Internet of Things

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

   

Course Title: IoT

   
Course Code:20CS3512
Faculty Name: Prof. Vaidehi Verma
 

IoT Department of Computer Science & Engineering 1

 RFID
 RFID is an acronym for “radio‐frequency identification”
 Data digitally encoded in RFID tags, which can be read
by a reader.
 Somewhat similar to barcodes.
 Data read from tags are stored in a database by the
reader.
 As compared to traditional barcodes and QR codes, RFID
tag data can be read outside the line‐of‐sight.

IoT Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Types of RFID
• PRAT—Passive Reader Active Tag. The reader is passive and receives data from a
battery-powered tag. The transmission range can reach up to 500 m depending
on some characteristics of the system and transmission frequency used.
• ARPT—Active Reader Passive Tag. The reader is active and the identified tags
are passive and powered by the energy harvested from the electromagnetic
waves present in the air. In general, this power source can be a beacon
transmitted by the reader to feed the tags and it receives back the transmission
of the tag data. This is the most commonly used class.
• ARAT—Active Reader Active Tag. This class is where both the reader and the
tags are powered by external power sources, but the tags only transmit their data
when requested by the readers.
 RFID Features
 RFID tag consists of an integrated circuit and an antenna.
 The tag is covered by a protective material which also
acts as a shield against various environmental effects.
 Tags may be passive or active.
 Passive RFID tags are the most widely used.
 Passive tags have to be powered by a reader inductively
before they can transmit information, whereas active
tags have their own power supply.

Department of Computer
Science & Engineering 4

IoT
 Working Principle
 Derived from Automatic Identification and Data Capture
(AIDC) technology.
 AIDC performs object identification, object data collection and
mapping of the collected data to computer systems with little or
no human intervention.
 AIDC uses wired communication
 RFID uses radio waves to perform AIDC functions.
 The main components of an RFID system include an RFID
tag or smart label, an RFID reader, and an antenna.

IoT Department of Computer Science & Engineering

 Department of Computer
Science & Engineering 6

IoT
 Applic ations
 Inventory management
 Asset tracking
 Personnel tracking
 Controlling access to restricted areas
 ID badging
 Supply chain management
 Counterfeit prevention (e.g. in the pharmaceutical
industry)

IoT
Sensor
• Sensors are used for sensing things and devices etc.

• A device that provides a usable output in response to a specified measurement.

• The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into a signal suitable for processing (e.g. electrical,
mechanical, optical) the characteristics of any device or material to detect the presence of a particular
physical quantity.

• The output of the sensor is a signal which is converted to a human-readable form like changes in
characteristics, changes in resistance, capacitance, impedance etc.
Sensor
• Transducer :

• A transducer converts a signal from one physical structure to another.

• It converts one type of energy into another type.

• It might be used as actuators in various systems.

Sensor
• Sensor Classification :
• Passive & Active
• Analog & digital
• Scalar & vector
Categories of Sensors
1.Passive Sensor –
Can not independently sense the input. Ex- Accelerometer, soil moisture, water level and
temperature sensors.
2.Active Sensor – 
Independently sense the input. Example- Radar, sounder and laser altimeter sensors.
3.Analog Sensor –
 The response or output of the sensor is some continuous function of its input parameter.
Ex- Temperature sensor, LDR, analog pressure sensor and analog hall effect.
4.Digital sensor –
Response in binary nature. Design to overcome the disadvantages of analog sensors.
Along with the analog sensor, it also comprises extra electronicsfor bit conversion.
Example – Passive infrared (PIR) sensor and digital temperature sensor(DS1620).
Types of Sensors
• Position Sensors.

• Pressure Sensors.

• Temperature Sensors.

• Force Sensors.

• Vibration Sensors.

• Piezo Sensors.

• Fluid Property Sensors.

• Humidity Sensors.

