Docslide PDF

Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
(919810-T)
Tingkat 1, No. 35, Jalan 5/10B, Spring Crest Industrial Park
68100 Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia.
Tel/Fax: 03 - 6185 2402
All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrival system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior permission from Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (919810-T), 2012
Printed by Pramaju Sdn. Bhd.

No. 35, Jalan 5/10B
Spring Crest Industrial Park
68100 Batu Caves
Selangor Darul Ehsan
CONTENTS
KANDUNGAN
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

1 1
STRUKTUR ATOM
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS

2 22
FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
PERIODIC TABLE
3 49
JADUAL BERKALA
CHEMICAL BOND
4 72
IKATAN KIMIA
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
5 88
ELEKTROKIMIA
ACID AND BASES

6 114
ASID DAN BES
SALT
7 139
GARAM
MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

8 168
BAHAN KIMIA DALAM INDUSTRI
Con-Chem F4 (B).indd 3 12/9/2011 6:00:06 PM

Chemistry Form 4 • MODULE
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

1 STRUKTUR ATOM
MATTER / JIRIM
• PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI ZARAH JIRIM

– To state the particle theory of matter
Menyatakan teori zarah jirim
– To differentiate and draw the three types of particles i.e. atom, ion and molecule
Membezakan dan melukis tiga jenis zarah jirim iaitu atom, ion dan molekul
– To describe the laboratory activity to investigate the diffusion of particles in gas, a liquid and a solid. (To prove that matter is
made up of tiny and discrete particles)
Menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk mengkaji resapan zarah dalam gas, cecair dan pepejal (Untuk membuktikan bahawa jirim terdiri daripada
zarah-zarah yang halus dan diskrit)
• KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI KINETIK JIRIM

– To state the kinetic theory of matter
Menyatakan teori kinetik jirim
– To relate the change of physical states of matters with energy change
Menghubungkaitkan perubahan keadaan jirim dengan perubahan tenaga
– To relate the change of energy in the particles with kinetic particle theory of matter
Menghubungkaitkan perubahan tenaga dalam zarah dengan perubahan tenaga kinetik zarah
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS / STRUKTUR ATOM
• HISTORY OF ATOMIC MODELS DEVELOPMENT / SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM

– To state the contribution of scientists in the atomic structure model such as the scientists who discovered electron, proton,
nucleus, neutron and shell
Menyatakan sumbangan ahli sains kepada perkembangan model struktur atom dan ahli sains yang menemui elektron, proton, nukleus, neutron dan
petala
• SUBATOMIC PARTICLES / ZARAH-ZARAH SUBATOM

– To compare and differentiate subatomic particles i.e. proton, neutron and electron from the aspect of charge, relative mass
and location
Membanding dan membezakan zarah-zarah subatom iaitu proton, neutron dan elektron dari segi cas, jisim relatif dan kedudukan
– To state the meaning of proton number and nucleon number based on the subatomic particle
Menyatakan maksud nombor proton dan nombor nukleon berdasarkan zarah subatom
– To write the symbol of elements with proton number and nucleon number
Menulis simbol unsur yang mengandungi nombor proton dan nombor nukleon
• ISOTOPE / ISOTOP
– To state the meaning, examples and the use of isotopes
Menyatakan maksud isotop, contoh-contoh isotop dan kegunaan isotop
• ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT / SUSUNAN ELEKTRON

– To know the number of electron shells and number of electrons in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd shell
Mengetahui bilangan petala elektron serta bilangan elektron yang diisi dalam petala 1, 2 dan 3
– To write the electron arrangement of atoms based on proton number or number of electrons and state the number of valence
electron
Menulis susunan elektron bagi suatu atom berdasarkan nombor proton atau bilangan elektron dan seterusnya menyatakan bilangan elektron valens
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
1
.
m
Nila
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 1 12/9/2011 5:59:26 PM

MODULE • Chemistry Form 4
MATTER / Jirim
Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.

Jirim adalah sebarang bahan yang mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi ruang.
The Particle Theory of Matter / Teori Zarah Jirim

1 Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. Three types of tiny particles are atoms , ions and molecules .
Jisim terdiri daripada zarah yang halus dan diskrit. Tiga jenis zarah tersebut ialah atom , ion dan molekul .
2 Matter can be classified as element or compound. / Jirim boleh dikelaskan sebagai unsur atau sebatian.
3 Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
MATTER / JIRIM
ELEMENT / UNSUR COMPOUND / SEBATIAN

A substance made from only satu type of atom. A substance made from two or more different
satu elements which are bonded together.
Bahan yang terdiri daripada jenis atom sahaja.
Bahan yang terdiri daripada dua atau lebih
unsur berbeza yang terikat secara kimia.
Types of particles / Jenis zarah Types of particles / Jenis zarah
Atom / Atom Molecule / Molekul Molecule / Molekul Ion / Ion

The smallest neutral particle A neutral particle consists A neutral particle consists Positively or negatively
of an element (Normally pure of similar non-metal atoms of different non-metal atoms charged particles, which
metals, noble gases and a which are covalently-bonded. which are covalently-bonded. are formed from metal
few non-metal elements such Zarah neutral terdiri daripada Zarah neutral terdiri daripada atom and non-metal atom
as carbon and silicon). atom-atom bukan logam serupa atom-atom bukan logam berlainan respectively. The force of
Zarah neutral yang paling kecil terikat secara ikatan kovalen. terikat secara ikatan kovalen. attraction between the two
bagi suatu unsur (Biasanya logam oppositely charged ions
tulen, gas adi dan beberapa unsur Example: Example:
forms an ionic bond.
bukan logam seperti karbon dan Contoh: Contoh:
Zarah bercas positif atau negatif
silikon). terbentuk dari logam dan bukan
Oxygen gas, O2 Carbon dioxide gas, CO2
logam terikat secara ikatan ion.
Example: Gas oksigen, O2 Gas karbon dioksida, CO2 Daya tarikan antara dua ion yang
Contoh: berlawanan cas membentuk ikatan
Sodium metal, Na O C O ion.
Logam natrium, Na O O O O
O C O
Example:
Na Na Na Na Na O O O C O Contoh:
Na Na Na Na Na Na Sodium chloride, NaCl
Hydrogen gas, H2 Natrium klorida, NaCl
Na Na Na Na Na Water, H2O
Gas hidrogen, H2 Air, H2O Na+ Cl – Na+ Cl – Na+
Neon gas, Ne
Cl – Na+ Cl – Na + Cl –
Gas Neon, Ne H H H H H O H
Na+ Cl – Na+ Cl – Na+
H O H
Ne Ne H H H O H Calcium oxide, CaO
Kalsium oksida, CaO
Ne
Ca2+ O 2– Ca2+ O 2– Ca2+
O 2– Ca2+ O 2– Ca2+ O 2–
Ca2+ O 2– Ca2+ O 2– Ca2+
– Elements can be identified as metal or non-metal by referring to the Periodic Table.

Unsur boleh dikenal pasti sebagai logam atau bukan logam dengan merujuk kepada Jadual Berkala Unsur.
– Formation of molecule and ion will be studied in Chapter 4 (Chemical Bond).
Pembentukan molekul atau ion akan dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4 (Ikatan Kimia).
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
2
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 2 12/9/2011 5:59:27 PM

4 Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Tentukan jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan berikut:
Substances Type of particle Substances Type of particle Substances Type of particle

Bahan Jenis zarah Bahan Jenis zarah Bahan Jenis zarah
Sulphur dioxide
Hydrogen gas (H2) (SO2) Tetrachloromethane (CCl4)
Molecule Sulfur dioksida Molecule Tetraklorometana (CCl4) Molecule
Gas hidrogen (H2)
(SO2)
Copper(II) sulphate
(CuSO4) Zink chloride (ZnCl2)
Iron (Fe)
Ion Atom Zink klorida Ion
Kuprum(II) sulfat Ferum (Fe)
(ZnCl2 )
(CuSO4 )
Argon (Ar) Carbon (C) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Argon (Ar) Atom Karbon (C) Atom Hidrogen peroksida (H2O2) Molecule
5 Diffusion
Resapan
(a) The tiny and discrete particles that made up matter are constantly moving. In gases, these particles are very far apart
from each other, in liquids, the particles are closer together and in solids, they are arranged closely packed.
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak. Dalam gas, susunan zarah-zarahnya adalah berjauhan
antara satu sama lain, dalam cecair, zarah-zarahnya disusun lebih rapat dan dalam pepejal, zarah-zarahnya disusun dengan sangat
padat dan teratur.
(b) Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance.
Resapan berlaku apabila zarah-zarah suatu bahan bergerak di antara zarah-zarah bahan lain.
(c) Diffusion occurs in a solid, liquid and gas. Complete the following table:
Resapan berlaku dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas. Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Diffusion in a gas Diffusion in a liquid Diffusion in a solid

Resapan dalam gas Resapan dalam cecair Resapan dalam pepejal
A few drops After few

of bromine minutes Water After a After a
liquid Air
few hours Gel
Experiment Selepas Agar-agar day
Beberapa titis
Eksperimen cecair bromin
beberapa Selepas Selepas
minit beberapa jam Copper(II) sehari
Potassium manganate(VII) sulphate
Kalium manganat(VII) Kuprum(II) sulfat
The brown colour of bromine vapour, The purple colour of solid potassium The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate,
Br2 spreads far throughout manganate(VII), KMnO4 spreads CuSO4 spreads very slowly
Observation the two jars. slowly throughout the water. throughout the gel.
Pemerhatian Warna perang wap bromin, Br2 merebak Warna ungu pepejal kalium manganat(VII), Warna biru kuprum(II) sulfat,
dengan cepat memenuhi kedua-dua KMnO4 merebak dengan perlahan sangat perlahan
CuSO4 merebak
balang gas. di dalam air. di dalam agar-agar.
Bromine vapour, Br2 and air are made Potassium manganate(VII) is Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is made
up of molecules . made up of potassium ions and up of copper(II) ions and
manganate(VII) ions. The ions ions ions
Wap bromin, Br2 dan udara terdiri sulphate . The
daripada molekul . diffuse slowly between close slow
diffuse very between
Bromine molecules diffuse space of water particles which is in closely packed space of gel particles
Explanation quickly between large liquid form. which is in solid form.
Penerangan Kalium manganat(VII) terdiri daripada Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 terdiri daripada
space of air particles which is in gas ion kalium dan ion manganat(VII). ion ion
Ion-ion perlahan kuprum(II) dan
form. ini meresap Ion-ion
Molekul bromin meresap pantas rapat sulfat. ini meresap dengan
antara ruang zarah air perlahan
besar sangat antara ruang
melalui ruang antara zarah- yang berbentuk cecair. padat zarah agar-agar yang
zarah udara yang berbentuk gas.
berbentuk pepejal.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
3
.
m
Nila
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 3 12/9/2011 5:59:28 PM

(d) Conclusions:
Kesimpulan:
(i) Diffusion occurs faster in gas than in liquid. There is larger space in between the particles of
a gas than a liquid. Particles in a gas are further apart. The particles in the liquid
are closer together.
Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam gas berbanding di dalam cecair. Terdapat ruang yang lebih besar
antara zarah-zarah gas berbanding dengan cecair. Zarah-zarah gas adalah berjauhan
antara satu sama lain. Zarah-zarah cecair adalah lebih rapat antara satu sama lain.
(ii) Diffusion occurs faster in a liquid than in solid. There is larger space in between the particles
of a liquid than a solid. The particles in the solid are very close together.
Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam cecair berbanding di dalam pepejal. Terdapat ruang yang lebih besar
antara zarah-zarah cecair berbanding dengan pepejal. Zarah-zarah pepejal tersusun sangat rapat
dan padat antara satu sama lain.
(iii) Bromine gas, potassium manganate(VII) and copper(II) sulphate are made up of tiny and discrete
particles that are constantly moving/constant motion .
Gas bromin, kalium manganat(VII) dan kuprum(II) sulfat terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit
yang sentiasa bergerak .
The Kinetic Theory of Matter / Teori Kinetik Jirim
1 Matter exists in three different states which are solid , liquid and gas .
Jirim wujud dalam tiga keadaan iaitu pepejal , cecair dan gas .
2 Matter that made up of tiny and discrete particles which are always in constantly moving .
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak .
3 As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles increases and the particles move faster .
Apabila suhu meningkat, tenaga kinetik zarah-zarah akan bertambah dan zarah-zarah akan bergerak dengan lebih cepat .
4 Particles in different states of matter have different arrangement, strength of forces between them, movement and
energy content.
Zarah-zarah dalam keadaan jirim yang berbeza mempunyai susunan, daya tarikan antara zarah, pergerakan dan kandungan
tenaga yang berbeza.
5 Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:
State of matter Solid Liquid Gas

Keadaan jirim Pepejal Cecair Gas
Draw the particles arrangement.

Each particle (atom/ ion/
molecule) is represented by
Lukis susunan zarah. Setiap zarah
(atom / ion / molekul) diwakili dengan
‘ ’
The particles are arranged The particles are arranged The particles are very
closely packed in closely packed but not in widely separated
Particles arrangement from
orderly manner. orderly manner . each other.
Susunan zarah
Zarah-zarah tersusun padat Zarah-zarah tersusun padat Zarah-zarah terpisah jauh
dan teratur . tetapi tidak teratur . antara satu sama lain.
Particles can only vibrate Particles can vibrate , Particles can vibrate ,
and rotate about their rotate and move rotate and move
Particles movement
Pergerakan zarah fixed position. throughout the liquid. freely.
Zarah bergetar dan berputar Zarah bergetar , berputar dan Zarah bergetar , berputar dan
pada kedudukan tetap. bergerak dalam cecair. bergerak bebas.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
4
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 4 12/9/2011 5:59:28 PM

Strong forces between the

Very strong forces particles but weaker than Weak forces between
Attractive forces between the the forces in the solid.
between the particles. the perticles
particles Daya tarikan yang kuat
Daya tarikan yang sangat kuat Daya tarikan yang lemah
Daya tarikan antara zarah antara zarah-zarah tetapi
antara zarah-zarah. antara zarah-zarah.
lebih lemah berbanding di
dalam pepejal.
Energy content is higher

than solid but less than in a Energy content is very
Energy content is very low .
Energy content of the particles gas. high.
Kandungan tenaga sangat
Kandungan tenaga zarah
rendah Kandungan tenaga lebih tinggi Kandungan tenaga sangat
.
daripada pepejal tetapi tinggi.
lebih rendah daripada gas.
6 Changes in the state of matter

Perubahan keadaan jirim
(a) Matter undergoes change of state when heat energy is absorbed or released/lose :
Jirim mengalami perubahan keadaan apabila tenaga haba di serap atau di bebaskan :
(i) When heat energy is absorbed by the matter (it is heated), the kinetic energy of the particles
increases and they vibrate faster.
Apabila tenaga haba diserap oleh jirim (semasa dipanaskan), tenaga kinetik zarah bertambah
dan zarah tersebut bergerak dengan lebih cepat.
(ii) When matter releases heat energy (it is cooled), the kinetic energy of the particles decreases and
they vibrate less vigorously.
Apabila tenaga haba dibebaskan oleh jirim (semasa disejukkan), tenaga kinetik zarah berkurang dan
zarah tersebut bergerak kurang cergas.
(b) Inter - conversion of the states of matter:
Perubahan keadaan jirim:
Melting / Peleburan Boiling/Evoporation / Pendidihan/Penyejatan

Solid Liquid Gas
Pepejal Cecair Gas
Freezing / Pembekuan Condensation / Kondensasi
7 Determination of melting and freezing points of naphthalene

Penentuan takat lebur dan takat beku naftalena
Materials / Bahan: Naphthalene powder, water
Apparatus / Radas: Boiling tube, conical flask, beaker, retort stand, thermometer 0 – 100°C, stopwatch,
Bunsen burner and wire gauze
Procedure / Prosedur:
I. Heating of naphthalene / Pemanasan naftalena
Set-up of apparatus: / Susunan radas:
Thermometer / Termometer
Boiling tube / Tabung didih

Water / Air
Naphthalene / Naftalena
Heat
Haba
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
5
.
m
Nila
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 5 12/9/2011 5:59:28 PM

(a) A boiling tube is filled 3 - 5 cm height with naphthalene powder and a thermometer is
placed into it.
Tabung didih diisi dengan serbuk naftalena setinggi 3 – 5 cm dan termometer diletakkan
di dalamnya.
(b) The boiling tube is immersed in a water bath as shown in the diagram so that the water level in the water bath
is higher than naphtalene powder in the boiling tube.
Tabung didih dimasukkan ke dalam kukus air seperti di dalam gambar rajah dan pastikan aras air dalam kukus air lebih tinggi
daripada aras naftalena dalam tabung didih.
(c) The water is heated and the naphthalene is stirred slowly with thermometer .
Air dipanaskan dan naftalena dikacau perlahan-lahan dengan termometer .
(d) When the temperature of naphthalene reaches 60°C , the stopwatch is started. The temperature of
naphthalene is recorded at 30 seconds intervals until the temperature of naphthalene reaches 90°C .
Apabila suhu naftalena mencapai 60°C , mulakan jam randik. Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap 30 saat
sehingga suhunya mencapai 90°C .
II. Cooling of naphthalene / Penyejukan naftalena
Naphthalene
Naftalena
Naftalena
(a) The boiling tube and its content is removed from the water bath and put into a conical flask as shown
in the diagram.
Tabung didih dan kandungannya dikeluarkan daripada kukus air dan dipindahkan ke dalam kelalang kon seperti
dalam gambar rajah.
(b) The content in the boiling tube is stirred constantly with thermometer throughout cooling
process to avoid supercooling (the temperature of cooling liquid drops below freezing point, without
the appearance of a solid).
Kandungan dalam tabung didih dikacau perlahan-lahan dengan termometer sepanjang proses penyejukan untuk
mengelakkan penyejukan lampau (Suhu cecair yang disejukkan turun melepasi takat beku tanpa pembentukan
pepejal).
(c) The temperature of naphthalene is recorded every 30 seconds interval until the temperature drops
to 60°C .
Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap 30 saat sehingga suhunya mencapai 60°C .
(d) A graph of temperature against time is plotted for the heating and cooling process respectively.
Graf suhu melawan masa dilukis untuk proses pemanasan dan penyejukan.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
6
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 6 12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM

The Explanation of the Heating Process of Matter / Penerangan Proses Pemanasan
1 The heating curve of naphthalene:

Lengkung pemanasan naftalena:
Temperature/°C
Suhu/°C
F
D E
B C
A
Time/s
Masa/s
2 When a solid is heated, the particles absorb heat and move faster as its energy content increases. As the heat
energy is absorbed , the state of matter will change.
Apabila pepejal dipanaskan, zarah-zarah menyerap haba dan bergerak lebih cepat disebabkan kandungan tenaga bertambah.
Tenaga haba diserap menyebabkan perubahan keadaan jirim.
Point State of Matter Explanation

Titik Keadaan jirim Penerangan
Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the solid naphthalene causing their
kinetic energy to increase and vibrate faster . The temperature
A to B
Solid increases.
A ke B
Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah pepejal naftalena menyebabkan tenaga kinetik akan
bertambah dan zarah bergetar dengan lebih cepat . Suhu semakin meningkat .
Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene is used to

overcome forces between particles so that the solid turn to liquid . The
B to C Solid and
temperature remains constant .
B ke C Liquid
Tenaga haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah dalam pepejal naftalena digunakan untuk mengatasi
daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi cecair . Suhu adalah tetap .
Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene causing their
kinetic energy to increase and move faster . The temperature
C to D
Liquid increases .
C ke D
Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah cecair naftalena menyebabkan tenaga kinetik akan
bertambah dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan lebih cepat . Suhu semakin meningkat .
Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene is used to

overcome the forces of attraction between particles. The particles begin to move freely
D to E Liquid and to form a gas . The temperature remains constant .
D ke E Gas
Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah dalam cecair naftalena digunakan untuk mengatasi
daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah. Zarah-zarah mula bergerak bebas untuk membentuk gas . Suhu
adalah tetap .
Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the gas causing their kinetic
E to F energy to incerease and move faster . The temperature increases .
Gas
E ke F Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah gas naftalena menyebabkan tenaga kinetik akan bertambah
dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan lebih cepat . Suhu semakin meningkat .
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
7
.
m
Nila
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 7 12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM

3 The constant temperature at which a solid

completely changes to become a liquid is called the melting point .
During the melting process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy absorbed by the particles
is used to overcome the forces between particles so that the solid change to turn into a liquid .
Suhu tetap di mana suatu pepejal berubah kepada keadaan cecair dipanggil takat lebur .
Semasa proses peleburan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah digunakan untuk
mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi cecair .
4 The constant temperature at which a liquid

completely changes to become a gas is called the boiling point .
During the boiling process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy absorbed by the particles
is used to overcome the forces between particles so that the liquid change to turn into a gas.
Suhu tetap di mana suatu bahan dalam keadaan cecair berubah kepada keadaan gas dipanggil takat didih .
Semasa proses pendidihan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah digunakan untuk
mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya cecair berubah menjadi gas.
The Explanation for the Cooling Process of Matter: / Penerangan Proses Penyejukan Bahan:
1 The cooling curve of naphthalene:

Lengkung penyejukan naftalena:
Temperature/°C
Suhu/°C
Q R
S
Time/s
Masa/s
2 When the liquid is cooled, the particles in the liquid release energy and move slower as its energy content
decreases. As the energy is released to the surrounding, the state of matter will change.
Apabila cecair disejukkan, zarah cecair membebaskan tenaga dan bergerak semakin perlahan. Keadaan jirim
berubah semasa tenaga dibebaskan ke persekitaran.
Point State of matter Explanation

Titik Keadaan jirim Penerangan
Heat is released/given out to the surrounding by the particles in the liquid naphthalene.
The particles in the liquid lose their kinetic energy and move slower. The
P to Q
P ke Q
Liquid temperature decreases .
Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam cecair naftalena. Zarah-zarah dalam
cecair kehilangan tenaga kinetik dan bergerak semakin perlahan. Suhu semakin menurun .
The heat released to the surrounding by the particles in liquid naphthalene is balanced
by the heat energy released as the particles attract one another to form a solid .
Q to R Liquid and The temperature remains constant .
Q ke R Solid dibebaskan cecair diimbangi
Haba ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam naftalena oleh
tenaga haba yang terbebas apabila zarah-zarah tertarik antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk
pepejal . Suhu adalah tetap .
The particles in the solid naphthalene releases heat and vibrate slower . The temperature
R to S decreases .
R ke S
Solid membebaskan lebih perlahan
Zarah-zarah dalam pepejal naftalena tenaga dan bergetar dengan .
Suhu semakin menurun .
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
8
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 8 12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM

3 The constant temperature at which a liquid

changes to a solid is called freezing point . During the freezing
process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat released to the surrounding is balanced by the
heat released when the liquid particles rearrange themselves to become a solid .
Suhu tetap di mana suatu cecair berubah kepada keadaan pepejal dipanggil takat beku . Semasa proses
pembekuan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang dibebaskan ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh haba yang terbebas
apabila zarah-zarah cecair menyusun semula untuk membentuk pepejal .
Keadaan Fizik Bahan pada Sebarang Suhu: / Physical State Of A Substance At Any Given Temperature:
1 A substance is in solid state if the temperature of the substance is below melting point
Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan pepejal jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih rendah daripada takat leburnya.
2 A substance is in liquid state if the temperature of the substance is between melting and boiling points.
Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan cecair jika suhu bahan tersebut berada antara takat lebur dan takat didihnya.
3 A substance is in gas state if the temperature of the substance is above boiling point.
Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan gas jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih tinggi daripada takat didihnya.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The table below shows substances and their chemical formula.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bahan dan formula kimia masing-masing.
Substance / Bahan Chemical formula / Formula kimia Type of particle / Jenis zarah
Silver / Argentum Ag Atom

Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida K2O Ion
Ammonia / Ammonia NH3 Molecule
Chlorine / Klorin Cl2 Molecule
(a) State the type of particles that made up each substance in the table.
Nyatakan jenis zarah yang membentuk bahan dalam jadual di atas.
(b) Which of the substances are element? Explain your answer.
Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu unsur? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Silver and chlorine. Silver and chlorine are made up of one type of atom
(c) Which of the substance are compound? Explain your answer.

Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu sebatian? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Potassium oxide and ammonia. Potassium oxide and ammonia are made up of two different elements
2 The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substance P, Q and R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi bahan P, Q dan R.
Substance / Bahan Melting point / Takat lebur / °C Boiling point / Takat didih / °C
P –36 6
Q –18 70
R 98 230
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
9
.
m
Nila
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 9 12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM

(a) (i) What is meant by ‘melting point’?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan ‘takat lebur’?
The constant temperature at which a solid charges to a liquid at particular pressure
(ii) What is meant by ‘boiling point’?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan ‘takat didih’?
The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at particular pressure
(b) Draw the particles arrangement of substances P, Q and R at room condition.

Lukis susunan zarah P, Q dan R pada keadaan bilik.
Substance P P/ Bahan P
Bahan Substance Q Q/ Bahan Q
Bahan Substance R /RBahan R
Bahan

(c) (i) What is the substance that exist in the form of liquid at 0°C.
Nyatakan bahan yang wujud dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu 0°C.
P, Q
(ii) Give reason to your answer.

Jelaskan jawapan anda.
The temperature 0°C is above the melting point of Q and below the boiling point of Q
(d) (i) Substance Q is heated from room temperature to 100°C. Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the
heating of substance Q.
Bahan Q dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 100°C. Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa bagi pemanasan bahan Q terhadap masa
untuk pemanasan bahan Q.
Temperature/°C
70
Time/s
(ii) What is the state of matter of substance Q at 70°C?

Apakah keadaan fizik bahan Q pada 70°C?
Liquid and gas
(e) Compare the melting point of substances Q and R. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan takat lebur bahan Q dan R. Terangkan jawapan anda.
The melting point of substance R is higher than subtance Q. The attraction force between particles in substance R
is stronger than Q. More heat is needed to overcome the force between particles in substance R.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
10
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 10 12/9/2011 5:59:30 PM

3 The melting point of acetamide can be determined by heating solid acetamide until it melts as shown in the diagram
below. The temperature of acetemide is recorded every three minutes when it is left to cool down at room temperature.
Takat lebur asetamida boleh ditentukan dengan memanaskan pepejal asetamida sehingga lebur seperti dalam rajah di bawah. Suhu asetamida
dicatatkan setiap tiga minit semasa disejukkan pada suhu bilik.
Thermometer / Termometer
Boiling tube / Tabung didih
Water / Air
Acetamide / Asetamida
(a) What is the purpose of using water bath in the experiment?

Apakah tujuan menggunakan kukus air dalam eksperimen ini?
To ensure even heating of acetemide. Acetamide is easily combustible.
(b) State the name of another substance which its melting point can also be determined by using water bath as shown
in the above diagram.
Namakan satu bahan lain yang mana takat leburnya boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti rajah di atas.
Naphthalene
(c) Sodium nitrate has a melting point of 310°C. Can the melting point of sodium nitrate be determined by using the
water bath as shown in the diagram? Explain your answer.
Natrium nitrat mempunyai takat lebur 310°C. Bolehkah takat lebur natrium nitrat ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti
yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
No, because the melting point of water is 100°C which is less than the melting point of sodium nitrate.
(d) Why do we need to stir the acetemide in the boiling tube in above experiment?
Mengapakah asetamida dalam tabung didih itu perlu dikacau sepanjang eksperimen?
To make sure the heat is distributed evenly
(e) The graph of temperature against time for the cooling of liquid acetamide is shown below.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa untuk penyejukan cecair asetamida.
Temperature / Suhu/ °C
T3
Q R
T2
T1 Time / Masa/s
(i) What is the freezing point of acetamide?

Apakah takat beku asetamida?
T2°C
(ii) The temperature between Q and R is constant. Explain.
Suhu antara titik Q dan R adalah tetap. Jelaskan.
The heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles
rearrange themselves to become solid.
(f) Acetemide exists as molecules. State the name of another compound that is made up of molecules.
Asetamida wujud sebagai molekul. Namakan sebatian lain yang terdiri daripada molekul.
Water/naphthalene
(g) What is the melting point of acetamide?

Apakah takat lebur asetamida?
T2°C
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
11
.
m
Nila
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 11 12/9/2011 5:59:30 PM

The Atomic Structure / Struktur Atom
1 History of the development of atomic models:

Sejarah perkembangan model atom:
Scientist Atomic Model Discovery

Saintis Model atom Penemuan
(i) Matter is made up of particles called atoms .

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah dipanggil atom .
(ii) Atoms cannot be created , destroyed or divided .
Dalton dicipta dimusnah dibahagi
Atom tidak boleh , atau .
(iii) Atoms from the same element are identical .
Atom daripada unsur sama adalah sama .
(i) Discovered the electrons , the first subatomic particle.

Sfera bercas
Positively charged sphere
Positif positif Menjumpai elektron , zarah subatom yang pertama.
.......................
Sfera bercas
(ii) Atom is sphere of positive
charge which embedded with
Thomson
Electron
Elektron charges negative negatively charged particles called electrons .
.......................
bercas negatif Atom adalah sfera yang bercas positif yang mengandungi zarah
Elektron bercas negatif
bercas negatif dipanggil elektron .
(i) Discovered the nucleus as the centre of an atom and

Electron moves positively charged .
Elektron
...........................
outside the nucleus Menjumpai nukleus yang merupakan pusat bagi atom dan
bergerak di luar
Elektron
nukleus bergerak di luar bercas positif .
nukleus
(ii) Proton is a part of the nucleus.
Rutherford Nukleus
mengandungi Proton adalah sebahagian daripada nukleus.
Nucleus that
proton proton
contain
.................... Electron
(iii) move outside the nucleus.
Nukleus mengandungi Elektron bergerak di sekeliling nukleus.
proton
(iv) Most of the mass of the atom found in the nucleus .
Nukleus mempunyai hampir semua jisim atom.
Shell
Nucleus that (i) Discovered the existence of electron shells .

contain proton Menjumpai kewujudan petala elektron.
Neils Bohr
Nukleus mengandungi (ii) Electrons move in the shells around the nucleus.
proton Elektron nukleus
bergerak di dalam petala mengelilingi .
Electron
(i) Discovered the existence of neutron .

Shell Menjumpai kewujudan neutron .
(ii) Nucleus of an atom contains neutral particles called
Nucleus that contain
proton and neutron neutron and positively charged particles called
James
Chadwick Nukleus mengandungi proton .
proton dan neutron Nukleus mengandungi zarah-zarah neutral dipanggil neutron dan
zarah-zarah bercas positif dipanggil proton .
Electron (iii) The mass of a neutron and proton is almost the same.
Jisim neutron dan proton adalah hampir sama.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
12
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 12 12/9/2011 5:59:31 PM

2 The structure of an atom: / Struktur Atom:
Shell / Petala
Nucleus that contain proton and neutron

Nukleus yang mengandungi proton dan neutron
Electron / Elektron
(a) An atom has a central nucleus and electrons that move in the shells around the nucleus.
Atom mempunyai nukleus di tengahnya dan elektron bergerak di dalam petala mengelilingi nukleus tersebut.
(b) The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.

Nukleus mengandungi proton dan neutron.
(c) Each proton has charge of +1 . Each electron has an electrical charge of –1 . The neutron has no
charge (it is neutral ). An atom has the same number of protons and electrons, so the overall charge
of atom is zero . Atom is neutral . (If an atom loses or gains electrons it is called an ion – formation
of ion will be studied in Chapter 4)
Setiap proton bercas +1 . Setiap elektron bercas –1 . Neutron tidak mempunyai cas
(ianya adalah neutral ).
Setiap atom mempunyai bilangan proton dan elektron yang sama, oleh itu cas keseluruhan bagi atom adalah sifar . Atom
adalah neutral . (Suatu atom akan membentuk ion apabila ia kehilangan atau menerima elektron – pembentukan ion akan
dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4.)
(d) The relative mass of a neutron and a proton which are in the nucleus is 1. The mass of an atom is obtained mainly
from the number of proton and neutron .
Jisim relatif proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus ialah 1. Jisim suatu atom diperoleh daripada jumlah bilangan proton
dan bilangan neutron .
1
(e) The mass of an electron can be ignored as the mass of an electron is about times the size of a proton or
1 840
neutron.
Jisim elektron boleh diabaikan kerana ia terlalu kecil iaitu 1 daripada jisim proton dan neutron.
1 840
3 Complete the following table:
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:
Subatomic particles Symbol Charge Relative atomic mass Position

Zarah subatom Simbol Cas Jisim atom relatif Kedudukan
1
Electron/Elektron e – (negative) =0 In the shells
1 840
Proton/Proton p + (positive) 1 In the nucleus
Neutron/Neutron n neutral 1 In the nucleus
4 Atom is the smallest neutral particle of an element.

Atom adalah zarah neutral paling kecil dalam suatu unsur.
Complete the following diagram: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na Na
Na
Na Na Na Na

Sodium element Sodium element Sodium element Sodium atom

Unsur natrium Unsur natrium Unsur natrium Atom natrium
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
13
.
m
Nila
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 13 12/9/2011 5:59:32 PM

5 Proton number of an element (Refer to Periodic table of an element)

Nombor proton sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)
(a) Proton number of an element is the number of proton in its atom .
Nombor proton sesuatu unsur adalah bilangan proton yang terdapat dalam atom .
(b) The number of proton of an atom is also equal to the number of electrons in the atom because atom is neutral .
Bilangan proton sesuatu atom adalah sama dengan bilangan elektron dalam atom kerana atom adalah neutral .
(c) Every element has its own proton number:
Setiap unsur mempunyai nombor protonnya tersendiri:
– Proton number of potassium, K is 19. Potasium atom has 19 protons in the nucleus and 19 electrons
in the shells.
Nombor proton untuk kalium, K ialah 19. Atom kalium mempunyai 19 proton di dalam nukleus dan
19 elektron di dalam petala.
– Proton number of oxygen, O is 8. Oxygen atom has 8 protons in the nucleus and 8 electrons
in the shells.
Nombor proton untuk oksigen, O ialah 8. Atom oksigen mempunyai 8 proton di dalam nukleus dan
8 elektron di dalam petala.
6 Nucleon number of an element (Refer to Periodic table of an element)
Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)
(a) Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom .
Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur adalah jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu atom .
(b) Nucleon number is also known as a mass number.
Nombor nukleon juga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim.
(c) Nucleon number = number of proton + number of neutron.
Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron.
Symbol of Element And Standard Representation For An Atom of Element

Simbol Unsur dan Perwakilan Piawai bagi Atom Sesuatu Unsur
1 The symbol of an element is a short way of representing an element. If the symbol has only one letter, it must be a capital
letter. If it has two letters, the first is always a capital letter, while the second is always a small letter.
Simbol unsur adalah cara mudah untuk mewakilkan unsur. Jika simbol hanya terdiri daripada satu huruf, maka ia mesti ditulis dengan huruf
besar. Tetapi jika simbol terdiri daripada dua huruf, maka huruf pertama merupakan huruf besar dan huruf kedua merupakan huruf kecil.
Example: / Contoh:
Element Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol
Unsur Simbol Unsur Simbol Unsur Simbol
Oxygen/Oksigen O Nitrogen/Nitrogen N Calcium/Kalsium Ca
Magnesium/Magnesium Mg Sodium/Natrium Na Copper/Kuprum Cu
Hydrogen/Hidrogen H Potassium/Kalium K Chlorine/Klorin Cl

The first letter of each element is capitalised to show that it is a new element. This is helpful when writing a chemical formula.
For example KCl. There are two elements chemically bonded in KCl because there are two capital letters represent potassium and
chlorine.
Huruf yang pertama bagi setiap unsur ditulis dengan huruf besar untuk menunjukkan ia adalah unsur yang baru. Ini sangat berguna semasa menulis formula
kimia. Contohnya KCl. Terdapat dua unsur yang terikat secara kimia dalam KCl kerana adanya dua huruf besar yang mewakili kalium dan klorin.
2 Standard representation symbol represents one atom of an element. It can be written as:
Simbol perwakilan piawai mewakili satu atom sesuatu unsur. Ianya boleh ditulis sebagai:
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon A

X Symbol of an element/Simbol unsur
Proton number/Nombor proton Z
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
14
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 14 12/9/2011 5:59:32 PM

Example: / Contoh:
27
A1
13

– The element is Aluminium.
Unsur itu adalah Aluminium.
– The nucleon number of Aluminium is 27 .
Nombor nukleon Aluminium adalah 27 .
– The proton number of Aluminium is 13 .
Nombor proton Aluminium adalah 13 .
– Aluminium has 13 protons , 14 neutrons and 13 electrons.
Atom Aluminium mempunyai 13 proton , 14 neutron dan 13 elektron.
3 Isotope / Isotop
(a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza.
Or / Atau
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same proton number but different nucleon number.
Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai nombor proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yang
berbeza.
Example: / Contoh:
1 2
1 H 1 H
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 1 Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 2
Proton number/Nombor proton = 1 Proton number/Nombor proton = 1
Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 0 Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 1
– Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 are isotopes. Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 atoms have the same proton number or the same
number of protons but different in nucleon number because of the difference in the number of neutron .
Atom Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 mempunyai nombor proton atau bilangan proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yang berbeza
kerana perbezaan bilangan neutron .
– Isotopes have the same chemical properties but different physical properties because they have the same electron
arrangements.
Isotop mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama kerana mempunyai susunan elektron yang sama tetapi sifat fizik yang berbeza.
(b) Examples of the usage of isotopes:

Contoh kegunaan isotop:
i. Medical field
Bidang perubatan
– To detect brain cancer.
Untuk mengesan barah otak.
– To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel).
Untuk mengesan trombosis (saluran darah tersumbat).
– Sodium-24 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid gland.
Untuk mengukur kadar penyerapan iodin oleh kelenjar tiroid. Contoh: Natrium-24
– Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells.
Untuk memusnahkan sel barah. Contoh: Kobalt-60
– To kill microorganism in the sterilising process.
Untuk membunuh mikroorganisma semasa proses pensterilan.
ii. In the industrial field
Bidang industri
– To detect wearing out in machines.
Untuk mengesan kehausan enjin.
– To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.
Untuk mengesan saluran paip air, gas atau minyak yang tersumbat.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
15
.
m
Nila
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 15 12/9/2011 5:59:32 PM

– To detect leakage of pipes underground.

Untuk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah.
– To detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.
Untuk mengesan keretakan atau kecacatan pada badan kapal terbang.
iii. In the agriculture field
Bidang pertanian
– To detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants.
Untuk mengesan kadar penyerapan baja fosfat oleh tumbuhan.
– To sterile insect pests for plants.
Untuk memandulkan serangga perosak tumbuhan.
iv. In the archeology field
Bidang arkeologi
– Carbon-14 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts.
Karbon-14 untuk menentukan usia sesuatu artifak.
4 Electron Arrangement
Susunan elektron
(a) The electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons. For the
elements with atomic numbers 1-20:
Elektron diisi dalam petala tertentu. Setiap petala hanya boleh diisi dengan bilangan elektron tertentu. Bagi unsur-unsur yang
mempunyai nombor proton 1–20:
– First shell can be filled with a maximum of 2 electrons.
Petala pertama boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 2 elektron.
– Second shell can be filled with a maximum of 8 electrons.
Petala kedua boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 8 elektron.
– Third shell can be filled with a maximum of 8 electrons.
Petala ketiga boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 8 elektron.
First shell is filled with 2 electrons (duplet)

Petala pertama diisi 2 elektron (duplet)
Second shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)
Petala kedua diisi 8 elektron (oktet)
Third shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)

Petala ketiga disi 8 elektron (oktet)
(b) Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
Elektron valens: Elektron yang diisi dalam petala paling luar suatu atom.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
(a) Draw the electron arrangement and complete the description for each element:
Lukis susunan elektron bagi atom dan penerangan bagi setiap unsur berikut:
Standard
Electron arrangement
representation
of an atom Description
of an element
Lukiskan susunan elektron Penerangan
Perwakilan piawai
bagi atom
unsur
Number of protons/Bilangan proton 1

Hydrogen Atom
Atom Hidrogen
Number of eletrons/Bilangan elektron 1
1 Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron 0

1
H H
Proton number/Nombor proton 1
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon 1
Electron Arrangement/Susunan elektron 1

Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
16
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 16 12/9/2011 5:59:32 PM

Number of protons/Bilangan proton 11

Sodium Atom
Atom Natrium
Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron 11
23
Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron 12
Na
11 Na
Proton number/Nombor proton 11
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon 23
Electron Arrangement/Susunan elektron 2.8.1
(b) Choose the correct statement for the symbol of element X.

