Internet of

Things: Sensing and

Actuator Devices
Lecturer: Ts. Norzalina Othman
Introduction

Components in Device Level:

i. Sensor (Input Device)
ii. Controller/ Processor
iii. Actuator (Output Device)
Sensor
• a sensor is a device that is
able to detect changes in an
environment.
• all sensors take some
physical parameter (thermal,
electric, mechanical,
magnetic, chemical and
optical) and turn it into
electrical signals.
• Preforms some function of
input by sensing or detecting
the changes in the
characteristics of a system in
respond to stimuli (i.e:
temperature, light, gas,
pressure, sound and etc.)
 Cont.

DHT11/22 – Humidity Sensor Gas Sensor PIR Sensor Water Level Sensor
Function: to sense motion or used to detect Function: to detect the level of substances (i.e: liquid,
Function: to measure the surrounding air, and Function: to detect and identify whether a human has moved in or out of the slurries, granular materials) that can flow
spits out a digital signal on the data pin different types of gasses. sensors range.

Ultrasonic Sensor
Rain Detector Sensor Force Sensing Resistor
Function: to measures the distance of a target object by
emitting ultrasonic sound waves and convert to electrical Function: acts as a force sensing resistor in
Function: to detects the presence of water signal. an electrical circuit
Sensor Classification
Sensor

Passive & Active

Analog & Digital

Scalar &

Vector
 Sensor Classification (cont.)
Passive Sensor
• is a device that detects and responds to
some type of input from the physical
environment.
• Passive sensor technologies gather
target data through the detection of
vibrations, light, radiation, heat or
other phenomena occurring in the
subject's environment.
• Example of passive sensor – motion/PIR
sensor, metal detector sensor, IR
sensor
Active Sensor
• is a sensing device that requires an
external source of power to operate
• Active sensor is used for sensing
environment conditions and transmitted
signals. It is an electronic sensing
device which requires AC and DC source
for produce output.
• Example of active sensor – GPS, blood
pressure sensor
 Sensor Classification (cont.)
Analog Sensor
• An analog sensor measures continuously
the variable and detects any proportional
value between 100% and 0%.
• Example: TMP36 Temp Sensor - can
measure short intervals at high resolution
(approximately 0.1°C of variation).
• Example: LDR – Light Dependent Resistor,
Accelerometer, Sound Sensor, Piezoelectric
sensor,
Digital Sensor
• A digital sensor only detects two possible
status: if it is working at 100% (1) or at
0% (0).
• Example: DS18S20 Temp Sensor - only
measure if it is working over 50°C
(displaying 1) or under 50°C (displaying 0).
• Example: Motion sensor, Digital
Accelerometer
 Sensor Classification (cont.)
Scalar Sensor
• The sensor which produce output
signal/voltage which is proportional to
magnitude of quantity to be measured
is known as scalar sensor.
• Temperature of a room is measured
using scalar sensor (i.e. thermometer or
thermocouple) which measures
temperature changes irrespective of
sensor orientation.
• Examples:
Temperature sensor, Color sensor,
pressure sensor, strain sensor etc.
Vector Sensor
• The sensor which produce output
signal/voltage which is proportional to
magnitude, direction as well as
orientation of quantity being measured
is known as Vector sensor.
• Acceleration of body is measured using
accelerometer which measures
component of acceleration of body with
respect to x, y, z coordinate axes.
• Examples:
Sound sensor, image sensor, velocity
sensor, acceleration sensor etc.
Actuator
• an actuator operates in the
reverse direction of a sensor.
• It takes an electrical input
and
turns it into physical action.
• For instance, an electric
motor, a
hydraulic system, and a
pneumatic system are all different
types of actuators.
• Actuators can be categorized by
the energy source they require to
generate motion. Example:
i. Pneumatic actuators use
compressed air to generate
motion.
ii. Hydrolic actuators use
generate
liquid to motion.
iii. Electric actuators use an
external power source, such as
a battery, to generate motion.
iv. Thermal actuators use a heat
source to generate motion.
 What is RFID?
• RFID also known as Radio –
Frequency Identification
works using electromagnetic
fields that automatically
recognize and trace tags
that is attached to any
products. RFID mainly
operated with three
frequency bands varies from
country to country. There
are LF (Low – Frequency
band), HF (High Frequency
band) and UHF (Ultra High –
Frequency band)
Types of RFID Tags
Passive Tags Does not have power supply. Used
to obtain power from incoming
radio waves from the Readers.
Active Tags Have power source in the internal
circuit. Uses own power supply to
send response to the reader.
Semi Have power supply in the internal
Passive Tags circuit but to send response, this
tags depends on the radio waves
from Reader.
 • RFID technology has been used
in real applications such as
supply chain management in
which RFID tags are attached to
products so that they can be
RFID False conveniently identified by tag
readers.
Authentication • Such RFID applications may
s encounter insecure situations like
duplication of tag IDs, invalid or
counterfeit tags and readers, or
even malicious attacks
 Devices Power Management in IoT
• One aspect to consider
developing
while an IoT project is device
power management.
• With the rise of the Internet
of Things, the optimization of
battery-operated devices is an
the
important aspect that can make
huge
a difference.
• Device power management in
the
IoT is a challenging task as a device
could always be powered up
and
could be located everywhere. Often,
IoT devices are located remotely and
they must use a battery to work.
• Usually, an IoT device uses one
or
more sensors to acquire information
related to the environment.
• The data acquired are used
locally or remotely to take
decisions.
sensors, and each sensor has
• specific power consumption.
This information is acquired
• using
Therefore, it is very important
to
select sensors carefully in order
to optimize power management.
 Cont.

