial, scientific and medical portions of the
radio band
 Used in communication technologies for short range
devices
 No guarantee or protection is offered
 Example: Bluetooth, 2.4 GHz band etc
 Unlicensed band is not regulated (national & regional)
 These regulations mandate device compliance on
parameters such as
 Transmit power
 Duty cycle
 Channel bandwidth etc
 Simpler to deploy because it does not require a service
provider
 Suffer from interference: many devices may be
competing for the same frequency in a specific area.
Power Consumption
 Important in both powered nodes and battery-
powered nodes
 Battery powered are classified by the required lifetimes
of their batteries
 Whether it needsd
 10 to 15 years of life: water or gas meter
 5 to 7 years: smart parking sensor
 2 to 3 years: Regular maintenance
Topology
 Star
 Mesh
 Peer – to -peer
Constrained Devices
Constrained node networks
 Data rate and Throughput
 Latency and Determinism
 Overhead and payload