Pilih pernyataan yang betul bagi simbol unsur X.
23
Na
11
Statement Tick ( 3 / 7 )
Pernyataan Tanda ( 3 / 7 )
Element X has 11 proton number.

Unsur X mempunyai 11 nombor proton.
7
The proton number of element X is 11.

Nombor proton unsur X ialah 11.
3
The proton number of atom X is 11.

Nombor proton atom X ialah 11.
3
The number of proton of element X is 11.

Bilangan proton unsur X ialah 11.
7
The number of proton of atom X is 11.

Bilangan proton atom X ialah 11.
3
Nucleon number of element X is 23.

Nombor nukleon unsur X ialah 23.
3
Nucleon number of atom X is 23.

Nombor nukleon atom X ialah 23.
3
Number of nucleon of element X is 23.

Bilangan nukleon unsur X ialah 23.
7
Atom X has 23 nucleon number.

Atom X mempunyai 23 nombor nukleon.
7
Neutron number of atom X is 12.

Nombor neutron atom X ialah 12.
7
Number of neutron of atom X is 12.

Bilangan neutron atom X ialah 12.
3
Number of neutron of element X is 12.

Bilangan neutron unsur X ialah 12.
7
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
17
.
m
Nila
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 17 12/9/2011 5:59:32 PM

EXERCISE / LATIHAN

Number
Number of Number of Number of Proton Nucleon Electron
Symbol of of valence
Element proton electron neutron number number arrangement
element electron
Unsur Bilangan Bilangan Bilangan Nombor Nombor Susunan
Simbol unsur Bilangan
proton elektron neutron proton nukleon elektron atom
elektron valens
Hydrogen 1
Hidrogen 1 H 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Helium 4
Helium 2 He 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
Boron 11
Boron 5 B 5 5 6 5 11 2.3 3
Carbon 12
Karbon 6 C 6 6 6 6 12 2.4 4
Nitrogen 14
Nitrogen 7 N 7 7 7 7 14 2.5 5
Neon 20
Ne 10 10 10 10 20 2.8 8
Neon 10
Sodium 23
Na 11 11 12 11 23 2.8.1 1
Natrium 11
Magnesium 24
Mg 12 12 12 12 24 2.8.2 2
Magnesium 12
Calcium 40
Ca 20 20 20 20 40 2.8.8.2 2
Kalsium 20
2 The diagram below shows the symbol of atoms P, R and S.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol atom P, R dan S.
35 12 37
P R S
17 6 17
(a) What is meant by nucleon number / Apakah maksud nombor nukleon?

Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom
(b) What is the nucleon number of P / Apakah nombor nukleon atom P?

35
(c) State the number of neutron in atom P / Nyatakan bilangan neutron atom P.
18
(d) State number of proton in atom P / Nyatakan bilangan proton atom P.

17
(e) (i) What is meant by isotope / Apakah maksud isotop?
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of proton but different number of neutrons
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
18
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 18 12/9/2011 5:59:33 PM

(ii) State a pair of isotope in the diagram shown / Nyatakan sepasang isotop dalam rajah yang ditunjukkan.
P and S
(iii) Give reason for your answer in (e)(ii) / Berikan sebab bagi jawapan di (e)(ii).
Atom P and S have same proton number but different nucleon number//number of neutron
(f) An isotope of R has 8 neutron. Write the symbol for the isotope R.
Isotop bagi atom R mempunyai 8 neutron. Tuliskan simbol bagi isotop R.
14
R
6
3 The table below shows the number of proton and neutron of atoms of elements P, Q and R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom unsur P, Q dan R.
Element Number of proton Number of neutron

Unsur Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron
P 1 0
Q 1 1
R 6 6
(a) Which of the atoms in the above table are isotope? Explain your answer.
Berdasarkan jadual di atas, atom yang manakah merupakan isotop? Terangkan jawapan anda.
P and Q. Atom P and Q have same number of proton but different number of neutron // nucleon number.
(b) (i) Write the standard representation of element Q.

Tuliskan perwakilan piawai untuk unsur Q.
2
Q
1
(ii) State three information that can be deduced from your answer in (b)(i).
Nyatakan tiga maklumat yang boleh didapati daripada jawapan anda di (b)(i).
The proton number of element Q is 1 // Number of proton of atom Q is 1
Nucleon number of element Q is 2 // Atomic mass of atom Q is 2
Number of neutron of atom Q is 1
Nucleus of atom Q contains 1p and 1n
(c) (i) Draw atomic structure for atom of element R.

Lukiskan struktur atom bagi atom unsur R.
6 protons + 6 neutrons
(ii) Describe the atomic structure in (c)(i).

Huraikan struktur atom di (c)(i).
– The atom consists of 2 parts: the centre part called nucleus and the outer part called electron shell.
– The nucleus consists of 6 protons which are positively charged and 6 neutrons which are neutral.
– The electrons are in two shells, the first shell consists of two electrons and the second shell consists of
four electrons.
– Electrons move around nucleus in the shells.

n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
19
.
m
Nila
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 19 12/9/2011 5:59:33 PM

(d) Element R react with oxygen and to produce liquid Z at room temperature. The graph below shows the sketch of the
graph when liquid Z at room temperature, 27°C is cooled to –5°C.
Unsur R bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan cecair Z pada suhu bilik. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lakaran graf
apabila cecair Z pada suhu bilik, 27°C disejukkan sehingga –5°C.
Temperature /°C
Suhu /°C
0 Time /s
t1 t2 Masa /s
−5
(i) What is the state of matter of liquid Z from t1 to t2? Explain why is the temperature remain unchanged from
t1 to t2.
Apakah keadaan jirim Z daripada t1 hingga t2? Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah daripada t1 hingga t2.
Liquid and solid. Heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the particles at 0 °C
(ii) Draw the arrangement of particles of Z at 20°C.
Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah Z pada suhu 20°C.
(iii) Describe the change in the particles movement when Z is cooled from room temperature to –5°C.
Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah-zarah apabila cecair Z disejukkan daripada suhu bilik ke –5°C.
The particles move slower
Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif
1 The diagram shows the arrangement of particles for a type 3 The diagram below shows the heating curve for substance X.
of matter that undergoes a change in physical state through Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bahan X.
process X.
Temperature / Suhu °C
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan zarah sejenis bahan yang
mengalami perubahan keadaan fizik melalui proses X. U
S
Q T
X R
P Time (m)
Masa (m)
What is process X? Which region of the graph does boiling process occur?
Apakah proses X ? Bahagian manakah pada graf berlaku proses pendidihan?
A Melting C Freezing A PQ C ST
Peleburan Pembekuan B QR D TU
B Boiling D Sublimation
Pendidihan Pemejalwapan 4 Which of the following information is true?
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul?
2 Which of the following substances can undergo sublimation Change of state Process Heat energy
when heated? Perubahan keadaan Proses Tenaga haba
Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah mengalami pemejalwapan apabila
dipanaskan? A Solid → Liquid Melting Released
A Sulphur C Glucose Pepejal → Cecair Peleburan Dibebaskan
Sulfur Glukosa B Liquid → Gas Evaporation Released
B Ammonium chloride D Sodium chloride Cecair → Gas Penyejatan Dibebaskan
Ammonium klorida Natrium klorida
C Gas → Solid Sublimation Released
Gas → Pepejal Pemejalwapan Dibebaskan
D Gas → Liquid Condensation Absorbed
m
Publica
Gas → Cecair Kondensasi Diserap
a
tio
Nil
20
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 20 12/9/2011 5:59:33 PM

5 The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against

Substance Melting point/°C Boiling point/°C
time when a liquid Y is cooled. Bahan Takat lebur/°C Takat didih/°C
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila cecair Y
disejukkan. S –182 –162
Temperature / Suhu °C T –23 77
U –97 65
t3 P
V 41 182
t2 Q R W 132 290
Which substance exists as liquid at room temperature?

t1 Bahan yang manakah wujud sebagai cecair pada suhu bilik?
S
Time (m) A S only C T and U only
Masa (m) S sahaja T dan U sahaja
B S and T only D V and W only
Which of the following statements are true about the curve? S dan T sahaja V dan W sahaja
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul tentang lengkung
itu? 8 The diagram below shows standard representation of an atom
I At Q, liquid Y begins to freeze. copper.
Pada Q, cecair Y mula membeku. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom kuprum.
II At PQ, particles in Y absorb heat from the surroundings.
Pada PQ, zarah dalam Y menyerap haba dari persekitaran. 64
III Liquid Y freezes completely at S. Cu
29
Cecair Y membeku dengan lengkap pada S.
IV The freezing point of Y is t2°C. Which of the following is correct based on the symbol the
Takat beku bagi Y adalah t2°C. diagram?
A I and III only C II and III only Antara berikut, yang manakah betul berdasarkan rajah di atas?
I dan III sahaja II dan III sahaja
B I and IV only D II and IV only Proton number Nucleon number Number of electron
I dan IV sahaja II dan IV sahaja Nombor proton Nombor nukleon Bilangan elektron
A 29 64 29
6 The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against
time when solid Z is heated. B 35 29 64
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila pepejal Z C 64 35 29
dipanaskan.
D 29 64 35
Temperature / Suhu °C
9 The diagram below shows the standard representation of

beryllium atom.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom berillium.
80
9
Be
4
What is the number of valence electrons of beryllium atom?
Time (m) Apakah bilangan elektron valens bagi atom berillium?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Masa (m)
A 2 C 4
B 3 D 7
Which of the following is true during the fourth minute?
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar pada minit keempat?
10 The table below shows the proton number and the number of
A All the molecules are in random motion.
neutrons for atoms of elements W, X, Y and Z.
Semua molekul bergerak secara rawak. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilangan neutron bagi
B All the molecules are closely packed and in random atom unsur W, X, Y dan Z.
motion.
Element Proton number Number of neutrons
Semua molekul sangat rapat dan bergerak secara rawak.
Atom Nombor proton Bilangan neutron
C All the molecules are vibrating at fixed positions.
Semua molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap. W 7 7
D Some of the molecules are vibrating at fixed positions but X 8 8
some are in random motion. Y 8 9
Sebahagian molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap dan Z 9 10
sebahagian bergerak secara rawak. Which of the following pair of elements is isotope?
Antara pasangan berikut, yang manakah adalah isotop?
7 The table shows the melting points and boiling points of A W and X C X and Y
substances S, T, U, V and W. W dan X X dan Y
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bahan S, T, U, B W and Y D Y and Z
V dan W. W dan Y Y dan Z
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
21
.
m
Nila
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 21 12/9/2011 5:59:34 PM

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS

2 FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
RELATIF MASS / JISIM RELATIF
• RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS / JISIM ATOM RELATIF (JAR)

– To state the meaning of relative mass and solve numerical problems
Menyatakan maksud jisim atom relatif dan menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan
• RELATIVE FORMULA MASS / JISIM FORMULA RELATIF (JFR)

– To state the meaning of RAM, RMM and RFM based on carbon-12 scale
Menyatakan maksud JAR, JMR dan JFR berdasarkan skala karbon-12
• RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS / JISIM MOLEKUL RELATIF (JMR)

– To calculate RAM, RMM and RFM using the chemical formulae of various substances
Menghitung JAR, JMR dan JFR menggunakan formula kimia beberapa bahan
MOLE CONCEPT / KONSEP MOL
• MOLE AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES / MOL DAN BILANGAN ZARAH

– To solve numerical problems involving mole and the number of atoms/ ions/ molecules
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol dan bilangan atom, ion dan molekul
• MOLE AND THE MASS OF SUBSTANCES / MOL DAN JISIM BAHAN

– To solve numerical problems involving mole and the mass of substances, number of particles and volume of gas using mole
concept
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol, jisim bahan, bilangan zarah dan isipadu gas menggunakan konsep mol
• MOLE AND THE VOLUME OF GAS / MOL DAN ISIPADU GAS

– To solve numerical problems involving mole and the mass of substances, number of particles and volume of gas using mole
concept
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol, jisim bahan, bilangan zarah dan isipadu gas menggunakan konsep mol
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS / FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
• EMPIRICAL FORMULA / FORMULA EMPIRIK

– Stating the purpose and describe the empirical formula laboratory activities to determine the formula empirical
Menyatakan maksud formula empirik dan menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk menentukan formula empirik
• MOLECULAR FORMULA / FORMULA MOLEKUL

– Solve calculation problems involving empirical formula
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan formula empirik
• CHEMICAL FORMULAE / FORMULA KIMIA

– To write formula of anion and cation and to write chemical formula for ionic compounds
Menulis formula kation dan anion dan menulis formula kimia untuk sebatian ion
• CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / PERSAMAAN KIMIA

– Write a balanced chemical equation and solve problems arrangements involving the mole concept
Menulis persamaan kimia seimbang dan menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan yang melibatkan konsep mol
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
22
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 22 12/9/2011 5:59:05 PM

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (RAM) / JISIM ATOM RELATIF (JAR)
1 A single atom is too small and light and cannot be weighed directly.
Satu atom adalah terlalu ringan, kecil dan tidak dapat ditimbang secara langsung.
2 The best way to determine the mass of a single atom is to compare its mass to the mass of another atom of an element
that is used as a standard.
Cara yang paling sesuai untuk menentukan jisim satu atom ialah dengan membandingkan jisimnya dengan jisim suatu atom unsur lain
yang dianggap sebagai piawai.
3 Hydrogen was the first element to be chosen as the standard for comparing mass because the hydrogen atom is the
lightest atom with a mass of 1.0 a.m.u (atomic mass unit).
Hidrogen adalah unsur pertama dipilih sebagai piawai untuk membandingkan jisim kerana atom hidrogen adalah unsur yang paling
ringan dengan jisim 1.0 u.j.a (unit jisim atom).
Example:
Contoh:
• The mass of one helium atom is four times larger than one hydrogen atom.
Jisim satu atom Helium adalah 4 kali lebih besar daripada satu atom hidrogen.
• RAM for He is 4.
JAR untuk He ialah 4.
4 On the hydrogen scale, the relative atomic mass of an element means the mass of one atom of the element compared to
the mass of a single hydrogen atom:
Pada skala hidrogen, jisim atom relatif suatu unsur ditakrifkan sebagai jisim satu atom unsur berbanding jisim satu atom hidrogen:
Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM) / Jism atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR)
The average mass of one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur
=
Mass of one hydrogen atom / Jisim satu atom hidrogen

• RAM has no unit.
JAR tiada unit.
• The new standard used today is the carbon-12 atom.
Piawai yang digunakan sekarang adalah berdasarkan atom karbon-12.
1
• RAM based on the carbon-12 scale is the mass of one atom of the element compared with of the mass of an
atom of carbon-12: 12
1
JAR berdasarkan skala atom karbon-12 adalah jisim satu atom unsur berbanding dengan jisim satu atom karbon-12:
12
• Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM) / Jisim atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR)
The average mass on one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur
=
1
× The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / Jisim satu atom karbon-12
12
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
23
.
m
Nila
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 23 12/9/2011 5:59:05 PM

RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS (RMM) / RELATIVE FORMULA MASS (RFM)

JISIM MOLEKUL RELATIF (JMR) / JISIM FORMULA RELATIF (JFR)
The average mass on one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu molekul
1 RMM / JMR =
1
× The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / Jisim satu atom karbon-12
12
2 RMM is obtained by adding up the RAM of all the atoms that are present in the molecule.
JMR diperoleh dengan menambahkan JAR semua atom yang terdapat dalam satu molekul.
Molecular substance Molecular formula Relative molecular mass

Bahan molekul Formula molekul Jisim molekul relatif
Oxygen / Oksigen O2 2 × 16 = 32
Water / Air H2O 2 × 1 + 16 = 18
Carbon dioxide / Karbon dioksida CO2 12 + 2 × 16 = 44
Ammonia / Ammonia NH3 14 + 3 × 1 = 17
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, H = 1, C = 12, N = 14]
3 For ionic substances, RMM is replaced with Relative Formula Mass (RFM).
Untuk sebatian ion, JMR digantikan dengan Jisim Formula Relatif (JFR).
Substance Chemical formula Relative molecular mass

Bahan Formula kimia Jisim formula relatif
Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida NaCl 23 + 35.5 = 58.5
Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida K2O 2 × 39 + 16 = 94
Copper(II) sulphate / Kuprum(II) sulfat CuSO4 64 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 160
Ammonium carbonate / Ammonium karbonat (NH4)2CO3 2 [14 + 4 × 1] + 12 + 3 × 16 = 96
Aluminium nitrate / Aluminium nitrat Al(NO3)3 27 + 3 [14 + 3 × 16] = 213
Calcium hydroxide / Kalsium hidroksida Ca(OH)2 40 + 2 [16 + 1] = 74
Lead(II) hydroxide / Plumbum(II) hidroksida Pb(OH)2 207 + 2 [16 + 1] = 241
Hydrated copper(II) sulphate / Kuprum(II) sulfat terhidrat CuSO45H2O 64 + 32 + 4 × 16 + 5 [2 × 1 + 16] = 250
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, K = 39, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32, N = 14, H = 1, C = 12, Al = 27,
Ca = 40, Pb = 207]
(i) The formula of metal oxide of M is M2O3. Its relative formula mass is 152. What is the relative atomic mass of
metal M?
Oksida logam M mempunyai formula M2O3. Jisim formula relatif ialah 152. Apakah jisim atom relatif logam M?
M = RAM for M
2M + 3 × 16 = 152
M = 52
(ii) Phosphorus forms a chloride with a formula PClx. Its relative molecular mass is 208.5. Calculate the value of x.
Fosforus membentuk sebatian klorida dengan formula PClx. Jisim molekul relatifnya adalah 208.5. Hitungkan nilai x.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : P = 31, Cl = 35.5]
1 + x × 35.5 = 208.5
3
35.5x = 208.5 – 31
35.5x = 177.5
x = 5
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
24
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 24 12/9/2011 5:59:05 PM

MOLE CONCEPT / KONSEP MOL
Mole and the Number of Particles / Bilangan Mol dan Bilangan Zarah
1 To describe the amount of atoms, ions or molecules, mole is used.
Untuk menyatakan jumlah atom, ion atau molekul, unit mol digunakan.
2 A mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.
Satu mol ialah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah seperti mana yang terdapat dalam 12 g atom karbon-12.
3 A mole of a substance is the amount of substance which contains a constant number of particles (atoms, ions,
molecules), which is 6.02 × 1023.
Satu mol bahan adalah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah yang tetap (atom, molekul, ion) iaitu 6.02 × 1023.
4 The number 6.02 × 1023 is called the Avogadro Constant or Avogadro Number (NA).
Nombor 6.02 × 1023 dikenali sebagai Pemalar Avogadro atau Nombor Avogadro (NA ).
5 For compounds that exist as molecules/ions, the number of atoms/ions in that compound must be known.
Bagi sebatian yang wujud dalam bentuk molekul/ion, bilangan atom/ion dalam sebatian itu mestilah diketahui.
6 The symbol of mole is mol.
Simbol untuk mol ialah mol.
Substance Formula Type of Model / Figure Number of atom per

Bahan Formula particles Model / Rajah molecule/ Number of
Jenis zarah positive and negative ion
Bilangan atom per molekul/
Bilangan ion positif dan negatif
Chlorine / Klorin Cl2 Molecule Cl Cl Cl : 2
H : 2
Water / Air H2O Molecule H O H
O : 1
H N : 1
Ammonia / Ammonia NH3 Molecule
H N H H : 3
S : 1
Sulphur dioxide / Sulfur dioksida SO2 Molecule O S O
O : 2
Mg2+ : 1
Magnesium chloride / Magnesium klorida MgCl2 Ion [Cl]– [Mg]2+ [Cl]–
Cl– : 2
Al3+ : 2
Aluminium oxide / Aluminium oksida Al2O3 Ion [O]2– [A1]3+ [O]2– [A1]3+ [O]2–
O2– : 3
8 Relationship between number of moles and number of particles (atoms/ions/molecules):

Hubungan bilangan mol dan bilangan zarah (atom/ion/molekul):
× Avogadro Constant / Pemalar Avogadro
Number of moles Number of particles
Bilangan mol Bilangan zarah
÷ Avogadro Constant / Pemalar Avogadro
9 Complete the following: [Differentiate between “mole” dan “molecule”]

Lengkapkan yang berikut: [Bezakan antara “mol” dan “molekul”]
(a) 1 mol of Cl2 6.02 × 1023 molecules of chlorine, Cl2 / molekul klorin, Cl2
[Chlorine gas]
1 mol Cl2 2 × 6.02 × 1023 atoms of chlorine, Cl / atom klorin, Cl

[Gas klorin]
(b) 1 mol of NH3 6.02 × 1023 molecules of ammonia, NH3 / molekul ammonia, NH3
[Ammonia gas] 1 mol of nitrogen atom, N / mol atom nitrogen, N
1 mol NH3 4 mol atoms / mol atom
[Gas ammonia] 3

mol of hydrogen atoms, H / mol atom hidrogen, H
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
25
.
m
Nila
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 25 12/9/2011 5:59:05 PM

1 0.25 × 6.02 × 1023 molecules of ammonia, NH3 / molekul ammonia, NH3

(c) mol of NH3
4 0.25 mol of N atoms / mol atom N,
[Ammonia gas]
number of N atoms / bilangan atom N = 0.25 × 6.02 × 10
23
1 1 mol of atoms
mol NH3
4 1
[Gas ammonia] mol atom 0.75 mol of H atoms / mol atom H,

number of H atoms / bilangan atom H = 0.75 × 6.02 × 1023
(d) 2 mol of MgCl2 2 mol of Mg2+ ions / mol ion Mg2+,

[Magnesium chloride] number of Mg2+ ions / bilangan ion Mg2+ = 2 × 6.02 × 1023
2 mol MgCl2

[Magnesium klorida] 4 mol of Cl– ions / mol ion Cl–,
number of Cl- ions / bilangan ion Cl– = 4 × 6.02 × 1023
(e) 2 mol of SO2 2 × 6.02 × 1023 molecules of SO2 / molekul SO2

[Sulphur dioxide] 2 mol of S atoms / mol atom S,
2 mol SO2 2 × 6.02 × 1023
number of S atoms / bilangan atom S =

[Sulfur dioksida] 3 × 2 = 6 mol of atoms
3×2=6 mol atom 4 mol of O atoms / mol atom O,
number of O atoms / bilangan atom O = 4 × 6.02 × 1023
10 Complete the table below:
Number of moles Number of particles

Bilangan mol Bilangan zarah
0.5 mole of carbon, C 3.01 × 1023 atoms of carbon

0.5 mol atom karbon, C 3.01 × 1023 atom karbon
0.2 moles of hydrogen gas, H2 (i) 0.2 × 6.02 × 1023 molecules of hydrogen / molekul hidrogen
0.2 mol gas hidrogen, H2
(ii) 2 × 0.2 × 6.02 × 1023 atoms of hydrogen / atom hidrogen
1 mole of carbon dioxide molecules, CO2 6.02 × 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide contains:
1 mol molekul karbon dioksida, CO2 6.02 × 1023 molekul karbon dioksida mengandungi:
6.02 × 1023 atoms of C and 2 × 6.02 × 1023 atoms of O.
6.02 × 10
23
atom C dan 2 × 6.02 × 1023 atom O.
NUMBER OF MOLES AND MASS OF SUBSTANCE / BILANGAN MOL DAN JISIM BAHAN
1 Molar mass / Jisim molar

(a) Molar mass is the mass of one mole of any substance / Jisim molar adalah jisim satu mol sebarang bahan.
(b) Molar Mass is the relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass and relative formula mass of a substance in
g mol–1.
Jisim molar adalah jisim atom relatif, jisim molekul relatif dan jisim formula relatif suatu bahan dalam g mol–1.
(c) Molar mass of any substance is numerically equal to its relative mass (Relative atomic mass/ relative formula
mass/relative molecular mass).
Jisim molar sebarang bahan mempunyai nilai yang sama dengan jisim relatif (Jisim atom relatif/ jisim formula relatif/ jisim molekul
relatif).
2 Example / Contoh:
Molar mass of H2O = 18 g mol–1
Jisim molar H2O = 18 g mol–1
× RAM/ /RFM/RMM
Mass of 1 mol of H2O = 18 g
Number of × JAR/JFR/JMR
Jisim 1 mol H2O = 18 g Mass in gram
Mass of 2 mol of H2O = 2 mol × 18 g mol = 36 g –1 moles
Jisim dalam gram
Bilangan mol ÷ RAM/ /RFM/RMM
Jisim 2 mol H2O = 2 mol × 18 g mol–1 = 36 g
÷ JAR/JFR/JMR
Mass of 2.5 mol of H2O = 45 g
Jisim 2.5 mol H2O = 45 g
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
26
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 26 12/9/2011 5:59:06 PM


Element/ Chemical
RAM/RMM/RFM Calculate
Compound formula JAR/JMR/JFR Penghitungan
Unsur/Sebatian Formula kimia
Copper Cu RAM/JAR = 64
(a) Mass of 1 mol of Cu / Jisim 1 mol Cu : 1 mol × 64 g mol = 64 g
–1
Kuprum
(b) Jisim 2 mol / Jisim 1 mol : 2 mol × 64 g mol–1 = 128 g
1
1 1 mol × 64 g mol–1 = 32 g
(c) Jisim mol / Jisim mol: 2
2 2
(d) Mass of 3.01 × 1023 Cu atoms / Jisim 3.01 × 1023 atom Cu: 32 g
Sodium hydroxide NaOH RFM/JFR = 40 120 g

(a) Mass of 3 mol of sodium hydroxide:
Natrium hidroksida
Jisim 3 mol natrium hidroksida: 120 g
(b) Number of moles in 20 g sodium hydroxide: 0.5 mol

Bilangan mol natrium hidroksida dalam 20 g: 0.5 mol
Oxygen gas O2 RMM/JMR = 32 (a) Mass of 2.5 mol of oxygen gas: 2.5 mol × 32 g mol–1 = 80 g
Gas oksigen 2.5 mol × 32 g mol–1 = 80 g
Jisim 2.5 mol gas oksigen:
(b) Number of moles is 1.5 mol oxygen gas:
Bilangan molekul dalam 1.5 mol gas oksigen:
1.5 mol × 6.02 × 1023
1
(c) Number of molecules in mol of oxygen gas:
2
1
Bilangan molekul dalam mol gas oksigen:
2
0.5 mol × 6.02 × 1023
(d) Number of atoms in 2 mol of oxygen gas:
Bilangan atom dalam 2 mol gas oksigen:
2 × 2 × 6.02 × 1023
Sodium chloride NaCl RFM/JFR = 58.5 Mass of 0.5 mol of NaCl / Jisim bagi 0.5 mol NaCl:
Natrium klorida 0.5 mol × 58.5 g mol–1 = 29.25 g
Zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2 RFM/JFR = 189 Number of moles in 37.8 g of zinc nitrate:
Zink nitrat Bilangan mol dalam 37.8 g zink nitrat:
37.8 g/189 g mol–1 = 0.2 mol
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: Cu = 64, Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65, N = 14]
NUMBER OF MOLES AND VOLUME OF GAS / BILANGAN MOL DAN ISI PADU GAS
1 Molar volume of a gas: Volume occupied by one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room conditions and 22.4 dm3 at
standard temperature and pressure (STP).
Isi padu molar gas: Isipadu yang dipenuhi oleh satu mol sebarang gas iaitu 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada suhu dan
tekanan piawai (STP).
2 The molar volume of any gas is 24 dm3 at room conditions and 22.4 dm3 at STP.
Isi padu molar sebarang gas adalah 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada STP.
3 Generalisation: One mole of any gas always occupies the same volume under the same temperature and pressure:
Umumnya: satu mol sebarang jenis gas menempati isi padu yang sama pada suhu dan tekanan yang sama.
Example / Contoh:
(i) 1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas dan 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupy the same
volume of 24 dm3 at room conditions.
1 mol gas oksigen, 1 mol gas ammonia, 1 mol gas helium dan 1 mol gas sulfur dioksida menempati isi padu yang sama iaitu 24 dm3
pada keadaan bilik.
(ii) 2 mol of carbon dioxide gas occupies 44.8 dm3 pada STP.
2 mol gas karbon dioksida menempati 44.8 dm3 pada STP.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
27
.
m
Nila
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 27 12/9/2011 5:59:06 PM

(iii) 16 g of oxygen gas = 0.5 mol of oxygen gas. Therefore, 16 g of oxygen gas occupies a volume of 12 dm3
at room conditions [Relative atomic mass: O =16]
16 g gas oksigen = 0.5 mol gas oksigen. Oleh itu, 16 g gas oksigen menempati isi padu 12 dm3 pada keadaan bilik.
[Jisim atom relatif; O = 16]
× 24 dm3 mol–1/ 22.4 dm3 mol–1
Number of moles of gas Volume of gas in dm2
Bilangan mol gas Isi padu gas dalam dm3
÷ 24 dm3 mol–1/ 22.4 dm3 mol–1
Formula for conversion of unit:
Formula untuk penukaran unit:
Volume of gas in dm3

Isi padu gas dalam dm3
÷ 24 dm3 mol–1/ 22.4 dm3 mol–1 × 24 dm3 mol–1/ 22.4 dm3 mol–1
÷ (RAM/ /RFM/RMM) g mol–1

÷ (JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol–1 Number of ÷ (6.02 × 1023)
Mass in gram (g) moles Number of particles
Jisim dalam gram (g) Bilangan Bilangan zarah
× (RAM/ /RFM/RMM) g mol–1 × (6.02 × 1023)
mol
× (JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol–1
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 Relative atomic mass of calcium is 40 based on the carbon-12 scale.

Jisim atom relatif kalsium berdasarkan skala karbon-12 ialah 40.
(a) State the meaning of the statement above.
Nyatakan maksud penyataan di atas.
1
Mass of calcium atom is 4 times greater than mass of carbon-12 atom.
12
(b) How many times is one calcium atom heavier than one oxygen atom? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16]
Berapa kalikah satu atom kalsium lebih berat daripada satu atom oksigen? [JAR: O = 16]
Relative atomic mass of calcium 40
= = 2.5 times
Relative atomic mass of oxygen 16
(c) How many calcium atoms have the same mass as two atoms of bromine? [RAM Br = 80]
Berapakah bilangan atom kalsium yang mempunyai jisim yang sama dengan dua atom bromin? [Jisim atom relatif: Br = 80]
Number of calcium atom × 40 = 2 × 80
2 × 80
Number of calcium atom = =4
40
2 A sampel of chlorine gas weighs 14.2 g. Calculate / Suatu sampel gas klorin berjisim 14.2 g. Hitungkan:
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Cl = 35.5]
(a) Number of moles of chlorine atoms / Bilangan mol atom klorin.
14.2
Number of mol of chlorine atoms, Cl = = 0.4 mol
35.5
(b) Number of moles of chlorine molecules (Cl2) / Bilangan mol molekul klorin (Cl2 ).
14.2
Number of mol of chlorine molecule, Cl2 = = 0.2 mol
71
(c) Volume of chlorine gas at room conditions / Isi padu gas klorin pada keadaan bilik.
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature and pressure]
[Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 pada suhu dan tekanan piawai]
Volume of chlorine gas = 0.2 mol × 24 dm3 mol–1
= 4.8 dm3
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
28
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 28 12/9/2011 5:59:06 PM

3 (a) Calculate the number of atoms in the following substances / Hitungkan bilangan atom yang terdapat dalam bahan berikut:
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14; Zn = 65; Avogadro Constant = 6.02 × 1023]
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14; Zn = 65; Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 × 1023]
(i) 13 g of zinc / 13 g zink
13
Number of mol of zinc atom = = 0.2 mol
65
Number of zinc atom = 0.2 × 6.02 × 1023
= 1.204 × 1023
(ii) 5.6 g of nitrogen gas / 5.6 g gas nitrogen

5.6
Number of mol of N atom = = 0.4 mol
14
Number of N atom = 0.4 × 6.02 × 1023
= 2.408 × 1023
(b) Calculate the number of molecules in the following substances / Hitungkan bilangan molekul dalam bahan berikut:
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Avogadro Constant = 6.02 × 1023]
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 × 1023]
(i) 8.5 g of ammonia gas, NH3 / 8.5 g gas ammonia, NH3
8.5
× 6.02 × 1023
17
= 2.408 × 1023
(ii) 14.2 g of chlorine gas, Cl2 / 14.2 g gas klorin, Cl2

14.2
× 6.02 × 1023
71
= 1.2 × 1023
4 A gas jar contains 240 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas. Calculate:

Suatu balang gas berisi 240 cm3 gas karbon dioksida. Hitungkan:
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16; Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room conditions]
[Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16; Isi padu molar gas: 24 dm3 mol–1 pada keadaan bilik]
(a) Number of moles of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan mol gas karbon dioksida:
240
Number of moles of CO2 = = 0.01 mol
24 000
(b) Number of molecules of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan molekul gas karbon dioksida:
Number of molecules of CO2 = 0.01 × 6.02 × 1023
= 6.02 × 1021
(c) Mass of carbon dioxide gas / Jisim gas karbon dioksida:

Mass of CO2 = 0.01 mol × [12 + 2 × 16] g mol–1
= 0.44 g
5 What is the mass of chlorine molecules (Cl2) that contains twice as many molecules as that found in 3.6 g of water?
Berapakah jisim molekul klorin (Cl2 ) yang mengandungi dua kali ganda bilangan molekul yang terdapat dalam 3.6 g air?
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5]
Number of moles of chlorine molecule = 2 × no of mol in H2O
3.6
=2× = 0.4 mol
18
Mass of Cl2 = 0.4 × 71= 28.4 g
6 Calculate the mass of carbon that has the same number of atoms as found in 4 g of magnesium.
Hitungkan jisim karbon yang mempunyai bilangan atom yang sama seperti yang terdapat dalam 4 g magnesium.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : C = 12, Mg = 24]
2g
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
29
.
m
Nila
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 29 12/9/2011 5:59:06 PM

7 Compare the number of molecule in 32 g of sulphur dioxide (SO2) with 7 g of nitrogen gas (N2). Explain your answer.
Bandingkan bilangan molekul dalam 32 g sulfur dioksida (SO2 ) dengan 7 g gas nitrogen (N2 ). Terangkan jawapan anda.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : S = 32, O = 16, N = 14]
32
Number of moles of molecules in 32 g SO2 = = 0.5 mol
64
7
Number of moles of molecules in 7 g N2 = = 0.25 mol
28
Number of molecule in 32 g SO2 is two times more than 7 g N2.
Number of mole in sulphur dioxide molecule is two times more than number of mole of nitrogen molecule.
8 Compare number of atoms in 1.28 g of oxygen to the number of atoms in 1.3 g of zinc. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan bilangan atom dalam 1.28 g oksigen dengan bilangan atom dalam 1.3 g zink. Terangkan jawapan anda.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Zn = 65]
1.28
Number of mol of O atoms in 1.28 g SO2 = = 0.08 mol
16
1.30
Number of mol of Zn atoms in 1.3 g Zn = = 0.04 mol
65
Number of oxygen atoms in 1.28 g oxygen is 2 times more than number of zinc atoms in 1.3 g zinc.
Number of mol of oxygen atom is 2 times more than zinc atom.
CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / FORMULA KIMIA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
1 Symbol of elements – use capital letters for the first alphabet and use small letters if there is a second alphabet.
Simbol unsur – gunakan huruf besar untuk huruf pertama dan huruf kecil jika ada huruf kedua.
Example / Contoh: Potassium / Kalium – K, Sodium / Natrium – Na
Calcium / Kalsium – Ca, Nitrogen / Nitrogen – N
Iron / Ferum – Fe, Fluorine / Fluorin – F
Chemical Formula – A set of chemical symbols for atoms of elements in whole numbers representing chemical
substances.
Formula kimia – Satu set simbol kimia bagi atom-atom unsur dengan gandaan nombor bulat yang mewakili bahan kimia.
Chemical substance Chemical formula Notes

Bahan kimia Formula kimia Catatan
Water 2 atoms of H combines with 1 atom of O.

H2O
Air 2 atom H bergabung dengan 1 atom O.
Ammonia 3 atoms of H combines with 1 atom of N.

NH3
Ammonia 3 atom H bergabung dengan 1 atom N.
Propane 3 atoms of C combines with 8 atoms of H.

C3H8
Propana 3 atom C bergabung dengan 8 atom H.
2 Information that can be obtained from the chemical formula / Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada formula kimia:
(i) All the elements present in the compound / Jenis unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian,
(ii) Number of atoms of each element in the compound / Bilangan atom setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian,
(iii) Calculation of RMM/RFM of the compound / Pengiraan JMR/JFR bagi sebatian.
3 Two types of chemical formula / Dua jenis formula kimia:
(i) Empirical formula / Formula empirik,
(ii) Molecular formula / Formula molekul.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
30
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 30 12/9/2011 5:59:06 PM

EMPIRICAL FORMULA / Formula empirik
1 A formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
Formula yang menunjukkan nisbah nombor bulat teringkas bagi bilangan atom setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian.
2 The formula can be determined by calculating the simplest ratio of moles of atoms of each element in the compound.
Formula itu boleh ditentukan dengan menghitung nisbah bilangan mol atom bagi setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian.
3 Experiments to determine empirical formula of metal oxide / Formula empirik bagi oksida logam diperoleh dengan cara:
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide

Formula empirik magnesium oksida Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida
Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas: Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:

Copper(II) oxide
Kuprum(II) oksida
Magnesium
Magnesium
Hydrogen gas
Gas hidrogen
Heat Heat
Panaskan
Panaskan
Reaction occurs / Tindak balas yang berlaku: Reaction occurs / Tindak balas yang berlaku:
Magnesium is burnt in a crucble to react with oxygen to form Hydrogen gas is passed through heated copper(II) oxide.
magnesium oxide. Hydrogen reduces copper(II) oxide to form copper and water.
Magnesium dipanaskan dengan kuat di dalam mangkuk pijar untuk Gas hidrogen dilalukan melalui kuprum(II) oksida yang dipanaskan.
bertindak balas dengan oksigen membentuk magnesium oksida. Hidrogen menurunkan kuprum(II) oksida kepada kuprum dan air.
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang:
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
This method can also be used to determine the empirical This method can also be used to determine the empirical
formulae of reactive metals such as aluminium oxide and zinc formulae of less reactive metals such as lead(II) oxide and
oxide. tin(II) oxide.
Kaedah ini boleh juga digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida Kaedah ini boleh juga digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida
logam reaktif seperti aluminium oksida dan zink oksida. logam kurang reaktif seperti plumbum(II) oksida and stanum(II) oksida.
4 Experiment to Determine Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide

Eksperimen untuk Menentukan Formula Empirik Magnesium Oksida
In this experiment, magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form white fumes, magnesium oxide:
Semasa eksperimen ini, magnesium bertindak balas dengan oksigen dalam udara untuk membentuk asap putih, magnesium oksida:
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide

Magnesium + Oksigen → Magnesium oksida
Material / Bahan: Magnesium ribbon, sand paper
Apparatus / Radas: Crucible with lid, tongs, Bunsen burner, tripod stand and balance

Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:
Magnesium ribbon
Heat
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
31
.
m
Nila
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 31 12/9/2011 5:59:07 PM

Procedure / Langkah:
(a) A crucible and its lid are weighed.
Mangkuk pijar dengan penutup ditimbang.
(b) 10 cm of magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sand paper .
10 cm pita magnesium dibersihkan dengan menggunakan kertas pasir ..
(c) The magnesium ribbon is coiled loosely and placed in the crucible.
Pita magnesium di gulung dan diletakkan dalam mangkuk pijar.
(d) The crucible together with the lid and magnesium ribbon are weighed again.
Mangkuk pijar bersama dengan penutup dan pita magnesium ditimbang.
(e) The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram.
Radas disusun seperti dalam gambar rajah.
(f) The crucible is heated strongly without its lid . When the magnesium starts to
burn , the crucible is covered with its lid .
Mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan kuat tanpa penutup . Apabila pita magnesium mula
terbakar , mangkuk pijar ditutup dengan penutup .
(g) The lid of the crucible is lifted from time to time using a pair of tongs.
Penutup dibuka sekali sekala dengan menggunakan penyepit.
(h) When the magnesium ribbon stops burning , the lid is removed and the crucible is
heated strongly for another 2 minutes.
Apabila pita magnesium berhenti terbakar , penutup dibuka dan mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan
kuat selama 2 minit lagi.
(i) The crucible lid and its content are allowed to cool down to room temperature .
Mangkuk pijar , penutup dan kandungannya dibiarkan sejuk ke suhu bilik .
(j) The crucible , lid and its content are weighed again .
Mangkuk pijar , penutup dan kandungannya ditimbang sekali lagi .
(k) The process of heating , cooling and weighing are repeated until a
constant mass is obtained.
Proses pemanasan , penyejukan dan penimbangan diulang beberapa kali sehingga jisim
tetap diperoleh.
Observation / Pemerhatian:
Magnesium burns brightly to release white fumes and white solid is formed.
Magnesium terbakar dengan terang membebaskan wasap putih dan kemudiannya membentuk pepejal putih .
Inference / Inferens:
Magnesium is a reactive metal.

