3.3.4.1.

General Design Steps of PSCG Superstructure

(1) Main Design Steps

Material data
Span arrangement
Girder spacing
Bearing types
(2) Assume deck slab thickness based on girder spacing anticipated girder top flange.
(3) Analyze interior girder
(4) Design deck slab
(5) Design the girder for flexure and shear

a) Detailed Design Steps of PSCG

(1) Establish design criteria.

(2) Assume girder size based on span length and girder spacing.
(3) Determine dead load moments, shear and dead load analysis using STAAD
software or by manual calculation.
Component and attachments
- Slab, haunch, girder, diaphragm, post, railing, sidewalk
Wearing surface and utilities
(4) Determine live load moments and shear by STAAD live load analysis or manual
calculation.
(5) Determine live load distribution factors for moments and shear.
(6) Compute for factored moments using load combinations.
(7) Determine the stress limit immediately prior to transfer in the prestressing strands
for the prestressing steel used.
(8) Determine instantaneous losses for post-tensioned members.
Anchorage set
Friction
Elastic shortening
(9) Determine the approximate estimate of time dependent losses.
(10) Determine stress in strands immediately after transfer as the stress prior to transfer
minus instantaneous losses.
(11) Determine final stress in strands as stress immediately prior to transfer minus sum
of instantaneous loss and time dependent losses after transfer.
(12) Determine compression and tension stress limits at transfer.
(13) Calculate final compression and tension stress limits at service.
(14) Calculate initial service moment stress in the top and bottom of the prestressed
girder.
(15) Calculate final service moment stress in the top and bottom of the prestressed
girder.
(16) Design for flexure under Service Limit State.

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(17) Design for flexure under Strength Limit State.
Calculate main reinforcement of girder.
Calculate factored flexural resistance at points of maximum moment.
Compare factored flexural resistance versus maximum applied factored
moment.
Check the maximum and minimum reinforcement.
(18) Design for shear under Strength Limit State.
(19) Calculate immediate and longtime deflection.

b) AASHTO Live Load Requirement

Vehicular live loading on the roadways of bridges or incidental structures, designated

HL-93, shall consist of a combination of the:

Design truck or design tandem and design lane load.

Each design lane under consideration shall be occupied by either the design truck or
tandem, coincident with the lane load, where applicable. The loads shall be assumed to
occupy 3-meters transversely withing the design lane.

i. Design Truck

The weights and spacings of axles and wheels for the design truck are shown in the
figure and dynamic load allowance shall be considered

The spacing between the two 145kN axles shall be varied between 4.30m and 9.10m
to produce maximum force effects.

35kN 145kN 145kN

4.30m 4.30m - 9.10m

Figure 14 Design Truck HL-93

ii. Design Tandem

The design tandem shall consist of a pair of 110kN axles spaced 1.20m apart. The
transverse spacing of wheels shall be taken as 1.80m. The weights and spacing of
axles and wheels for the tandem loading are shown in the following figure and a
dynamic load allowance shall be considered
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 110kN 110kN
1.20m

Figure 15 Design Tandem Characteristics

iii. Design Lane Load

The design lane load shall consist of a load 9.34kN/m, uniformly distributed in the
longitudinal direction. Transversely, the design lane shall be assumed to be
uniformly distributed over a 3.0m width. The force effects from the design lane load
shall not be subjected to a dynamic allowance and is shown in the following figure.

Uniform Load of 9.34kN per Linear Meter

Figure 16 Design Lane Load Characteristics

iv. Application of Design Live Loads

The effect of the design tandem combined with the effect of the design lane load,
or

The effect of one design truck with the variable axle spacing specified above,
combined with the effect of the design lane load, and

For both negative moment between points of contra flexure under a uniform load
on all spans, and reaction at interior piers only, 90% of the effect of two design
trucks spaced a minimum of 15.0m between the lead axle of one truck and the rear
axle of the other truck, combined with 90% of the effect of the design lane load.
The distance between 145kN axles of each truck shall be taken as 4.30m. The two
design trucks shall be placed in adjacent spans to produce maximum force effects.

Axle that do not contribute to the extreme force effect under consideration shall be
neglected.

Both the design lanes and the 3.0m loaded width in each lane shall be positioned to
produce extreme force effects. The design truck or tandem shall be positioned
transversely such that the center of any wheel load is not closer than:

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