ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

finaluri gamocdis Temebi

B bileTi #8

1. sparta Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi

2. iulius keisari
3. aristotele

Aavtori: eTeri turaSvili

Lleqtori: q. marika mSvildaZe

Tbilisi 2020
 #1

sparta Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi

sparta aTenisgan gansxvavebiT im dros erTgvarad CamorCenil,

Caketil da disharmoniul polisad miiCneoda. marTlac spartaSi
politikuri Tu ekonomikuri wyoba Zalian gansxvavebuli da
antihumanuric ki iyo. Tumca zogs is mainc idealuri wyobis da
disciplinis mqone polisad miaCnda, Tumca iq namdvilad ar arsebobda
demokratia da xalxs uflebebi TiTqmis ar gaaCnda
spartis daarsebas ukavSireben CrdiloeTidan wamosul momxvdur
dorielebs .amis Semdgom iq situacia daiZaba. garkveulma dawinaurebulma
sazogadoebam maTTan mokavSireoba arCies da erToblivi ZaliT
daoyrobil xalxze gabatondnen. maT anu spartaSi Zlier da
dawinaurebul sazogadoebas spartiatebi ewodebodaT. Zv.w. VII saukuneSi
daiwyo e.w. “miwis SimSili” amitom vinaidan spartaSi miwis resursebis
nakleboba SeiniSneboda amitom maT TavianTi mezoblebis mesenielebis
nayofieri miwebi miitaces da damorCilebuli xalxi hilotebad (miwaze
mimagrebul uuflebo sazogadoebad) aqcies.
Eeqspluatirebuli mosaxleobis Seqmna iyo erTgvarad spartis
militaristuli politikis Sedegi. Hhilotebs marTalia piradi
Tavisufleba ar hqondaT, isini mainc ar iyvnen monebi. Ggarkveuli begaris
gadaxdis Semdgom maT rCebodaT mosavlis nawili, romelsac isini
survilisamebr gankargavdnen, aseve spartiats ar SeeZlo hilotis gayidva
spartis gareT, aseve arc miwis gayidva, radgan is saxelmwifo saTemo
sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. Hhilotebis garda spartaSi iyo kidev erTi
sazogadoebas, romelsac piradi Tavisufleba hqonda, Tumca politikurad
uuflebo iyo, aseT sazogadoebas periekebi warmoadgendnen, romlebic
savaWro-saxelosno dasaxlebaSi cxovrobdnen.
spartis saTaveSi ori mefe iyo. maTi gavlena realurad mxolod
omis dros izrdeboda, sxva mxriv maT uflebebs zRudavda uxucesTa sabWo
gerusia, romlis SemadgenlobaSic 28 wevri iyo ori mefis CaTvliT. is
warmoadgenda umaRles sasamarTlo da samxedro sabWos.
spartis saxelmwifoSi aTenis msgavsad arsebobda saxalxo kreba,
romelsac erqva apela, Tumca mas sakanonmdeblo iniciativis dayeneba ar
SeeZlo da masze gamosvla mxolod maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs SeeZloT.
spartaSi arsebobda eforTa kolegia, romlis movaleobasac
Seadgenda kontroli yvela saxelmwifoebrivi aparatis mimarT. kolegiaSi
Sedioda 5 pirovneba da maTi gavlena Zalian didi iyo spartaSi. eforTa
kolegiis movaleoba iyo agreTve hilotebis da periekebis morCilebaSi
yofnis garantiebic.
spartaSi hilotebi mudmivad janydebodnen. winaaRmdegobebi
xandaxan imdenad Zlieri iyo xolme, rom spartis xelisufleba
dasaxmareblad sxva polisebsac mimarTavda xolme. aseTma cxovrebis wesma
erTgvarad ganapiroba misi samxedro polisad Camoyalibeba. spartis
Zliereba axalgazrdebis samxedro aRzrdaSi iyo. rodesac bavSvi 7 wels
miaRwevda is mihyavdaT gasawvrTnelad da awevrianebdnen jgufebSi
“agela” mas xelmZRvanelobda aRmzrdeli paidomi. bavSvebis gawvrTna
sruli simkacris dacviT mimdinareobda da 18 wlis spartiati ukve
mebrZolad iTvleboda.
spartis am kanonebis dadgena miewereba legendarul kanonmdebel
likurgoss. Amis mixedviT polisSi ikrZaleboda xelovneba, vaWroba, ar
eqceoda yuradReba meomris sulier Tu inteleqtualur aRzrds da mis
codnis gaRrmavebas, swored amitom sparta CamorCenil polisad
iTvleboda.
Sinauri daZabulobebi spartas aiZulebda sxva polisebTan kargi
urTierToba Camoeyalibebina, peloponesis kavSirSi is didi xnis manZilze
wamyvan pozicias ikavebda da Tavisi ucnauri da mkacri wesebis miuxedavad
urTierTobebs amyarebda sxva maTTan da maT saSinao sakiTxebSic ereoda.
 #2