Magnesium adalah logam yang reaktif .
Magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide .

Magnesium bertindak balas dengan oksigen dalam udara membentuk magnesium oksida .
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
32
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 32 12/9/2011 5:59:07 PM

Precaution steps / Langkah berjaga-jaga:

Step taken / Langkah yang diambil Purpose / Tujuan
Magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sand paper . To remove the oxide layer on the surface of the magnesium
Pita magnesium perlu digosok dengan kertas pasir . ribbon.
Untuk membuang lapisan oksida pada permukaan magnesium oksida.
The crucible lid is lifted from time to time. To allow oxygen from the air to react with magnesium .
Penutup mangkuk pijar dibuka sekali sekala. Untuk membenarkan oksigen masuk dan bertindak balas dengan magnesium .
crucible lid replaced To prevent fumes of magnesium oxide from escaping.

The then quickly.
Penutup mangkuk pijar kemudian ditutup semula dengan cepat. Untuk mengelakkan wasap magnesium oksida dari terbebas.
The process of heating , cooling and weighing are To ensure magnesium react completely with oxygen to
repeated until a constant mass is obtained. for magnesium oxide .
pemanasan , penyejukan penimbang Untuk memastikan semua magnesium telah bertindak balas lengkap
Proses dan
jisim tetap dengan oksigen untuk membentuk magnesium oksida .
diulang beberapa kali sehingga diperoleh.
Result / Keputusan:
Description / Penerangan Mass (g) / Jisim (g)
Mass of crucible + lid
x
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium

y
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide

z
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium oksida
Calculation / Pengiraan:
Element / Unsur Mg O
Mass (g) / Jisim (g) y–x z–y
y–x z–y
Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom
24 16
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas p q
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgpOq .

Formula empirik magnesium oksida ialah Mg O p q
.
5 Experiment to Determine Empirical Formula of Copper(II) Oxide

Eksperimen untuk Menentukan Formula Empirik Kuprum(II) Oksida
Copper(II) Oxide + Hidrogen → Copper + Water

Kuprum(II) oksida + Hidrogen → Kuprum + Air

Copper(II) oxide
Burning of hydrogen gas
Hydrogen gas
Combustion tube
Heat
Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2

n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
33
.
m
Nila
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 33 12/9/2011 5:59:07 PM

The black colour of copper(II) oxide turns brown .
Warna hitam kuprum(II) oksida menjadi perang .
Copper(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen to produce the brown copper metal .
Kuprum(II) oksida bertindak balas dengan hidrogen untuk menghasilkan logam kuprum yang berwarna perang.
Precaution steps / Langkah berjaga-jaga:

Step taken / Langkah yang ambil Purpose / Tujuan
Hydrogen gas is passed through anhydrous calcium Anhydrous calcium chloride absorb water vapour to dry
chloride. hydrogen gas.
Gas hidrogen dialirkan melalui kalsium klorida kontang.
Kalsium klorida kontang menyerap wap air untuk mengering gas hidrogen.
Dry hydrogen is passed through the combustion To remove all the air in the combustion tube.
tube for 5 to 10 minutes. (The mixture of hydrogen gas and air explodes when lighted).
Gas hidrogen kering dialirkan melalui tabung pembakaran
Untuk mengeluarkan semua udara dalam tabung pembakaran.
selama 5 hingga 10 minit. udara
(Campuran hidrogen dan menghasilkan letupan apabila dinyalakan)
The gas that comes out from the small hole is collected If the gas burns quietly without ‘pop’ sound , all the air
in the test tube. Then, a lighted wooden splinter is has been removed from the combustion tube.
placed Jika gas terbakar tanpa bunyi ‘pop’ , semua gas telah dikeluarkan
at mouth of the test tube.
Gas yang keluar daripada lubang kecil dikumpul dalam sebuah daripada tabung pembakaran.
tabung uji. Kayu uji menyala di letakkan di mulut tabung

uji.
The flow of hydrogen gas must be continuous To prevent hot copper from reacting with oxygen to form
throughout the experiment. copper(II) oxide again.
Gas hidrogen dialirkan secara berterusan sepanjang eksperimen. Untuk mengelakkan kuprum panas daripada bertindak balas dengan
oksigen dan membentuk kuprum(II) oksida .
The process of heating , cooling and weighing are To ensure all copper(II) oxide has changed to copper .
repeated until a constant mass is obtained. Untuk memastikan semua kuprum(II) oksida telah bertukar kepada kuprum .
Proses pemanasan , penyejukan dan penimbang

diulang beberapa kali sehingga jisim tetap diperoleh.
Result / Keputusan:
Description / Penerangan Mass (g) / Jisim (g)
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish
x
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper(II) oxide

y
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat + kuprum(II) oksida
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper

z
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat + kuprum
Calculation / Pengiraan:
Element / Unsur Cu O
Mass (g) / Jisim (g) z–x y–z
z–x y–z
Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom
64 16
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas p q
Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide is CupOq .

Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida ialah CupOq .
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
34
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 34 12/9/2011 5:59:07 PM

6 Explain why the set-up of apparatus to determine the empirical formula in both the experiments is different.
Terangkan mengapa susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik dalam kedua-dua eksperimen itu berbeza.
(a) Magnesium is reactive metal (above hidrogen in reactivity series). Magnesium reacts easily to form
magnesium oxide .
Magnesium adalah logam reaktif (terletak di atas hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan. Magnesium mudah teroksida
membentuk magnesium oksida .

(b) Copper is below hydrogen in the metal reactivity series. Oxygen in copper(II) oxide can be reduced/removed
by hydrogen gas to form copper and water.

Kuprum di bawah hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan. Kuprum(II) okida boleh diturunkan/disingkirkan oleh
gas hidrogen untuk membentuk kuprum dan air.
7 To calculate the empirical formula of a compound, use the following table:
Untuk menghitung formula empirik suatu sebatian, jadual di bawah boleh digunakan sebagai panduan:
Calculation steps / Langkah pengiraan:
Element / Unsur
(a) Calculate the mass of each element in the compound.
Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) Hitungkan jisim setiap unsur dalam sebatian.
(b) Convert the mass of each element to number of mole of atom.
Number of mole of atom / Bilangan mol atom Tukar jisim setiap unsur kepada bilangan mol atom.
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas (c) Calculate the simplest ratio of moles of atom of the elements.
Hitungkan nisbah bilangan mol atom teringkas unsur-unsur tersebut.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 When 11.95 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is produced. Calculate the empirical formula
of metal X oxide.
Apabila 11.95 g oksida logam X diturunkan oleh hidrogen, 10.35 g logam terhasil. Hitungkan formula empirik bagi oksida logam X.
[RAM / JAR: X = 207, O = 16]
Element / Unsur X O
Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) 10.35 1.6
Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom 0.05 0.1
Ratio of moles / Nisbah mol 1 2
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas 1 2
Empirical formula / Formula empirik: XO2 .
2 A certain compound contains the following composition / Satu sebatian mengandungi komposisi unsur seperti berikut:
Na = 15.23%, Br = 52.98%, O = 31.79 % [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: O = 16, Na = 23, Br = 80]
(Assume that 100 g of substance is used / Anggap 100 g bahan digunakan)
Element / Unsur Na Br O
Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) 15.23 52.98 31.79
Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom 0.66 0.66 1.99
Ratio of moles / Nisbah mol 1 1 3.01
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas 1 1 3
Empirical formula / Formula empirik: NaBrO3 .
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
35
.
m
Nila
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 35 12/9/2011 5:59:07 PM

3 2.08 g of element X combines with 4.26 g of element Y to form a compound with formula XY3. Calculate the relative
atomic mass of element X. [RAM: Y = 35.5]
2.08 g unsur X bergabung dengan 4.26 g unsur Y untuk membentuk sebatian dengan formula XY3 . Hitung jisim atom relatif unsur X.
[JAR: Y = 35.5]
Element / Unsur X Y x = relative atomic mass of X
Mass of element (g)
Mol X = 1
2.08 4.26
Jisim unsur (g)
Mol Y 3
Number of mole of atoms 2.08 4.26 = 0.12 2.08
Bilangan mol atom x 35.5 x 1
=
Simplest ratio of moles 0.12 3
1 3 x = 52
Nisbah mol teringkas
4 2.07 g of element Z reacts with bromine to form 3.67 g of a compound with empirical formula ZBr2. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of element Z. [RAM: Br = 80]
2.07 g unsur Z bertindak balas dengan bromin membentuk 3.67 g sebatian dengan formula empirik ZBr2. Hitung jisim atom relatif bagi
unsur Z. [JAR: Br = 80]
Element / Unsur Z Br z = relative atomic mass of Z
Mass of element (g)

2.07 1.6 Mol Z = 1
Jisim unsur (g) Mol Br 2
2.07 2.08
Number of mole of atoms 1.6 = 0.02
Bilangan mol atom z 80 z 1
=
0.02 2
Simplest ratio of moles
1 2
z = 207
Nisbah mol teringkas
5 The statement below is about compound J / Pernyataan berikut adalah mengenai sebatian J.
• It is black solid / Merupakan pepejal hitam.

• Contains 12.8 g copper and 0.2 mol of oxygen / Mengandungi 12.8 g kuprum dan 0.2 mol oksigen.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Cu = 64]
(a) What is meant by empirical formula / Apakah maksud formula empirik?
A formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
(b) (i) Calculate the number of mol of copper atom / Hitung bilangan mol atom kuprum.
12.8
= 0.2 mol
64
(ii) What is the empirical formula of compound J / Apakah formula empirik sebatian J ?
0.2 mol Cu : 0.2 mol O.
1 mol Cu : 1 mol O.
Empirical formula of Compound J is CuO.
(c) Compound J reacts completely with hydrogen to produce copper and compound Q.
Sebatian J bertindak balas lengkap dengan hidrogen menghasilkan kuprum dan sebatian Q.
(i) State one observation for the reaction / Nyatakan satu pemerhatian daripada tindak balas tersebut.
Black solid change to brown
(ii) Name two the substances that can be used to prepare hydrogen gas.
Namakan dua bahan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan gas hidrogen.
Zinc/magnesium and hydrochloric acid/nitric acid/sulphuric acid.
(iii) Name compound Q / Nama sebatian Q.
Water
(iv) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas tersebut.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
36
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 36 12/9/2011 5:59:08 PM

(d) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up of apparatus for the experiment.
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel susunan radas bagi tindak balas tersebut.
Gas hidrogen Compound J
Heat
(e) (i) Why is hydrogen gas passed through the combustion tube after heating has stpopped?
Mengapakah gas hidrogen dilalukan melalui tiub pembakaran selepas pemanasan dihentikan?
To avoid copper produced react with oxygen to form copper(II) oxide.
(ii) State how to determine that the reaction between compound J and hydrogen has completed.
Nyatakan bagaimana menentukan tindak balas antara sebatian J dengan hidrogen telah lengkap.
By repeating the process of heating, cooling and weighing until constant mass is obtained.
(f) (i) Can the empirical formula of magnesium oxide be determined by the same method? Explain your answer.
Bolehkah formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida ditentukan dengan cara yang sama? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Cannot. Magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen. Hydrogen cannot reduce magnesium oxide to form
magnesium.
(ii) Magnesium can reduce copper oxide to copper. Explain why the empirical formula of the copper oxide cannot
be determined by heating the mixture of copper oxide and magnesium powder.
Magnesium boleh menurunkan kuprum oksida kepada kuprum. Terangkan mengapa formula empirik kuprum oksida tidak boleh
ditentukan dengan pemanasan campuran kuprum oksida dengan serbuk magnesium.
Magnesium oxide and copper produced are in solid form, copper cannot be separated from magnesium oxide.
The mass of copper cannot be weighed.
MOLECULAR FORMULA / Formula MOLEKUL
1 Molecular formula of a compound shows the actual number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of
the compound.
Formula molekul suatu sebatian menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom bagi setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam satu molekul sebatian.
Molecular Formula = (empirical formula)n, where n is a integer.

Formula molekul = (Formula empirik)n, di mana n adalah integer.
2 Example / Contoh:
Compound Molecular formula Empirical formula Value of n
Sebatian Formula molekul Formula empirik Nilai n
Water / Air H2O H2O 1
Carbon dioxide / Karbon dioksida CO2 CO2 1
Sulphuric acid / Asid sulfurik H2SO4 H2SO4 1
Ethene / Etena C2H4 CH2 2
Benzene / Benzena C6H6 CH 6
Glucose / Glukosa C6H12O6 CH2O 6

The molecular formula and the empirical formula of a compound may be the same if the value of n = 1 but different if the
value is n > 1.
Formula molekul dan formula empirik suatu sebatian akan sama sekiranya nilai n = 1 tetapi akan berbeza sekiranya nilai n > 1.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
37
.
m
Nila
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 37 12/9/2011 5:59:08 PM

EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The empirical formula of compound X is CH2 and relative molecular mass is 56. Determine the molecular formula of
compound X. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12]
Formula empirik sebatian X adalah CH2 dan JMR adalah 56. Tentukan formula molekul sebatian X. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1; C = 12]
(12 + 2)n = 56
56
n = =4
14
Molecular formula = (CH2)4 = C4H8
2 2.58 g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 86.
2.58 g suatu hidrokarbon mengandungi 2.16 g karbon. Jisim molekul relatif bagi hidrokarbon ini ialah 86.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1; C = 12]
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon / Hitungkan formula empirik bagi hidrokarbon ini.
Element C H
Mass of element (g) 2.16 0.42
Number of mole of atoms 0.18 0.42
Ratio of moles 1 21 = 7
3 3
Simplest ratio of moles 3 7
Empirical formula = C3H7
(ii) Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon / Tentukan formula molekul hidrokarbon tersebut.
(12 × 3 + 7 × 1)n = 86
86
n = =2
43
Molecular formula = (C3H7)2 = C6H14
3 The diagram below shows the structural formula for benzene molecule.
Rajah di bawah menujukkan formula struktur bagi benzena.
H
H C H
C C
H C C H
C
H
(a) Name the element that make up benzene / Namakan unsur yang membentuk benzena.
Carbon and hydrogen
(b) What are the molecular formula and empirical formula for benzene?
Apakah formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi benzena?
Molecular formula / Formula molekul: C6H6
Empirical formula / Formula empirik: CH
(c) Compare and contrast the molecular formula and empirical formula for benzene.
Banding dan bezakan formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi benzena.
• Both empirical formula and molecular formula shows benzene is made up of carbon and hydrogen
elements.
Kedua-dua fomula molekul dan formula empirik menunjukkan benzena terdiri dari unsur karbon dan hidrogen .
• Molecular formula shows the actual number of carbon atoms and hydrogen
atoms in benzene
molecule . Each benzene molecule consists of 6 carbon atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms.
Formula molekul menunjukkan bilangan sebenar
bagi atom karbon dan atom hidrogen dalam molekul
benzena. Setiap molekul benzena terdiri daripada 6 atom karbon dan 6 atom
m
Publica hidrogen .
a
tio
Nil
38
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 38 12/9/2011 5:59:08 PM

• Empirical formula shows the simplest ratio of number carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms, the simplest
ratio of number of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms in benzene is 1:1 .
Formula empirik benzena menunjukkan nisbah paling ringkas bilangan atoms karbon kepada atom hidrogen .
Nisbah paling ringkas bilangan atom karbon kepada hidrogen adalah 1 : 1 .
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION BY MASS OF AN ELEMENT IN A COMPOUND

PERATUS KOMPOSISI UNSUR MENGIKUT JISIM DALAM SEBATIAN
Total RAM of the element in the compound × 100%

Jumlah JAR unsur dalam suatu sebatian × 100%
1 % composition by mass of an element =
% komposisi unsur mengikut jisim RMM/RFM of compound/JMR/JFR sebatian
2 Example / Contoh:
Calculate the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen in the following compounds:
Hitungkan peratusan nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam sebatian berikut:
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : N = 14, H = 1, O = 16, S = 32, K = 39]
(i) (NH4)2SO4
2 × 14
%N = × 100%
132
= 21.2%
(ii) KNO3
14
%N = × 100%
101
= 13.9%
CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS / formula kimia bagi sebatian ion
1 Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions Xm+ and Yn– is by exchanging the charges on each ion.
The formula obtained will be XmYn.
Formula kimia sebatian ion yang mengandungi ion X m+ dan Y n– boleh diperoleh melalui pertukaran bilangan cas setiap ion. Formula yang
diperoleh ialah XnYm.
2 Example / Contoh:
(i) Sodium oxide / Natrium oksida
Ion / Ion Na+ O2–
Charges / Bilangan cas +1 –2
Exchange of charges / Pertukaran bilangan cas 2 1
Smallest ratio / Nisbah teringkas 2 1
Number of combining ions / Bilangan ion yang bergabung 2 Na+ O2–
Formula / Formula Na2O
(ii) Copper(II) nitrate / Kuprum(II) nitrat (iii) Zinc oxide / Zink oksida
Cu2+ NO3– Zn2+ O2–
+2 –1 +2 –2
1 2 (Ratio / Nisbah) 2 2
⇒ Cu(NO3)2
1 1 (Ratio / Nisbah)
⇒ ZnO
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
39
.
m
Nila
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 39 12/9/2011 5:59:08 PM

Nil
a
d.
40
Publica
Bh
tio
ACTIVITY 1: WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND NAMES OF THE FOLLOWING COMMON COMPOUNDS
n Sdn.
Aktiviti 1: TULIS FORMULA KIMIA DAN NAMA BAGI BAHAN KIMIA BERIKUT
O2–, CO32–, SO42–, Cl–, Br–, I–, OH–, NO3–,
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 40
Oxide ion Carbonat ion Sulphate ion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion Nitrate ion
Ion oksida Ion karbonat Ion sulfat Ion klorida Ion bromida Ion iodida Ion hidroksida Ion nitrat
K+
K2O K2CO3 K2SO4 KCl KBr KI KOH KNO3
Potassium ion
Potassium oxide Potassium carbonate Potassium sulphate Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide Potassium hydroxide Potassium nitrate
Ion kalium
Na+
Na2O Na2CO3 Na2SO4 NaCl NaBr NaI NaOH NaNO3
Sodium ion
Sodium oxide Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium bromide Sodium iodide Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate
Ion natrium
H+
H2CO3 H2SO4 HCl HBr HI HNO3
Hydrogen ion
Carbonic acid Sulphuric acid Hydrocloric acid Hydrobromic acid Hydroiodic acid Nitric acid
Ion hidrogen
Ag+
Ag2O Ag2CO3 Ag2SO4 AgCl AgBr AgI AgOH AgNO3
Silver ion
Silver oxide Silver carbonate Silver sulphate Silver chloride Silver bromide Silver iodide Silver hydroxide Silver nitrate
Ion argentum
NH4 + (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2SO4 NH4Cl NH4Br NH4I NH4NO3

Ammonium ion Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium
Ion ammonium carbonate sulphate chloride bromide iodide nitrate
Ca2+
CaO CaCO3 CaSO4 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3 )2
Calcium ion
Calcium oxide Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Calcium chloride Calcium bromide Calcium iodide Calcium hydroxide Calcium nitrate
Ion kalsium
Cu2+
CuO CuCO3 CuSO4 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3 )2
Copper(II) ion
Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) carbonate Copper(II) sulphate Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) bromide Copper(II) iodide Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) nitrate
Ion kuprum(II)
Mg2+ MgO MgCO3 MgSO4 MgCl2 MgBr2 Mg(OH)2

MgI2 Mg(NO3 )2
Magnesium ion Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium
Magnesium iodide Magnesium nitrate
Ion magnesium oxide carbonate sulphate chloride bromide hydroxide
Zn2+
ZnO ZnCO3 ZnSO4 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(NO3 )2
Zinc ion
Zinc oxide Zinc carbonate Zinc sulphate Zinc chloride Zinc bromide Zinc iodide Zinc hydroxide Zinc nitrate
Ion zink
Pb2+
PbO PbCO3 PbSO4 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(NO3 )2
Lead(II) ion
Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) sulphate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) nitrate
Ion plumbum(II)
Al 3+ Al2(SO4 )3 AlCl3 Al(OH)3

Al2O3 Al2(CO3 )3 AlBr3 AlI3 Al(NO3)3
Aluminium ion Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium
Aluminium oxide Aluminium carbonate Aluminium bromide Aluminium iodide Aluminium nirate
Ion aluminium sulphate chloride hydroxide
12/9/2011 5:59:08 PM
ACTIVITY 2: WITHOUT REFERRING TO THE TABLE IN ACTIVITY 1, WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE OF THE FOLLOWING COMPOUNDS
AKTIVITI 2: TANPA MERUJUK KEPADA JADUAL AKTIVITI 1, TULISKAN FORMULA KIMIA BAGI SEBATIAN BERIKUT
Oxide ion Carbonat ion Sulphate ion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion Nitrate ion
Ion oksida Ion karbonat Ion sulfat Ion klorida Ion bromida Ion iodida Ion hidroksida Ion nitrat
Potassium ion
Ion kalium
K2O K2CO3 K2SO4 KCl KBr KI KOH KNO3
Sodium ion
Ion natrium
Na2O Na2CO3 Na2SO4 NaCl NaBr NaI NaOH NaNO3
Hydrogen ion
Ion hidrogen
H2CO3 H2SO4 HCl HBr HI HNO3
Silver ion
Ion argentum
Ag2O Ag2CO3 Ag2SO4 AgCl AgBr AgI AgOH AgNO3
Ammonium ion
Ion ammonium
(NH4 )2CO3 (NH4 )2SO4 NH4Cl NH4 Br NH4 I NH4 NO3
Calcium ion
Ion kalsium
CaO CaCO3 CaSO4 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3 )2
Copper(II) ion
Ion kuprum(II)
CuO CuCO3 CuSO4 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3 )2
Magnesium ion
Ion magnesium
MgO MgCO3 MgSO4 MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3 )2
Zinc ion
Ion zink
ZnO ZnCO3 ZnSO4 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(NO3 )2
Lead(II) ion
Ion plumbum(II)
PbO PbCO3 PbSO4 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(NO3 )2
Aluminium ion
Ion aluminium
Al2O3 Al2(CO3)3 Al2(SO4 )3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 Al(OH)3 Al(NO3 )3
Publicat
m
io
n
Nila
41
Sdn. B
hd
.
12/9/2011 5:59:09 PM
Activity 3: Write The Chemical Formulae And Type Of Particles For The Following Element/Compound
Aktiviti 3: Tulis formula kimia dan jenis zarah untuk unsur/sebatian berikut
Compound / Element Formula Type of particles Compound / Element Formula Type of particles
Sebatian/Unsur Formula Jenis zarah Sebatian/Unsur Formula Jenis zarah
Sodium sulphate Zinc carbonate

Na2SO4 Ion ZnCO3 Ion
Natrium sulfat Zink karbonat
Ammonium carbonate Ammonium carbonate

(NH4 )2CO3 Ion (NH4 )2CO3 Ion
Ammonium karbonat Ammonium karbonat
Magnesium nitrate Silver chloride

Mg(NO3 )2 Ion AgCl Ion
Magnesium nitrat Argentum klorida
Hyrochloric acid Sulphuric acid

HCl Ion H2SO4 Ion
Asid hidroklorik Asid sulfurik
Potassium oxide Copper(II) nitrate

K2O Ion Cu(NO3 )2 Ion
Kalium oksida Kuprum(II) nitrat
Magnesium oxide Hydrogen gas

MgO Ion H2 Molecule
Magnesium oksida Gas hidrogen
Lead(II) carbonate Carbon dioxide gas

PbCO3 Ion CO2 Molecule
Plumbum(II) karbonat Gas karbon dioksida
Iron(III) sulphate Oxygen gas

Fe2(SO4)3 Ion O2 Molecule
Ferum(III) sulfat Gas oksigen
Magnesium chloride Aluminium sulphate

MgCl2 Ion Al2(SO4 )3 Ion
Magnesium klorida Aluminium sulfat
Zinc sulphate Lead(II) chloride

ZnSO4 Ion PbCl2 Ion
Zink sulfat Plumbun(II) klorida
Silver nitrate Potassium iodide

AgNO3 Ion KI Ion
Argentum nitrat Kalium iodida
Ammonium sulphate Copper(II) carbonate

(NH4 )2SO4 Ion CuCO3 Ion
Ammonium sulfat Kuprum(II) karbonat
Zinc oxide Potasium carbonate

ZnO Ion K2CO3 Ion
Zink oksida Kalium karbonat
Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide

HNO3 Ion NaOH Ion
Asid nitrik Natrium hidroksida
Ammonia gas Aqueous ammonia

NH3 Molecule NH3(aq) Ion and molecule
Gas ammonia Ammonia akueus
Magnesium Ammonium chloride

Mg Atom NH4Cl Ion
Magnesium Ammonium klorida
Zinc Nitrogen dioxide gas

Zn Atom NO2 Molecule
Zink Gas nitrogen dioksida
Copper(II) sulphate Sodium chloride

CuSO4 Ion NaCl Ion
Kuprum(II) sulfat Natrium klorida
Iodine Silver
I2 Molecule Ag Atom
Iodin Argentum
Chlorine Bromine
Cl2 Molecule Br2 Molecule
Klorin Bromin
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
42
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 42 12/9/2011 5:59:09 PM

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / PERSAMAAN KIMIA
1 Two types of equation / Dua jenis persamaan:

• Equation in words / Persamaan perkataan
– using names of reactants and products / menggunakan nama bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas;
• Equation using symbols / Persamaan menggunakan simbol
– reactants and products are represented by chemical formulae and have certain meanings
menggunakan formula kimia untuk mewakili bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas serta menggunakan pelbagai jenis simbol yang
membawa makna tertentu.
Symbol / Simbol Meaning / Maksud Symbol / Simbol Meaning / Maksud
Separating 2 reactants / products (g) Gaseous state

+
Mengasingkan 2 bahan / hasil (g) Keadaan gas
Produces (aq) Aqueous state

Menghasilkan (ak) Keadaan akueus
 Reversible reaction Gas released

Tindak balas berbalik Gas terbebas
(s) Solid state Precipitation

(p) Keadaan pepejal Bahan termendap
(l) Liquid state Heating / Heat energy is given

∆
(ce) Keadaan cecair Pemanasan / Haba dibekalkan
2 Information obtained from chemical equation using symbols / Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada persamaan kimia bersimbol:
(a) Qualitative aspect / Aspek kualitatif : type of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction and the state
of each reactant and product.
jenis bahan / hasil tindak balas yang terlibat dalam tindak balas dan keadaan fizikal bagi
setiap bahan / hasil tindak balas.
(b) Quantitative aspect / Aspek kuantitatif : number of moles of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction
that is the coeffficients involved in a balanced equation of the formulae of
reactants and products.
bilangan mol yang bertindak balas dan hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk iaitu pekali bagi
setiap formula bahan dan hasil tindak balas.
Example / Contoh:
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Zn (p) + 2HCl (ak) ZnCl2 (ak) + H2 (g)
1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 1 mol
Interpretation / Tafsiran: 1 mol of zinc reacts with 2 mol of hydrochloric acid to produce 1 mol of zinc chloride and
1 mol of hydrogen.
1 mol zink bertindak balas dengan 2 mol asid hidroklorik menghasilkan 1 mol zink klorida dan 1 mol hidrogen.
3 Writing balanced chemical equations / Menulis persamaan kimia seimbang:

Step 1 / Langkah 1 : Write the correct chemical formulae for each reactant and product.
Tulis formula kimia bagi setiap bahan dan hasil tindak balas.
Step 2 / Langkah 2 : Detemine the number of atoms for each element / Tentukan bilangan atom setiap unsur.
Step 3 / Langkah 3 : Balance the number of atoms for each element by adjusting the coefficients in front of the chemical
formulae.
Imbangkan bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dengan menambahkan pekali di hadapan setiap formula kimia.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
43
.
m
Nila
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 43 12/9/2011 5:59:09 PM

EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions:

Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas yang berikut:
1 Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide / Zink karbonat Zink oksida + Karbon dioksida
ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2
2 Sulphuric acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium sulphate + Water / Asid sulfurik + Natrium hidroksida Natrium sulfat + Air
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
3 Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride Silver chloride + Sodium nitrate

Argentum nitrat + Natrium klorida Argentum klorida + Natrium nitrat
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
4 Copper(II) oxide + Hydrochloric acid Copper(II) chloride + Water

Kuprum(II) oksida + Asid hidroklorik Kuprum(II) klorida + Air
CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O
5 Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide / Magnesium + Oksigen Magnesium oksida

2Mg + O2 2MgO
6 Sodium + Water Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen / Natrium + Air Natrium hidroksida + Hidrogen
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
7 Potassium oxide + Water Potassium hydroxide / Kalium oksida + Air Kalium hidroksida
K 2O + H 2O 2KOH
8 Zinc oxide + Nitric acid Zinc nitrate + Water / Zink oksida + Asid nitrik Zink nitrat + Air
ZnO + 2HNO3 Zn(NO3 )2 + H2O
9 Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen

Plumbum(II) nitrat Plumbum (II) oksida + Nitrogen dioksida + Oksigen
2Pb(NO3 )2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
10 Aluminium nitrate Aluminium oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen

Aluminium nitrat Aluminium oksida + Nitrogen dioksida + Oksigen
4Al(NO3 )3 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / Penghitungan berkaitan persamaan kimia
Calculation steps / Langkah perhitungan:

S1 / L1 : Write a balanced equation / Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang.
S2 / L2 : Write the information from the question above the equation / Tulis maklumat daripada soalan di atas persamaan.
S3 / L3 : Write the information from the chemical equation below the equation (information about the number of moles of
reactants/products).
Tulis maklumat daripada persamaan kimia di bawah persamaan (Maklumat perhubungan bilangan mol bahan/hasil tindak balas
terlibat).
S4 / L4 : Change the information in S2 into moles by using the method shown in the chart below.
Tukarkan maklumat L2 kepada mol menggunakan carta di bawah.
S5 / L5 : Use the relationship between number of moles of substance involved in S3 to find the answer.
Gunakan perhubungan bilangan mol bahan terlibat dalam L3 untuk mencari jawapan.
S6 / L6 : Change the information to the unit required using the chart below.
Tukar maklumat kepada unit yang dikehendaki dengan menggunakan carta di bawah.
÷ (RAM/FRM/RMM) g mol–1 × 24 dm3 mol–1 / 22.4 dm3 mol–1

Mass (g) No. of moles (n) Volume of gas (dm3)
Jisim (g) Bilangan mol (n) Isipadu gas (dm3)
× (RAM/FRM/RMM) g mol–1 ÷ 24 dm3 mol–1 / 22.4 dm3 mol–1
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
44
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 44 12/9/2011 5:59:09 PM

EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The equation shows the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Persamaan menunjukkan tindak balas antara zink dengan asid hidroklorik.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Calculate the mass of zinc required to react with excess hydrochloric acid to produce 6 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room
conditions. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5, 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions]
Hitungkan jisim zink yang perlu ditindakbalaskan dengan asid hidroklorik berlebihan untuk menghasilkan 6 dm3 gas hidrogen pada
keadaan bilik. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5, 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]
6 dm3
Mol of H2 = = 0.25 mol
24 dm3 mol–1
From the equation,
1 mol of H2 : 1 mol of Zn
0.25 mol of H2 : 0.25 mol of Zn
Mass of Zn = 0.25 × 65 = 16.2 g
2 The equation shows the reaction between potassium and oxygen.

Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas antara kalium dengan oksigen.
4K + O2 2K2O
Calculate the mass of potassium required to produce 23.5 g of potassium oxide. [Relative atomic mass: K = 39, O = 16]
Hitungkan jisim kalium yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 23.5 g kalium oksida. [Jisim atom relatif: K = 39, O = 16]
23.5 23.5
Mol of K2O = = = 0.25 mol
(2 × 39 + 16) 94
From the equation,
2 mol of K2O : 4 mol of K
0.25 mol of K2O : 0.5 mol of K
Mass of K = 0.5 mol × 39 g mol–1 = 19.5 g
3 The equation shows the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Persamaan menunjukkan penguraian hidrogen peroksida.
H2O2 H2O + O2
Balance the equation above. Calculate the number of moles of H2O2 that decomposes if 11.2 dm3 oxygen gas is collected
at STP. [Relative Atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 at STP]
Seimbangkan persamaan di atas. Hitung bilangan mol H2O2 yang telah terurai sekiranya 11.2 dm3 gas oksigen dikumpulkan pada STP.
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, isi padu molar gas = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 pada STP]
11.2 dm3
Mol of O2 = = 0.5 mol
22.4 dm3 mol–1
From the equation,
1 mol of O2 : 2 mol of H2O2
0.5 mol of O2 : 1.0 mol of H2O2
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
45
.
m
Nila
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 45 12/9/2011 5:59:09 PM

4 8.0 g of copper(II) oxide powder is added to excess dilute nitric acid and heated. Calculate the mass of copper(II) nitrate
produced. [Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Cu = 64]
8.0 g serbuk kuprum(II) oksida dicampurkan kepada asid nitrik cair yang berlebihan dan dihangatkan. Hitungkan jisim kuprum(II) nitrat
yang terhasil. [Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Cu = 64]
CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3 )2 + H2O

8g
Mol of CuO = = 0.1 mol
(64 + 16)g mol–1
From the equation,
1 mol of CuO : 1 mol of Cu(NO3)2
0.1 of CuO : 0.1 mol of Cu(NO3)2
Mass of Cu(NO3)2 = 0.1 mol × 188 g mol–1 = 18.8 g
5 1.3 g of zinc reacts with excess dilute sulphuric acid. The products are zinc sulphate and hydrogen. Calculate the
volume of hidrogen gas released at STP. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, 1 mol of gas occupies 22.4 dm3 mol–1at STP]
1.3 g zink bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik cair yang berlebihan. Hasil tindak balas adalah zink sulfat dan hidrogen. Hitungkan isi padu
hidrogen yang terbebas pada STP. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, isipadu molar gas = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 pada STP]
Answer/Jawapan: 448 cm3
6 0.46 g of sodium burns completely in chlorine gas at room conditions to produce sodium chloride. Calculate the
volume of chlorine gas that has reacted. [Relative atomic mass: Na = 23, Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room
conditions]
0.46 g natrium terbakar lengkap dalam gas klorin pada keadaan bilik menghasilkan natrium klorida. Hitungkan isi padu klorin yang
diperlukan untuk bertindak balas lengkap. [Jisim atom relatif: Na = 23, isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 pada keadaan bilik]
Answer/Jawapan: 0.24 dm3
7 The equation shows the combustion of propane gas.

