IoT Single Node

Architecture
IoT Reference Architecture
B.Tech – VII (EC)
IoT Eco Systems
2ECDE65 Internet of Things
Sensors Dr. Viranchi Pandya
Actuators Dr. Manisha Upadhyay
IoT – Reference Models (3 Layer)

https://www.netburner.com/learn/architectural-frameworks-in-the-iot-civilization/
IoT – Reference Models (4 Layer)
IoT – Reference Models (5 Layer)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Five-Layer-IoT-Architecture_fig1_324797771
IoT – Reference Models (Communication View)

https://connectedtechnbiz.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/iot-heterogenous-technologies.jpg
IoT Eco Systems
• Components
• Networking among components
IoT Characteristics
❑Efficient and scalable Associated architectures
❑ No ambiguity in naming and addressing
❑ Massive number of constrained devices, sleeping nodes,
mobile devices, and non-IP devices
❑ Intermittent and often unstable connectivity
Technological Interdependencies in IoT
M2M (Machine to Machine)
CPS (Cyber Physical Systems)
IoE (Internet of Environment)
Industry 4.0
Industrial Revolution from 1.0 to 4.0

https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Fourth-Industrial-Revolution-2119734
IoP (Internet of People)
IoT versus M2M
IoT versus CPS
IoT Planes

The service plane is

composed of two parts:
IoT Networking Components
IoT Network Ecosystem

LU- Locally Unique

IoT Networking Components
IoT Network Ecosystem
IoT Networking Components
IoT Network Ecosystem
IoT Networking Components
Networking among the components
Networking among the components
IoT Sensors & Actuators
Sensors, Actuators and Transducers
•Sensors – First step in ANY application
•Actuation – Final step in MANY (not all !!) applications
•Transducer – Conversion of one form to another
•Both sensor & Actuator are transducer
Comparison
Sensors
Simple sensing operation
Sensor types based on power requirements-
Active and Passive
Sensor types based on output –
Analog and Digital
Sensor types based on output-
Analog and Digital
Sensor types based on measured property-
Scalar and Vector
Sensor types based on measured property-
Scalar and Vector
Typical Sensor Node
IoT Sensor Node
Sensor Nodes
 Temperature Sensors
•Thermocouples: As temperature goes up, the output voltage of the thermocouple rises.
•Resistor temperature detectors (RTD): The resistance of the device is directly proportional
to the temperature, increase in a positive direction when the temperature rises resistance
going up.
•Thermistors: It is a temperature sensitive resistor that changes its physical resistance with
the change in temperature.
•IC (Semiconductor): They are linear devices where the conductivity of the semiconductor
increases linearly and it takes advantage of the variable resistance properties of
semiconductor materials.
•Infrared sensors: It detects temperature by intercepting a portion of emitted infrared
energy of the object or substance, and sensing its intensity, can be used to measure
temperature of solids and liquids only, not possible to use it on gases because of their
transparent nature.
Proximity Sensors
• A device that detects the presence or absence of a nearby object, or
properties of that object, and converts it into signal which can be easily read
by user or a simple electronic instrument without getting in contact with
them.
• Used in the
• Retail industry
• Vehicle parking Assistant
• Parking availability in places such as malls, stadiums or airports
Types of Proximity Sensors
•Inductive Sensors: Inductive proximity sensors are used for non-
contact detection to find out the presence of metallic objects using
electromagnetic field
•Capacitive Sensors: Capacitive proximity sensors can detect both
metallic as well as non-metallic targets. It can be used to sense very
small objects through a large portion of target.
•Photoelectric Sensors: Photoelectric sensor is made up of light-
sensitive parts and uses a beam of light to detect the presence or
absence of an object. It is an ideal alternative of inductive sensors.
•Ultrasonic Sensors: Ultrasonic sensors are also used to detect the
presence or to measure the distance of targets similar to radar or
sonar. This makes a reliable solution for harsh and demanding
conditions.
Sensor Characteristics
•Sensor Resolution
•Sensor Accuracy
•Sensor Precision
Sensor Characteristics – Resolution
Sensor Characteristics – Accuracy
Sensor Characteristics – Precision
Sensing types
Sensing Considerations
➢Sensing Range
➢Accuracy & Precision
➢Energy
➢Device Size
Sensing Consideration: Sensing Range
Sensing Consideration: Accuracy & Precision
Sensing Consideration: Energy
Sensing Consideration: Device Size
Actuators
Actuators
Actuator Types
Electric Actuator
Mechanical Actuator
Thermal or Magnetic Actuator
Soft Actuator
Courtesy: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aisy.202000128
Shape Memory Polymer
Light Activated Polymers
Actuator Characteristics
➢ Weight
➢ Power Rating
➢ Torque to weight ratio
➢ Stiffness and Compliance
Actuator Characteristics-Weight
Actuator Characteristics- Power Rating
Actuator Characteristics-Torque to Weight ratio
Actuator Characteristics-Stiffness & Compliance