An IoT device during its operations can

send and receive data remotely.
Usually, several IoT devices are
connected to an IoT gateway that
collects such information and sends
them to the cloud.
The sending and receiving operation is
one of the most expensive tasks from
the power management point of view.
This operation involves the radio
connection (cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
etc.).
 Implementing Power Management in IoT

• Since the development of IoT system involved hardware and software part, the easiest
methods on implementing the code in loop() structure.
• For examples, when acquire data from sensor at specific time interval, add the delay()
function in loop() structure by specifying how long the devices should wait before
starting again and repeat the same task.
 Implementing Power Management in IoT
• Another methods for power management in IoT system by applying four different modes to “sleep” or save the battery:
i No sleep
. • This is the most inefficient way to use this device.
• The supply always on.
ii. Modem sleep
• This mode is enabled only when the ESP8266 is connected to Wi-Fi.
• In this mode, the ESP8266 turns off the Wi-Fi module between two DTIM Beacon interval.
• The ESP8266 turns on again the Wi-Fi module before the next Beacon.
• Sleep mode is used when it is necessary to keep the processor on.
iii. Light sleep
• ESP8266 suspends the CPU and turns off the clock.
• This mode is more efficient than the previous mode.
• In Light-sleep mode, the ESP8266 should be woken up using a GPIO pin.
iv. Deep-sleep
• In this mode, everything is turned off except the RTC (Real Time Clock), so that the ESP8266 can be turned on periodically.
• This is the most the most efficient mode. The deep-sleep mode can be used in scenarios where the device should send data at specific intervals.
• This is the example of an application that uses sensors.
• The application reads sensor data, sends the values and the goes into a deep-sleep mode.
 IoT
Hardware
&
Software
Interfacing
 Arduino Uno Pin Diagram
1. Reset Button – This will restart any code that is loaded to the Arduino board