Persamaan menunjukkan pembakaran gas propana.
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
720 cm3 of propane gas (C3H8) at room conditions burns in excess oxygen. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide formed.
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, Molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 at room conditions]
720 cm3 gas propana (C3H8) pada keadaan bilik terbakar dalam oksigen berlebihan. Hitungkan jisim karbon dioksida yang terbentuk.
[Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 pada keadaan bilik]
Answer/Jawapan: 3.96 g
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
46
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 46 12/9/2011 5:59:09 PM

1 The mass of one atom of element Y is two times more 5 The table below shows the relative atomic mass of neon,
than an atom of oxygen. What is the relative atomic carbon, oxygen and calcium.
mass of element Y? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16] Jadual berikut menunujukkan jisim atom relatif bagi neon,
Jisim satu atom unsur Y adalah dua kali lebih daripada karbon, oksigen dan kalsium.
satu atom oksigen. Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi unsur Y?
Element/Unsur Relative atomic mass/Jisim atom relatif
[Jisim atom relatif: O = 16]
A 12 Neon / Neon 20
B 24 Carbon / Karbon 12
C 32
D 36 Oxygen / Oksigen 16
Calcium / Kalsium 40
2 The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Which of the
following statements are true about butane? Which of the following statements is true?
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C =12 and O =16, [Avogadro constant = 6.0 × 1023 mol–1]
Avogadro Constant = 6 × 1023 mol–1] Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah benar?
Formula kimia bagi butana ialah C4H10. Antara pernyataan [Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]
berikut, yang manakah adalah benar tentang butana? A Mass of one calcium atom is 40 g
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12 dan O = 16, Pemalar Avogadro = Jisim satu atom kalsium ialah 40 g
6 × 1023 mol–1] B Mass of 1 mol of neon is 20 g
I The empirical formula for butane is CH2. Jisim 1 mol neon ialah 20 g
Formula empirik butana ialah CH2. C 16 g of oxygen contains 6.02 × 1023 oxygen
II Each butane molecule is made up of 4 carbon atoms molecule
and 10 hydrogen atoms. 16 g oksigen mengandungi 6.02 × 1023 molekul oksigen
Setiap molekul butana terdiri dari 4 atom karbon dan 10 D Mass of one oxygen atom is 16 times bigger than
atom hidrogen. one carbon atom
III 1 mol of butane contains a total of 8.4 × 1024 Jisim satu atom oksigen adalah 16 kali lebih besar daripada
atoms. satu atom karbon
Jumlah bilangan atom dalam 1 mol butana adalah 8.4 ×
1024. 6 A bulb is filled with 1 800 cm3 of argon gas at room
IV One butane molecule has a mass of 84 times higher conditions. What is the number of argon atom in the
than the mass of 1 hydrogen atom. bulb?
Satu molekul butana mempunyai jisim 84 kali lebih daripada [Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room conditions,
jisim satu atom hidrogen. Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]
A I and II only Sebuah belon diisi dengan 1 800 cm3 gas argon pada keadaan
I dan II sahaja bilik. Berapakah bilangan atom argon dalam belon itu?
B II and III only [Isipadu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 pada keadaan bilik,
II dan III sahaja Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]
C II, III and IV only A 4.515 × 1022 C 8.03 × 1022
II, III dan IV sahaja B 4.515 × 1023 D 8.03 × 1021
D I, II, III and IV
I, II, III dan IV 7 What is the number of hydrogen atom in 0.1 mol of
water? [Avogadro constant: 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]
3 A bottle contains 3.01 × 1023 of gas particles. What is Berapakah bilangan atom oksigen dalam 0.1 mol air?
the number of moles of the gas in the bottle? [Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]
Sebuah botol mengandungi 3.01 × 1023 zarah gas. Berapakah A 6.02 × 1022 C 6.02 × 1023
bilangan mol zarah gas dalam botol itu? B 60.2 × 1023 D 3.01 × 1023
A 0.5 mol C 3.0 mol
B 1.0 mol D 6.0 mol 8 5 g of element X reacted with 8 g of element Y to form
a compound with the formula XY2. What is the relative
4 Which of the following gases contains 0.4 mol of atoms atomic mass of element X? [Relative atomic mass:
at room temperature and pressure? [Molar volume of Y = 80]
gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature and pressure] 5 g unsur X bertindak balas dengan 8 g unsur Y membentuk
Antara gas berikut, yang manakah mengandungi 0.4 mol atom sebatian dengan formula XY2. Apakah jisim atom relatif unsur X?
pada suhu dan tekanan bilik? [Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 [Jisim atom relatif: Y = 80]
pada suhu dan tekanan bilik] A 25 C 50
A 4.8 dm3 Ne C 4.8 dm3 CO2 B 40 D 100
B 4.8 dm3 O2 D 4.8 dm3 NH3
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
47
.
m
Nila
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 47 12/9/2011 5:59:10 PM

9 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to 11 The equation shows a decomposition of magnesium
determine the empirical formula of an oxide metal X. nitrate when heated.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menentukan Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan penguraian nitrat apabila
formula empirik oksida logam X. dipanaskan.
2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2

Metal X
Logam X What is the number of oxygen molecules is produced
when 7.4 g magnesium nitrate decomposed when
heated.
Heat [Relative formula mass of Mg(NO3)2 = 148;
Panaskan
Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]
Which of the following is metal X? Berapakah bilangan molekul oksigen apabila 7.4 g magnesium
Antara berikut, yang manakah mungkin bagi logam X? nitrat terurai apabila dipanaskan?
A Zinc C Tin [Jisim formula relatif Mg(NO3)2 = 148; Pemalar Avogadro =
Zink Stanum 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]
B Lead D Copper A 1.505 × 1022
Plumbum Kuprum B 3.010 × 1022
C 1.505 × 1023
10 The following equation shows the decomposition reaction
D 3.010 × 1023
of lead(II) nitrate when heated at room temperature and
pressure.
12 The equation below shows the chemical equation of the
Persamaan tindak balas di bawah menunjukkan penguraian
plumbum(II) nitrat apabila dipanaskan pada suhu dan tekanan combustion of ethanol in excess oxygen.
bilik. Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan persamaan kimia pembakaran
etanol dalam oksigen berlebihan.
2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
2C2H5OH + 6O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
Which of the following are true when 0.1 mol of lead(II)
nitrate is decomposed? What is the volume of carbon dioxide gas released when
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Pb = 207 9.20 g ethanol burnt completely?
and 1 mol gas occupies the volume of 24 dm3 at room [Relative atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, 1 mol
temperature and pressure] of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room condition]
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar apabila 0.1 mol Apakah isi padu gas karbon dioksida dibebaskan apabila 9.20 g
plumbum(II) nitrat terurai? etanol terbakar lengkap?
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Pb = 207 dan 1 mol gas [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, 1 mol gas menempati
menempati isipadu 24 dm3 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik] 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik]
I 66.2 g of lead(II) oxide is formed A 4.8 cm3
66.2 g plumbum(II) oksida terbentuk B 9.6 cm3

II 22.3 g of lead(II) oxide is formed C 96.0 cm3
22.3 g plumbum(II) oksida terbentuk D 9 600 cm3
III 2.4 dm3 of oxygen gases is given off
2.4 dm3 gas oksigen dibebaskan 13 What is the percentage by mass of nitrogen content in
IV 4 800 cm3 of nitrogen dioxide given off urea, CO(NH2)2? [Relative atomic mass: C = 12, N = 14,
4 800 cm3 nitrogen dioksida dibebaskan H = 1 and O = 16]
A I and III only Apakah peratus kandungan nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam urea,
I dan III sahaja CO(NH2)2? [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, N = 14, H = 1 dan
B I and IV only O = 16]
I dan IV sahaja A 23.3%
C II and III only B 31.8%
II dan III sahaja C 46.7%
D II and IV only D 63.6%
II dan IV sahaja
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
48
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 48 12/9/2011 5:59:10 PM

PERIODIC TABLE
3 JADUAL BERKALA
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT / SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN
–– To identify the contribution of scientists in the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table.
Mengetahui sumbangan ahli sains untuk penyusunan unsur dalam Jadual Berkala.
–– To get ideas on the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table based on their proton numbers.
Mendapat idea penyusunan unsur dalam Jadual Berkala berdasarkan nombor proton.
ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENT IN THE PERIODIC TABLE / PENYUSUNAN UNSUR DALAM JADUAL BERKALA
• GROUP / KUMPULAN
–– To write the electron arrangement for atoms of elements with proton numbers 1 to 20.
Menulis susunan elektron bagi atom unsur dengan proton 1 hingga 20.
• PERIOD / KALA
–– To determine the group and period based on the electron arrangement of atoms or otherwise.
Menentukan kumpulan dan kala berdasarkan susunan elektron atom dan sebaliknya.
PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE / SIFAT-SIFAT UNSUR DALAM JADUAL BERKALA
• GROUP 18 / KUMPULAN 18
–– To explain the existence of noble gases as monoatom and their uses.
Menerangkan kewujudan gas adi secara monoatom serta kegunaannya.
–– To explain physical properties, similar chemical properties (with water, oxygen and chlorine) and the different reactivities.
Menerangkan sifat fizik, sifat kimia yang sama (dengan air, oksigen dan dengan klorin) serta kereaktifan yang berbeza.
–– To explain physical properties, similar chemical properties (with water, sodium hydroxide and iron) and the different
reactivities.
Menerangkan sifat fizik, sifat kimia yang sama (dengan air, natrium hidroksida dan ferum) serta kereaktifan yang berbeza.
• PERIOD 3 / KALA 3
–– To explain changes in atomic size, electronegativity, metallic properties as well as oxide properties across period 3 from left
to right.
Menerangkan perubahan saiz atom, keelektronegatifan, sifat kelogaman serta sifat oksida merentasi Kala 3 dari kiri ke kanan.
• TRANSITION ELEMENTS / UNSUR PERALIHAN

–– To state metallic properties of transition metals and their special characteristics.
Menyatakan sifat kelogaman unsur peralihan serta ciri-ciri istimewa unsur peralihan.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
49
.
m
Nila
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 49 12/9/2011 5:57:51 PM

ADVANTAGES OF CLASSIFYING THE ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

KEBAIKAN PENGELASAN UNSUR DALAM JADUAL BERKALA
1 Elements are arranged systematically in the Periodic Table in an increasing order of proton number which enables:
Unsur disusun secara sistematik dalam Jadual Berkala mengikut tertib pertambahan nombor proton yang membolehkan:
(a) Chemists to study, understand and remember the chemical and physical properties of all the elements and
compounds in an orderly manner,
Ahli kimia mempelajari, memahami dan mengingat sifat kimia dan sifat fizik semua unsur dan sebatian secara teratur.
(b) Properties of elements and their compounds to be predicted based on the position of elements in the Periodic Table,
Sifat unsur dan sebatiannya diramal berdasarkan kedudukan unsur dalam Jadual Berkala.
(c) Relationship between elements from different groups to be known.
Perhubungan unsur dari kumpulan yang berlainan diketahui.
CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENTIST TO THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

SUMBANGAN AHLI SAINS DALAM SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN JADUAL BERKALA
Scientists / Saintis Discoveries / Penemuan
Antoine Lavoisier –– Substances were classified into 4 groups with similar chemical properties.
Bahan dikelaskan kepada empat kumpulan dengan sifat kimia sama.
J.W Dobereiner –– Substances were arranged in 3 groups / Bahan disusun dalam tiga kumpulan.
–– Groups with similar chemical properties were called Triads.
Kumpulan dengan sifat kimia sama dinamakan triad.
–– Triad system was confined to some elements only / Sistem triad terhad kepada beberapa unsur sahaja.
John Newlands –– Elements were arranged in ascending atomic mass / Unsur disusun mengikut pertambahan jisim atom.
–– Law of Octaves because similar chemical properties were repeated at every eighth element.
Hukum Oktaf kerana sifat sama berulang pada setiap unsur kelapan.
–– This system was inaccurate because there were some elements with wrong mass numbers.
Sistem ini tidak tepat kerana ada unsur dengan nombor jisim salah.
Lothar Meyer Mass of 1 mol (g) / Jisim 1 mol (g)

–– The atomic volume / Isipadu atom =
Density (g cm–3) / Ketumpatan (g cm–3)
–– Plotted graph for the atomic volume against atomic mass / Memplotkan graf isi padu atom melawan jisim atom.
–– Found that elements with similar chemical properties were positioned at equivalent places along the curve.
Mendapati unsur dengan sifat kimia sama menduduki tempat setara dalam lengkungan.
Mendeleev –– Elements were arranged in ascending order of increasing atomic mass.

Unsur disusun mengikut pertambahan jisim atom.
–– Elements with similar chemical properties were in the same group.
Unsur dengan sifat kimia sama berada dalam kumpulan sama.
–– Empty spaces were allocated for elements yet to be discovered.
Ruang kosong disediakan untuk unsur yang belum ditemui.
–– Contributor to the formation of the modern Periodic Table.
Penyumbang kepada pambentukan Jadual Berkala Moden.
Henry Moseley –– Classified concepts of proton number and elements in ascending order of increasing proton number.
Mengelaskan unsur berdasarkan konsep nombor proton dan menyusun unsur-unsur mengikut turutan nombor proton menaik.
–– Contributor to the formation of the modern Periodic Table.
Penyumbang kepada pembentukan Jadual Berkala moden.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
50
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 50 12/9/2011 5:57:52 PM

THE ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS IN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

SUSUNAN UNSUR DALAM JADUAL BERKALA MODEN
1 Write the electron arrangement for each atom of element in the Periodic Table below.
Tuliskan susunan elektron untuk setiap atom unsur dalam Jadual Berkala di bawah.
Nucleon number / Nombor nukleon A
Proton number / Nombor proton Z
X Symbol of an element / Simbol unsur
GROUP / KUMPULAN
1 18
1 4
H* 2
He
1
1
P 1 2
2 13 14 15 16 17
E
R 7
Li
8
Be
11
B
12
C
14
N
16
O
19
F
20
Ne
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I 2 3
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
O TRANSITION METALS
D 23 24 LOGAM PERALIHAN 27 28 31 32 35 40
/ 11
Na 12
Mg 13
Al 14
Si 15
P 16
S 17
Cl 18
Ar
K 3
2.8.1 2.8.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8
A
L 39 40
A K Ca 80
4
19 20
35
Br
2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2
2 Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged horizontally in increasing order of proton number .
Unsur-unsur dalam Jadual Berkala disusun secara mendatar mengikut tertib pertambahan nombor proton .
3 Two main components of the Periodic Table / Dua komponen utama Jadual Berkala:
(a) Group / Kumpulan
(b) Period / Kala
GROUP / KUMPULAN
1 The vertical column of elements in the Periodic Table arranged according to the number of valance electron in the
outermost shell of atoms is called groups.
Lajur menegak dalam Jadual Berkala yang disusun mengikut bilangan elektron valens yang terdapat pada
petala terluar bagi atom dipanggil kumpulan.
2 There are 18 vertical columns, called Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 until Group 18.
Terdapat 18 lajur disusun secara menegak disebut Kumpulan 1, Kumpulan 2, Kumpulan 3 hingga Kumpulan18.
Number of valence electrons 8 (except Helium)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bilangan elektron valens 8 (kecuali Helium)
Group
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
Kumpulan
For atoms of elements with 3 to 8 valence electrons, the group

number is: 10 + number of valence electrons.
Bagi atom unsur dengan 3 hingga 8 elektron valens, nombor kumpulan ialah: 10 +
bilangan elektron valens.
3 Specific name of groups / Nama-nama khas kumpulan:

(a) Group 1: Alkali metals # / Kumpulan 1: Logam alkali #
(b) Group 2: Alkali-earth metals / Kumpulan 2: Logam alkali bumi
(c) Group 3 to 12: Transition elements # / Kumpulan 3 to 12: Unsur peralihan #
(d) Group 17: Halogens # / Kumpulan 17: Halogen #
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
51
.
m
Nila
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 51 12/9/2011 5:57:52 PM

(e) Group 18: Noble gases # / Kumpulan 18: Gas adi #

#The important groups that will be studied with respect to chemical and physical properties.
#
Kumpulan penting yang akan dipelajari dari segi sifat fizik dan sifat kimia.
4 Types of substances according to the groups / Jenis bahan mengikut kumpulan:

(a) Elements of group 1, 2 and 13 – atoms of each element have 1, 2 and 3 valence electrons respectively are metals.
Unsur Kumpulan 1, 2 dan 13 – atom setiap unsur mempunyai 1, 2 dan 3 elektron valens adalah logam.
(b) The elements of group 3 to 12 – transition elements are metals.
Unsur Kumpulan 3 hingga 12 – unsur peralihan yang merupakan logam.
(c) The elements of Group 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 – atoms of each element have 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 valence electrons
respectively are non-metals.
Unsur Kumpulan 14, 15, 16, 17 dan 18 – atom setiap unsur mempunyai 4, 5, 6, 7 dan 8 elektron valens adalah bukan logam.
PERIOD / KALA
1 The horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table, consists of the same number of shell occupied with
electrons in an atom called period.
Baris unsur secara mendatar dalam Jadual Berkala, mempunyai bilangan petala berisi elektron yang sama di
dalam atom disebut sebagai kala.
2 There are seven horizontal rows of elements known as Period 1, 2, ....., 7 [Refer to the Periodic Table]
Terdapat tujuh baris unsur secara mendatar disebut Kala 1, 2, ....., 7 [Rujuk Jadual Berkala]
(a) Period 1 has 2 elements / Kala 1 mengandungi 2 unsur Short periods, # Period 3 will be studied in
detail with respect to physical and chemical
(b) Period 2 and 3 have 8 elements # / Kala 2 dan 3 mengandungi 8 unsur # properties / Kala pendek, # Kala 3 akan dipelajari
(c) Period 4 and 5 have 18 elements / Kala 4 dan 5 mengandungi 18 unsur dengan terperinci dari segi sifat fizik dan sifat kimia
(d) Period 6 has 32 elements / Kala 6 mengandungi 32 unsur Long periods / Kala panjang
(e) Period 7 has 23 elements / Kala 7 mengandungi 23 unsur
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 Complete the table below / Lengkapkan jadual berikut.
Element Proton number Electron arrangement Number of Group Number of shell Period
Unsur Nombor proton Susunan elektron valence electrons Kumpulan Bilangan petala Kala
Bilangan elektron
valens
H 1 1 1 1 1 1
He 2 2 2 18 1 1
Li 3 2.1 1 1 2 2
Be 4 2.2 2 2 2 2
B 5 2.3 3 13 2 2
C 6 2.4 4 14 2 2
N 7 2.5 5 15 2 2
O 8 2.6 6 16 2 2
F 9 2.7 7 17 2 2
Ne 10 2.8 8 18 2 2
Na 11 2.8.1 1 1 3 3
Mg 12 2.8.2 2 2 3 3
Al 13 2.8.3 3 13 3 3
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
52
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 52 12/9/2011 5:57:52 PM

2 The diagram below shows the chemical symbols which represent elements X, Y and Z.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol kimia yang mewakili unsur X, Y dan Z.
23 12 39
11 X 6 Y 19 Z
(a) Explain how to determine the position of element X in the Periodic Table.
Terangkan bagaimana menentukan kedudukan unsur X dalam Jadual Berkala.
The proton number of element X is 11 and the number of proton in atom X is 11 . The number of
electrons in atom X is 11 . The electron arrangement of atom X is 2.8.1 . Element X is located in Group
1 because atom X has one valence electron . Element X is in period 3 because atom X has
three shells occupied with electrons .
Nombor proton unsur X adalah 11 dan bilangan proton dalam atom X adalah 11 . Bilangan elektron dalam atom
X adalah 11 . Susunan elektron bagi atom X adalah 2.8.1 . Unsur X terletak dalam kumpulan 1 kerana
atom X mempunyai satu elektron valens . Unsur X berada dalam kala 3 kerana atom X mempunyai tiga
petala berisi dengan elektron .

(b) (i) State the position of element Y in the Periodic Table. / Nyatakan kedudukan unsur Y dalam Jadual Berkala.
Element Y is located in Group 14 and Period 2.
(ii) Explain how to determine the position of element Y in the Periodic Table.
Terangkan bagaimana anda menentukan kedudukan unsur Y dalam Jadual Berkala.
– The proton number of element Y is 6 and the number of proton in atom Y is 6.
– The electron arrangement of atom Y is 2.4.
– Element Y is located in Group 14 because atom Y has 4 valance electron.
– Element Y is in Period 2 because atom Y has 2 shells occupied/filled with electrons.
(c) Which of the above elements show the same chemical properties? Explain your answer.
Antara unsur di atas, yang manakah mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama? Terangkan jawapan anda.
– Element X and element Z.
– Electron arrangement of atom X is 2.8.1 and electron arrangement of atom Z is 2.8.8.1. Atoms X and Z have the
same number of valence electron.
GROUP 18 (NOBLE GASES) / KUMPULAN 18 (GAS ADI)
1 Consist of Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn).
Terdiri dari Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Kripton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) dan Radon (Rn).
Elements / Unsur Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron

Helium / Helium 2
Neon / Neon 2.8
Argon / Argon 2.8.8
Krypton / Kripton 2.8.18.8
2 Noble gases are chemically inert because the outermost shell of the atom has achieved duplet electron
arrangement for helium and octet electron arrangement for others.
Unsur Kumpulan 18 adalah lengai secara kimia kerana petala terluar atomnya telah mencapai susunan elektron duplet untuk helium
dan susunan elektron oktet untuk yang lain.
3 Noble gases do not react with other elements (the atom does not lose, gain or share electrons).
Unsur Kumpulan ini tidak bergabung dengan unsur lain (atomnya tidak akan menderma, menerima, atau berkongsi elektron).
4 These gases exist as single uncombined atoms and are said to be monatomic gases.
Gas ini wujud sebagai atom tunggal iaitu sebagai gas monoatom.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
53
.
m
Nila
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 53 12/9/2011 5:57:52 PM

5 Going down Group 18 / Menuruni Kumpulan 18:

(a) The atomic size is increasing because the number of shells increases.
Saiz atom bertambah kerana bilangan petala bertambah.
(b) The melting point and boiling points are very low because atoms of noble gases atoms are attracted by
weak Van der Waals forces, less energy is required to overcome these forces. However, the melting and
boiling points increase going down the group because atomic size increases, causing the Van der Waal forces to
increase and more energy is required to overcome these forces.
Takat lebur dan takat didih sangat rendah kerana atom-atom gas adi ditarik oleh daya Van der Waals yang lemah , sedikit tenaga
diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya tersebut. Walau bagaimanapun, takat lebur dan takat didih bertambah menuruni kumpulan kerana
pertambahan saiz atom menyebabkan daya tarikan Van der Waals semakin bertambah, semakin banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk
mengatasinya.
(c) The density is low and increases gradually because the mass increases greatly compared to the volume going down
the group.
Ketumpatan rendah dan semakin meningkat kerana jisim bertambah dengan banyak berbanding dengan isi padu menuruni kumpulan.
6 All noble gases are insoluble in water and cannot conduct electricity in all conditions.
Semua gas adi tidak larut dalam air dan tidak dapat mengkonduksikan elektrik dalam semua keadaan.
7 Complete the uses of noble gases in the table below / Lengkapkan jadual kegunaan gas adi.
Noble gases / Gas adi Uses / Kegunaan
Helium / Helium To fill weather balloons and airship.
Neon / Neon To fill neon light (for advertisement board).
Argon / Argon To fill electrical bulb.
Krypton / Kripton To fill photographic flash lamp.
Radon / Radon To treat cancer.
GROUP 1 (ALKALI METALS) / KUMPULAN 1 (LOGAM ALKALI)
1 Consist of Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs) and Francium (Fr).
Terdiri dari Litium (Li), Natrium (Na), Kalium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Sesium (Cs) dan Fransium (Fr).
Elements Symbol Proton number Electron arrangement Number of shells

Unsur Simbol Nombor proton Susunan elektron Bilangan petala
Lithium / Litium Li 3 2.1 2

Sodium / Natrium Na 11 2.8.1 3
Potassium / Kalium K 19 2.8.8.1 4
2 Physical properties / Sifat fizik:
(a) Grey solid with shiny surface / Pepejal kelabu dengan permukaan berkilat.
(b) Softer and the density is lower compared to other metals.
Lebih lembut dan ketumpatan yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan logam lain.
(c) Lower melting and boiling points compared to other metals.
Takat lebur dan takat didih lebih rendah berbanding dengan logam lain.
3 Changes in physical properties going down the group / Perubahan sifat fizik menuruni kumpulan:
(a) Atomic size increases because the number of shells increases / Saiz atom bertambah kerana bilangan petala bertambah.
(b) Density increases because mass increases faster than the increase in radius.
Ketumpatan bertambah kerana pertambahan jisim lebih cepat dari pertambahan jejari
(c) Melting and boiling points decrease because when the atomic size increases, the metal bonds get weaker.
Takat didih dan takat lebur berkurang kerana apabila saiz atom bertambah, ikatan logam semakin lemah.
4 Chemical properties of Group 1 elements / Sifat kimia unsur Kumpulan 1:
(a) All atoms of elements in Group 1 have 1 valence electron and achieve a stable duplet/octet electron
arrangement by releasing one electron to form +1 charged ions:
Semua atom unsur mempunyai 1 elektron valens dan mencapai susunan elektron oktet/duplet yang stabil dengan
melepaskan satu elektron valens membentuk ion bercas +1 .
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
54
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 54 12/9/2011 5:57:53 PM

Example / Contoh:
(i) Atom releases one electron to achieve stable duplet electron arrangement:
Atom litium melepaskan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron duplet yang stabil:
Li Li+ +e
Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.1 Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2
Number of protons = 3, total charge: +3 Number of protons = 3, total charge: +3
Bilangan proton = 3, jumlah cas: +3 Bilangan proton = 3, jumlah cas: +3
Number of electrons = 3, total charge: –3 Number of electrons = 2, total charge: –2
Bilangan elektron = 3, jumlah cas: –3 Bilangan elektron = 2, jumlah cas: –2
Lithium atom is neutral . Positively charges lithium ion, Li+ is formed.
neutral Ion litium bercas , Li terbentuk. positif +
Atom litium adalah .
(ii) Sodium atom releases one electron to achieve stable octet electron arrangement:
Atom natrium melepaskan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil:
Na Na+ +e
Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8.1 Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8
Bilangan proton = 11, jumlah cas: +11 +11
Bilangan proton = 11, jumlah cas:
Number of electrons = 11, total charge: –11 –10
Bilangan elektron = 11, jumlah cas: –11 Number of electrons = 10, total charge:
neutral Bilangan elektron = 10, jumlah cas: –10
Sodium atom is .
neutral Positively charges sodium ion, Na+ is formed.
Atom natrium adalah .
Ion natrium bercas positif , Na+ terbentuk.

(b) All elements in Group 1 have similar chemical properties because all atoms in Group 1 have one valence
electron and achieve the stable duplet/octet electron arrangement by releasing its valence electron to
form a positively charged ions.
Semua unsur Kumpulan 1 mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama kerana semua atom unsur Kumpulan 1 mempunyai bilangan
elektron valens yang sama iaitu satu dan mencapai susunan elektron yang stabil dengan melepaskan satu elektron valensnya
untuk membentuk ion bercas positif .
5 The reactivity of alkali metals increases going down the Group 1:

Kereaktifan unsur logam alkali bertambah menuruni Kumpulan 1:
–– Atoms of Group 1 metals achieve a stable duplet/octet electron arrangement
by releasing one valence electron to form +1 charged ion.
Atom logam Kumpulan 1 mencapai susunan elektron gas adi yang stabil dengan Li
Kereaktifan
Reactivity
melepaskan satu elektron valens membentuk ion bercas +1.

–– The reactivity of Group 1 metals depends on the tendency for atoms to
lose electrons; the easier it loses an electron, the reactivity of the metal
increases .
bertambah
increases
Kereaktifan logam Kumpulan 1 bergantung pada kesenangan atom melepaskan elektron, Na
semakin senang elektron dilepaskan, kereaktifan logam semakin bertambah .

–– Going down Group 1, the number of shells
increases, the atomic size
menurun Kumpulan 1
down Group 1
increases and the valence electron in the outer most shell gets further
away from the nucleus.
Menuruni Kumpulan 1, bilangan petala bertambah, saiz atom bertambah dan
K
elektron valens pada petala terluar semakin jauh dari nukleus.
–– The strength of attraction from the proton in the nucleus to the valence
elecron gets weaker .
Kekuatan tarikan nukleus kepada elektron valens semakin lemah .
–– The valence electron is loosely held and it is easier for the electron to
be released.
Elektron valens ditarik dengan lemah dan ia makin senang dilepaskan.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
55
.
m
Nila
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 55 12/9/2011 5:57:53 PM

6 Chemical reactions of Group 1 elements / Tindak balas kimia unsur Kumpulan 1:

(a) Metal Group 1 reacts with water to produce alkali and hydrogen gas.
Logam Kumpulan 1 bertindak balas dengan air menghasilkan alkali dan gas hidrogen.
2X + 2H2O 2XOH + H2, X is the metal of Group 1

2X + 2H2O 2XOH + H2 , X adalah logam Kumpulan 1
Lithium / Litium
Water / Air
Procedure / Kaedah:
(i) Cut a small piece of lithium using a knife and forceps.
Potong sepotong litium menggunakan pisau dan forsep.
(ii) Dry the oil on the surface of the lithium with filter paper.
Keringkan minyak pada permukaan litium menggunakan kertas turas.
(iii) Place the lithium slowly onto the water surface in a water trough.
Letakkan litium dengan perlahan di atas permukaan air di dalam bekas.
(iv) When the reactions stop, test the solution produced with red litmus paper.
Apabila tindak balas berhenti, uji larutan yang terhasil dengan kertas litmus merah.
(v) Record the observation / Catatkan semua pemerhatian.
(vi) Repeat steps (i) – (v) using sodium and potassium to replace lithium one by one.
Ulang langkah (i) – (v) dengan menggunakan natrium dan kalium menggantikan litium satu demi satu.
Element Observation Inference Reactivity

Unsur Pemerhatian Inferens Kereaktifan
Li Lithium moves slowly on the water Lithium is the least reactive metal reacts
surface and produces red flame. The with water to produce alkaline solution,
colourless solution formed turns red litmus to lithium hydroxide:
blue . Litium adalah logam yang paling kurang reaktif
Litium bergerak perlahan dengan nyalaan bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan
beralkali , litium hidroksida.
Kereaktifan bertambah menuruni Kumpulan 1

Reactivity increases down Group 1
merah di atas permukaan air. Larutan tidak
berwarna menukarkan kertas litmus merah kepada Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang:
biru .
2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2
Na Sodium moves quickly on the water Sodium is reactive metal reacts with water
surface and produces yellow flame. The to produce alkaline solution, sodium
colourless solution formed turns red litmus to hydroxide.
Natrium adalah logam yang reaktif bertindak
blue .
balas dengan air membentuk larutan beralkali ,
Natrium bergerak cepat dengan nyalaan
natrium hidroksida.
kuning di atas permukaan air. Larutan tidak
biru . 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
K Potassium moves very quickly on the Potassium is the most reactive

metal
water surface and produce yellowflame. reacts with water to produce alkaline
The colourless solution formed turns red litmus solution, potassium hydroxide.
to blue . Kalium adalah logam yang paling reaktif bertindak
Kalium bergerak sangat cepat dengan nyalaan balas dengan air membentuk larutan beralkali ,
kuning di atas permukaan air. Larutan tidak kalium hidroksida.
biru . 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
56
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 56 12/9/2011 5:57:53 PM

(b) Metal Group 1 reacts with oxygen or air to form metal oxide. The metal oxide dissolves in water to produce
alkaline solution.
Logam Kumpulan 1 bertindak balas dengan oksigen membentuk oksida logam. Oksida logam larut dalam air menghasilkan larutan
berakali.
4X + O2 2X2O
X2O + H2O 2XOH, X is a metal element of Group 1 (Li, Na and K)
X2O + H2O 2XOH, X adalah logam unsur Kumpulan 1 (Li, Na dan K)
Combustion spoon / Sudu pembakaran
Gas jar / Balang gas
Chlorine gas / Gas klorin
Burning lithium / Litium menyala
Procedure / Kaedah:
(i) Cut a small piece of lithium using a knife and forceps / Potong secebis kecil litium menggunakan pisau dan forsep.
(ii) Dry the oil on the surface of the lithium with filter paper.
Keringkan minyak pada permukaan litium dengan kertas turas.
(iii) Place the lithium in a combustion spoon and heat lithium until it start to burn.
Letakkan litium pada sudu pembakaraan dan panaskan litium dengan kuat hingga ia menyala.
(iv) Put the burning lithium into a gas jar of oxygen / Letakkan litium yang menyala dalam balang gas berisi oksigen.
(v) When the reaction stop, add water to dissolve the compound formed.
Apabila tindak balas berhenti, tambahkan air untuk melarutkan sebatian yang terbentuk.
(vi) Add a few drops of universal to the solution formed.
Tambahkan beberapa titis penunjuk universal kepada larutan yang terbentuk.
(vii) Record the observation / Catatkan pemerhatian.
(viii) Repeat steps (i) – (vii) using sodium and potassium to replace lithium one by one.
Ulang langkah (i) – (vii) menggunakan natrium dan kalium untuk menggantikan litium satu demi satu.

Unsur Pemerhatian Inferen Kereaktifan
Li –– Lithium burns slowly with a red –– Lithium is the least reactive metal towards
flame to produce white solid . oxygen.

Litium terbakar perlahan dengan nyalaan Litium adalah paling kurang reaktif terhadap
merah menghasilkan pepejal putih . oksigen.
white solid –– Lithium reacts with oxygen to produce

–– The soluble in water to
lithium oxide .
form colourless solution.
Pepejal putih larut dalam air membentuk Litium bertindak balas dengan oksigen
tidak berwarna . membentuk litium oksida .
larutan
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang:
–– The solution turns green universal
4Li + O2 2Li2O
indicator to purple .
Larutan itu menukarkan warna penunjuk –– Lithium reacts with water to form
universal dari hijau kepada ungu . alkaline solution, lithium hydroxide.
Litium oksida bertindak balas dengan air
membentuk larutan beralkali, litium hidroksida .
Li2O + H2O 2LiOH
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
57
.
m
Nila
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 57 12/9/2011 5:57:53 PM

–– Sodium burns brightly with a yellow –– Sodium is reactive metal towards oxygen.
Na
reaktif
flame to produce white solid . Natrium adalah logam terhadap oksigen.
Natrium terbakar terang dengan nyalaan –– Sodium reacts with oxygen to produce
kuning menghasilkan pepejal putih . sodium oxide .
–– The white solid soluble in water to Natrium bertindak balas dengan oksigen
form colourless solution. membentuk natrium oksida .
Pepejal putih larut dalam air membentuk Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang:
larutan tidak berwarna . 4Na + O2 2Na2O
–– Sodium reacts with water to form
indicator to purple . alkaline solution, sodium hydroxide.
Larutan itu menukarkan warna penunjuk
universal dari hijau kepada ungu . Natrium bertindak balas dengan air membentuk
larutan beralkali , natrium hidroksida.
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH
K –– Potassium burns very brightly –– Potassium is the most reactive metal

with a purple flame to produce towards oxygen.
Kalium adalah logam paling reaktif terhadap
white solid .
oksigen.
Kalium terbakar sangat terang dengan nyalaan –– Potassium reacts with oxygen to
ungu menghasilkan pepejal putih .
produce potassium oxide .
–– The white solid soluble in water to Kalium bertindak balas dengan oksigen membentuk
form colourless solution. kalium oksida .
Pepejal putih larut dalam air membentuk
larutan tidak berwarna .
4K + O2 2K2O
indicator to purple . –– Potassium reacts with water to form
Larutan itu menukarkan warna penunjuk alkaline solution, potassium hydroxide.
universal dari hijau kepada ungu . Kalium oksida bertindak balas dengan air
membentuk larutan beralkali , kalium hidroksida.
K2O + H2O 2KOH
(c) Metal Group 1 reacts with with chlorine to produce metal chloride.
Logam Kumpulan 1 bertindak balas dengan klorin menghasilkan logam klorida.
2X + Cl2 X is a metal element of Group 1 (Li, Na and K)

2X + Cl2 + 2H2O 2XCl , X adalah logam unsur Kumpulan 1 (Li, Na dan K)
Combustion spoon / Sudu pembakaran
Gas jar / Balang gas
Chlorine gas / Gas klorin
Burning of metal Group 1

Pembakaran logam Kumpulan 1
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
58
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 58 12/9/2011 5:57:54 PM


Unsur Pemerhatian Inferen Kereaktifan
Li Lithium burns slowly with a red –– Lithium is least reactive metal towards
flame to produce white solid. chlorine.
Litium adalah paling kurang reaktif terhadap
Litium terbakar perlahan dengan nyalaan
merah putih klorin.
menghasilkan pepejal .
–– Lithium reacts with chlorin to produce
lithium chloride .
Litium bertindak balas dengan klorin membentuk
litium klorida .

2Li + Cl2 2LiCl
Na Sodium burns brightly with a yellow –– Sodium is reactive metal towards chlorine.
reaktif
flame to produce white solid. Natrium adalah logam terhadap klorin.
Natrium terbakar terang
dengan nyalaan –– Sodium reactswith chlorine to produce
kuning menghasilkan pepejal putih . sodium chloride .
Natrium bertindak balas dengan klorin membentuk
natrium klorida .
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
K Potassium burns very brightly with –– Potassium is the most reactive metal
a purple flame to produce white towards chlorine.
Kalium adalah logam paling reaktif terhadap
solid.
sangat terang klorin.
Kalium terbakar dengan nyalaan
ungu menghasilkan pepejal putih . –– Potassium reacts with chlorine to produce
sodium chloride .
Kalium bertindak balas dengan klorin membentuk
kalium klorida .
2K + Cl2 2KCl
GROUP 17 (HALOGENS) / KUMPULAN 17 (HALOGEN)
1 Consist of Fluorine (F2), Chlorine (Cl2), Bromine (Br2), Iodine (I2) and Astatine (At2).
Terdiri dari Fluorin (F2 ), Klorin (Cl2 ), Bromin (Br2 ), Iodin (I2 ) dan Astatin (At2 ).
Elements Symbol Proton number Electron arrangement Number of shells

Unsur Simbol Nombor proton Susunan elektron Bilangan petala
Fluorine / Fluorin F2 19 2.7 2
Chlorine / Klorin Cl2 17 2.8.7 3
Bromine / Bromin Br2 35 2.8.18.7 4
Iodine / Iodin I2 53 2.8.18.18.7 5
2 Physical properties: Halogens cannot conduct heat and electricity in all state.
Sifat fizik: Halogen tidak boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dan haba dalam semua keadaan.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
59
.
m
Nila
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 59 12/9/2011 5:57:54 PM

3 Changes in physical properties going down the group / Perubahan sifat fizik menuruni kumpulan:
(a) The melting and boiling points are low because the molecules are attracted by weak Van der Waals forces, and small
amount of energy is required to overcome these forces. However the melting and boiling points increase going down
the group.
Takat didih dan takat lebur adalah rendah kerana molekul ditarik oleh tarikan Van der Waals yang lemah, sedikit tenaga diperlukan
untuk mengatasi daya itu. Walau bagaimanapun, takat lebur dan takat didih meningkat menuruni kumpulan.
Explanation / Penerangan:
–– The atomic size increases going down the Group 17 because of increasing in number of shell , the size
molecules get larger.
Saiz atom bertambah menuruni kumpulan kerana dengan pertambahan bilangan petala , saiz molekul semakin besar.
–– The inter molecular forces of attraction (Van der Waals forces) between molecules become stronger.
Daya tarikan antara molekul (daya Van der Waals) antara molekul semakin kuat.
–– More heat is needed to overcome the stronger forces between molecules during melting or boiling.
Lebih banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya antara molekul yang lebih kuat semasa peleburan atau pendidihan.
(b) Physical properties change from gas (fluorine and chlorine) to liquid (bromine) and to solid (iodine) at room
temperature due to increase in the strength of inter molecular forces from fluorine to iodine.
Keadaan fizik berubah dari gas (flourin dan klorin) kepada cecair (bromin) dan kepada pepejal (iodin) pada suhu bilik kerana
pertambahan kekuatan tarikan antara molekul dari flourin kepada iodin.
(c) The density is low and increases going down the group.
Ketumpatan adalah rendah dan semakin meningkat apabila menuruni kumpulan.
(d) The colour of the elements becomes darker going down the group: fluorine (light yellow), chlorine (greenish
yellow), bromine (brown) and iodine (purplish black).
Warna unsur semakin gelap menuruni kumpulan iaitu flourin (kuning muda), klorin (kuning kehijauan), bromin (perang) dan
iodin (ungu kehitaman).
4 Chemical properties of Group 17 elements / Sifat kimia unsur Kumpulan 17:
(a) All atoms of elements in Group 17 have seven valence electrons and achieve a stable octet electron
arrangement by accepting one electron to form negatively charged ions.
Semua atom unsur Kumpulan 17 mempunyai tujuh elektron valens, mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil dengan
menerima satu elektron membentuk ion bercas negatif .
Example / Contoh:
(i) Fluorine atom receives one electron to achieve stable duplet electron arrangement:
Atom flourin menerima satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil:
F +e F–
Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.7 Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8
Fluorine atom is neutral . Negatively charged fluoride ion, F– is formed.
Atom flourin adalah . neutral Ion flourida, F bercas terbentuk. – negatif

(ii) Chlorine atom receives one electron to achieve stable octet electron arrangement:
Atom klorin menerima satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil:
Cl +e Cl–
Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8.7 Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8.8
Chlorine atom is neutral . Negatively charged chloride ion, Cl– is formed.
Atom klorin adalah neutral . Ion klorida, Cl– bercas negatif terbentuk.