• Object detection Sensors

Types of Sensors
Types of Sensors
Types of Sensors
Ultrasonic Sensor
IR Sensor

IR sensor is an electronic device, that emits

the light in order to sense some object of
the surroundings. An IR sensor can
measure the heat of an object as well as
detects the motion. Usually, in the 
infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate
some form of thermal radiation. These
types of radiations are invisible to our eyes,
but infrared sensor can detect these
radiations.
IR Sensor
Soil Moisture Sensor
Soil Moisture Sensor
Actuators
• An IoT device is made up of a Physical object (“thing”) + Controller (“brain”) + Sensors + Actuators +
Networks (Internet). An actuator is a machine component or system that moves or controls the mechanism or
the system. Sensors in the device sense the environment, then control signals are generated for the actuators
according to the actions needed to perform.

A servo motor is an example of an actuator. They are linear or rotatory actuators, can move to a given specified
angular or linear position. We can use servo motors for IoT applications and make the motor rotate to 90
degrees, 180 degrees, etc., as per our need.
WSN
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an infrastructure-less wireless network that is deployed in a large number
of wireless sensors in an ad-hoc manner that is used to monitor the system, physical or environmental
conditions.  

• Sensor nodes are used in WSN with the onboard processor that manages and monitors the environment in a
particular area. They are connected to the Base Station which acts as a processing unit in the WSN System.
WSN
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). A WSN is comprised of a set of
generally tiny wireless devices with sensing capabilities.
• Each sensor has very limited energy, computation power and memory.
• Therefore, efficiency is of paramount importance in this kind of
networks. They are mainly used to monitor the environment. So, a
WSN may consist of hundreds or even thousands of nodes.
• In many applications, the destination is a sink device which processes
the data sensed by the nodes. Sensors can be static or mobile. In both
cases, they alternate doze and awake states in the so called duty cycle,
making network topology vary over time.
Wireless Networks 25
Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)
• A Wireless sensor network can be defined as a
network of large number of distributed, self-
directed, tiny, low powered devices called sensor
nodes to monitor physical or environmental
conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure,
etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the
network to other locations.

• The data is forwarded through multiple nodes, and

with a gateway, the data is connected to other
networks like Ethernet.
Wireless Networks 26
 Wireless Sensor Networks
Components

Sensor field
Inaccessible
Environment

Sensors

To External
network

Sink Wireless Communication

or link
Base station
(BS)

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 Component used in WSN: Sensor

• A Sensor is a device that responds and detects

some type of input from both the physical or
environmental conditions, such as pressure, heat,
light, etc.

• The output of the sensor is generally an electrical

signal that is transmitted to a controller for further
processing.

• It has different units like : Power unit, Sensing

unit, Processing unit, Communication unit

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Component used in WSN: Sensor

Wireless Networks 29
 Component used in WSN: Sink /
Base station
• A sink or base station acts like an interface between users
and the network.
• It is responsible for collecting data from Wireless
Sensors in single or multiple-hop manner and then send
it to user through gateway.
• Also play an important role in improving energy
efficiency of sensor nodes by scheduling more resources
for the nodes with more critical energy efficiency need
and advanced energy efficient scheduling algorithms need
to be implemented at network gateways for the
improvement of the overall network energy efficiency

Wireless Networks 30
Ex: WSN with Sink Node

Wireless Networks 31
Wireless Networks 32
Wireless Networks 33
 Transmission media
 In Wireless sensor network, communicating
nodes are linked by a wireless medium. To
achieve this they choose any transmission
medium such as.

 Radio
 infrared
 optical media

Wireless Networks 34
 Advantages of WSN

 It avoids plenty of wiring.

 Execution pricing is inexpensive.
 Apt for the non-reachable places like
mountains, over the sea, rural areas and deep
forests.
 Network arrangements can be carried out
without immovable infrastructure.
 Flexible if there is a casual situation when an
additional workstation is required.

Wireless Networks 35
 Applications of
WSN
• Traditionally, sensor networks have been used
in the context of high-end applications such
as:

– Military applications
– Home applications
– Commercial applications
– Health applications
– Agricultural Applications
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