2. AREF – Stands for “Analog Reference” and is used to set an external reference voltage

3. Ground Pin – There are a few ground pins on the Arduino and they all work the same

4. Digital Input/Output – Pins 0-13 can be used for digital input or output

5. PWM – The pins marked with the (~) symbol can simulate analog output

6. USB Connection – Used for powering up your Arduino and uploading sketches

7. TX/RX – Transmit and receive data indication LEDs

8. ATmega Microcontroller – This is the brains and is where the programs are stored

9. Power LED Indicator – This LED lights up anytime the board is plugged in a power
source

10. Voltage Regulator – This controls the amount of voltage going into the Arduino board

11. DC Power Barrel Jack – This is used for powering your Arduino with a power supply

12. 3.3V Pin – This pin supplies 3.3 volts of power to your projects

13. 5V Pin – This pin supplies 5 volts of power to your projects

14. Ground Pins – There are a few ground pins on the Arduino and they all work the same

15. Analog Pins – These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor and convert it to
digital
Basic C Programming Structure in IDE
Arduino code (also called Arduino sketch) includes two
main parts: setup code and loop code.
Setup Code
• Is code in setup() function.
• Executed right after power-up or reset
• Executed only one time.
• Used to initialize variables, pin modes, start using
libraries,
Loop Code
• Is code in loop() function.
• Executed right after setup code.
• Executed repeatedly (infinitely).
• Used to do the main task of application
 Basic C Programming Structure in IDE
Apart from setup and loop code, an
Arduino sketch can include some of the
following parts:
• Block comment: usually used to write
some information about the author,
the wiring instruction, the license ...
Arduino will ignore this part.
• Libraries inclusion: is used to include
libraries into the sketch.
• Constant definition: used to define
constant
• Global variables declaration
Arduino - C Datatype
 Arduino – C Variable & Constant
Variable – refer to an Constant – refer to an identifier
identifier used to hold a data where the data remain
during execution time. unchangeable during execution
time.

i. Local Variable
• Inside a function or a
block

ii. Global Variable

• Outside of all
functions
Arduino – C Arithmetic
Operator
Arduino – C Comparison Operator
 Arduino – C Control Structure
Control Structure

Sequence Selection Repetition/ Loop

Selection Structure
Repetition/ Loop Structure
Arduino – C Logical Operator
Arduino – C Bitwise Operator
Arduino – C Compound Operator
 Practical Activity
Simulator -
TinkerCAD
Practical 1 – Digital Output
Schematic Diagram – LED Blinking
//setup I/O pin
void setup()
{
pinMode(12, OUTPUT); //configure pin 12 as output pin
pinMode(11, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(12, HIGH); //turn ON Led in pin 12
digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
delay(1000); // Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)

digitalWrite(12, LOW);
digitalWrite(11,
LOW);
delay(1000); // Wait
for 1000 millisecond(s)
}
 Practical 2 – Digital Output
Prac. Lab – Running LEDs from left to right and
Schematic Diagram – Chasing LEDs
right to left

Component List
 Firmware code
int pinsCount=7; // declaring the integer variable pinsCount
int pins[] = {8,9,10,11,12,13}; // declaring the array pins[]

void setup()
{
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
pinMode(12,
OUTPUT); pinMode(11,
OUTPUT); pinMode(10,
OUTPUT); pinMode(9,
OUTPUT); pinMode(8,
OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
for (int i=0; i<pinsCount; i=i+1) // chasing right
{
digitalWrite(pins[i], HIGH); // switching the LED at index i on
delay(500); // stopping the program for 500 milliseconds
digitalWrite(pins[i], LOW); // switching the LED at index i off
}

for (int i=pinsCount-1; i>0; i=i-1) // chasing left (except the outer leds)
{
digitalWrite(pins[i], HIGH); // switching the LED at index i on
delay(500); // stopping the program for 500 milliseconds
digitalWrite(pins[i], LOW); // switching the LED at index i off
}
}
Practical 3 – Digital Input Output
Prac. Lab – Press switch, LEDs on for 5 seconds Schematic Diagram – Digital IO

Component List
 Firmware code
void loop()
{

const int switch1 = 2;

currentState=digitalRead(switch1);
const int LED1=10;
if(currentState==HIGH)
const int LED2=9;
{
const int LED3=8; digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
int currentState=LOW;
digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED1, HIGH);
void setup() digitalWrite(LED2,
HIGH);
{ digitalWrite(LED3, HIGH);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); } delay(5000);

pinMode(12, else
OUTPUT); {
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
pinMode(11, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(12, LOW);
pinMode(LED1, digitalWrite(11, LOW);
OUTPUT); digitalWrite(LED1, LOW);
pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED3,
pinMode(LED3, LOW);
OUTPUT); }
delay(10);
pinMode (switch1,
}
INPUT);
}
Practical 4 – Digital Input Output
Prac. Lab – Press switch, LEDs will blink for 10 times. Set Schematic Diagram – Digital IO
time interval for each operation to 0.5sc.