(b) All elements in Group 17 have similar chemical properties because atoms in Group 17 have seven valence
electron and achieve the stable octet electron arrangement by receiving one electron to form a negatively
charged ion.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
60
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 60 12/9/2011 5:57:54 PM

Semua unsur Kumpulan 17 mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama kerana atom unsur Kumpulan 17 mempunyai tujuh
elektron valens sama dalam atom, mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil dengan menerima satu elektron membentuk ion
bercas negatif .
5 Reactivity of halogens decreases going down the group / Kereaktifan halogen berkurang menuruni kumpulan:
–– All the atoms of Group 17 have seven valence electrons and achieve a stable octet
electron arrangement by accepting one electron to form negatively charged ion.
Kereaktifan bertambah menuruni kumpulan 1

Semua atom unsur Kumpulan 17 mempunyai tujuh elektron valens dan mencapai susunan elektron
Kereaktifan
Reactivity decreases down Group 17

oktet yang stabil dengan menerima satu elektron membentuk ion bercas negatif . F
–– The reactivity of a halogen atom depends on the tendency of the atom to receive
electron.
Kereaktifan unsur Kumpulan 17 bergantung pada kecenderungan atom menerima elektron.
berkurang
–– Going down Group 17, the number of shells increases, atomic size increases. Cl
Apabila menuruni Kumpulan 17, bilangan petala bertambah, saiz atom bertambah.
–– Outer shell becomes further from the nucleus.
menurun Kumpulan 17
Petala luar semakin jauh dari nukleus.
–– The strength of attraction from the proton in the nucleus to attract one electron into the
outermost occupied shell becomes weaker . Br
Kekuatan tarikan daripada proton dalam nukleus untuk menarik satu elektron ke dalam petala luar
semakin lemah .
–– The strength of a halogen atom to attract electron decreases from fluorine to
astatine (electronegativity decreases).
Kekuatan atom halogen untuk menarik elektron berkurang dari fluorin ke astatin
(keelektronegatifan berkurang).
6 Elements in group 17 exist as diatomic molecules. Two atoms of element sharing one pair of valence electrons to achieve
stable octet electron arrangement.
Unsur Kumpulan 17 wujud sebagai molekul dwiatom. Dua atom unsur berkongsi sepasang elektron valens untuk mencapai susunan elektron
oktet yang stabil.
Example: Two fluorine atoms share one pair of electron to form one fluorine molecule:
Contoh: Dua atom fluorin berkongsi sepasang elektron untuk membentuk molekul fluorin:
kongsi kongsi
Share / Kongsi
F F F F F FF F
Fluorine atom / Atom fluorin Fluorine atomflourin,

/ Atom fluorin Molekul florin
Fluorine Molekul
moleculeflorin
/ Molekul fluorin
Atom flourin,
Atom flourin,
Atom flourin,
Atom
Chlorine, bromineF and iodine
F exists as F
diatomic molecules.
F (Cl2, Br2 and I2)
Klorin, bromin dan iodin wujud sebagai molekul dwiatom (Cl2 , Br2 dan I2 )
7 Chemical properties reactions of Group 17 elements / Tindak balas kimia unsur Kumpulan 17:
(a) Halogen reacts with water with different reactivity / Halogen bertindak balas dengan air dengan kereaktifan berbeza:
X2 + H2O HX + HOX, X is halogen. (Cl2, Br2 and I2) / X2 + H2O HX + HOX, X adalah halogen. (Cl2 , Br2 dan I2 )
Chlorine gas / Gas Klorin Bromine water / Air Bromin Iodine crystals / Hablur Iodin
Chlorine Bromine
Fluorine, Chlorine
Gas klorin
Florin, Klorin Bromin
water Water Iodine cystals
Water
air Air Hablur iodin
Air Water / Air
Procedure / Kaedah:
Procedure / Kaedah: Procedure / Kaedah: –– Some iodine crystals are added to
–– Chlorine gas is passed through –– A few drops of bromine water are water in a test tube.
Chlorine or
Bromine water in a test tube. added to water in a test tube. Sedikit hablur iodin ditambah kepada air
Klorin atau Gas klorin dilalukan melalui air dalam Beberapa titis air bromin ditambah
Iodine
Bromin dalam tabung uji.
tabung uji. NaOH to absorb kepada air Iodin
dalam tabung uji.
–– The test tube is shaken.
–– The solution
Heat produced testedChlorine
with / bromine–– The test tube is shaken. Iron wool
Wul Besi Tabung uji digoncang.
Haba NaOH untuk menyerap
blue litmus paper. klorin / bromin Tabung uji digoncang.
–– The solution produced tested with
Larutan yang terhasil diuji dengan kertas –– The solution produced
Heat tested with blue litmus paper.
litmus biru. blue litmus paper.Haba
Larutan yang terhasil diuji dengan kertas
Larutan yang terhasil diuji dengan kertas litmus biru.
litmus biru.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
61
.
m
Nila
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 61 12/9/2011 5:57:55 PM

Observation / Pemerhatian: Observation / Pemerhatian: Observation / Pemerhatian:

–– Chlorine dissolves rapidly in –– Bromine dissolves slowly in –– Iodine dissolves slightly in
water to form light yellow solution: water to form brown solution: water to form brown solution:
Klorin larut dengan cepat dalam air Bromin larut dengan perlahan dalam Iodin larut dengan sedikit dalam
menghasilkan larutan berwarna kuning air menghasilkan larutan berwarna air menghasilkan larutan berwarna
muda: perang: perang:
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl Br2 + H2O HBr + HOBr I2 + H2O HI + HOI
–– The solution changes blue –– The solution changes blue –– The solution changes blue
litmus paper to red and litmus paper to red and litmus paper to red . The
qucikly decolourises it. slowly decolourises it. litmus paper is not decolourises .
Larutan menukarkan kertas litmus biru Larutan menukarkan kertas litmus biru Larutan menukarkan kertas litmus biru
kepada merah dan melunturkannya kepada merah dan melunturkannya kepada merah . Kertas litmus tidak
dengan cepat. dengan perlahan. dilunturkan .
–– Chlorine, bromine and iodine react water to form acidic solution.
Klorin, bromin dan iodin bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan berasid.
–– Solubility decreases from chlorine to iodine / Keterlarutan berkurang dari klorin kepada iodin.
(b) Halogens react with sodium hydroxide solution / Halogen bertindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida:
X2 + 2NaOH NaX + NaOX + H2O, X2 is halogen. (Cl2, Br2 and I2)

X2 + 2NaOH NaX + NaOX + H2O, X2 adalah halogen. (Cl2 , Br2 dan I2 )
Complete the following / Lengkapkan yang berikut:

(i) Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
Reactivity decreases
(ii) Br2 + 2NaOH NaBr + NaOBr + H2O Kereaktifan berkurang
(iii) I2 + 2NaOH NaI + NaOI + H2O
(c) Halogens react with hot iron to form brown solid, iron(III) halide.
Halogen bertindak balas dengan besi panas membentuk pepejal perang, ferum(III) halida.
Iron wool / Wul besi
Iodine
Chlorine or Iodin
Bromine
Klorin atau
Bromin Iron wool
Heat Wul besi
Haba NaOH to absorb chlorine/bromine
NaOH untuk menyerap klorin/bromin Heat / Haba
2Fe + 3X2 2FeX3, X2 represents any halogen. (Cl2, Br2 or I2)

2Fe + 3X2 2FeX3, X2 mewakili sebarang halogen. (Cl2 , Br2 atau I2 )
Halogen Observation Chemical equation

Halogen Pemerhatian Persamaan kimia
Chlorine Iron wool burns very brightly and forms a brown solid
Klorin
when cooled. 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
Wul besi terbakar dengan terang dan membentuk pepejal perang
apabila sejuk.
Bromine Iron wool burns brightly and forms a brown solid when
Bromin
cooled. 2Fe + 3Br2 2FeBr3
Wul besi berbara dengan sangat terang dan membentuk pepejal
perang apabila sejuk.
Iodine Iron wools glows slowly with a dull glow and forms a
Iodin
brown solid when cooled. 2Fe + 3I2 2FeI3
Wul besi berbara dengan perlahan dan membentuk pepejal perang
apabila sejuk.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
62
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 62 12/9/2011 5:57:55 PM

Experiment (a), (b) dan (c) show that all halogens have similar chemical properties but their reactivity
decreases going down the group:
Eksperimen (a), (b) dan (c) menunjukkan semua halogen menunjukkan sifat kimia yang sama tetapi kereaktifannya
berkurang apabila menuruni kumpulan.
Reactivity decreases / Kereaktifan berkurang
F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2 / F2 , Cl2 , Br2 dan I2
PERIOD / KALA
1 Horizontal rows in the periodic table / Baris mendatar dalam Jadual Berkala.
2 There are seven periods known as Period 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 / Terdapat 7 kala ditulis sebagai Kala 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
3 The number of period of an element represents the number of shells occupy with electrons in each atom of element.
Nombor kala suatu unsur mewakili bilangan petala yang diisi oleh elektron di dalam setiap atom unsur.
Elements Proton number Electron arrangement Number of shells Period

Unsur Nombor proton Susunan elektron Bilangan petala Kala
Li 3 2.1 2 2
Na 11 2.8.1 3 3
K 19 2.8.8.1 4 4
4 Period 3 elements (complete the following table): / Unsur Kala 3 (lengkapkan jadual berikut):
Elements / Unsur Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Proton number
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Nombor proton
2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8
Susunan elektron
Number of shells
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Bilangan petala
Positive charge in the nucleus
+11 +12 +13 +14 +15 +16 +17 +18
Bilangan cas positif dalam nukleus
Radius (nm)
0.191 0.160 0.130 0.118 0.110 0.102 0.099 0.095
Jejari (nm)
5 Physical changes across the Period 3 (from left to right) / Perubahan fizik merentasi Kala 3(dari kiri ke kanan):
(a) Change in atomic radius across Period 3 / Perubahan jejari atom merentasi Kala 3:
The atomic radius of the atoms decreases from sodium to chlorine

Jejari atom berkurang dari natrium kepada klorin
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
12 p 13 p 14 p 15 p 16 p 17 p
Bilangan proton : 11 p
Cas positif Atom
: /+11
Atom +12 Na +13Mg +14
Al +15
Si +16 P +17 S Cl
2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.7 2.8.7
Susunan electron : 2.8.1
Number of proton / Bilangan proton 11 p 12 p 13 p 14 p 15 p 16 p 17 p
Positive charge / Cas positif +11 +12 +13 +14 +15 +16 +17
Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7
–– All the atoms of elements have 3 shells occupied with electrons .

Semua atom unsur mempunyai 3 petala berisi elektron.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
63
.
m
Nila
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 63 12/9/2011 5:57:55 PM

–– The proton number increases by one unit from sodium to chlorine.

Nombor proton bertambah satu unit dari natrium kepada klorin.
–– Increase in proton number causes the number of positive charge in the nucleus to increase .
Pertambahan nombor proton menyebabkan bilangan cas positif pada nukleus bertambah .
–– The strength of attraction from the proton in the nucleus to the electrons in the shells increases .
Daya tarikan proton dalam nukleus terhadap elektron dalam petala bertambah .
–– The size of atom decreases across period 3 / Jejari atom unsur berkurang merentasi Kala 3.
(b) Change in electronegativity / Perubahan keelektronegatifan:
–– Electronegativity: The strength of an atom in a molecule to attract electron towards its nucleus.
Kelektronegatifan: Kekuatan suatu atom dalam molekul menarik elektron ke arah nukleusnya.
–– The atomic radius decreases due to the increasing nuclei attraction on the electrons in the shells from
sodium to chlorine.
Jejari atom berkurang kerana daya tarikan nukleus terhadap elektron dalam petala bertambah dari natrium kepada
klorin.
–– The size of atom decreases from sodium to chlorine.
Saiz atom berkurang dari natrium kepada klorin.
–– Tendency of atoms to attract electron to the outermost shells increases from sodium to chlorine.
Kekuatan nukleus menarik elektron kepada petala paling luar bertambah dari natrium kepada klorin.
–– The electronegativity increases across Period 3 from sodium to chlorine.
Keelektonegatifan bertambah merentasi Kala 3 dari natrium kepada klorin.
(c) Physical state / Keadaan fizik:
(i) The physical state of elements in a period changes from solid to gas from left to right.
Keadaan fizik unsur-unsur dalam suatu kala berubah dari pepejal kepada gas dari kiri ke kanan.
(ii) Metals on the left are solid while non-metals on the right are usually gases.
Logam di sebelah kiri adalah pepejal dan bukan logam di sebelah kanan kebanyakannya adalah gas.
(d) Changes in metallic properties and electrical conductivity / Perubahan sifat kelogaman dan kekonduksian elektrik:
Element / Unsur Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Metallic properties Metal Semi metal Non-metal
Sifat kelogaman Logam Separa logam Bukan logam
Electrical conductivity Good conductors Weak conductor of electric but it increases with Cannot conduct electricity
Kekonduksian elektrik of electric. the presence of boron or phosphorous. Tidak boleh mengkonduksi
Konduktor elektrik Konduktor elektrik yang lemah tetapi bertambah dengan elektrik
yang baik. kehadiran boron atau fosforus.
Uses: semi-conductor / Kegunaan: semi konduktor
6 Changes in properties of oxide of elements Period 3 / Sifat oksida unsur Kala 3:

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Basic oxide / Oksida bes Amphoteric oxide / Oksida amfoterik Acidic oxide / Oksida asid
Basic oxide + Water Alkali Amphoteric oxide + Acid Salt + Water Acidic oxide + Water Acid
Oksida bes + Air Alkali Oksida amfoterik + Asid Garam + Air Oksida asid + Air Asid
Amphoteric oxide + Alkali Salt + Water
Example / Contoh: Example / Contoh:
Oksida amfoterik + Alkali Garam +Air
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH SO2 + H2O H2SO3
Example / Contoh:
Basic oxide + Acid Salt + Water Al2O3 + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 +3H2O Acidic oxide + Alkali Salt + Water
Oksida bes + Asid Garam + Air Oksida asid + Alkali Garam + Air
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Example / Contoh: Example / Contoh:
MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O
(a) Elements in Period 3 can be classified as metals and non-metals based on basic and acidic properties of their
oxides / Unsur Kala 3 boleh dikelaskan sebagai logam dan bukan logam berdasarkan sifat kebesan dan keasidan oksidanya.
(i) Basic oxide is metal oxide that can react with acid to form salt and water .
Oksida bes adalah oksida logam yang boleh bertindak balas dengan asid membentuk garam dan air .
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
64
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 64 12/9/2011 5:57:55 PM

(ii) Acidic oxide is non-metal oxide that can react with alkali to form salt and water .
Oksida asid adalah oksida bukan logam yang boleh bertindak balas dengan alkali membentuk garam dan
air .
(iii) Amphoteric oxide is oxide that can react with both acid and alkali to form salt and water .
Oksida amfoterik adalah oksida yang boleh bertindak balas dengan asid dan alkali untuk membentuk garam
dan air .
(b) Complete the following table / Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
(i) Reaction with water / Tindak balas dengan air:
Oxide Solubility in water pH Type of oxide

Oksida Keterlarutan dalam air pH larutan Jenis oksida
Sodium oxide, Na2O White solid dissolve in water

14 Basic oxide
Natrium oksida, Na2O Pepejal putih larut dalam air
Magnesium oksida, MgO White solid slightly dissolve in water

9 Basic oxide
Magnesium oksida, MgO Pepejal putih larut separa dalam air
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 Insoluble

– –
Aluminium oksida, Al2O3 Tidak larut
Silicon oxide, SiO2 Insoluble

– –
Silikon oksida, SiO2 Tidak larut
Phosphorous oxide, P4O10 White solid dissolve in water

3 Acidic oxide
Fosforus oksida, P4O10 Pepejal putih larut dalam air
Sulphur dioxide, SO2 White solid dissolve in water

3 Acidic oxide
Sulfur dioksida, SO2 Pepejal putih larut dalam air
(ii) Reaction between the oxide of elements Period 3 with nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution:
Tindak balas antara oksida unsur Kala 3 dengan asid nitrik dan larutan natrium hidroksida:
Observation / Pemerhatian
Oxide Type of oxide
Reaction with dilute nitric Reaction with sodium
Oksida Jenis oksida
acid hydroxide solution
Tindak balas dengan asid nitrik cair Tindak balas dengan natrium hidroksida
Magnesium oxide, MgO The white solid dissolve to No change. The white solid does
Magnesium oksida, MgO form colourless solution. not dissolve.
Pepejal putih larut membentuk Tiada perubahan. Pepejal putih tidak
Basic oxide
larutan tanpa warna. larut.
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 No change. The white solid The white solid dissolve to form
Aluminium oksida, Al2O3 does not dissolve. colourless solution.
Tiada perubahan. Pepejal putih tidak Pepejal putih larut membentuk larutan
Amphoteric oxide
larut. tanpa warna.
Silicon oxide, SiO2 No change. The white solid The white solid dissolve to form
Silikon oksida, SiO2 does not dissolve. colourless solution.
Tiada perubahan. Pepejal putih tidak Pepejal putih larut membentuk larutan
Acidic oxide
larut. tanpa warna.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
65
.
m
Nila
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 65 12/9/2011 5:57:56 PM

7 Steps to compare and explain the change in atomic size/ radius/ electronegativity across Period 3, reactivity down
Group 1 and Group 17:
Langkah-langkah untuk membanding dan menerangkan perubahan saiz atom/ jejari/ keelekronegatifan merentasi Kala 3, kereaktifan
menuruni Kumpulan 1 dan Kumpulan 17:
12 p 13 p 14 p 15 p 16 p 17 p
Bilangan proton : 11 p
+16
Atomic radius
Cas positif : of the atoms +12decreases +13across Period
+11 +15 sodium
+14 3 from
2.8.7
to chlorine.
+17
Susunan electron : 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.7
Jejari atom berkurang merentasi Kala 3 dari natrium kepada klorin.
Reactivity decreases down Group 17/Kereaktifan berkurang menurun Kumpulan 17

Reactivity increases down Group 1/Kereaktifan bertambah menurun Kumpulan 1
(a) To Compare Atomic Size/ Radius and Electronegativity Across Period 3:

Membanding Jejari/ Saiz Atom dan Keelektronegatifan Merentasi Kala 3:
(i) Compare number of shells in each atom.
Bandingkan bilangan petala dalam setiap atom.
(ii) Compare number of proton in the nucleus.
Kereaktifan bertambah menuruni kumpulan 1

Li Bandingkan bilangan proton dalam nukleus. F
(iii) Compare the strength of attraction from the nucleus to the electrons in the shells .
Bandingkan kekuatan tarikan dari proton dalam nukleus kepada elektron dalam petala .
Na (iv) Compare the atomic size/ Compare the electronegativity. Cl
Bandingkan saiz atom/ Bandingkan keelektronegatifan.
(b) To Compare Reactivity Down Group 1 and Group 17:
Membanding Kereaktifan Menuruni Kumpulan 1 dan Kumpulan 17:
(i) Compare number of shells in each atom.
K
Bandingkan bilangan petala dalam setiap atom. Br
(ii) Compare the strength of proton in the nucleus to attract valence electron (Group 1)// to attract
electron to the outermost shells (Group 17).
Bandingkan kekuatan proton dalam nukleus menarik elektron valens (Kumpulan 1) // menarik
elektron ke petala paling luar (Kumpulan 17).
(iii) Compare tendency of the atom to release electron (Group 1)// receive electron (Group 17).
Bandingkan kecenderungan atom untuk melepaskan elektron (Kumpulan 1) // menerima
elektron (Kumpulan 17).
TRANSITION ELEMENT / UNSUR PERALIHAN
1 Situated between Group 2 and 13. The examples of transition element are Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn.
Terletak antara Kumpulan 2 dan 13. Contoh unsur peralihan adalah Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu dan Zn.
2 Show metal properties: Shiny, conducts heat and electricity, malleable, high tensile strength, high melting point and
density.
Mempunyai sifat logam: Permukaan berkilat, konduktor haba dan elektrik, bersifat mulur, boleh ditempa, kekuatan tegangan yang tinggi,
takat lebur dan ketumpatan tinggi.
3 Special characteristics / Ciri istimewa:
(a) Form coloured compound / Membentuk sebatian berwarna.
Example / Contoh:
Iron(III) chloride is brown, iron(II) chloride is green and copper(II) sulphate is blue.
Ferum(III) klorida adalah perang, ferum(II) klorida adalah hijau dan kuprum(II) sulfat adalah biru.
(b) Form different oxidation numbers / Membentuk nombor pengoksidaan berbeza.
(c) Form complex ions: MnO4–, Cr2O72–, CrO42–, etc / Membentuk ion kompleks: MnO4–, Cr2O72–, CrO42–, dan sebagainya.
(d) Useful as a catalyst in industries / Berguna sebagai mangkin dalam industri.
Example / Contoh:
Iron: Haber Process in the manufacture of ammonia / Ferum: Proses Haber dalam penghasilan ammonia.
Fe
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Vanadium(V) Oxide: Contact Process in the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
Vanadium(V) Oksida: Proses Sentuh dalam penghasilan asid sulfurik.
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
Publica
Platinum: Ostwald Process in the manufacture of nitric acid / Platinum: Proses Ostwald dalam penghasilan asid nitrik.
m
a
tio
Nil
66
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 66 12/9/2011 5:57:56 PM

EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The diagram below shows the electron arrangement for atoms P and Q.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom P dan Q.
P
P Q
(a) Elements P and Q are placed in the same group in Periodic Table. State the group.
Unsur P dan Q terletak dalam kumpulan yang sama dalam Jadual Berkala. Nyatakan kumpulan itu.
Group 1
(b) How is elements P and Q kept in the laboratory? Give reason for your answer.
Bagaimanakah unsur P dan Q disimpan di dalam makmal? Berikan sebab bagi jawapan anda.
In paraffin oil. To prevent them from reacting with oxygen or water vapour in the atmosphere.
(c) (i) Write chemical equation for the reaction between elements P with water.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas antara unsur P dengan air.
2P + 2H2O 2POH + H2
(ii) What is the expected change of colour when a few drops of phenolphthalein are added into the aqueous
solution of the product? Explain your answer.
Apakah perubahan warna yang dijangkakan apabila beberapa titik fenolftalein dititiskan ke dalam larutan akueus yang
terhasil? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Colourless to purple/ pink. The solution formed is alkaline.
(iii) Between element P and element Q, which is more reactive in the reaction with water?
Antara unsur P dan Q, yang manakah lebih reaktif apabila bertindak balas dengan air?
Element Q is more reactive than P.
(iv) Explain your answer in (c)(iii) / Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (c)(iii).
The size of atom Q is larger than atom P.
The valence electron of atom Q is further away from the nucleus compared to atom P.
The attraction forces between proton in the nucleus to the valence electron of atom Q is weaker than atom P.
Atom Q is easier to release the valence electron compared to atom P.
(d) Name one element that has the same chemical properties as P and Q.
Namakan satu elemen yang mempunyai ciri-ciri kimia yang sama dengan P dan Q.
Potassium
2 The diagram below shows the information regarding elements W and X which are from the same group in the Periodic
Table.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan maklumat mengenai unsur W dan X yang terletak di kumpulan yang sama dalam Jadual Berkala.
19 35
9 W 17 X
(a) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atom of elements W and X / Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom unsur W dan X.
Atom W / Atom W : 2.7 Atom X / Atom X : 2.8.7
(ii) State the position of elements W and X in the Periodic Table.
Nyatakan kedudukan unsur W dan X dalam Jadual Berkala.
Element W / Unsur W : Group 17, Period 2
Element X / Unsur X : Group 17, Period 3
(iii) Do elements W and X show the same chemical property? Explain your answer.
Adakah unsur W dan X menunjukkan sifat kimia yang serupa? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Elements W and X have the same chemical property. Atoms W and X have the same number of valence
electrons.
(b) State the type of particles of substances W and X / Nyatakan jenis zarah yang terdapat pada W dan X.
Molecule
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
67
.
m
Nila
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 67 12/9/2011 5:57:56 PM

(c) (i) Compare the boiling point of elements W and X. Explain the difference.
Bandingkan takat didih unsur W dan X. Terangkan perbezaan itu.
The boiling point of element X is higher than element W.
The size of molecule X2 is bigger than molecule W2 .
The forces of attraction between molecules X2 is stronger than molecule W2.
More heat energy is needed to overcome the stronger forces between molecules.
(d) (i) Element X can react with sodium element to form a compound. Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Unsur X boleh bertindak balas dengan unsur natrium untuk membentuk sebatian. Tulis persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas
tersebut.
X2 + 2Na 2NaX
(ii) How does the reactivity of element W and element X differ? Explain your answer.
Bagaimanakah kereaktifan unsur W dan X berbeza? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Element W is more reactive than element X.
The size of atom W is smaller than atom X.
The outermost occupied shell of atom W is nearer to the nucleus compare to atom X.
The strength of the nucleus of atom W to attract electron to the outermost shell is stronger than atom X.
3 The table below shows the number of neutron and relative atomic mass of eight elements represented as P, Q, R, S, T, U
and W.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan neutron dan jisim atom relatif bagi lapan unsur yang diwakili oleh huruf P, Q, R, S, T, U, V dan W.
Atom / Unsur P Q R S T U V W
Number of neutron
12 12 14 14 16 16 18 22
Bilangan neutron dalam atom
Relative atomic mass
23 24 27 28 31 32 35 40
Jisim atom relatif
Number of proton
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Bilangan proton dalam atom
2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8
Susunan elektron dalam atom
(a) Complete the above table by writing the number of proton and electron arrangement for the atom of each element.
Lengkapkan jadual di atas dengan menulis bilangan proton dan susunan elektron bagi atom setiap unsur.
(b) (i) State the period of element P – W in the Periodic Table. Explain your answer.
Nyatakan kala manakah unsur P – W terletak dalam Jadual Berkala? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Period 3 because P – W atoms have three shells occupied with electrons.
(ii) What is the proton number of another element that is in the same group as P?
Nyatakan bilangan proton bagi unsur lain yang sama kumpulan dengan P.
3/19
(c) Write the standard representation for element Q / Tuliskan simbol perwakilan piawai untuk unsur Q.
24
12
Q
(d) Which element exist as / Unsur yang manakah wujud sebagai

monoatomic gas / gas monoatom? W diatomic gas / gas dwiatom? T/ U/ V
(e) (i) Which element can react vigorously with water to produce hydrogen gas?
Unsur yang manakah bertindak balas cergas dengan air untuk menghasilkan gas hidrogen?
P
(ii) Write the balanced equation for the reaction in (e)(i) / Tuliskan persamaan seimbang untuk tindak balas (e)(i).
2P + 2H2O 2POH + H2
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
68
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 68 12/9/2011 5:57:56 PM

(f) State the arrangement of elements T, U and V in the order of increasing atomic radius. Explain your answer.
Nyatakan susunan unsur T, U dan V dalam tertib pertambahan jejari atom. Terangkan jawapan anda.
V, U and T. Atoms of T, U, and V have three shells occupied with electrons.
The proton number // positive charges in the nucleus increases from T to V.
The forces of attraction between proton in the nucleus and the electrons in the shells increase from T to V.
The shells filled with electrons are pulled nearer to the nucleus from T to V.
4 The diagram below shows part of the Periodic Table of Elements. X, Y, A, B, D, E, F and G do not represent the actual
symbols.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala Unsur. X, Y, A, B, D, E, F dan G tidak mewakili simbol yang sebenar.
A B D E
F G
(a) (i) State the position of element B in the Periodic Table / Nyatakan kedudukan unsur B dalam Jadual Berkala.
Period 3, Group 13
(ii) Explain your answer in (a)(i) / Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (a)(i).
Electron arrangement atom B is 2.8.3. Atom B has three valence electrons, element B is in Group 13. Atom B
has three shells occupied with electrons, element B is in Period 3.
(b) (i) Which element is monatomic gas / Unsur yang manakah adalah gas monoatom?
Element Y
(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i) / Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (b)(i).
Atom Y has achieved octet electron arrangement // has electron arrangement 2.8.
(c) Choose an element that / Pilih unsur yang:
(i) exists in the form of molecule / wujud dalam bentuk molekul X/D/E
(ii) forms acidic oxide / membentuk oksida asid D/E
(iii) has atoms that have no neutron / atom yang tiada neutron X
(iv) is an alkali metal / logam alkali A/F
(v) forms amphoteric oxide / membentuk oksida amfoterik B
(vi) has a proton number of 15 / mempunyai nombor proton 15 C
(vii) is most electropositive / paling elektropositif F
(viii) forms basic oxide / membentuk oksida bes A/F
(ix) forms coloured compound / membentuk sebatian berwarna G
(d) Arrange Y, A, B, D and E according to the order of increasing atomic size.
Susun Y, A, B, D dan E mengikut tertib pertambahan saiz atom.
Y, E, D, B, A
(e) (i) Write the electron arrangement for an atom of element / Tulis susunan elektron bagi atom unsur:
D: 2.8.5 E: 2.8.7
(ii) Compare electronegativity of elements D and E / Bandingkan keelektronegatifan unsur D dan E.
Element E is more electronegative than element D.
(iii) Explain your answer in (e)(ii) / Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (e)(ii).
Atoms E and D have the same number of shells occupied with electrons. The number of proton in the nucleus
of atom E is more than atom D. The strength of proton in nucleus to attract electrons to the outermost shells
in atom E is stronger than of atom D.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
69
.
m
Nila
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 69 12/9/2011 5:57:57 PM

1 Proton number of element P is 8. What is the position of this X oxide Y oxide Z oxide
element in the Periodic Table of Elements? Oksida X Oksida Y Oksida Z
Nombor proton unsur P adalah 8. Apakah kedudukan unsur P dalam
Jadual Berkala Unsur? A Amphoteric Acidic Basic
Amfoterik Asid Bes
Group/Kumpulan Period / Kala
B Amphoteric Basic Acidic
A 16 2 Amfoterik Bes Asid
B 16 3 C Acidic Amphoteric Basic

Asid Amfoterik Bes
C 18 2
D Acidic Acidic Basic
D 18 3 Asid Asid Bes
2 Potassium reacts with element Q from Group 17 in Periodic 6 The table below shows the properties of the oxide of elements
Table. Which of the following chemical equations is correct? X, Y and Z which are located in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
Kalium bertindak balas dengan unsur Q dalam Kumpulan 17 dalam Jadual di bawah menunjukkan sifat oksida unsur X, Y dan Z yang berada
Jadual Berkala Unsur. Antara persamaan kimia berikut, yang manakah dalam Kala 3 Jadual Berkala Unsur.
betul?
Element Property of the oxide formed
A K + Q KQ C 2K + Q2 2KQ
Unsur Sifat oksida yang terbentuk
B K+ + Q – KQ D K + Q2 KQ2
X –– Oxide of X reacts with nitric acid.
Oksida X bertindak balas dengan asid nitrik.
3 The diagram below shows the position of elements X, Y and Z
–– Oxide of X does not react with sodium hydroxide
in the Periodic Table.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kedudukan unsur X, Y dan Z dalam Jadual
solution./Oksida X tidak bertindak balas dengan larutan
natrium hidroksida.
Berkala Unsur.
Y –– Oxide of Y reacts with sodium hydroxide solution.
Oksida Y bertindak balas dengan larutan natrium
X hidroksida.
Y –– Oxide of Y does not react with nitric acid
Z Oksida Y tidak bertindak balas dengan asid nitrik.
Z –– Oxide of Z reacts with sodium hydroxide solution.
Which of the following statements is true? Oksida Z bertindak balas dengan larutan natrium
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar? hidroksida.
A All the elements can conduct electricity. –– Oxide of Z reacts with nitric acid.
Oksida Z bertindak balas dengan asid nitrik.
Semua unsur boleh mengkonduksi elektrik.
B All the elements exist as gas at room temperature. What is the correct arrangement of elements X, Y and Z from
Semua unsur wujud dalam bentuk gas pada suhu bilik. left to right in Period 3 of the Periodic Table?
Apakah susunan yang betul bagi unsur X, Y dan Z dari kiri ke kanan Kala
C The boiling points of the elements increase from 3 Jadual Berkala Unsur?
X Y Z.
A Z, X, Y C X, Y, Z
Takat didih unsur bertambah dari X → Y → Z.
B X, Z, Y D Y, Z, X
D The density of the elements decreases going down from
X Y Z.
Ketumpatan unsur berkurang dari X → Y → Z. 7 The following statements describe the characteristic of an
element:
Pernyataan berikut menerangkan sifat suatu unsur.
4 Which of the following elements can form acidic oxide?
Antara berikut, yang manakah dapat membentuk oksida asid? –– Used as a catalyst / Digunakan sebagai mangkin.
I Calcium / Kalsium III Potassium / Kalium –– Forms coloured ions or compound.
II Sulphur / Sulfur IV Nitrogen / Nitrogen Membentuk ion atau sebatian berwarna.
A I and II only / I dan II sahaja –– Shows different oxidation number in its compound.
Menunjukkan numbor pengoksidaan yang berbeza.
B I and III only / I dan III sahaja
C II and IV only / II dan IV sahaja Which of the following is the position of the element in the
D III and IV only / III dan IV sahaja Periodic Table of Element?
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah kedudukan unsur tersebut dalam
Jadual Berkala Unsur?
5 The diagram below shows the standard representation for
elements X, Y and Z.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol unsur X, Y dan Z.
X Y Z
27 32 23
13 16 11
What type of oxides are formed by X, Y and Z?

Apakah jenis oksida terbentuk dari X, Y dan Z? A B C D
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
70
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 70 12/9/2011 5:57:57 PM

8 The table below shows the proton number of elements in 10 The table below shows the proton numbers of elements X and
Period 3 of the Periodic Table of Elements. Y.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton unsur dalam Kala 3 Jadual Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton unsur X dan Y.
Berkala Unsur.
Elements / Unsur Proton number / Nombor proton
Elements Proton number Radius (nm)
Unsur Nombor proton Jejari (nm)
X 11
Na 11 0.191 Y 19
Mg 12 0.160 Which statements are true about elements X and Y?

Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang unsur X dan
Al 13 0.130 Y?
Si 14 0.118 I Atoms X and Y have one valence electron.
P 15 0.110 Atom X dan Y mempunyai satu elektron valens.
II Elements X is more reactive than element Y.
S 16 0.102 Unsur X lebih reaktif daripada unsur Y.
Cl 17 0.099 III Atom X has a bigger atomic size than atom Y.
Saiz atom X lebih besar daripada saiz atom Y.
Ar 18 0.095
IV Elements X and Y are in the same group in the Periodic
Why does the atomic radius of the atoms decrease from sodium Table.
to argon in the period? Unsur X dan Y berada dalam kumpulan sama dalam Jadual
Mengapakah saiz atom berkurang dari natrium ke argon dalam kala? Berkala.
A The number of valence electrons increases. A I and III only / I dan III sahaja
Bilangan elektron valens bertambah. B I and IV only / I dan IV sahaja
B The electronegativity of the elements increases. C II and III only / II dan III sahaja
Keelektronegatifan unsur bertambah. D II and IV only / II dan IV sahaja
C The properties of the elements change from metallic to
non-metallic.
Sifat unsur berubah dari logam kepada bukan logam.
D The strength of attraction of the nucleus to the electrons
in the shells increases.
Kekuatan tarikan nukleus kepada elektron dalam petala
bertambah.
9 The table below shows proton number for elements P, Q and

R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton bagi unsur P, Q dan R.
Elements / Unsur Proton number / Nombor proton
P 11
Q 17
R 19
Which of the following statements about these elements are

true?
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang unsur-unsur
tersebut?
I P and R has the lowest number of valence electrons.
P dan R mempunyai bilangan elektron valens paling rendah.
II P and R have similar chemical properties.
P dan R mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama.
III Size of atom R is bigger than size of atom Q.
Saiz atom R lebih besar daripada saiz atom Q.
IV Element R is more electronegative than element Q.
Unsur R lebih elektronegatif daripada unsur Q.
A I, II and III / I, II dan III
B I, II dan IV / I, II dan IV
C I, III dan IV / I, III dan IV
D II, III dan IV / II, III dan IV
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
71
.
m
Nila
03-Chem F4 (3P).indd 71 12/9/2011 5:57:57 PM

CHEMICAL BOND
4 IKATAN KIMIA
TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND / JENIS IKATAN KIMIA
• IONIC BOND / IKATAN ION

–– To predict the formulae of ionic compounds based on the electron arrangement.
Meramal formula sebatian ion berdasarkan susunan elektron.
–– To describe the formation of ionic bond / Menghuraikan pembentukan ikatan ion.
–– To draw the diagram of the formation of ionic bond / Melukis rajah pembentukan ikatan ion.
• COVALENT BONDS / IKATAN KOVALEN
–– To predict the formulae of molecules of elements or covalent compounds as well as the types of covalent bond.
Meramal formula molekul unsur atau molekul sebatian kovalen serta jenis ikatan kovalen.
–– To describe the formation of covalent bonds / Menghuraikan pembentukan ikatan kovalen.
–– To draw the diagram of the formation of covalent bonds / Melukis rajah pembentukan ikatan kovalen.
PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS / SIFAT SEBATIAN ION DAN KOVALEN
• IONIC COMPOUNDS / SEBATIAN ION

–– To state and explain the properties from the aspect of melting point and electrical conductivity in solid and molten state.
Menyatakan dan menerangkan sifat dari segi takat lebur, kekonduksian elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal dan leburan.
• COVALENT COMPOUNDS / SEBATIAN KOVALEN

–– To state the solubility in water and organic solvents / Menyatakan keterlarutan dalam air dan pelarut organik.
–– To differentiate between ionic and covalent compounds / Membezakan sebatian ion dengan sebatian kovalen.
CHEMICAL BONDS BETWEEN ATOMS / IKATAN KIMIA ANTARA ATOM
1 Chemical bonds are formed when two or more atoms of elements bond together. Atoms form chemical bonds to achieve
a stable duplet or octet electron arrangement. There are two types of chemical bond, that is Ionic Bond and Covalent
Bond.
Ikatan kimia dibentuk apabila dua atau lebih atom-atom unsur berpadu. Atom-atom membentuk ikatan kimia untuk mencapai susunan
elektron yang stabil iaitu susunan elektron duplet atau oktet. Terdapat dua jenis ikatan kimia iaitu Ikatan Ion dan Ikatan Kovalen.
IONIC BOND / IKATAN ION
1 Ionic bond is formed between atoms of metal elements that release electrons to atoms of non-metal elements.
Ikatan ion terbentuk antara atom unsur logam yang melepaskan elektron kepada atom unsur bukan logam yang menerima elektron.
2 Atom of an element is neutral because the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
Atom suatu unsur adalah neutral kerana bilangan proton adalah sama dan dengan bilangan elektron.
3 Atoms of elements that release the electrons form positive ions and atoms that receive the electrons form negative ions
to achieve a stable octet or duplet electron arrangement:
Atom unsur yang melepaskan elektron membentuk ion positif dan atom yang menerima elektron membentuk ion negatif untuk mencapai
susunan elektron oktet atau duplet yang stabil.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
72
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 72 12/9/2011 5:57:09 PM

Complete the following table / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

Changes
Na Na+ + e Ca Ca2+ + 2e O + 2e O2– Cl + e Cl–
Perubahan
Electron
arrangement 2.8.1 2.8 2.8.2 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.8.7 2.8.8
Susunan elektron
Total of positive
charges (From
number of proton) +11 +11 +12 +12 +8 +8 +17 +17
Jumlah cas positf
(Dari bilangan proton)
Total of negative
charges (From
number of proton) –11 –10 –12 –10 –8 –10 –17 –18
Jumlah cas negaitf
(Dari bilangan proton)
Total changes
0 +1 0 +2 0 –2 0 –1
Jumlah cas
Type of particles Sodium Calcium Oxygen Chlorine
Calcium Chlorine
Jenis zarah atom Sodium ion atom atom Oxide ion atom
ion ion
Atom natrium Atom kalsium Atom oksigen Atom klorin
3 The positive ions and negative ions are attracted to one another with strong electrostatic forces. The electrostatic force
between the positive and negative ions forms ionic bond.
Ion positif dan ion negatif tertarik antara satu sama lain dengan daya elekrostatik yang kuat. Daya elektrostatik antara ion positif dan ion
negatif membentuk ikatan ion.
4 Ionic bond is usually formed between atoms from Groups 1, 2 and 13 (metal) with atoms from Groups 15, 16 and 17
(non-metal).
Ikatan ion biasanya dibentuk antara atom-atom daripada Kumpulan 1, 2 dan 13 (logam) dengan atom-atom dari Kumpulan 15, 16 dan 17
(bukan logam).
5 The maximum number of electrons transferred in the formation of ionic bond is usually three:
Bilangan maksimum elektron yang berpindah dalam pembentukan ikatan ion biasanya tiga.
(a) Atoms of elements in Groups 1, 2 and 13 release 1, 2 and 3 electrons respectively to form positively charged ions
(+1, +2 and +3).
Atom unsur Kumpulan 1, 2 dan 13 masing masing melepaskan 1, 2 dan 3 elektron membentuk ion bercas positif (+1, +2 dan +3).
(b) Atoms of elements in Groups 15, 16 and 17 receive 3, 2 and 1 electrons respectively to form negatively charged
ions (–3, –2 and –1)
Atom unsur Kumpulan 15, 16 dan 17 masing-masing menerima 3, 2 dan 1 elektron membentuk ion bercas negatif (–3, –2 dan –1).
6 Examples / Contoh-contoh:
(i) Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida
Predict the formula / Ramal formula:
Element Proton number Electron arrangement
Unsur Nombor proton Susunan elektron Na Na+ + e Na+ Cl–
Na 11 2.8.1 Cl + e Cl–
1 1 NaCl
Cl 17 2.8.7
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.

Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi setiap sebatian yang terbentuk.
Transfer
Pindah
Na
Na Cl
C1 Na
Na Cl
C1
Sodium
Atom atom, Na
natrium, Na Chlorine atom,Cl
Atom klorin, Cl Sodium
Ion ion, Na
natrium, Na +
+
Chloride
Ion ion,Cl
klorida, Cl– –
io
n Sdn. B
hd
Publicat
73
.
m
Nila
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 73 12/9/2011 5:57:09 PM

(a) Electron arrangement of sodium atom is 2.8.1 . Sodium atom has one valence electron.
Therefore sodium atom is not stable . Sodium atom releases one electron to achieve a stable
octet electron arrangement to form sodium ion , Na+ with electron arrangement 2.8 .
Susunan elektron atom natrium ialah 2.8.1 . Atom natrium mempunyai satu elektron valens. Dengan itu atom
natrium tidak stabil . Atom natrium melepaskan satu elektron ini untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang
stabil membentuk ion natrium , Na+ dengan susunan elektron 2.8 .
(b) Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is 2.8.7
. Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons.
Chlorine atom receives one electron to achieve stable octet electron arrangement to form
chlorine ion, Cl– with an octet arrangement of electron 2.8.8 .
Susunan elektron bagi atom klorin ialah 2.8.7 . Atom klorin mempunyai tujuh
elektron valens. Atom klorin
mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil dengan menerima satu elektron membentuk ion klorida , Cl– dengan
susunan elektron 2.8.8 .
(c) Sodium ions , Na+ and chloride ions , Cl– ions are attracted with strong electrostatic force. The
bond formed is called ionic bond.
Ion natrium , Na+ dan ion klorida , Cl– ditarik dengan daya elektrostastik yang kuat. Ikatan yang terbentuk dinamakan
ikatan ion.
(ii) Magnesium oxide / Magnesium oksida
Unsur Nombor proton Susunan elektron Mg Mg+ + 2e Mg2+ O2–
Mg 12 2.8.2 O + 2e O2–
2 2
O 8 2.6
1 1 MgO
2+ 2−
Pindah
Transfer
Mg
Mg O
O Mg
Mg O
O
Magnesium
Atom atom, Mg
magnesium, Mg Oxygen atom, OO
Atom oksigen, Magnesium
Ion ion, Mg
magnesium, Mg 2+ 2+
Oxide ion, OO
Ion oksida,
2–
2−

(a) The electron arrangement of magnesium atom is 2.8.2 . Magnesium atom has two valence
electrons. Therefore magnesium atom is not stable . Magnesium atom releases 2 valence
electrons to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement to form magnesium ion , Mg 2+
with electron
arrangement 2.8 .
Susunan elektron atom magnesium 2.8.2 . Atom magnesium mempunyai dua elektron di petala terluar. Maka atom
magnesium tidak stabil . Atom magnesium melepaskan dua elektron valens untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet
yang stabil membentuk ion magnesium , Mg2+ dengan susunan elektron 2.8 .
(b) The electron arrangement of oxygen atom is 2.6 . Oxygen atom is also unstable. Oxygen atom
receives two electrons to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement to form oxide ion , O2– with
electron arrangement 2.8 .
Susunan elektron atom oksigen ialah 2.6 . Atom oksigen juga tidak stabil, atom oksigen menerima dua elektron
untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil membentuk ion oksida , O dengan susunan elektron
2– 2.8 .
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
74
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 74 12/9/2011 5:57:10 PM

(c) Magnesium ion , Mg2+ and oxide ion , O2– are attracted by strong electrostatic force. The bond
formed is called ionic bond.
Ion magnesium , Mg2+ dan ion oksida , O2– ditarik dengan daya elektrostatik yang kuat. Ikatan yang terbentuk
dinamakan ikatan ion.
(iii) Magnesium chloride /Magnesium klorida

Unsur Nombor proton Susunan elektron Mg Mg2+ + 2e Mg2+ Cl–
Mg 12 2.8.2 Cl + e Cl–
1 2 MgCl2
Cl 17 2.8.7
2+
Transfer
Pindah Transfer
Pindah
C1 Mg C1 C1 Mg C1
Atom klorin,
Chlorine atom,Cl Cl Atom magnesium,
Magnesium atom,Mg
Mg Atom klorin,
Chlorine Cl Cl
atom, Ion klorida,
Chlorine ion,ClCl– Ion magnesium,
Magnesium ion,Mg
Mg2+2+ Ion klorida,
Chlorine ClCl–
ion,

(a) The electron arrangement of magnesium atom is 2.8.2 . Magnesium atom has 2 electrons
in the outer shell. Therefore, magnesium atom is not stable . Magnesium atom releases 2
valence electrons to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement to form magnesium ion , Mg2+ with
electron arrangement 2.8 .
Susunan elektron atom magnesium 2.8.2 . Atom magnesium mempunyai 2 elektron di petala terluar. Maka atom
magnesium tidak stabil . Atom magnesium melepaskan 2 elektron valens untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet
yang stabil membentuk ion magnesium , Mg2+ dengan susunan elektron 2.8 .
(b) The electron arrangement of chlorine atom is 2.8.7 . Chlorine atom is also unstable. Chlorine atom
receives one electron to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement to form chloride ion , Cl– with
electron arrangement 2.8.8 .
Susunan elektron atom klorin ialah 2.8.7 . Atom klorin juga tidak stabil. Atom klorin menerima satu elektron untuk
mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil membentuk ion klorida , Cl dengan susunan elektron
– 2.8.8 .
(c) As such, one magnesium atom releases 2 electrons to 2 chlorine atoms.
Oleh itu, satu atom magnesium melepaskan 2 elektron kepada 2 atom klorin.
(d) Strong electrostatic force is formed between magnesium ion , Mg 2+
and chloride ion , Cl– to form
ionic bond.
Daya elektrostatik yang kuat terbentuk antara ion magnesium , Mg2+ dan ion klorida , Cl– membentuk ikatan ionik.
COVALENT BONDS / IKATAN KOVALEN
1 This bond is formed when two or more similar or different atoms share valence electrons between them, so that each
atom achieves the octet or duplet electron arrangement that is a stable electron arrangement for noble gases.
Ikatan ini terbentuk apabila dua atau lebih atom yang sama atau berlainan berkongsi elektron valens antara satu sama lain supaya setiap
atom mencapai susunan elektron oktet atau duplet iaitu susunan elektron gas adi yang stabil.
2 Normally, this bond is formed when similar or different non-metal atoms bond together. [Atoms from Groups 14, 15, 16
and 17]
Ikatan ini biasanya terbentuk apabila atom-atom bukan logam berpadu. [Atom-atom dari Kumpulan 14, 15, 16 dan 17]
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
75
.
m
Nila
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 75 12/9/2011 5:57:10 PM

3 When atoms of non-metals share their valence electrons from their outermost shells to achieve stable duplet or octet
electron arrangement, covalent bonds are formed. The product of the sharing of electrons between atoms
is called molecule .
Apabila atom-atom bukan logam berkongsi elektron pada petala terluar untuk mencapai susunan elektron duplet atau oktet yang stabil,
ikatan kovalen terbentuk. Hasil daripada perkongsian elektron antara atom-atom ini membentuk molekul .
4 The molecules are neutral as there is no electron transfer involved. During the formation of covalent bonding ,
each atom contributes same number of electrons for sharing. The number of electrons shared can be one pair, two pairs
or three pairs.
Molekul adalah neutral kerana tidak melibatkan pemindahan elektron. Semasa pembentukan ikatan kovalen , setiap atom akan
menyumbang bilangan elektron yang sama untuk dikongsi. Bilangan elektron yang dikongsi boleh jadi sepasang, dua pasang atau tiga
pasang.
5 The forces that exist between molecules are Van der Waals forces that are weak. These forces become stronger when
the molecule size increases.
Daya yang wujud antara molekul adalah daya Van der Waals yang lemah. Daya ini semakin kuat apabila saiz molekul bertambah.
6 Examples / Contoh:
(i) Hydrogen molecule / Molekul hidrogen:
(a) Hydrogen atom has one electron in the first shell, with an electron arrangement of 1 needs one electron to
achieve a stable duplet electron arrangement.
Atom hidrogen mempunyai satu elektron pada petala pertama dengan susunan elektron 1 memerlukan satu elektron untuk
mencapai susunan elektron duplet yang stabil.
(b) Two hydrogen atoms share a pair of electrons to form a hydrogen molecule.
Dua atom hidrogen berkongsi sepasang elektron membentuk satu molekul hidrogen.
(c) Both hydrogen atoms achieve a stable duplet arrangement of electron.
Kedua-dua atom hidrogen mencapai susunan elektron duplet yang stabil.
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed / Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
Share
Kongsi
Kongsi
Share
H
H H H
H H

The number of electron pairs shared is one pair. Single covalent bond is formed.
Bilangan pasangan elektron dikongsi adalah satu pasang. Ikatan kovalen tunggal terbentuk.
(ii) Oxygen molecule / Molekul oksigen:

(a) Oxygen atom with an electron arrangement 2.6 needs two electrons to achieve a stable octet electron
arrangement.
Atom oksigen dengan susunan elektron 2.6 memerlukan dua elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil.
(b) Two oxygen atoms share two
pairs of electrons to achieve a stable octet arrangement of electron, form
an oxygen molecule. Each oxygen atom achieves stable octet electron arrangement.
Dua atom oksigen berkongsi dua pasang elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil, membentuk satu
molekul oksigen. Setiap atom oksigen mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil.
Kongsi
Share
O
O O
O O
O O
Oxygen
Atom atom, OO
oksigen, Oxygen
Atom atom, OO
oksigen, Oxygen molecule,
Molekul O22
oksigen, O

The number of electron pairs shared is 2 pairs. Double covalent bond is formed.
Bilangan pasangan elektron dikongsi adalah 2 pasang. Ikatan kovalen ganda dua terbentuk.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
76
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 76 12/9/2011 5:57:10 PM

(iii) Nitrogen molecule / Molekul nitrogen:

(a) Nitrogen atom with an electron arrangement 2.5 needs 3 electrons to achieve stable octet
arrangement.
Atom nitrogen dengan susunan elektron 2.5 memerlukan 3 elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang
stabil.
(b) Two nitrogen atoms share 3
pairs of electrons to achieve a stable octet arrangement, form a
nitrogen molecule. Each nitrogen atom achieves stable octet electron arrangement.
Dua atom nitrogen berkongsi 3 pasang elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil membentuk
satu molekul nitrogen. Setiap atom nitrogen mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil.
Share
Kongsi
N N
N N
N N
N
Nitrogen
Atom atom, N
nitrogen, N Nitrogen
Atom atom, NN
nitrogen, Nitrogen
Molekulmolecule,
nitrogen,NN2 2

The number of electron pairs shared is 3 pairs. Triple covalent bond is formed.
Bilangan pasangan elektron dikongsi adalah 3 pasang. Ikatan kovalen ganda tiga terbentuk.
(iv) Hydrogen chloride molecule /Molekul hidrogen klorida

Element Proton number Electron arrangement needs Cross the number of
H perlu 1 electron
Unsur Nombor proton Susunan elektron 1 elektron electrons each atom needs:
H 1 1 HCl
Cl needs 1 electron Silangkan bilangan elektron yang
Cl 17 2.8.7 perlu 1 elektron
diperlukan oleh setiap atom: HCl
Share
Kongsi
H Cl
C1 H
H C1
Cl
Hydrogen
Atom atom, H
hidrogen, H Chlorine
Atom atom,
klorin, ClCl Hydrogen chloride molecule,
Molekul hidrogen HCl
klorida, HCl

(a) Hydrogen atom with an electron arrangement 1 needs one electron to achieve a stable
duplet electron arrangement.
Atom hidrogen dengan susunan elektron 1 memerlukan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron
duplet yang stabil.
(b) Chlorine atom with an electron arrangement 2.8.7 needs one electron to achieve stable octet
electron arrangement.
Atom klorin dengan susunan elektron 2.8.7 memerlukan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet
yang stabil.
(c) One chlorine atom share one pair of electrons with one hydrogen atom to form hydrogen
chloride molecule with the formula HCl .
Satu atom klorin berkongsi satu pasang elektron dengan satu atom hidrogen membentuk molekul
hidrogen klorida dengan formula HCl .

n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
77
.
m
Nila
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 77 12/9/2011 5:57:10 PM

(d) One chlorine atom contributes one electron and one hydrogen atom contributes one
electron for sharing.
Satu atom klorin menyumbang satu elektron dan satu atom hidrogen menyumbang satu elektron untuk
dikongsi bersama.
(e) One chlorine atom forms one single covalent bond with one hydrogen atom.
Satu atom klorin membentuk satu ikatan kovalen tunggal dengan satu atom hidrogen.
(f) Chlorine atom achieves stable octet electron arrangement and hydrogen atom achieves stable
Atom klorin mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil dan atom hidrogen mencapai susunan elektron
duplet yang stabil.
(v) Water molecule /Molekul air
Element Proton number Electron arrangement needs Cross the number of
Unsur Nombor proton Susunan elektron H perlu 1 electron electrons each atom needs:
1 elektron
H 1 1 H2O
O needs 2 electrons Silangkan bilangan elektron yang
O 8 2.6 perlu 2 elektron diperlukan oleh setiap atom: H2O
Kongsi
Share Kongsi
Share
H
H O
O H
H H
H O
O H
H
Atom hidrogen,
Hydrogen atom, H
H Atom oksigen,
Oxygen atom, OO Atom hidrogen,
Hydrogen atom, H
H Molekul
Water air, HHO
molecule, 2
O
2

(a) Hydrogen atom with an electron arrangement 1 needs electron to achieve a stable duplet
electron arrangement.
Atom hidrogen dengan susunan elektron 1 memerlukan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron
duplet yang stabil.
(b) Oxygen atom with an electron arrangement 2.6 needs two electrons to achieve stable
octet electron arrangement.
Atom oksigen dengan susunan elektron 2.6 memerlukan dua elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron
oktet yang stabil.
(c) One oxygen atom share two pairs of electrons with two hydrogen atoms form water
molecule with the formula H2O .
Satu atom oksigen berkongsi dua pasang elektron dengan dua atom hidrogen membentuk molekul
air dengan formula H2O .
(d) One oxygen atom contributes two electrons and each of the two hydrogen atoms contributes one
electron for sharing to form single covalent bond.
Satu atom oksigen menyumbang dua
elektron dan setiap satu daripada dua atom hidrogen menyumbang satu
elektron untuk dikongsi bersama membentuk ikatan kovalen tunggal.
(e) One oxygen atom forms two single covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms.
Satu atom oksigen membentuk dua ikatan kovalen tunggal dengan dua atom hidrogen.
(f) Oxygen atom achieves stable octet electron arrangement and hydrogen atom achieves
Atom oksigen mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil dan atom hidrogen mencapai susunan elektron
duplet yang stabil.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
78
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 78 12/9/2011 5:57:11 PM

(vi) The molecule formed between carbon and chlorine /Molekul yang terbentuk antara karbon dan klorin
Element Proton number Electron arrangement needs Cross the number of electrons
C perlu 4 electrons
Unsur Nombor proton Susunan elektron 4 elektron each atom needs: CCl4
C 6 2.4 Cl 1 electron Silangkan bilangan elektron yang
needs diperlukan oleh setiap atom: CCl4
Cl 17 2.8.7 perlu 1 elektron

Cl
Cl Cl
Cl

(a) Carbon atom with an electron arrangement 2.4 needs four electrons to achieve a stable
octet electron arrangement.
Atom karbon dengan susunan elektron 2.4 memerlukan empat elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron
oktet yang stabil.
(b) Chlorine atom with an electron arrangement 2.8.7 needs one electron to achieve a stable
octet electron arrangement..
Atom klorin dengan susunan elektron 2.8.7 memerlukan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron
oktet yang stabil.
(c) One carbon atom share four pairs of electrons with four chlorine atoms to form
tetrachloromethane molecule with the formula CCl4 .
Satu atom karbon berkongsi empat pasang elektron dengan empat atom klorin membentuk molekul
tetraklorometana berformula CCl4 .

(d) One carbon atom contributes four electrons and each of the four chlorine atoms contributes
four electron for sharing to form single covalent bond.
Satu
atom karbon menyumbang empat elektron dan setiap satu daripada empat atom klorin
menyumbang satu elektron untuk dikongsi bersama membentuk ikatan kovalen tunggal .
(e) One carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds with four chlorine atoms.
Satu atom karbon membentuk empat ikatan kovalen tunggal dengan empat atom klorin.
(f) Carbon and chlorine atoms achieve stable octet electron arrangement.
Atom karbon dan atom klorin mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
79
.
m
Nila
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 79 12/9/2011 5:57:11 PM

7 Comparing the Formation of Ionic and Covalent Bonds / Perbandingan Pembentukan Ikatan Ion dan Kovalen
Ionic Bond / Ikatan Ion Covalent Bond / Ikatan Kovalen
Type of Between metals (Groups 1, 2 and 13) and Between non-metal and non-metals (Groups
element non-metals (Groups 15, 16 and 17). 14, 15, 16 and 17).
involved logam Antara bukan logam dengan bukan logam (Kumpulan
Antara (Kumpulan 1, 2 dan 13) dengan
Jenis unsur 14, 15, 16 dan 17).
bukan logam (Kumpulan 15, 16 dan 17).
terlibat
Electron Electron is released by metal atoms and received Pairs of electrons are shared by the same or
Elektron by non-metal atoms (electron transfer). non-metal atoms.
different
Elektron dilepaskan oleh atom logam dan diterima oleh Pasangan elektron dikongsi oleh atom-atom bukan logam
atom bukan logam (elektron berpindah). sama atau berlainan.
Type of Metal atom forms positive ion. Neutral molecule .

particle Non-metal atom forms negative ion. Molekul yang neutral.
produced positif .
Atom logam membentuk ion
Jenis zarah
Atom bukan logam membentuk ion negatif .
yang dihasilkan
How to Determine the coefficient of the charge of the ions and Determine the number of electrons is needed to achieve
predict the criss cross. stable duplet or octet electron arrangement and criss
formulae Tentukan pekali cas pada ion dan silangkan. cross.
Bagaimana Tentukan bilangan elektron yang diperlukan untuk mencapai
meramal susunan elektron duplet atau oktet yang stabil dan silangkan.
formula
Example + 2– +
of electron
arrangement
in the A E A
particles
Contoh susunan
elektron dalam
zarah
Strong electrostatic forces between ions

Daya elektrostatik yang kuat antara ion
Strong covalent bond between atoms in the
molecules
Ikatan kovalen yang kuat antara atom dalam molekul
# Ionic bond is the strong electrostatic force of attraction
between positively charged ion and negatively charged # Covalent bond is the shared pairs of electrons between
ion. atoms in a molecule.
# Ikatan ion terhasil daripada daya tarikan elektrostatik yang # Ikatan kovalen terhasil daripada perkongsian pasangan
kuat antara ion bercas positif dan ion bercas negatif. elektron antara atom-atom dalam molekul.
Example of
ionic and Lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 Naphthalene, C8H10
covalent Sodium chloride, NaCl Acetamide, CH3CONH2
compounds
Contoh sebatian
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 Hexane, C6H14
ion dan kovalen
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
80
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 80 12/9/2011 5:57:11 PM

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUND

SIFAT FIZIK SEBATIAN ION DAN KOVALEN
Ionic compound / Sebatian ion Covalent compound / Sebatian kovalen

Example Sodium chloride, NaCl / Natrium klorida, NaCl Carbon dioxide, CO2 / Karbon dioksida, CO2
Contoh
Weak Van
der Waals
forces
between
molecules
Daya Van der
Waals yang
Strong electrostatic forces between positive and lemah antara
negative ions molekul
Daya elektrostatik yang kuat antara ion
Strong covalent bond between atoms in the

molecules
Ikatan kovalen yang kuat antara atom dalam molekul
Type of forces Strong electrostatic force between ions. Weak Van der walls forces (intermolecular force)
between Daya elekrostatik yang kuat antara ion. between molecule.
particles Daya Van der Waals yang lemah antara molekul.
Jenis daya antara
zarah
Melting and –– High melting and boiling points because –– Low melting and boiling points because of
boiling points positive ions and negative ions are attracted the weak “Van der Waals” force between molecules.
Takat lebur dan
Takat lebur/takat didih rendah kerana daya
takat didih by strong electrostatic force .
"Van der Waals" yang lemah antara molekul.
Takat lebur dan takat didih tinggi kerana ion positif
dan ion negatif ditarik oleh daya tarikan elektrostatik –– Small amount of energy is needed to
yang kuat. overcome it.
–– Large amount of energy is needed to Sedikit mengatasinya .
tenaga haba diperlukan untuk
overcome it.
–– Giant molecules such as silicon dioxide have very
Banyak tenaga haba diperlukan untuk mengatasinya . high melting and boiling points.
Molekul raksaksa seperti silikon dioksida mempunyai takat
didih dan lebur yang amat tinggi.
Electrical –– Cannot conduct electricity when in solid form –– Cannot conduct electricity in all state.
conductivity molten Tidak boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dalam semua
Kekonduksian but is able to conduct electricity when in
keadaan.
elektrik or aqueous form.
Tidak boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal –– Covalent compound is made up of neutral
tetapi boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dalam keadaan leburan molecules .
atau akueus . Sebatian kovalen terdiri daripada molekul yang neutral.
–– In solid form, the ions are not free to move . –– No free moving ions in molten or aqueous state.
Dalam bentuk pepejal, ion-ion tidak bebas untuk Tidak ada ion bebas bergerak dalam keadaan leburan atau
bergerak . akueus.
–– In molten or aqueous state, the ions are free to

move to be attracted to the anode or cathode.
Dalam keadaan leburan atau akueus, ion-ion bebas
bergerak untuk ditarik ke anod atau katod.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
81
.
m
Nila
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 81 12/9/2011 5:57:11 PM

Ionic compound / Sebatian ion Covalent compound / Sebatian kovalen

Solubility –– Most are soluble in water and insoluble in –– Insoluble in water but soluble in organic
Keterlarutan organic solvent*. solvents* (example: ether, alcohol, benzene,
Kebanyakannya larut dalam air tetapi tidak larut tetrachloromethane and propanone). This is because
dalam pelarut organik* covalent molecules and organic solvents are both
–– This is because the polarisation of water molecule. held together by weak Van der Waals forces.
Water molecules have partially positive end (the Tidak larut dalam air tetapi larut dalam pelarut
hydrogen end) and partially negative end (the organik* (contoh: eter, alkohol, benzena, tetraklorometana
oxygen end). dan propanon). Ini kerana molekul kovalen dan pelarut
Ini kerana air adalah molekul yang berkutub. Molekul organik ditarik oleh daya tarikan Van der Waals yang lemah.
air mempunyai bahagian bercas separa positif (bahagian * Organic solvents are covalent compounds that exist
hidrogen) dan bahagian bercas separa negatif (bahagian as liquid at room temperature.
oksigen). * Pelarut organik adalah sebatian kovalen yang wujud
dalam bentuk cecair pada suhu bilik.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The Table below shows the proton number of elements D, E, F, G, J and L.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton bagi unsur D, E, F, G, J dan L.
Element / Unsur D E F G J L
Proton number / Nombor proton 1 6 17 11 18 8
(a) Which element in the table are metal and non-metal / Unsur yang manakah merupakan logam dan bukan logam?
(i) Metal / Logam : G (ii) Non-metals / Bukan logam : D, E, F, J, L
(b) State an element that exists as monoatomic gas. Explain your answer.
Nyatakan unsur yang wujud sebagai gas monoatom. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Element J, Atom J has 8 electrons in the outermost shell, the atom has achieved stable octet electron arrangement.
(c) Write the formula for the ion formed from an atom of element L.
Tuliskan formula ion yang terbentuk daripada atom unsur L.
L2–
(d) Element E reacts with element L to form a compound / Unsur E bertindak balas dengan unsur L untuk membentuk sebatian.
(i) State the type of bond present in this compound / Nyatakan jenis ikatan yang wujud dalam sebatian ini.
Covalent bond
(ii) Write the formula of the compound formed / Tuliskan formula bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
EL2
(iii) Explain how a compound is formed between element E and element L based on their electron arrangement.
Jelaskan dari segi susunan elektron bagaimana unsur E dan unsur L bergabung membentuk sebatian.
– E atom with electron arrangement 2.4 needs four electrons to achieve stable octet electron arrangement.
– L atom with an electron arrangement 2.6 needs two electrons to achieve octet electron arrangement.
– One E atom share four pairs of electrons with two L atoms to form a molecule with the formula EL2.
– One E atom contributes four electrons and each of the two L atoms contributes two electrons for sharing to
form double covalent bond.
– One E atom forms two double covalent bond with two L atoms.
– E atom and L atom achieve stable octet electron arrangement that is 2.8.
(e) (i) Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed / Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
L E L
Publica

m
a
tio
Nil
82
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 82 12/9/2011 5:57:11 PM

(ii) State one physical property of the compound / Nyatakan satu sifat fizik sebatian tersebut.
Low melting/boiling point // does not dissolve in water // dissolves in organic solvents // does not conduct
electricity in aqueous solution or molten state.
(f) When element G is burnt in L gas, G burns rapidly and brightly with a yellow flame and produces white fumes.
Apabila unsur G dibakar dalam gas L, G terbakar cergas dengan nyalaan kuning terang dan menghasilkan wasap putih.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction between element G and gas L.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara unsur G dan gas L.
4G + L2 2G2L .
(ii) Explain how a compound is formed between elements G and L based on their electron arrangement.
Jelaskan dari segi susunan elektron bagaimana unsur G dan L bergabung membentuk sebatian.
– The electron arrangement of G atom is 2.8.1. G atom is not stable. G atom releases one valence electron to
form G+ ion and achieve stable octet electron arrangement 2.8.
– The electron arrangement of L atom is 2.6. L atom is also unstable. L atom receives 2 electrons to form L2–
ion and achieves a stable octet electron arrangement 2.8.8.
– Therefore two G atoms release two electrons to one L atom, a strong electrostatic force is formed between
G+ and L2– ions.
(iii) Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed / Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
+ 2– +
G L G

(g) Compare the boiling point of the compounds formed in 1(d) and 1(e). Explain your answer.
Bandingkan takat didih sebatian yang terbentuk di 1(d) dan 1(e). Jelaskan jawapan anda.
– The boiling point of compound G2L is high and EL2 is low.
– The boiling point of compound G2L is high because positive ions and negative ions are attracted by strong
electrostatic force. Large amount of energy is needed to overcome it.

– The boiling point of EL2 is low because the molecules are attracted by weak Van der Waals forces, small amount
of energy is needed to overcome it.
2 The diagram below shows the electron arrangement of compound A. Compound A is formed from the reaction between
element X and element Y.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi sebatian A. Sebatian A terbentuk dari tindak balas antara unsur X dan unsur Y.
+ –
X Y
(a) (i) Write the electron arrangement for atom of elements X and Y / Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom unsur X dan Y.
X: 2.8.1 Y: 2.8.7
(ii) Compare the size of atoms of elements X and Y. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan saiz atom unsur X dan unsur Y. Jelaskan jawapan anda.
– Atom Y is smaller than atom X.
– Atom X and atom Y have the same number of shells occupied with electrons.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
83
.
m
Nila
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 83 12/9/2011 5:57:11 PM

– The number of proton in the nucleus of atom Y is more than X.

– The strength nuclei attraction to the electrons in the shells of atom Y is stronger than X.
(b) How are X ion and Y ion formed from their respective atoms?
Bagaimana ion X dan ion Y terbentuk daripada atom masing-masing?
X ion / Ion X : Atom X releases one electron
Y ion / Ion Y : Atom Y receives one electron
(c) (i) Write the formula for compound A / Tuliskan formula sebatian A.
XY
(ii) Name type of bond in compound A / Namakan jenis ikatan dalam sebatian A.
Ionic compound
(iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between element X and element Y to form compound A.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas antara unsur X dan unsur Y untuk membentuk sebatian A.
2X + Y2 2XY .
(d) Y can react with carbon to form a compound. Draw the electron arrangement for the compound formed.
[Given that proton number for carbon is 6]
Y bertindak balas dengan karbon untuk membentuk suatu sebatian. Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
[Diberi nombor proton karbon ialah 6]

3 The table below shows the nucleon number, the number of neutrons and number of electrons in particles X, Y, Z, Q, R, T
and U.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor nukleon, bilangan neutron dan bilangan elektron bagi zarah X, Y, Z, Q, R, T dan U.
Particles / Zarah X Y Z Q R T U
Nucleon number / Nombor nukleon 20 24 23 16 12 27 35
Number of proton / Bilangan proton 10 12 11 8 6 13 17
Number of neutron / Bilangan neutron 10 12 12 8 6 14 18
Number of electron / Bilangan elektron 10 10 11 10 6 10 17
(a) What is meant by nucleon number / Apakah maksud nombor nukleon?

The total number of proton and neutron in the nucleus of an atom.
(b) Complete the number of proton of the particles in the table above.
Lengkapkan bilangan proton bagi zarah dalam jadual di atas.
(c) State a particle which is / Nyatakan zarah yang merupakan
(i) an atom of a non-metal / atom bukan logam X/R
(ii) an atom of a metal / atom logam Z
(iii) a positive ion / ion positif Y/T
(iv) a negative ion / ion negatif Q
(v) a positive ion with charge 3+ / ion positif dengan cas 3+ T
(vi) an atom of a noble gas / atom gas adi X

Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
84
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 84 12/9/2011 5:57:12 PM

(d) Particle Y combines with particle Q to form a compound / Zarah Y bergabung dengan zarah Q untuk membentuk sebatian.
(i) State the type of compound formed / Nyatakan jenis sebatian yang terbentuk.
Ionic compound
(ii) Write chemical formula for the compound formed / Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
YQ
(iii) Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed / Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
2+ 2–
Y Q

(e) Particle R combines with particle U to form a compound.
Zarah R bergabung dengan zarah U untuk menghasilkan suatu sebatian.
(i) State the type of compound formed / Nyatakan jenis sebatian yang terbentuk.
Covalent compound
(ii) Write a chemical formula for the compound formed / Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
RU4
(f) Compare the electrical conductivity of the compounds formed in 3(d) and 3(e). Explain your answer.
Bandingkan kekonduksian elektrik bagi sebatian yang terbentuk di 3(d) dan di 3(e). Jelaskan jawapan anda.
– Compound in YQ cannot conduct electricity in solid state but can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous
solution. Compound RU4 cannot conduct electricity in molten and aqueous states.
– In solid form the ions in compound YQ are not free to move but in molten and aqueous state, the ions are free to
move to be attracted to the anode and cathode.
– Compound RU4 only consists of neutral molecules, there are no free moving ions in molten or aqueous state.
4 The table below shows the melting point and electrical conductivity of substances W, X, Y and Z.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan kekonduksian elektrik bagi bahan W, X , Y dan Z.
Substance Melting point (°C) Electrical conductivity / Kekonduksian elektrik

Bahan Takat Lebur (°C) Solid / Pepejal Molten / Leburan
Cannot conduct electricity Cannot conduct electricity
V –7
Tidak mengkonduksi elektrik Tidak mengkonduksi elektrik
Cannot conduct electricity Cannot conduct electricity
W 80
Tidak mengkonduksi elektrik Tidak mengkonduksi elektrik
Cannot conduct electricity Conduct electricity
X 808
Tidak mengkonduksi elektrik Mengkonduksi elektrik
Conduct electricity Conduct electricity
Y 1 080
Mengkonduksi elektrik Mengkonduksi elektrik
(a) Which of the substance is copper? Give reason for your answer.
Antara bahan di atas, yang manakah kuprum? Beri sebab bagi jawapan anda.
Y. It can conduct electricity in solid and molten state.
(b) (i) State the type of particles in substances V and W / Nyatakan jenis zarah dalam bahan V dan W.
Molecule
(ii) Explain why substances V and W cannot conduct electricity in solid and molten state.
Jelaskan mengapa bahan V dan W tidak boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal dan leburan.
Substances V and W are made up of neutral molecules. No free moving ions in molten state.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
85
.
m
Nila
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 85 12/9/2011 5:57:12 PM

(c) The boiling point of substance V is 59°C. What is the physical state of substance V at room temperature?
Takat didih bahan V adalah 59°C. Apakah keadaan fizikal bahan V pada suhu bilik?
Liquid
(d) Draw the arrangement of particle V at room temperature / Lukiskan susunan zarah V pada suhu bilik.
(e) Explain why the melting and boiling points of substances V and W are low?
Jelaskan mengapa takat lebur dan takat didih bahan V dan W rendah?
– Van der Waals / intermolecular forces between molecules are weak.
– Small amount of heat energy is required to overcome it.
(f) (i) State the type of particle in substance X / Nyatakan jenis zarah dalam sebatian X.
Ion .
(ii) Explain why substance X cannot conduct electricity in solid but can conduct electricity in molten state.
Jelaskan mengapa bahan X tidak boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal tetapi boleh mengkonduksi elektrik
dalam keadaan leburan.
Ions are not freely moving // ions are in a fixed position in solid state. Ion can move freely in molten state.
1 Which substance is an ionic compound? 4 The diagram shows symbol of an element T.

Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah adalah sebatian ion? Rajah menunjukkan simbol unsur T.
A Methane, CH4 / Metana, CH4 24
B Carbon dioxide, CO2 / Karbon dioksida, CO2
12
T
C Propanol, C3H7OH / Propanol, C3H7OH
D Copper(II) oxide, CuO / Kuprum(II) oksida, CuO What is the electron arrangement of ion formed by an atom of
T?
2 Which of the following is a property of zinc chloride? Apakah susunan elektron bagi ion yang terbentuk dari atom T?
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah sifat zink klorida? A 2.8
A Volatile / Mudah meruap B 2.8.2
B Has a low melting point C 2.8.8
Mempunyai takat lebur rendah D 2.8.8.8
C Insoluble in water / Tidak larut dalam air
D Conducts electricity in the molten state 5 The table below shows the electron arrangements of atoms P,
Mengalirkan arus elektrik dalam keadaan leburan Q, R and S.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron atom P, Q, R dan S.
3 The diagram below shows the electron arrangement of a
Atom / Atom Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron
compound formed between atoms X and Y.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron dalam sebatian yang P 2.4
terbentuk antara atom X and atom Y.
Q 2.8.1
Y
R 2.8.2
Y X Y
S 2.8.7
Which pair of atoms forms a compound by transferring of
Y electrons?
Antara pasangan berikut, yang manakah membentuk sebatian secara
Which of the following statements is true about the perpindahan elektron?
compound? A P and S / P dan S
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah benar tentang sebatian B P and R / P dan R
itu?
C Q and S / Q dan S
A It is an ionic compound / Ia adalah sebatian ion.
D Q and R / Q dan R
B The compound has high melting point.
Sebatian itu mempunyai takat lebur yang tinggi.
C The compound conducts electricity.
Sebatian itu boleh mengkonduksi elektrik.
D The compound is formed by sharing of electrons.
Sebatian terbentuk secara perkongsian elektron.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
86
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 86 12/9/2011 5:57:12 PM

6 The table below shows the proton number of four elements P, 9 The diagram below shows the electron arrangement for an ion
Q, R and S. of element Q.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton unsur P, Q, R dan S. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron ion unsur Q.
P Q R S 2–
Element / Unsur
Proton number / Nombor proton 6 8 17 20
Which of the following pairs will form a compound with high
Q
melting and boiling points?
Antara pasangan berikut, yang manakah membentuk sebatian dengan
takat lebur dan takat didih yang tinggi?
A P and Q / P dan Q C P and R / P dan R
B Q and S / Q dan S D Q and R / Q dan R What are the number of protons and electrons in an atom of
element Q?
7 The table below shows the proton number of elements X and Apakah bilangan proton dan elektron dalam atom unsur Q?
Y.
Jadual berikut menunjukkan nombor proton unsur X dan Y. Number of protons Number of electrons
Bilangan proton Bilangan elektron
Element / Unsur X Y
A 20 20
Proton number / Nombor proton 6 8
B 20 18
What type of bond and the chemical formula of the compound
formed between atoms X and Y? C 16 16
Apakah jenis ikatan dan formula kimia bagi sebatian yang terbentuk
D 18 18
antara atom X dan Y ?
Type of bond Chemical formula
10 The table below shows the proton number of elements P, Q and
Jenis ikatan Formula kimia
R.
A Ion / Ion YX2 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton unsur P, Q dan R.
B Ion / Ion XY2 Element / Unsur P Q R
C Covalent / Kovalen XY2 Proton number / Nombor proton 10 11 12
D Covalent / Kovalen YX2
Which of the following particles contain 10 electrons?
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah zarah yang mengandungi 10
8 The diagram below shows the electron arrangement of ion elektron?
X+. I Q
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron ion X +. II P
III Q+
IV R2+
A I, II and III only
I, II dan III sahaja
X
B I, II and IV only
I, II dan IV sahaja
C I, III and IV only
I, III dan IV sahaja
Which of the following is the position of element X in the D II, III and IV only
Periodic Table? II, III dan IV sahaja
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah kedudukan unsur X dalam Jadual
Berkala?
Group / Kumpulan Period / Kala
A 1 3
B 18 3
C 1 4
D 18 4
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
87
.
m
Nila
04-Chem F4 (3P).indd 87 12/9/2011 5:57:12 PM

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
5 ELEKTROKIMIA
ELECTROLYSIS / ELEKTROLISIS
• CONDUCTOR AND ELECTROLYTE / KONDUKTOR DAN ELEKTROLIT

–– To differentiate between electrolyte and conductor with regard to electrical conductivity and any chemical changes that may occur.
Membezakan elektrolit dan konduktor dari segi kebolehan mengkonduksikan elektrik dan sebarang perubahan kimia yang berlaku.
–– To list examples of substances which are classified as electrolytes and conductors.
Menyenaraikan contoh-contoh bahan yang dikelaskan sebagai elektrolit dan konduktor.
• ELECTROLYSIS CELL / SEL ELEKTROLISIS
–– To draw and label the electrolytic cell / Melukis dan melabelkan sel elektrolisis.
–– To identify anode and cathode in the electrolytic cell diagram / Mengenali anod dan katod dalam rajah sel elektrolisis.
• IONIC THEORY / TEORI ION
–– To relate the existence of free moving ions in an electrolyte with the electron flow in an external circuit.
Mengaitkan kewujudan ion-ion yang bebas bergerak dalam elektrolit dengan proses pengaliran elektron dalam litar luar.
–– To explain the electrolysis process / Menerangkan proses elektrolisis.
–– To conclude that electrolysis process involve changes from electrical to chemical energy.
Membuat kesimpulan proses elektrolisis sebagai perubahan tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga kimia.
• FORMATION OF FREE MOVING IONS / PEMBENTUKAN ION BEBAS BERGERAK
–– To differentiate molten and aqueous electrolytes / Membezakan elektrolit lebur dan akueus.
–– To write the ionisation equation of molten and aqueous electrolytes.
Menulis persamaan pengionan untuk elektrolit lebur dan akueus.
• REACTION AT ELECTRODE / TINDAK BALAS DI ELEKTROD
–– To write the discharge equation at the anode, where the anion releases electron. Focus on ions that are normally selected for
discharge, such as chloride, hydroxide and bromide ions.
Menulis persamaan di anod yang melibatkan anion melepaskan elektron. Fokus adalah kepada ion-ion yang biasa terpilih untuk nyahcas seperti ion
klorida, ion hidroksida dan ion bromida.
–– To write the discharge equation at the cathode, where the cation receives electron. Focus on ions that are normally selected for
discharge, such as hydrogen, copper(II) and silver ions.
Menulis persamaan di katod yang melibatkan kation menerima elektron. Fokus adalah kepada ion yang biasa terpilih untuk nyahcas seperti ion
hidrogen, ion kuprum(II) dan ion argentum.
• FACTORS THAT AFFECT REACTIONS AT THE ELECTRODES
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINDAK BALAS DI ELEKTROD
(i) The position of ions in the electrochemical series – for dilute solutions and inert electrodes.
Kedudukan ion dalam siri elektrokimia – bagi larutan cair dan elektrod lengai
(ii) The concentration – for concentrated solutions and inert electrodes / Kepekatan – bagi larutan pekat dan elektrod lengai.
(iii) The types of electrode – for diluted solutions and reactive electrodes / Jenis elektrod – bagi larutan cair dan elektrod tak lengai.
• ELECTROLYSIS IN INDUSTRY / KEGUNAAN ELEKTROLISIS DALAM INDUSTRI
–– Electrolysis in electroplating, purifying and extracting metals / Elektrolisis dalam penyaduran, penulenan dan pengekstrakan logam.
VOLTAIC CELL / SEL KIMIA
• ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES / SIRI ELEKTROKIMIA

–– To define and memorise the sequence of metal including hydrogen in the Electrochemical Series.
Menakrif dan menghafal siri logam termasuk hidrogen dalam Siri Elektrokimia.
• APPLICATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES IN DISPLACEMENT OF METALS
APLIKASI SIRI ELEKTROKIMIA DALAM PENYESARAN LOGAM
–– To predict the displacement of metal reactions based on the positions of metals in the Electrochemical Series.
Meramal tindak balas penyesaran logam berdasarkan kedudukan logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia.
–– To write the equation of displacement reaction and to state the observations.
Menulis persamaan tindak balas penyesaran dan menyatakan pemerhatian.
–– To describe the metal displacement experiment to construct the Electrochemical Series.
Menghuraikan eksperimen penyesaran logam bagi membina Siri Elektrokimia.
• APPLICATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES IN VOLTAIC CELL
APLIKASI SIRI ELEKTROKIMIA DALAM SEL KIMIA
–– To determine the negative and positive terminals of a voltaic cell / Menentukan terminal negatif dan positif suatu sel kimia.
–– To predict the voltage of voltaic cell / Meramal voltan sel kimia.
–– To determine the direction of electron flow / Menentukan arah pengaliran elektron.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
88
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 88 12/9/2011 5:56:27 PM

ELECTROLYSIS / elektrolisis
1 Three types of substances that can be classified based on electrical conductivity.