iulius keisari

gaius iulius keisari daibada Zv.w.100 wels warCinebuli

patricianuli gvaris gaius iulius keisris ojaxSi. SemdgomSi is gaxda
romis udidesi politikuri da saxelmwifo moRvawe. Zv.w. 68 wels gaxda
kvestori. Zv.w. 60 wels kavSiri Sekra pompeusTan da krasusTan romelsac
pirveli triumvirati ewoda. is Zv.w. 46 wels airCies diqtatorad.
marTalia misi ganuzomeli Zalaufleba bevrs ar moswonda Tumca man
Tavisi didebuli moRvaweobiT romSi mravali reforma gaatara.
sulas gardacvalebis Semdgom keisarma aqtiuri politikuri
moRvaweoba daiwyo romSi. is mudmivad cdilobda Zalauflebis xelSi
Cagdebas da male amasac miaRwia, kerZod Zv.w. 63 wels is umaRles
qurumad airCies da Semdgom senatma mas “samSoblos mamis” wodebac
mianiWa keisars aseve hqonda mudmivi imperatorobis ufleba da aseve
SeeZlo yvelgan etarebina wiTeli toga rogorc mefes. Ees yovelive aris
imis indikatori Tu raoden didi Zalauflebis mopoveba SeZlo man romSi.
italiaSi dabrunebis Semdgom keisarma mravali Tavisi
mowinaaRmdege Seiwynara da ufro metic, isini daawinaura kidec.
marTalia isini mas morCilebas da erTgulebas ucxadebdnen Tumca gulis
siRrmeSi Zlieri diqtatoris mimarT mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilebi.
Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis Semdgom man mravali reforma gaatara.
senatTa ricxvi 900-mde gazarda maT rigebSi ki samxedro pirebi Caayena.
saxalxo kreba mis dros Tavisi neba-survilis Semsruleblad aqcia da
yovel mowinaaRmdeges dauyovnebliv iSorebda Tavidan. cezaris dros
mudmivad iWreboda oqros moneta, romelic gaxda erTiani. Mman egvifteli
maTematikosis gamoTvlebiT axali welTaRricxva Zv.w. 45 wlis ianvridan
SemoiRo, romelsac ewodeboda iuliusis kalendari.
cezari did yuradRebas aqcevda romis keTilmowyobas da mTeli misi
mmarTvelobis periodSi aq aRmSeneblobiT saqmianobas eweoda. man aago
iuliusis forumi, Teatrebi, taZrebi, sajaro biblioTekebi da kidev
mravali grandiozuli gegma hqonda dasaxuli Tumca man es yovelive
veRar moaswro.
sabolood misi erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobiT ukmayofilo
elementebma mis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba moawyves. Aaris aseTi ambavi rom
mas weriliT Seatyobines amis Sesaxeb Tumca mas es werili arc unaxavs.
Aaserom Zv.w. 44 wlis 15 marts SeTqmulebma romis senatSi is xmlebiT
aCexes is pompeusis qandakebasTan gardaicvala. SeTqmulebaSi cezaris
savaraudod Zalian axlobeli adamiani brutusic monawileobda da
sikvdilis win keisars sityvebi aRmoxda “Senc brutus?” romelsac
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gamoiyeneben axlobeli adamianis Ralatis
aRniSvnis mizniT.

#3

Aaristotele

Aaristotele iyo klasikuri periodis berZeni filosofosi. is iyo

filosofiis gigantis platonic mowafe. is daibada Zv.w. 384 wels
makedoniis samefo karis eqimis ojaxSi. Zv.w. 367 wels ki platonic
filosofiis akademiaSi swavlobda.
Mmaswavleblis gardacvalebis Semdgom aristotelem akademia
datova da Zv.w. 343 wels makedoniis mefe filipII-is Svilis aleqsandres
maswavleblad iqca. sami weli dahyo man mis maswavleblad da didi
dampyrobeli amis Semdgom mas didi pativiscemiT da xSiri mimoweris
daxmarebiT azrebis gacvliT agrZelebda masTan urTierTobas. Tumca Zv.w.
326 wels Aaristoteles mowafe klisTene SeTqmulebaSi iqna braldebuli
da amis Semdgom aleqsandresTan urTierToba Sewyda.
 Aaristoteles aseve ukavSirdeba Zv.w. 335 wels aTenis gareubanSi
peripatetikuli skolis daarseba. Tumca male mas mouwia qalaqis
datoveba radgan aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvalebis Semdgom
antimakedonuri moZraoba gaZlierda da vinaidan aristotele makedonur
orientacias iziarebda amitom iZulebuli gaxda kunZul evbeaze
gaqceuliyo sadac sicocxlis ukanaskneli dReebi gaatara da Zv.w. 322
wels gardaicvala.
Aaristotelem sistemaSi moiyvana berZnuli filosofia. is iTvleba
logikis da fsiqologiis fuZemdeblad. Mman ganaviTara iseTi dargebi
rogorebicaa: eTika, sociologia, literaturaTmcodneoba. is aseve
miiCnevda rom politika ar iyo axalgazrdebis saqme vinaidan axalgazrdas
am sakiTxSi ar eqneboda gamocdileba rac am saqmeSi Zalian mniSvnelovani
iyo misTvis.
Aaristoteles saxelmwifo marTvis aparatis Sesaxeb specifikuri
xedva gaaCnda. mas miuReblad miaCnda tirania da karg formad Tvlida
monarqias. moqalaqeTa sami fenidan: Raribebi, saSualoni da mdidrebi mas
miaCnda rom saxelmwifos mmarTveloba saSualo fenis xalxs unda
Caebarebina radgan maTTvis ucxo iqneboda ori ukiduresoba.
Aaristotele Tavisi drois udidesi pirovneba da ganTqmuli
moazrovne iyo. Mis Sexedulebebs dResac sxvadasxva filosofiur-
politikuri ideologiis gamtareblebi iyeneben.