Component List
 Firmware code
//Prac Lab - Digital I/O void loop() else
//Press switch - leds will blink for 10 times { {
digitalWrite(LED1, LOW);
int counter; digitalWrite(LED2,
const int switch1 = 2;
currentState=digitalRead(switch1); //1(5v)-on/0(0V)-off LOW);
const int LED1=13;
digitalWrite(LED3, LOW);
const int LED2=12;
if(currentState==HIGH)//5v received -press switch digitalWrite(LED4,
const int LED3=11;
{ LOW);
const int LED4=10;
for(counter=1; counter<=10; counter++) digitalWrite(LED5, LOW);
const int LED5=9;
{ digitalWrite(LED6,
const int LED6=8; LOW);
digitalWrite(LED1, HIGH);
int currentState; } }
digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED3, HIGH); delay(10);
void setup() //configure I/O pin
digitalWrite(LED4,
{ HIGH);
pinMode(switch1, INPUT); digitalWrite(LED5, HIGH);
pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT); //setup digitalWrite(LED6,
pinMode(LED2, HIGH); delay(500);
OUTPUT); digitalWrite(LED1, LOW);
pinMode(LED3, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);
pinMode(LED4, digitalWrite(LED3, LOW);
OUTPUT); digitalWrite(LED4, LOW);
} pinMode(LED5, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(LED5, LOW);
pinMode(LED6, digitalWrite(LED6, LOW);
OUTPUT); delay(500);
} }
 Practical 5 – Digital Input Output
Prac. Lab Schematic Diagram – Digital IO

Input Output

Switch1 All LEDs blink for 10 times. Set time interval for 0.5s

Switch2 Turn on first 3 LEDs, then follow by another 3 LEDs. Program will
repeat for 5 times. Set time interval for each operation to 0.5s.

Component List

//Prac Lab - Digital I/O
const int switch1 = 2;
const int switch1 =
3; const int LED1=13;
const int LED2=12;
const int LED3=11;
const int LED4=10;
const int LED5=9;
const int LED6=8;
int currentState1;
int currentState2;
void setup() //configure I/O pin
{ digitalWrite(LED4, HIGH);
pinMode(switch1, INPUT);
pinMode(switch2,
INPUT);
pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT); //setup
pinMode(LED2,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED4,
OUTPUT);
} pinMode(LED5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED6,
OUTPUT);
Firmware code
void loop() if(currentState2==HIGH)//5v received -press sw
{ {
for(counter=1; counter<=5; counter++)
int counter; {
currentState1=digitalRead(switch1); //1(5v)-on/0(0V)-off digitalWrite(LED1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH);
currentState2=digitalRead(switch2); digitalWrite(LED3, HIGH);
if(currentState1==HIGH)//5v received -press switch digitalWrite(LED4, LOW);
{ digitalWrite(LED5, LOW);
for(counter=1; counter<=10; counter++) digitalWrite(LED6, LOW);
{ delay(500);
digitalWrite(LED1, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED3, digitalWrite(LED3, LOW);
HIGH); digitalWrite(LED4, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED5, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED5, digitalWrite(LED6, HIGH);
HIGH); delay(500);
digitalWrite(LED6, HIGH); }
delay(500); }
digitalWrite(LED1, LOW); else
digitalWrite(LED2, LOW); {
digitalWrite(LED3, LOW); digitalWrite(LED1, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED4, LOW); digitalWrite(LED2,
digitalWrite(LED5, LOW); LOW);
digitalWrite(LED6, LOW); digitalWrite(LED3, LOW);
} delay(500); digitalWrite(LED4,
} LOW);
digitalWrite(LED5, LOW);