Bahan boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga jenis berdasarkan kekonduksian elektrik.
Type of
Definition Example
substance Definisi Contoh
Jenis bahan
Conductor Element that can conduct electricity Copper, lead, tin, silver and carbon
Konduktor at solid or molten state without any Kuprum, plumbum, stanum, argentum dan karbon
chemical changes , normally metals and
carbon.
Unsur yang boleh mengkonduksi arus elektrik
dalam keadaan pepejal atau leburan tanpa
perubahan kimia , biasanya logam dan karbon.
Electrolyte Compounds that can conduct electricity in –– Aqueous solution of ionic compound such as copper(II)
Elektrolit *molten state or *aqueous solution and sulphate solution and sodium chloride solution.
Larutan akueus bagi sebatian ion contohnya larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
undergo chemical changes .
dan larutan natrium klorida.
Sebatian yang boleh mengkonduksikan arus
elektrik dalam keadaan *lebur atau *akueus serta –– Aqueous solution of *acid or alkali such as hydrochloric acid
(HCl) and ammonia solution (NH3).
mengalami perubahan kimia .
Larutan akueus *asid atau alkali contohnya asid hidroklorik (HCl) dan
larutan ammonia (NH3 ).
* Molten state: a solid that is heated until
–– Molten ionic compounds such as molten lead(II)
it melts.
* Lebur: pepejal yang dipanaskan sehingga cair. bromide, molten sodium chloride and molten aluminium
* Aqueous solution: a solid that is oxide.
dissolved in water. Leburan sebatian ion contohnya leburan plumbum(II)
* Akueus: pepejal yang larut di dalam air. bromida, leburan natrium klorida dan leburan aluminium oksida.
* HCl and NH3 are covalent compounds, exist in form of

molecule without water but ionised in water. (Explanation
is in the next topic i.e acid and base)
* HCl dan NH3 adalah sebatian kovalen, yang terdiri daripada molekul
dalam keadaan tanpa air tetapi ianya terion dalam air (akan dijelaskan
dalam tajuk seterusnya iaitu dalam asid dan bes)
Non- Compounds that cannot conduct electricity Molten covalent compound such as naphthalene, molten
electrolyte in molten and aqueous solution. sulphur and liquid bromine.
Bukan elektrolit Sebatian kimia yang tidak boleh mengkonduksikan Leburan sebatian kovalen contohnya naftalena, sulfur lebur dan cecair
elektrik dalam keadaan lebur dan akueus. bromin.
2 Electrolysis is a process whereby an electrolyte is decomposed to its constituent elements when electric
current passes through it.
Elektrolisis adalah proses penguraian elektrolit kepada unsur juzuknya apabila arus elektrik dialirkan melaluinya.
3 Energy change in electrolysis process is electric energy to chemical energy .

Perubahan tenaga dalam proses elekrolisis adalah dari tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga kimia .
4 Conductor which is dipped into electrolyte which carries electric current in and out of electrolyte is called an
electrode . Electrode is normally made up of inert substance such as carbon.
Konduktor yang dicelup dalam elektrolit yang mengalirkan arus elektrik ke dalam dan keluar daripada elektrolit dipanggil elektrod .
Elektrod biasanya terdiri daripada bahan lengai seperti karbon.
5 An electrolytic cell is a set-up of apparatus that contains two electrodes which are dipped in an electrolyte
and produce a chemical reaction when connected to a battery (source of electricity).
Sel elektrolisis adalah susunan radas yang terdiri daripada dua elektrod yang dicelup ke dalam elektrolit dan menghasilkan
tindak balas kimia apabila disambungkan kepada bateri . (sumber arus elektrik).
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
89
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 89 12/9/2011 5:56:27 PM

Example of electrolytic cell / Contoh sel elektrolisis:

(i) (ii) (iii)
A
A
A Electrolyte
Electrodes Elektrolit
Elektrod
Electrode Electrode
Electrolyte Elektrod
Elektrod Electrodes
Elektrolit
Electrolyte A
Elektrod
Elektrolit A
A
Heat
Panaskan
Electrolysis of molten electrolyte Electrolysis of aqueous electrolyte Electrolysis of aqueous electrolyte
Elektrolisis elektrolit lebur (No gas released) (Gas is released)
Elektrolisis elektrolit dalam bentuk akueus Elektrolisis elektrolit dalam bentuk larutan
(Tiada gas dibebaskan) (Gas dibebaskan)
6 Electric current from the battery flows into the electrolyte through the electrode. There are two types of electrode in the
electrolytic cell:
Arus elektrik dari bateri mengalir ke dalam elektrolit melalui elektrod. Terdapat dua jenis elektrod dalam sel elektrolisis:
(a) Anode: An electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of the battery.
Anod: Elektrod yang disambung kepada terminal positif bateri dalam sel elektrolisis.
(b) Cathode: An electrode that is connected to the negative terminal of the battery.
Katod: Elektrod yang disambung kepada terminal negatif bateri dalam sel elektrolisis.
7 An electrolyte consists of free moving ions because it is in a molten or aqueous state. Each ion moves to the opposite
charge electrode. There are two types of ions in electrolyte:
Dalam keadaan lebur atau akueus, elektrolit terdiri daripada ion-ion yang bergerak bebas. Setiap ion bergerak kepada elektrod yang
bertentangan cas. Terdapat dua jenis ion dalam elektrolit:
(a) Anions: Negative ions which are attracted and move to the positively charged electrode, anode .
Anion: Ion negatif akan tertarik dan bergerak ke arah elektrod anod yang bercas positif .
(b) Cations: Positive ions which are attracted and move to the negatively charged electrode, cathode .
Kation: Ion positif akan tertarik dan bergerak ke arah elektrod katod yang bercas negatif .
8 Electrolysis occurs at the electrode when electric current flows in the electrolytic cell. The stages in electrolysis process
are:
Proses elektrolisis berlaku di elektrod apabila arus elektrik mengalir melalui sel elektrolisis. Peringkat dalam proses elektrolisis adalah
seperti berikut:
(a) Anions (negative ions) are attracted and move to the anode . The anions release electrons to the surface
of anode and become neutral atoms or molecule. The anions are discharged at the anode.
Anion (ion negatif) akan tertarik dan bergerak ke arah anod . Anion melepaskan elektron pada permukaan anod dan
menjadi atom/molekul. Anion dinyahcaskan pada anod.
(b) Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through the connecting wire in the external circuit .
Elektron mengalir dari anod ke katod melalui wayar penyambung dalam litar luar .
(c) Cations (positive ions) are attracted and move to the cathode . The cations receive electrons at the surface
of cathode and become neutral atoms or molecules. The cations are discharged at the cathode.
Kation (ion positif) akan tertarik dan bergerak ke arah katod . Kation menerima elektron pada permukaan katod dan
menjadi atom/molekul. Kation dinyahcaskan pada katod.
–– Electrons flow through the external circuit / Elektron mengalir melalui litar luar.
–– Chemical changes occur at the anode and cathode / Perubahan kimia berlaku di anod dan katod.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
90
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 90 12/9/2011 5:56:28 PM

FORMATION OF FREE MOVING IONS IN THE ELECTROLYTE

PEMBENTUKAN ION BERGERAK BEBAS DALAM ELEKTROLIT
1 Ionisation equation is an equation to determine the ions present in molten or aqueous electrolyte.
Persamaan pengionan adalah persamaan yang menunjukkan ion yang hadir dalam elektrolit sama ada dalam keadaan leburan atau
akueus.
(a) Example of ionisation of molten electrolyte (a compound that is heated until it melts)
Contoh pengionan elektrolit dalam keadaan leburan (sebatian yang dipanaskan sehingga lebur)
(i) Molten sodium chloride / Natrium klorida lebur: NaCl (s) Na+(l) + Cl–(l)
(ii) Molten lead (II) bromide / Plumbum (II) bromida lebur: PbBr2 (s) Pb2+(l) + 2Br –(l)
(iii) Molten sodium oxide / Natrium oksida lebur: Na2O (s) 2Na+(l) + O2–(l)
(iv) Molten aluminium oxide / Aluminium oksida lebur: Al2O3 (s) 2Al3+(l) + 3O2–(l)
(b) Example of the ionisation on an aqueous electrolyte (a compound that is dissolved in water):
Contoh pengionan elektrolit dalam keadaan akueus (sebatian yang dilarutkan dalam air):
(i) Sodium chloride solution / Larutan natrium klorida: NaCl(aq / ak ) Na+(aq) + Cl+(aq)
H2O H+(aq) + OH–(aq)
(ii) Copper(II) sulphate solution / Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat: CuSO4(aq / ak ) Cu2+ + SO42–
H2O H+ + OH–
(iii) Sulphuric acid / Asid sulfurik: H2SO4(aq / ak ) 2H+ + SO42–
H2O H+ + OH–
2 Ionisation of molten electrolyte produces cation and anion of the compound only. However the ionisation of an
aqueous electrolyte produces cation and anion from the ionisation of the compound and water.
Pengionan elektrolit dalam keadaan lebur hanya menghasilkan kation dan anion dari sebatian itu sahaja. Pengionan elektrolit dalam
keadaan akueus menghasilkan kation dan anion daripada sebatian dan air.
Example / Contoh:
(i) Ionisation of molten sodium chloride produces Na+ and Cl– only.
Pengionan leburan natrium klorida menghasilkan Na+ dan Cl– sahaja.
(ii) Ionisation of aqueous sodium chloride produces Na+, H+, Cl– and OH–.
Pengionan larutan akueus natrium klorida menghasilkan Na+, H+, Cl– dan OH–.
REACTIONS AT THE ELECTRODES / TINDAK BALAS DI ELEKTROD
1 The process of cation gaining electron at the cathode or anion losing electrons at the anode is called discharged :
Proses apabila kation menerima elektron di katod atau anion melepaskan elektron di anod dipanggil nyahcas :
(a) A cation is discharged when it receives electrons at the cathode.
Kation dinyahcaskan apabila menerima elektron di katod.
(b) An anion is discharged when it releases electrons at the anode.
Anion dinyahcaskan apabila melepaskan elektron di anod.
(c) When ions are discharged , they become neutral atom or molecule .
Apabila ion dinyahcaskan , ianya akan menjadi atom atau molekul yang neutral.
2 The ionic equation that occurs at the anode and cathode to produce neutral atom or molecule is called
‘half equation’.
Persamaan ion yang berlaku di anod dan di katod untuk menghasilkan atom atau molekul neutral dipanggil ‘persamaan
setengah’.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
91
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 91 12/9/2011 5:56:28 PM

3 Common half equation at the anode (anion/metal atom releases electrons):

Persamaan setengah yang biasa di anod (anion/atom logam melepaskan elektron):
Half equation Explanation

Persamaan setengah Penerangan
Four hydroxide ions release four electrons to form two water molecules and one oxygen
4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e molecule .
Empat ion hidroksida melepaskan empat elektron membentuk dua molekul air dan satu molekul oksigen.
Two chloride ions release two electrons to form one chlorine molecule .
2Cl– Cl2 + 2e melepaskan molekul
Dua ion klorida dua elektron membentuk satu klorin.
Two bromide ions release two electrons to form one bromine molecule .
2Br– Br2 + 2e
Dua ion bromida melepaskan dua elektron membentuk satu molekul bromin.
Copper atom releases two electrons to form copper(II) ion .

Cu Cu2+ + 2e melepaskan ion kuprum(II)
Atom kuprum dua elektron membentuk .
Silver atom releases one electron to form silver ion .

Ag Ag+ + e melepaskan ion argentum .
Atom argentum satu elektron membentuk
4 Common half equation at the cathode (cation receives electrons):

Persamaan setengah yang biasa di katod (kation menerima elektron):
Half equation Explanation

Persamaan setengah Penerangan
Two hydrogen ions receive two electrons to form one hydrogen molecule .
2H+ + 2e H2
Dua ion hidrogen menerima dua elektron membentuk satu molekul hidrogen.
Silver ion receive one electron to form one silver atom .

Ag+ + e Ag
Ion argentum menerima satu elektron membentuk satu atom argentum.
Copper(II) ion receives two electrons to form one copper atom .

Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Ion kuprum(II) menerima dua elektron membentuk satu atom kuprum.
5 Write the equation of discharge of ion

Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk nyahcas ion yang berikut:
(i) Lead(II) ion to lead atom : Pb2+ + 2e Pb

Ion plumbum(II) kepada atom plumbum
(ii) Silver ion to silver atom / : Ag++ e Ag

Ion argentum kepada atom argentum
(iii) Iodide ion to iodine molecule : 2I– I2 + 2e

Ion iodida kepada molekul iodin
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Using lead(II) bromide as an example, explain the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide. In your explanation, draw a labeled
diagram for the set up of apparatus and show the movement of particles by using arrows that occur in lead(II) bromide and
the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.
Dengan menggunakan plumbum(II) bromida sebagai contoh, jelaskan elektrolisis leburan plumbum(II) bromida. Dalam penerangan anda,
lukiskan satu rajah susunan radas berlabel dan tunjukkan dengan anak panah pergerakan zarah yang berlaku dalam plumbum(II) bromida serta
arah aliran elektron dalam litar luar.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
92
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 92 12/9/2011 5:56:28 PM

Set-up of apparatus / Rajah susunan radas:
Carbon electrodes
Lead(II) bromide
Heat
– The ions present are lead(II) ions/ Pb2+ and bromide ions/ Br –.
– Bromide ion/ Br – move to the anode.
– Bromide ion/ Br – releases one electron to form bromine atom at the anode.
– Two bromine atoms combine to form bromine molecule.
– 2Br – Br2 + 2e
– Lead(II) ions/Pb2+ move to the cathode.
– Lead(II) ions/Pb2+ receive two electrons to form lead atom at the cathode.
– Pb2+ + 2e Pb
FACTOR THAT AFFECT THE ELECTROLYSIS OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI ELEKTROLISIS LARUTAN AKUEUS
1 When more than one type of ion are attracted towards the electrodes during electrolysis, only one type of ion is
selected to be discharged at each electrode. Selective discharge only occurs in aqueous solution because it usually
has more than one type of ion attracted to the anode or cathode.
Apabila lebih dari satu jenis ion bergerak ke elektrod semasa elektrolisis, hanya satu jenis ion sahaja yang akan dipilih untuk dinyahcas
pada setiap elektrod. Pemilihan nyahcas ion hanya berlaku di dalam larutan akueus sahaja kerana ia biasanya mempunyai lebih dari
satu jenis ion yang tertarik ke anod atau katod.
2 The selection of ion for discharge depends on three factors / Pemilihan ion untuk nyahcas bergantung pada tiga faktor:
(a) The position of ions in the electrochemical series (normally in dilute solution and inert electrode).
Kedudukan ion dalam siri elektrokimia (biasanya dalam larutan cair dan elektrod lengai).
(b) The concentration of electrolyte (normally in concentrated solution and inert electrode).
Kepekatan elektrolit (biasanya dalam larutan pekat dan elektrod lengai).
(c) The types of electrode (when reactive metal electrode is used).
Jenis elektrod (apabila elektrod logam reaktif digunakan).
3 The position of ions in the Electrochemical Series / Kedudukan ion dalam Siri Elektrokimia:
(a) When electrolysis is conducted on dilute solution and inert electrodes, the lower position of cation in the
Electrochemical Series, or anions in the lower position of the anion discharge series will be selected to be
discharged.
Apabila elektrolisis dijalankan ke atas larutan cair dan elektrod lengai, kation yang lebih rendah kedudukan dalam Siri Elektrokimia
atau anion yang lebih rendah kedudukan dalam siri discas anion akan dinyahcas.
Cation: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, H+, Cu2+, Ag+, and Au+
Kation: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, H+, Cu2+, Ag+, dan Au+
Increasing ease of discharge of ion from left to right

Ion semakin mudah dinyahcas dari kiri ke kanan
Anion: F , SO4 , NO3 , Cl–, Br –, I–, and OH–
– 2– –

Anion: F–, SO42–, NO3–, Cl–, Br –, I–, dan OH–
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
93
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 93 12/9/2011 5:56:28 PM

(b) Choose the ion to be discharged from the following pairs of ions. State the electrode where it occurs and write
the half equation for the discharge of ion:
Pilih ion yang akan dinyahcas dari pasangan ion berikut, nyatakan di elektrod mana ia berlaku dan tulis persamaan setengah untuk
nyahcas ion:
(i) Hydroxide & sulphate ions : Half equation: 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e at the anode .
4OH –
2H2O + O2 + 4e anod
Ion hidroksida & ion sulfat : Persamaan setengah: di .
(ii) Hydroxide & nitrate ions : Half equation: 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e at the anode .
4OH –
2H2O + O2 + 4e anod
Ion hidroksida & ion nitrat : Persamaan setengah: di .
(iii) Hydrogen & copper(II) ions : Half equation: Cu 2+
+ 2e Cu at the cathode .
Cu2+ + 2e Cu katod
Ion hidrogen & ion kuprum(II) : Persamaan setengah: di .
(iv) Hydrogen & potassium ions : Half equation: 2H + 2e
+
H2 at the cathode .
2H+ + 2e H2 katod
Ion hidrogen & ion kalium : Persamaan setengah: di .
(v) Hydrogen & silver ions : Half equation: Ag + e
+
Ag at the cathode .
Ag + e
+
Ag katod
Ion hidrogen & ion argentum : Persamaan setengah: di .
(c) Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.1 mol dm–3 sodium nitrate solution using carbon electrode.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi elektrolisis larutan natrium nitrat 0.1 mol dm–3 menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Carbon electrodes
Sodium nitrate
Equation of electrolyte ionisation NaNO3 Na+ + NO3–

Persamaan pengionan elektrolit H2O H+ + OH–
Electrode / Elektrod Anode / Anod Cathode / Katod

Ions that are attracted to the anode and
cathode NO3–, OH– Na+, H+
Ion yang ditarik ke anod dan katod
Half equation
Persamaan setengah 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e 2H+ + 2e H2
Name of the products

Nama hasil Oxygen Hydrogen
Observations
Pemerhatian Gas bubbles are released. Gas bubbles are released.
Confirmatory test (method and – Insert a glowing wooden splinter into – When a lighted wooden splinter is
observations) test tube. placed near the mouth of the test tube.
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan pemerhatian) – Glowing wooden splinter is lighted up. – A ‘pop’ sound is produced.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
94
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 94 12/9/2011 5:56:29 PM

(d) Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.1 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid using carbon electrodes.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi elektrolisis asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm–3 menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Carbon electrodes
Sulphuric acid
Equation of electrolyte ionisation H2SO4 2H+ + SO42–

cathode SO42–, OH– H+
Half equation 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e 2H+ + 2e H2
Persamaan setengah
Oxygen Hydrogen
Nama hasil
Observations
Gas bubbles are released. Gas bubbles are released.
Pemerhatian
Confirmatory test (method and – Insert a glowing wooden splinter into – When a lighted wooden splinter is
observations) test tube. placed near the mouth of the test tube.
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan pemerhatian) – Glowing wooden splinter is lighted up. – A ‘pop’ sound is produced.
(e) Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.1 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate solution using carbon
electrodes.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.1 mol dm–3 menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Carbon electrodes
Copper(II) sulphate
Equation of electrolyte ionisation H2SO4 2H+ + SO42–

cathode SO42–, OH– Cu2+, H+
Half equation 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Persamaan setengah
Oxygen Copper
Nama hasil
Observations
Gas bubbles are released. Brown solid deposited
Pemerhatian
Confirmatory test (method and – Insert a glowing wooden splinter into test tube.
observations) – Glowing wooden splinter is lighted up. –
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan pemerhatian)
4 Concentration of electrolyte / Kepekatan elektrolit:

(a) When electrolysis is carried out using inert electrodes and concentrated solutions, ions that are more
concentrated will be discharged but this is only true for halide ions, which are Cl–, Br – and I–.
Apabila elektrolisis dijalankan menggunakan elektrod lengai dan larutan pekat, ion yang lebih pekat akan dinyahcas tetapi ia benar
untuk ion-ion halida sahaja iaitu Cl–, Br– dan I–.
(b) State the selected ions to be discharged at the anode and cathode for the following concentrated solutions.
Nyatakan ion yang terpilih untuk dinyahcaskan di anod dan di katod bagi larutan pekat di bawah. io
n Sdn. B
hd
Publicat
95
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 95 12/9/2011 5:56:29 PM

(i) Concentrated hydrochloric acid solution, using carbon electrodes

Larutan asid hidroklorik pekat menggunakan elektrod karbon
Anode / Anod: Cl– Cathode / Katod: H+
(ii) Concentrated potassium iodide solution, using carbon electrodes
Larutan kalium iodida pekat menggunakan elektrod karbon
Anode / Anod: l– Cathode / Katod: K+
(iii) Concentrated sodium chloride solution, using carbon electrodes
Larutan natrium klorida pekat menggunakan elektrod karbon
Anode / Anod: Cl– Cathode / Katod: H+
(c) Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.001 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid and 2.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
acid, using carbon electrodes.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi elektrolisis asid hidroklorik 0.001 mol dm–3 dan asid hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm–3 menggunakan elektrod
karbon.
Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Carbon electrodes
Hydrochloric acid
Equation of electrolyte ionisation HCl H+ + Cl–

Electrolyte 0.001 mol dm-3 of HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 of HCl
Elektrolit HCl 0.001 mol dm–3 HCl 2.0 mol dm–3
Ions that are attracted to the cathode
H+ H+
Ion bergerak ke katod
Half equation at the cathode 2H+ + 2e H2 2H+ + 2e H2
Persamaan setengah di katod
Observation at cathode
Gas bubbles are released. Gas bubbles are released.
Pemerhatian di katod
Confirmatory test at cathode (method – Insert a burning wooden splinter into – Insert a burning wooden splinter into
and observations) the test tube. the test tube.
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan pemerhatian) – A ‘Pop’ sound is produced. – A ‘pop’ sound is produced.
Name the products at the cathode

Hydrogen gas Hydrogen gas
Nama hasil di katod
Ions that are attracted to the anode
Cl– , OH– Cl– , OH–
Ion bergerak ke anod
Half equation at the anode
4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e 2Cl– Cl2 + 2e
Persamaan setengah di anod
Observations at anode / Pemerhatian Gas bubbles are released. Greenish yellow gas is released.
Confirmatory test at anode (method – Insert a glowing wooden splinter into – A damp blue litmus paper placed near
and observations) the test tube. the mouth of the test tube.
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan pemerhatian) – Glowing wooden splinter is lighted up. – The gas changed the damp blue litmus
paper to red and then bleached it.
Name the product at the anode
Oxygen gas Chlorine gas
Nama hasil di anod
The concentration of hydrochloric acid Concentration of hydrochloric acid Concentration of hydrochloric acid
after a while and explanation increases . Hydrogen gas is released at decreases . Hydrogen gas released at
Kepekatan elektrolit selepas beberapa ketika
the cathode and oxygen gas is released the cathode and chlorine gas released at
dan terangkan
at the anode. Water decomposed to the anode. Concentration of chloride
oxygen gas and hydrogen gas. ions decreases.
Kepekatan asid hidroklorik bertambah . Kepekatan asid hidroklorik berkurang .
Gas hidrogen dibebaskan di katod dan gas Gas hidrogen dibebaskan di katod dan gas
oksigen dibebaskan di anod. Air terurai kepada klorin dibebaskan di anod. Kepekatan ion
gas oksigen dan gas hidrogen . klorida berkurang.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
96
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 96 12/9/2011 5:56:29 PM

(d) Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 2.0 mol dm–3 sodium iodide solution using carbon electrodes.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi elektrolisis larutan natrium iodida 2.0 mol dm–3 menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Carbon electrodes
Sodium iodide
Equation of electrolyte ionisation NaI Na+ + I–

cathode I–, OH– Na+, H+
Half equation 2I– I2 + 2e 2H+ + 2e H2
Persamaan setengah
Iodine Hydrogen
Nama hasil
Observations
Brown solution is formed. Gas bubbles are released.
Pemerhatian
Confirmatory test (method and – A few drops of starch solution added. – When a lighted wooden splinter is
observations) – Starch solution turns to dark blue. placed near the mouth of the test tube.
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan pemerhatian) – A ‘pop’ sound is produced.
5 Types of electrode
Jenis elektrod:
(a) There are two types of electrode
Terdapat dua jenis elektrod:
(i) Inert electrode – An electrode that acts as a conductor only and does not undergo any chemical changes.
Normally they are made of carbon or platinum.
Elektrod lengai – Elektrod yang bertindak sebagai pengalir arus sahaja dan tidak mengalami perubahan kimia. Biasanya
diperbuat daripada karbon atau platinum.
(ii) Reactive electrode – An electrode that not only acts as a conductor but also undergoes chemical changes.
During the electrolysis, the metal atom at the anode releases electron to form metal ion, metal anode
becomes thinner while the less electropositive cation will be selected at the cathode which consist of metal
electrodes such as copper, silver and nickel.
Elektrod reaktif – Elektrod yang bertindak bukan sahaja sebagai pengalir arus tetapi juga mengalami perubahan kimia.
Semasa proses elektrolisis berlaku, atom logam pada anod melepaskan elektron menjadi ion logam, anod logam menjadi
nipis manakala ion yang kurang elektropositif akan menyahcas di katod yang terdiri daripada logam seperti kuprum, argentum
dan nikel.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
97
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 97 12/9/2011 5:56:29 PM

(b) Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 1 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate solution with carbon electrode
and copper electrode.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 1 mol dm–3 menggunakan elektrod karbon dan elektrod kuprum.
Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Copper(II) Copper
sulphate electrodes
Carbon
electrodes Copper(II)
sulphate
Equation of electrolyte ionisation CuSO4 (aq / ak ) Cu2+ + SO42–

Type of electrode Carbon electrode Copper electrode

Jenis elektrod Elektrod karbon Elektrod kuprum
The ions that move to the cathode

Cu2+, H+ Cu2+, H+
Ion bergerak ke katod
Half equation at the cathode

Cu2+ + 2e Cu Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Persamaan setengah di katod
Name the product at the cathode

Copper Copper
Nama hasil di katod
Observation at cathode
Brown solid deposited Brown solid deposited
Pemerhatian di katod
The ions that move to the anode

SO42–, OH– SO42–, OH–
Ion bergerak ke anod
Half equation at the anode

4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e Cu Cu2+ + 2e
Persamaan setengah di anod
Name the product at anode

Oxygen gas Copper(II) ion
Nama hasil di anod
Observations at the anode – Gas bubbles are released. – Copper electrode becomes thinner.
Pemerhatian di anod – Intensity of blue colour decreases. – Intensity of blue colour remains
unchanged.
Confirmatory test (method and – Insert a glowing wooden splinter into

observations) the test tube.
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan – Glowing wooden splinter is lighted up. –
pemerhatian )
The concentration of copper(II) – Concentration of copper(II) sulphate – Concentration of copper(II) sulphate

solution after a while and solution decreases. solution remains unchanged.
explanation – Copper(II) ions discharge as copper – The number of copper atoms form
Kepekatan elektrolit selepas beberapa atoms and deposited the cathode. copper(II) ions at the anode is equal to
ketika dan terangkan the number of copper(II) ions form copper
atoms at the cathode.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
98
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 98 12/9/2011 5:56:29 PM

EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 Complete the table below / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:
Electrolyte Electrode Factor that affects Ions present Half equation at the Half equation at the
Elektrolit Elektrod electrolysis Ion yang hadir anode and observation cathode and observation
Faktor yang Persamaan setengah di anod dan Persamaan setengah di katod
mempengaruhi pemerhatian dan pemerhatian
elektrolisis
Dilute Carbon Position of ion in H+, SO42–, OH– 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e 2H+ + 2e H2
sulphuric acid Karbon the electrochemical Gas bubbles are released. Gas bubbles are released.
Asid sulfurik cair series
Concentrated Carbon Concentration of H+, Cl–, OH– 2Cl– Cl2 + 2e 2H+ + 2e H2
hydrochloric Karbon electrolyte Greenish yellow gas is Gas bubbles are released.
acid released.
Asid hidroklorik
pekat
Silver nitrate Carbon Position of ion in Ag+, NO3–, H+, 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e Ag+ + e Ag
solution Karbon the electrochemical OH– Grey shiny solid deposited.
Gas bubbles are released.
Larutan series
argentum nitrat
Silver nitrate Silver Type of electrode Ag+, NO3–, H+, Ag Ag+ + e Ag+ + e Ag
solution Argentum OH– Anode becomes thinner. Grey shiny solid deposited.
Larutan
argentum nitrat
Dilute Carbon Position of ion in K+, I–, H+, OH– 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e 2H+ + 2e H2
potassium Karbon the electrochemical Gas bubbles are released. Gas bubbles are released.
iodide solution series
Larutan kalium
iodida cair
Concentrated Carbon Concentration of K+, I–, H+, OH– 2I– I2 + 2e 2H+ + 2e H2
potassium Karbon electrolyte Brown solution formed. Gas bubbles are released.
iodide solution
Larutan kalium
iodida pekat
Dilute Carbon Position of ion in K+, SO42–, H+, 4OH– 2H2O + O2 +4e 2H+ + 2e H2
potassium Karbon the electrochemical OH– Gas bubbles are released. Gas bubbles are released.
sulphate series
solution
Larutan kalium
sulfat cair
2 Electrolysis is carried out on a dilute potassium chloride solution using carbon electrodes. Explain how this electrolysis
occurs. Use a labelled diagram to explain your answer.
Proses elektrolisis dijalankan ke atas larutan kalium klorida cair menggunakan elektrod karbon. Jelaskan bagaimana proses elektrolisis ini
berlaku. Gunakan gambar rajah berlabel untuk menerangkan jawapan anda.
Dilute potassium
chloride solution
Carbon electrode Carbon electrode
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
99
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 99 12/9/2011 5:56:30 PM

–– Potassium chloride solution consist of K+, H+, Cl– and OH– ions that move freely.
Larutan kalium klorida mengandungi ion K , H , Cl
+ + –
dan OH –
yang bergerak bebas.
–– Cl– ion and OH– ions move to the anode.
Ion Cl – dan ion OH – bergerak ke anod.
–– OH– ion is lower than Cl– ion in the electrochemical series.
Ion OH – terletak di bawah ion Cl – dalam siri elektrokimia.
–– OH– ion is selectively discharged by releasing electrons to form oxygen and water molecule.
Ion OH –
dipilih untuk dinyahcaskan dengan melepaskan elektron membentuk molekul oksigen dan air .
–– Half equation / Persamaan setengah: 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e .
–– K+ ion and H+ ion move to the cathode / Ion K + dan ion H + bergerak ke katod.
–– H+ ion is lower than K+ ion in the electrochemical series.
Ion H + terletak di bawah ion K + dalam siri elektrokimia
–– H+ ion is selectively discharged by receiving electrons to form hydrogen molecules.
Ion H +
dipilih untuk dinyahcaskan dengan menerima elektron membentuk molekul hidrogen .
–– Half equation / Persamaan setengah: 2H + + 2e H2 .
3 Describe an experiment to determine the product of electrolysis copper(II) sulphate solution with carbon electrode.
Your answer should include the observation, confirmatory test for the product at the anode and half equation at the
electrode.
Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan hasil elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat menggunakan elektrod karbon. Dalam jawapan
anda perlu disertakan pemerhatian, ujian pengesahan untuk hasil yang terbentuk di anod dan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas yang
berlaku di elektrod.
Answer / Jawapan:
Apparatus / Radas : Battery / power supply, carbon electrodes, wire, electrolytic cell, test tube, Ammeter [from a
labelled diagram]
: 1 mol dm copper(II) sulphate solution
–3
Material / Bahan
Carbon electrodes Copper(II) sulphate

solution

Procedure / Langkah:
(a) Pour 1 mol dm copper(II) sulphate solution half full
–3
in the electrolytic cell until it is .
Masukkan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 1 mol dm–3 ke dalam sel elektrolitik sehingga separuh penuh .
(b) The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram. Fill the test tube with copper(II) sulphate solution and
invert the test tube on the anode .
Radas disusunkan seperti dalam gambar rajah. Isi tabung uji dengan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dan terbalikkan tabung
uji itu pada anod .
(c) Turn on the switch / Hidupkan suis.
(d) Collect the gas produced at the anode / Kumpulkan gas yang terhasil di anod .
(e) Gas produced at the anode is tested with a glowing wooden splinter .
Gas yang terhasil di anod diuji dengan kayu uji berbara .
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
100
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 100 12/9/2011 5:56:30 PM

Observation and half equation / Pemerhatian dan persamaan setengah:

Electrodes Observation Confirmatory test Half equation
Elektrod Pemerhatian Ujian pengesahan Persamaan setengah
Cathode Brown solid deposited Cu2+ + 2e Cu
–
Anode Gas bubbles are released – Insert the glowing wooden splinter into the test 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e
tube.
– The glowing wooden splinter is lighted up.
4 Copper(II) sulphate solution is electrolysed using copper electrodes.

Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dielektrolisis dengan menggunakan elektrod kuprum.
(a) Write the formula of all the anions present in the solution / Tuliskan formula semua anion yang terdapat dalam larutan itu.
SO42–, OH–
(b) Write the half equation for the reaction at the / Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di
(i) anode / anod : Cu Cu2+ + 2e
(ii) cathode / katod : Cu + 2e Cu
2+

(c) (i) From your observations, what happen to the intensity of the blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate solution
during electrolysis?
Daripada pemerhatian anda, nyatakan apakah yang berlaku ke atas keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat semasa
proses elektrolisis?
The intensity of the blue colour of copper(II) sulphate remains unchanged.
(ii) Explain your answer / Jelaskan jawapan anda.
The number of copper(II) ions become copper atoms at the cathode is equal to the number of copper atoms
become copper(II) ions at the anode.
(d) If the experiment is repeated with the copper electrodes being replaced by carbon electrodes, state the name of the
products formed at the
Jika eksperimen diulangi dengan menggantikan elektrod kuprum dengan elektrod karbon, namakan hasil yang terbentuk di
(i) anode / anod: Oxygen (ii) cathode / katod: Copper
5 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of an electrolytic cell.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi sel elektrolisis.
Carbon electrode P Carbon electrode Q

Elektrod karbon P Elektrod karbon Q
Copper(II) nitrate solution

Larutan kuprum(II) nitrat
(a) Write the formula of all ions present in copper(II) nitrate solution.
Tuliskan formula semua ion yang hadir dalam larutan kuprum(II) nitrat.
Cu2+, NO3–, H+ and OH– .
(b) Write half equation for the reaction at / Tuliskan persamaan setengah di:
electrode P / elektrod P : Cu + 2e Cu
2+
electrode Q / elektrod Q : 4OH 2H2O + O2 + 4e

–

(c) (i) What is the colour of copper(II) nitrate / Apakah warna larutan kuprum(II) nitrat?
Blue
(ii) What happens to the intensity of the colour of copper(II) nitrate solution? Explain your answer.
Apakah yang berlaku kepada keamatan warna larutan kuprum(II) nitrat? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
The intensity of the blue colour of copper(II) nitrate decreases. The concentration of Cu2+ decreases because
copper(II) ions receive electrons to form copper atom at the cathode.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
101
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 101 12/9/2011 5:56:30 PM

ELECTROLYSIS IN INDUSTRY / ELEKTROLISIS DALAM INDUSTRI
1 Three uses of electrolysis in industries are / Tiga kegunaan elektrolisis dalam industri ialah:
Application Example Electrolyte Anode / Half equation Cathode / Half equation
Aplikasi Contoh Elektrolit Anod / Persamaan setengah Katod / Persamaan setengah
(a) Electroplating Silver Silver nitrate Anode / Anod: Cathode / Katod:
Penyaduran logam electroplating solution Silver metal Metal to be electroplated
Penyaduran perak
Half equation / Persamaan setengah: Half equation / Persamaan setengah:
Ag Ag+ + e Ag+ + e Ag
(b) Purification of Purification of Copper(II) Anode / Anod: Cathode / Katod:
metal copper sulphate solution Impure copper Pure copper
Penulenan logam Penulenan
kuprum
Cu Cu2+ + 2e Cu2+ + 2e Cu
(c) Metal extraction Extraction of Molten Anode / Anod: Cathode / Katod:
Pengekstrakan aluminium aluminium oxide Carbon Carbon
logam Pengekstrakan
aluminium
2O2– O2 + 4e Al3+ + 3e Al
2 The following diagram shows the aluminium extraction process.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan proses pengekstrakan aluminium.
Substance Z / Bahan Z
Substance Y
Bahan Y
Substance X + cryolite
Bahan X + kriolit
Substance W
Bahan W
(a) State the name of the following substances / Nyatakan nama bahan-bahan berikut:
W : Liquid aluminium X : Molten aluminium oxide
Y : Carbon Z : Carbon
(b) Which substance acts as anode and cathode / Bahan yang manakah bertindak sebagai anod dan katod?
Anode / Anod : Z Cathode / Katod : Y
(c) State the name of the product at anode and cathode / Namakan hasil yang diperoleh di anod dan katod.
Anode / Anod : Oxygen Cathode / Katod : Aluminium
(d) Write the ionic equation for the reactions at / Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di
anode / anod : 2O O2 + 4e cathode / katod : Al + 3e Al
2– 3+

(e) Why is cryolite added to X / Mengapakan kriolit ditambah ke dalam X ?
To lower down the melting point of aluminium oxide (from 2 045°C to 900°C ).
3 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus used in the purification of copper.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk proses penulenan kuprum.
Electrode X Electrode Y
Elektrod X Elektrod Y
Electrode Z
Elektrod Z
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
102
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 102 12/9/2011 5:56:30 PM

(a) State the name of the substance used as / Nyatakan nama bahan yang dijadikan sebagai:
electrode X / elektrod X : Impure copper
electrode Y / elektrod Y : Pure copper
electrolyte Z / elektrolit Z : Copper(II) sulphate solution
(b) Write the half equation that occur at the / Tuliskan persamaan setengah yang berlaku di
electrode X / elektrod X : Cu Cu2+ + 2e electrode Y / elektrod Y : Cu2+ + 2e Cu
(c) What are the observations at the / Apakah pemerhatian di
electrode X / elektrod X : Electrode becomes thinner
electrode Y / elektrod Y : Brown solid deposited
4 To purify metal an impure metal / Untuk menulenkan logam tak tulen:
(a) The impure metal is used as the anode / Logam tak tulen dijadikan sebagai anod.
(b) The pure metal is used as the cathode / Logam tulen
dijadikan sebagai katod.
(c) The electrolyte used is an salt solution containing the ions of the purifying metal.
Elektrolit adalah larutan garam yang mengandungi ion logam yang hendak ditulenkan.
5 A student intends to electroplate an iron spoon with copper. Describe a laboratory experiment to electroplate the iron
ring. Your answer should involve the following:
Seorang pelajar bercadang untuk menyadurkan sebatang sudu besi dengan kuprum. Huraikan satu eksperimen di dalam makmal untuk
menyadur sebatang sudu besi. Jawapan anda perlu mengandungi:
–– A labelled diagram showing the set-up of apparatus / Rajah berlabel menunjukkan susunan radas.
–– Procedure / Kaedah.
–– Half equation for the reactions at both electrodes / Persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di kedua-dua elektrod.
–– Observation at both electrodes / Pemerhatian di kedua-dua elektrod.
Answer / Jawapan:
Copper
Iron spoon
Copper(II) nitrate solution

Procedure / Kaedah:
(a) Copper plate and iron spoon are cleaned with sand paper .
Kepingan kuprum dan sudu besi dibersihkan dengan kertas pasir .
(b) Copper(II) nitrate solution is poured into a beaker until half full .
Larutan kuprum(II) nitrat dituangkan ke dalam bikar sehingga separuh penuh .
(c) Iron spoon is then connected to the negative terminal of battery while the copper plate is connected to the
positive terminal of the battery// Iron spoon is made as cathode while copper plate is made as anode.
Sudu besi disambungkan kepada terminal negatif bateri dan kepingan kuprum disambungkan kepada terminal positif
bateri// Sudu besi dijadikan katod dan kepingan kuprum dijadikan anod.
(d) The iron spoon and the copper plate are dipped in the copper(II) nitrate solution as shown in the diagram.
Sudu besi dan plat kuprum dicelup ke dalam larutan kuprum(II) nitrat seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
(e) The circuit is completed / Litar dilengkapkan .
(f) Half equation at the cathode / Persamaan setengah di katod : Cu2+ + 2e Cu .
(g) Observation of the cathode: Brown solid is deposited / Pemerhatian di katod: pepejal perang terenap.
(h) Half equation at the anode / Persamaan setengah di anod : Cu .Cu2+ + 2e
(i) Observation of the anode / Pemerhatian di anod : Copper plate becomes thinner .
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
103
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 103 12/9/2011 5:56:30 PM

6 To electroplate an object with metal / Untuk menyadur sesuatu objek dengan logam:
(a) The metal object to be electroplated is made to be cathode / Objek yang hendak disadur dijadikan katod ..
(b) The electroplating metal is made to be anode / Logam penyadur dijadikan anod ..
(c) The electrolyte used is an aqueous salt solution containing the ions of the electroplating metal.
Elektrolit yang digunakan adalah larutan akueus garam yang mengandungi ion logam penyadur.
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES / SIRI ELEKTROKIMIA
1 Electrochemical Series is an arrangement of metals according to their tendency to release electrons to form a
positive ion.
Siri Elektrokimia ialah susunan logam mengikut kecenderungan melepaskan elektron membentuk ion bercas positif .
2 The position of metal atoms in Electrochemical Series / Kedudukan atom logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia:
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn , Fe, Sn ,Pb, Cu, Ag
Tendency of metal atom to release/donate electrons increases (electropositivity increases)
Kecenderungan untuk atom logam melepaskan/menderma elektron bertambah (keelektropositifan bertambah)

3 The position of metal ions (cation) in the Electrochemical Series / Kedudukan ion logam (kation) dalam Siri Elektrokimia:
K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, *H+, Cu2+
Tendency of metal ion (cation) to receive/gain electrons increases
Kecenderungan untuk ion logam (kation) untuk menerima elektron bertambah

*H+ is also in the series of ion because it is present in aqueous solution of any electrolyte (salt solution/acid/alkali)
* H+ juga terdapat dalam siri ion kerana kehadiran ion H+ dalam elektrolit larutan akueus (larutan garam/asid/alkali)
METAL DISPLACEMENT REACTION / TINDAK BALAS PENYESARAN LOGAM
1 The metal which is situated at a higher position (higher tendency to release electron) in the Electrochemical Series is
able to displace metals below it from its salt solution .
Logam yang berada di kedudukan atas (kecenderungan melepaskan elektron yang tinggi) dalam Siri Elektrokimia dapat menyesarkan
logam yang di bawahnya daripada larutan garam logam tersebut.
2 Example / Contoh:
Experiment / Eksperimen Observation / Pemerhatian Remark / Catatan
–– Copper strip becomes Inference / Inferens:
Silver nitrate solution thinner . grey silver
Larutan argentum nitrat –– The solid is .
Kepingan kuprum Pepejal kelabu adalah argentum .
menipis .
–– The blue solution is copper(II) nitrate .
–– A grey solid kuprum(II) nitrat .
Larutan biru adalah
deposited.
Pepejal kelabu terenap.
–– Silver ion receives electrons to form silver atom.
–– The colourless argentum argentum .
Ion menerima elektron membentuk atom
solution turns blue.
–– Copper atom releases electrons to form copper(II) ion .
Larutan tidak berwarna
Copper bertukar menjadi biru. Atom kuprum melepaskan elektron membentuk ion kuprum(II) .
Kuprum –– Copper has displaced silver from silver nitrate solution.
Kuprum telah menyesarkan argentum dari larutan argentum nitrat.
Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag .
Cu + 2AgNO3
–– Copper is more electropositive than silver// Copper is
above silver in the Electrochemical Series of metal.
Kuprum adalah lebih elektropositif daripada argentum //Kuprum
terletak di atas argentum dalam Siri Elektrokimia logam.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
104
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 104 12/9/2011 5:56:31 PM

–– Magnesium strip Inference / Inferens:

Copper(II) sulphate
solution becomes thinner . –– The brown solid is copper .
Larutan kuprum (II) sulfat Kepingan magnesium Pepejal perang adalah kuprum .
menipis .
–– The colourless solution is magnesium sulphate .
–– The brown solid Larutan tidak berwarna adalah magnesium sulfat .
deposited.
Pepejal perang terenap.
–– The blue solution turn –– Copper(II) ion receives electrons to form copper atom.
colourless. Ion kuprum(II) menerima elektron membentuk atom kuprum.
Larutan biru bertukar –– Magnesium atom releases electrons to form magnesium ion .
menjadi tidak berwarna. ion magnesium
Atom magnesium melepaskan elektron membentuk .
Magnesium –– Magnesium has displaced copper from copper(II) sulphate
Magnesium
solution.
Magnesium telah menyesarkan kuprum dari larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.
MgSO4 + Cu
Mg + Cu SO4 .
–– Magnesium is more
electropositive than copper// Magnesium
is above copper in the Electrochemical Series of metal.
Magnesium adalah lebihelektropositif daripada kuprum// magnesium
terletak di atas kuprum dalam Siri Elektrokimia logam.
No observable changes. Inference / Inferens:

Zinc nitrate solution Tiada perubahan yang dapat
Larutan zink sulfat –– No reaction occur.
diperhatikan. Tiada tindak balas berlaku.
–– Copper cannot displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution.
Kuprum tidak boleh menyesarkan zink daripada larutan zink sulfat.
–– Copper is more electropositive than zinc// Copper is below
zinc in the Electrochemical Series of metal.
Kuprum adalah kurang elektropositif daripada zink // kuprum terletak
di bawah zink dalam Siri Elektrokimia logam.
Copper / Kuprum
VOLTAIC CELL (CHEMICAL CELL) / SEL RINGKAS (SEL KIMIA)
1 A cell that produces electrical energy when chemical reactions occur in it.
Sel yang menghasilkan tenaga elektrik apabila berlaku tindak balas kimia di dalamnya.
2 Energy change in voltaic cell is chemical energy to electrical energy .

Perubahan tenaga dalam sel ringkas ialah dari tenaga kimia kepada tenaga elektrik .
3 Produced when two different metals are dipped in an electrolyte and are connected by an external circuit .
Terhasil apabila dua logam berlainan dicelup dalam elektrolit dan disambung dengan litar luar .
4 The voltage of chemical cell depends on the distance between the two metals in the Electrochemical Series, where
the further the distance between them, the higher is the voltage.
Voltan sel kimia bergantung pada jarak antara dua logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia di mana semakin jauh dua logam dalam Siri
Elektrokimia, semakin tinggi voltannya.
5 A more electropositive metal becomes the negative terminal of the cell. A less electropositive metal becomes the
positive terminal:
Logam yang lebih elektropositif akan menjadi terminal negatif sel. Logam yang kurang elektropositif akan menjadi terminal
positif sel:
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
105
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 105 12/9/2011 5:56:31 PM

Electrical current produced is detected by the galvanometer

(Chemical energy Electrical energy)
Arus elektrik terhasil dikesan oleh galvanometer
(Tenaga kimia Tenaga elektrik) G
G
Negative terminal / Terminal negatif : Positive terminal / Terminal positif :
__ ++
• More electropositive metal. • Less electropositive metal.
Logam lebih elektropositif. __ ++ Logam kurang elektropositif.
• Metal atom will release electrons that will • The electrons that flow from the external
flow through the external circuit. Metal atom circuit are received by the positive ion in
becomes metal ion (becomes thinner). the electrolyte through this terminal.
Atom logam akan melepaskan elektron yang akan Elektron yang akan mengalir dari litar luar diterima
mengalir di litar luar. Atom logam menjadi ion logam oleh ion positif dalam elektrolit melalui terminal ini.
(semakin nipis).
6 Example of simple voltaic cell / Contoh voltan sel ringkas:

V V
Copper Magnesium
Kuprum Magnesium
Copper(II) sulphate solution

Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
(a) Magnesium electrode is a negative terminal because magnesium is more electropositive than copper :
Elektrod magnesium adalah terminal negatif kerana magnesium lebih elektropositif daripada kuprum :
–– Magnesium atom releases electrons to form magnesium ion, Mg2+.

Atom magnesium melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk ion magnesium, Mg2+.
–– Half equation / Persamaan setengah : Mg Mg2+ + 2e .

–– Magnesium electrode becomes thinner / Elektrod magnesium menjadi nipis .
–– Electron flows through external circuit to the copper electrode.
Elektron mengalir melalui litar luar ke elektrod kuprum .
(b) Copper electrode is a positive terminal because copper is less electropositive than magnesium :
Elektrod kuprum adalah terminal positif kerana kuprum kurang elektropositif daripada magnesium :
–– Electrons from magnesium flow through external circuit to copper electrode.
Elektron dari magnesium mengalir melalui litar luar ke elektrod kuprum.
–– Copper(II) ion in the electrolyte receives electron to form copper atom.

Ion kuprum(II) dalam elektrolit menerima elektron untuk membentuk atom kuprum.
–– Half equation / Persamaan setengah : Cu + 2e Cu .

+
–– Brown solid is deposited on the surface of copper electrode.

Pepejal perang terenap di permukaan elektrod kuprum.
(c) The concentration of copper(II) sulphate decreases because copper(II) ions discharged to copper atom at the
positive terminal. The intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate decreases.
Kepekatan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berkurang kerana ion kuprum(II) dinyahcaskan kepada atom kuprum. Keamatan
warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berkurang.
(d) If the magnesium metal is replaced with a zinc metal, the voltage reading decreases because zinc is nearer to
copper in the electrochemical series.
Jika logam magnesium digantikan dengan logam zink, bacaan voltan akan berkurang kerana zink lebih dekat dengan kuprum
dalam siri elektrokimia.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
106
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 106 12/9/2011 5:56:31 PM

7 Daniell cell / Sel Daniell

(a) It is an example of voltaic cell which consists of zinc electrode dipped in zinc sulphate solution, copper electrode
dipped in copper(II) sulphate solution and connected by a salt bridge or porous pot.
Merupakan satu contoh sel kimia yang terdiri daripada elektrod zink yang dicelup ke dalam larutan zink sulfat, elektrod kuprum
dicelupkan ke dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dan dihubungkan dengan titian garam atau pasu berliang.
Zn / ZnSO4 // CuSO4 / Cu
(b) The function of porous pot or salt bridge is to allow the flow of ions through it so that the electric circuit is
completed.
Fungsi pasu berliang atau titian garam adalah untuk membenarkan ion-ion mengalir melaluinya dan melengkapkan litar.
(c) The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of Daniell cell.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi sel Daniell.
Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
Copper Zinc / Zink
Copper Kuprum
Kuprum Zinc Zinc sulphate
Copper(II) sulphate Zink sulfat
Copper(II) sulphate Zink
solution Zinc sulphate solution Porous pot
Zink sulfat Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Pasu berliang
(d) Zinc electrode is a negative terminal because zinc is more electropositive than copper :
Elektrod zink adalah terminal negatif kerana zink adalah lebih elektropositif daripada kuprum :
–– Zinc atom releases electron to form zinc ion, Zn . 2+
Atom zink melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk ion zink, Zn2+.
–– Half equation / Persamaan setengah : Zn Zn2+ + 2e .

–– Zinc electrode becomes thinner / Elektrod zink menjadi nipis ..
–– Electrons flow through external circuit to the copper electrode.

Elektron mengalir melalui litar luar ke elektrod kuprum .
(e) Copper electrode is a positive terminal because copper is less electropositive than zinc :
Elektrod kuprum adalah terminal positif kerana kuprum kurang elektropositif daripada zink :
–– Electrons from zinc electrode flow through external circuit to copper electrode.
Elektron dari zink mengalir melalui litar luar ke elektrod kuprum.
–– Copper(II) ion in the electrolyte receives electron to form copper atom.

Ion kuprum(II) dalam elektrolit menerima elektron untuk membentuk atom kuprum.
–– Half equation / Persamaan setengah : Cu 2+

+ 2e Cu .
–– Brown solid is deposited on the surface of copper electrode.
Pepejal perang terenap di permukaan elektrod kuprum.
(f) The concentration of copper(II) sulphate decreases because copper(II) ions are discharged to copper atoms. The
intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate decreases.
Kepekatan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berkurang kerana ion kuprum(II) telah dinyahcaskan kepada atom kuprum. Keamatan
warna biru kuprum(II) sulfat berkurang.
(g) If zinc metal is replaced with a magnesium metal, the voltage reading increases because magnesium is
further from copper in the Electrochemical Series.
Jika logam zink digantikan dengan logam magnesium, bacaan voltan bertambah kerana jarak antara magnesium dengan kuprum
lebih jauh daripada jarak antara zink dengan kuprum dalam Siri Elektrokimia.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
107
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 107 12/9/2011 5:56:31 PM

8 Four main uses of the Electrochemical Series / Kegunaan utama Siri Elektrokimia:
(a) To predict the terminal of chemical cell / Untuk meramalkan terminal sel kimia
–– The more electropositive metal is the negative terminal of the cell.
Logam yang lebih elektropositif ialah terminal negatif sel.
–– The less electropositive metal is the positive terminal of the cell.
Logam yang kurang elektropositif ialah terminal positif sel.
(b) To predict the voltage of chemical cell / Untuk meramalkan voltan sel kimia
–– The further the distance between two metals in the Electrochemical Series, the higher is the voltage of the
chemical cell.
Semakin jauh jarak antara dua logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia, semakin tinggi bacaan voltan sel kimia.
(c) To predict the metal displacement reactions / Untuk meramalkan tindak balas penyesaran logam
–– The more electropositive metal can displace a less electropositive metal from its salt solution.
Logam yang lebih elektropositif dapat menyesarkan logam yang kurang elektropositif daripada larutan garamnya.
(d) To predict the selected ion to be discharged at the electrode in an electrolysis
Untuk meramalkan pemilihan ion untuk dinyahcas di elektrod dalam proses elektrolisis

EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The table below shows the results of an experiment to construct the Electrochemical Series through the ability of metals
to displace other metals from their salt solution.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen untuk membina Siri Elektrokimia berdasarkan keupayaan suatu logam untuk
menyesarkan logam lain dari larutan garamnya.
Experiment I / Eksperimen I Experiment II / Eksperimen II
P nitrate solution R nitrate solution

Larutan P nitrat Larutan R nitrat
Zinc / Zink Zinc / Zink
Metal P is displaced, blue colour solution turn colourless. No reaction.

Logam P disesarkan, larutan biru bertukar menjadi tanpa warna. Tiada tindak balas.
(a) Based on the results in the table, arrange metal P, zinc and R in descending order of electropositivity.
Berdasarkan keputusan dalam jadual, susunkan logam P, zink dan R dalam tertib menurun keelektropositifan.
R, Zn, P
(b) Based on the observation in Experiment I / Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam Eksperimen I,

(i) state the name the suitable metal P / namakan logam yang sesuai bagi P.
Copper .
(ii) zinc can displace metal P from P nitrate solution. Explain.
zink boleh menyesarkan logam P daripada larutan P nitrat. Terangkan.
Zinc is more electropositive than P. .
(iii) write the chemical equation for the reaction / tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas.
Zn + Cu(NO3 )2 Zn(NO3 )2 + Cu
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
108
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 108 12/9/2011 5:56:32 PM

2 The diagram below shows the set-up of the apparatus to arrange metals W, X, Y and Z based on the potential difference
of the metals.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen untuk menentukan kedudukan logam W, X, Y dan Z berdasarkan beza upaya
logam.
Metal electrode Metal electrode

Elektrod logam Elektrod logam
Electrolyte / Elektrolit
The table below shows the results of the experiment.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen.
Pair of metals Potential difference (V) Negative terminal

Pasangan logam Beza keupayaan (V) Terminal negatif
W and X
0.50 X
W dan X
X and Y
0.30 Y
X dan Y
W and Z
1.10 Z
W dan Z
(a) Arrange metals W, X, Y and Z in descending order of the electropositivity of metal.

Susunkan logam W, X, Y dan Z dalam tertib menurun keelektropositifan logam.
Z, Y, X, W .
(b) (i) Metals X and Z are used as electrodes in the diagram. State which metal acts as positive terminal.
Logam X dan Z digunakan sebagai terminal dalam rajah. Nyatakan logam yang manakah akan bertindak sebagai terminal
positif.
Metal X
(ii) Give reason for your answer in (b)(i) / Berikan sebab untuk jawapan anda di (b)(i).
Metal X is less electropositive than metal Z. .
(c) Predict the voltage of the cell in (b)(i) / Ramalkan nilai voltan dalam sel di (b)(i).
0.6 V
3 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus for two types of cell.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk dua jenis sel.
Copper Zinc
Copper
Kuprum Zink
Kuprum

Cell X / Sel X Cell Y / Sel Y
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
109
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 109 12/9/2011 5:56:32 PM

Complete the following table to compare cell X and cell Y :

Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk membandingkan sel X dan sel Y :
Description Cell X Cell Y

Perkara Sel X Sel Y
Type of cell
Electrolytic cell Chemical cell
Jenis sel
The energy change

Electrical energy Chemical energy Chemical energy Electrical energy
Perubahan tenaga
Ion presence in the

electrolyte Cu2+, H+, SO42–, OH– Cu2+, H+, SO42–, OH–
Ion hadir dalam
elektrolit
Electrode Anode / Anod: Copper Negative terminal / Terminal negatif : Zinc

Elektrod
Cathode / Katod: Copper Positive terminal / Terminal positif : Copper
Half equation Anode / Anod: Cu Cu2+ + 2e Negative terminal / Terminal negatif : Zn Zn2+ + 2e
Persamaan setengah
Cathode / Katod: Cu + 2e Cu Positive terminal / Terminal positif : Cu + 2e Cu
2+ 2+
Observation Anode / Anod: Negative terminal / Terminal negatif :

Pemerhatian
Copper electrode becomes thinner Zinc electrode becomes thinner
Cathode / Katod: Positive terminal / Terminal positif :
Brown solid deposited Brown solid deposited
Electrolyte / Elektrolit: Electrolyte / Elektrolit:
Intensity blue colour of copper(II) sulphate Intensity blue colour of copper(II) sulphate decreases
remains unchanged
4 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus for an experiment.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi suatu eksperimen.
– + Anode Cathode
Zinc / Zink Copper
Copper
Kuprum Kuprum
Zinc sulphate solution Copper(II) sulphate solution

Larutan zink sulfat Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
Copper(II) sulphate solution Porous pot
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Pasu berliang
Cell A / Set A Cell B / Set B
(a) In the above diagram, label

Dalam gambar rajah di atas, label
(i) the positive terminal and negative terminal Cell A,
terminal positif dan terminal negatif bagi Sel A,
(ii) anode and cathode in Cell B.
anod dan katod bagi Sel B.
(b) What is the energy change in Cell A and Cell B?
Apakah perubahan tenaga dalam Sel A dan Sel B?
Cell A / Sel A : Chemical energy to electrical energy
Cell B / Sel B : Electrical energy to chemical energy

Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
110
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 110 12/9/2011 5:56:32 PM

(c) What is the function of the porous pot in cell A?

Apakah fungsi pasu berliang dalam Sel A?
To allow the movement of ions through it.
(d) Referring to Cell A.

Merujuk kepada Sel A.
(i) What is the observation at zinc electrode?
Apakah pemerhatian di elektrod zink?
Zinc electrode becomes thinner.
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at zinc electrode.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di elektrod zink.
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
(iii) What is the observation at copper electrode / Apakah pemerhatian di elektrod kuprum?
Brown solid deposited.
(iv) Write the half equation for the reaction at copper electrode.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di elektrod kuprum.
Cu2+ + 2e Cu .
(v) After 30 minutes, what is the colour change of the copper(II) sulphate solution? Explain why.
Selepas 30 minit, apakah perubahan warna larutan kuprum(II) sulfat? Jelaskan mengapa.
– The intensity of blue colour decreases.
– Copper(II) ions are discharged to form copper atoms.
– Concentration of copper(II) ions in copper(II) sulphate decreases.
(e) Referring to Cell B.

Merujuk kepada Sel B.
(i) What is the observation at the anode?
Apakah pemerhatian di anod?
Copper electrode becomes thinner.
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at the anode.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di anod.
Cu Cu2+ + 2e
(iii) What is the observation at the cathode?

Apakah pemerhatian di katod?
Brown solid deposited.
(iv) Write the half equation for the reaction at copper electrode.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di katod.
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
(f) The intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate solution in the Cell B remains unchanged during the experiment.
Explain why.
Keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dalam Sel B tidak berubah semasa eksperimen. Jelaskan mengapa.
– The concentration of copper(II) sulphate remain unchanged.
– The rate of copper(II) ions discharged to copper atom at the cathode equals to the rate of copper atoms form
copper(II) ions at the anode.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
111
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 111 12/9/2011 5:56:32 PM

1 Which of the following is an electrolyte? C Copper electrode becomes Copper electrode becomes
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah elektrolit? thicker thinner
A Glacial ethanoic acid Elektrod kuprum semakin tebal Elektrod kuprum semakin nipis
Asid etanoik glasial Gas bubbles are released Copper electrode becomes
D
B Molten naphthalene Gelembung gas dibebaskan thicker
Naftalena lebur Elektrod kuprum semakin tebal
C Aqueous solution of zinc chloride
Larutan akueus zink klorida 4 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of an
D Hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene electrolysis process.
Hidrogen klorida dalam metilbenzena Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sususnan radas untuk proses elektrolisis.
2 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus used

to electrolyse substance X. Electrolyte
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk elektrolisis Elektrolit
bahan X.
Carbon electrode P Q Carbon electrode
Elektrod karbon Elektrod karbon
Carbon electrodes
Elektrod karbon

Which of the following electrolytes produce oxygen gas at
electrode Q?
Substance X Antara elektrolit berikut, yang manakah membebaskan gas oksigen pada
Bahan X elektrod Q?
I 1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
Heat Asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm–3
Panaskan II 1.0 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm–3
Which of the following compounds can light up the bulb III 1.0 mol dm–3 potassium iodide solution
when used as substance X? Larutan kalium iodida 1.0 mol dm–3
Antara berikut, yang manakah boleh menyalakan mentol apabila IV 1.0 mol dm–3 nitric acid
digunakan sebagai bahan X? Asid nitrik 1.0 mol dm–3
A Copper(II) nitrate / Kuprum(II) nitrat A I and II only / I dan II sahaja
B Lead(II) iodide / Plumbum(II) iodida B II and III only / II dan III sahaja
C Zinc carbonate / Zink karbonat C II and IV only / II dan IV sahaja
D Sodium carbonate / Natrium karbonat D II, III and IV only / II, III dan IV sahaja
3 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus for 5 The table below shows the observation of electrolysis of a
electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution. substance Q using carbon electrode.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk elektrolisis larutan Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi elektrolisis bahan Q
kuprum(II) sulfat. menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Electrode Observation
Elektrod Pemerhatian
Anode A greenish-yellow gas released
Copper Copper electrode Y Anod Gas kuning kehijauan terbebas
electrode X Elektrod kuprum Y
Cathode A colorless gas which burns with a ‘pop’
Elektrod Copper(II) Katod sound is released
kuprum X sulphate solution Gas tanpa warna terbakar dengan bunyi ‘pop’
Larutan kuprum(II) dibebaskan
sulfat
What can be observed at the electrodes X and Y after What is substance Q?
30 minutes? Apakah bahan Q?
Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan pada elektrod X dan Y selepas 30 A 1.0 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid.
minit? Asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm–3.
B 1.0 mol dm–3 of potassium nitrate solution.
X Y Larutan natrium nitrat 1.0 mol dm–3.
A Copper electrode becomes Copper electrode becomes C 1.0 mol dm–3 of copper(II) chloride solution.
thinner thicker Larutan kuprum(II) klorida 1.0 mol dm–3.
Elektrod kuprum semakin nipis Elektrod kuprum semakin tebal D 1.0 mol dm–3 of magnesium bromide solution.
Larutan magnesium bromida 1.0 mol dm–3.
B Copper electrode becomes Gas bubbles are released
thinner Gelembung gas dibebaskan
Elektrod kuprum semakin nipis
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
112
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 112 12/9/2011 5:56:33 PM

6 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of a 8 The table below shows the information about three voltaic
chemical cell that shows the direction of electron flow from cells.
zinc to metal Q. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan maklumat tentang tiga sel kimia.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas sel kimia yang menunjukkan
Positive
arah pengaliran elektron ke logam Q. Pair of metals Potential difference (V)
Pasangan logam
terminal Beza upaya (V)
Terminal positif
W, Z Z 3.1
X, Y Y 0.3
Q Zinc
Zink
W, X X 1.8
Dilute sodium What is the potential difference of the voltaic cell when metal
chloride solution Y is paired with metal Z?
Larutan natrium Apakah beza upaya sel kimia apabila logam Y dipasangkan dengan logam
klorida cair Z?
A 1.0 V C 2.1 V
What is metal Q?
B 1.3 V D 2.8 V
Apakah logam Q?
A Copper
Kuprum 9 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus in a chemical
B Iron cell and electrolytic cell.
Besi Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi sel kimia dan sel
elekrolisis.
C Aluminium
Aluminium
D Magnesium
Magnesium
Zinc P Q Copper R S
Copper
7 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus used to Zink Kuprum Kuprum
purify impure copper by using electrolysis method. Zinc
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk sulphate
menulenkan kuprum tak tulen dengan menggunakan kaedah elektrolisis. solution
Larutan
zink sulfat Copper(II) sulphate solution
X Y Which of the following is the observation at electrode R?

Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan pemerhatian pada elektrod
R?
Electrolyte Z A Electrode R becomes thinner
Elektrolit Z Elektrod R semakin nipis
B Electrode R becomes thicker
Elektrod R semakin tebal
Which of the following shows the correct position of pure
C A colourless gas is released
copper and impure copper? Gas tanpa warna terbebas
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah kedudukan yang betul untuk
kuprum tulen dan kuprum tak tulen?
D A brown solid is deposited
Pepejal perang terenap
Electrode X Electrode Y Electrolyte Z
Elektrod X Elektrod Y Elektrolit Z 10 The table below shows the results of an experiment to study the
displacement of metal from its solution using other metals.
A Impure copper Pure copper Copper(II) sulphate Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen untuk mengkaji
Kuprum tak tulen Kuprum tulen solution penyesaran logam daripada larutan garamnya menggunakan logam
Larutan kuprum(II) lain.
sulfat
Metal Nitrate of Q Nitrate of S
B Pure copper Impure copper Copper(II) sulphate Logam Nitrat bagi Q Nitrat bagi S
Kuprum tulen Kuprum tak tulen solution
Larutan kuprum(II) P
sulfat Q –
C Impure copper Pure copper Sulphuric acid – reaction occur / tindak balas berlaku
Kuprum tak tulen Kuprum tulen Asid sulfurik – no reaction / tiada tindak balas
Pure copper Impure copper Sulphuric acid Which of the following is the arrangement of metals P, Q and
D
Kuprum tulen Kuprum tak tulen Asid sulfurik R in ascending order of the tendency of the metals to form
ions?
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah susunan logam P, Q dan R dalam
susunan menaik kecenderungan logam membentuk ion?
A P, S, Q C S, P, Q
B Q, S, P D S, Q, P
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
113
.
m
Nila
05-Chem F4 (3P).indd 113 12/9/2011 5:56:33 PM

ACID AND BASES

6 ASID DAN BES
ACID AND BASES / ACID DAN BES
• ACID / ASID
–– To state the meaning of acid, give examples and write chemical equations and observations for the reaction of acids:
Menyatakan maksud asid, memberi contoh dan menulis persamaan tindak balas kimia dan pemerhatian bagi tindak balas asid:
(i) with carbonates / dengan karbonat (ii) with metals / dengan logam (iii) with bases / dengan bes
• BASICITY OF AN ACID / KEBESAN ASID
–– To state the meaning of basicity of an acid and to write equations for the ionisation of monoprotic and diprotic acids.
Menyatakan maksud kebesan asid dan menulis persamaan pengionan asid monoprotik dan diprotik.
–– To relate the basicity of acid/alkali with pH values / Mengaitkan kebesan asid /alkali dengan nilai pH.
• BASE / ALKALI / BES / ALKALI
–– To state the meaning of base and to correlate base with alkali / Menyatakan maksud bes dan mengaitkan bes dengan alkali.
–– To write chemical equations involving alkalis with acids and ammonium salts.
Menulis persamaan tindak balas kimia alkali dengan asid dan dengan garam ammonium.
ROLE OF WATER IN ACIDS AND ALKALI / PERANAN AIR DALAM ASID DAN ALKALI
–– To explain why the acid and alkali properties are shown in the presence of water.
Menerangkan mengapa sifat asid dan alkali ditunjukkan dengan kehadiran air.
–– To explain why the acid and alkali properties do not show in the absence of water or in non-water solvent.
Menerangkan mengapa sifat asid dan alkali tidak ditunjukkan tanpa kehadiran air atau dalam pelarut bukan air.
pH SCALE / SKALA pH
–– To state the meaning of pH / Menyatakan maksud pH.

–– To relate the pH value with the concentration of H+ ion for the acids and OH– ions for alkalis.
Mengaitkan nilai pH dengan kepekatan ion H+ bagi asid dan ion OH– bagi alkali.
• STRONG / WEAK ACID AND STRONG / WEAK ALKALI / ASID KUAT / LEMAH DAN ALKALI KUAT / LEMAH
–– To list examples and equations for the ionisation of strong / weak acid and strong / weak alkali.
Menyenaraikan contoh dan menulis persamaan pengionan bagi asid kuat / lemah dan alkali kuat / lemah.
–– To relate the pH value with the strength of acid / alkali / Mengaitkan nilai pH dengan kekuatan asid / alkali.
ACID AND ALKALI CONCENTRATION / KEPEKATAN ASID DAN ALKALI
–– To state the meaning of concentration in g dm–3 and mol dm–3 / Menyatakan maksud kepekatan dalam unit g dm–3 dan mol dm–3.
–– To state the meaning of standard solution and to describe the preparation of standard solution.
Menyatakan maksud larutan piawai dan menghuraikan eksperimen penyediaan larutan piawai.
MV
–– To solve various problems with calculations related to the preparation of standard solution using n = .
1 000
Menyelesaikan pelbagai masalah pengiraan berkaitan penyediaan larutan piawai menggunakan formula n = MV .
1 000
• NEUTRALISATION OF ACID AND ALKALI / TINDAK BALAS PENEUTRALAN ASID DAN ALKALI
–– To describe the titration of acid with alkali and to calculate acid / alkali concentrations if a standard solution are given.
Menghuraikan titratan asid dengan alkali dan menghitung kepekatan asid / alkali jika satu larutan piawai diberikan.
–– To describe the type of indicators used and the colour changes at the end-point.
Menyatakan jenis penunjuk yang digunakan dan perubahan warna penunjuk pada takat akhir.
–– To solve numerical problems involving neutralisation / Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan berkaitan peneutralan.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
114
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 114 12/9/2011 5:55:53 PM

ACID / ASID
1 Acid is a chemical substance which ionises in water to produce hydrogen ion.

Asid ialah bahan kimia yang mengion dalam air menghasilkan ion hidrogen.
2 Acid tastes sour and turns moist blue litmus to red.
Asid mempunyai rasa yang masam dan menukar kertas litmus biru lembap menjadi merah.
3 Example of acid is hydrochloric acid / Contoh asid ialah asid hidroklorik :
(a) Hydrogen chloride gas is a *covalent compound exist in the form of molecule.
Gas hidrogen klorida ialah *sebatian kovalen wujud dalam bentuk molekul.
(b) As hydrogen chloride dissolves in water, hydrogen chloride molecule ionises to hydrogen ion and chloride ion in
aqueous solution. This aqueous solution is called hydrochloric acid.
Apabila hidrogen klorida melarut dalam air, molekul hidrogen klorida mengion kepada ion hidrogen dan ion klorida dalam larutan
akueus. Larutan akueus itu dipanggil asid hidroklorik.
HCl (aq / ak ) H+ (aq / ak ) + Cl– (aq / ak )
Hydrochloric acid / Asid hidroklorik Hydrogen ion / Ion hidrogen Chloride ion / Ion klorida
(c) An aqueous hydrogen ion, H+(aq) is actually the hydrogen ion combined with water molecule to form
hydroxonium ion, H3O+. However this ion can be written as H+.
Ion hidrogen akueus, H+(ak) ialah ion hidrogen yang bergabung dengan molekul air membentuk ion hidroksonium, H3O+. Walau
bagaimanapun, ion ini boleh ditulis sebagai H+.
HCl (g) + H2O(l/ce) H3O+ (aq/ak ) + Cl– (aq/ak )
Hydrogen chloride Ion hydroxonium Ion klorida The ionisation of hydrochloric acid is
Hidrogen klorida Ion hidroksonium Ion klorida represented as:
H3O+ H+(aq/ak ) + H2O Pengionan asid hidroklorik diwakili oleh:
Ion hydroxonium Ion hidrogen HCl (aq/ak) H+ (aq/ak) + Cl– (aq/ak)
Ion hidroksonium Ion hidrogen
4 Basicity of an acid is the number of ionisable of hydrogen atom per molecule of an acid molecule in an aqueous
solution / Kebesan asid ialah bilangan atom hidrogen yang boleh mengion bagi setiap molekul asid dalam larutan akueus.
–– Monoprotic: One acid molecule ionises to one hydrogen ion.
Monoprotik: Satu molekul asid mengion kepada satu ion hidrogen.
–– Diprotic: One acid molecule ionises to two hydrogen ion.
Diprotik: Satu molekul asid mengion kepada dua ion hidrogen.
–– Triprotic: One acid molecule ionises to three hydrogen ion.
Triprotik: Satu molekul asid mengion kepada tiga ion hidrogen.
Hydrochloric is monoprotic acid because one molecule of hydrochloric acid ionises to one hydrogen ion.
Asid hidroklorik ialah sejenis asid monoprotik kerana satu molekul asid hidroklorik mengion kepada satu ion hidrogen.
5 Examples of acid and their basicity / Contoh-contoh asid dan kebesannya:
Number of hydrogens ion produce
Ionisation of acid per molecule of acid Basicity of acid
Pengionan asid Bilangan ion hidrogen dihasilkan bagi setiap Kebesan asid
molekul asid
–
HNO3 (aq/ak ) H+(aq) + NO3 (aq)
Nitric acid Hydrogen ion Nitrate ion One Monoprotic
Asid nitrik Ion hidrogen Ion nitrat
2–
H2SO4 (aq/ak ) 2H+(aq) + SO4 (aq)
Sulphuric acid Hydrogen ion Sulphate ion Two Diprotic
Asid sulfurik Ion hidrogen Ion sulfat
3–
H3PO4 (aq/ak ) 3H+(aq) + PO4 (aq)
Phosphoric acid Hydrogen ion Phosphate ion Three Triprotic
Asid fosforik Ion hidrogen Ion fosfat
*CH3COOH (aq/ak ) CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq)

Ethanoic acid Ethanoate ion Hydrogen ion One Monoprotic
Asid etanoik Ion etanoat Ion hidrogen
*Not all hydrogen atoms in ethanoic acid are ionisable / *Bukan semua ion hidrogen dalam asid etanoik boleh mengion
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
115
.
m
Nila
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 115 12/9/2011 5:55:53 PM

BASES / BES
1 Bases is a chemical substance that reacts with acid to produce salt and water only. For example,
Bes ialah sejenis bahan kimia yang bertindak balas dengan asid menghasilkan garam dan air sahaja. Contohnya,
(a) Copper(II) oxide (a base) reacts with sulphuric acid to produce copper(II) sulphate (a salt) and water.
Kuprum(II) oksida (bes) bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik menghasilkan kuprum(II) sulfat (garam) dan air.
CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O
(b) Zinc hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce zinc chloride (a salt) and water.
Zink hidroksida (bes) bertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik menghasilkan zink klorida (garam) dan air.
Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2O
2 Most bases are metal oxide or metal hydroxide which are ionic compound. Example of bases are magnesium oxide, zinc
oxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
Kebanyakan bes ialah oksida logam atau hidroksida logam yang merupakan sebatian ion. Contoh-contoh bes ialah magnesium oksida, zink
oksida, natrium hidroksida dan kalium hidroksida.
3 The bases that can dissolve in water (soluble bases) are known as alkali.
Bes yang boleh melarut dalam air (bes larut) dikenali sebagai alkali.
4 Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are soluble in water and they are called alkali whereas magnesium oxide
and zinc oxide are called bases as they are insoluble in water.
Natrium hidroksida dan kalium hidroksida larut dalam air dan dipanggil sebagai alkali manakala magnesium oksida dan zink oksida
dipanggil sebagai bes kerana tidak terlarut dalam air.
5 Alkali is a base that is soluble in water and ionises to hydroxide ion. For example,
Alkali ialah bes yang larut dalam air dan mengion kepada ion hidroksida. Contohnya,
(a) Sodium hydroxide dissolves in water and ionises to hydroxide ion.
Natrium hidroksida terlarut dalam air dan mengion kepada ion hidroksida.
NaOH (aq/ak ) Na+ (aq/ak ) + OH– (aq/ak )
(b) Ammonia solution is obtained by dissolving ammonia molecule in water, ionisation occur to produce a hydroxide
ion, OH–.
Larutan ammonia diperoleh dengan melarutkan molekul ammonia dalam air, pengionan berlaku menghasilkan ion hidroksida, OH–.
NH3 (g) + H2O (l/ce ) NH+4 (aq/ak ) + OH (aq/ak )
–
(c) Other examples of alkalis are barium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.
Contoh alkali lain adalah barium hidroksida dan kalsium hidroksida.
6 Alkali tastes bitter, slippery and turns moist red litmus to blue.
Alkali mempunyai rasa yang pahit, licin dan menukarkan kertas litmus merah lembap kepada biru.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Complete the following table / Lengkapkan jadual berikut :

Soluble base (alkali) / Bes terlarut (alkali) Insoluble base / Bes tak terlarut
Name / Nama Formula / Formula Ionisation equation / Persamaan pengionan Name / Nama Formula / Formula
Sodium oxide Na2O(s) + H2O 2NaOH(aq) Copper(II) oxide
Na2O CuO
Natrium oksida NaOH(aq) Na+ (aq) + OH– (aq) Kuprum(II) oksida
Potassium oxide K2O(s) + H2O 2KOH(aq) Copper(II) hydroxide

K2O Cu(OH)2
Kalium oksida KOH(aq) K+ (aq) + OH– (aq) Kuprum(II) hidroksida
Ammonia Zinc hydroxide
NH3 NH3(g)+ H2O NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) Zn(OH)2
Ammonia Zink hidroksida
Sodium hydroxide Aluminium oxide
NaOH NaOH(aq) Na+ (aq) + OH– (aq) Al2O3
Natrium hidroksida Aluminium oksida
Potassium hydroxide Lead(II) hydroxide
KOH KOH(aq) K+ (aq) + OH– (aq) Pb(OH)2
Kalium hidroksida Plumbum(II) hidroksida
Barium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2(aq) Ba2+(aq) + 2OH– (aq) Mg(OH)2
Barium hidroksida Magnesium hidroksida
Bases that can dissolve in water (soluble bases) are known as alkali / Bes yang larut dalam air (bes larut) dipanggil alkali
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
116
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 116 12/9/2011 5:55:53 PM

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACID / SIFAT-SIFAT KIMIA ASID
1 Acid react with metal, base / alkali and metal carbonate / Asid bertindak balas dengan logam, bes/alkali dan karbonat logam:
Chemical properties Example of experiment Observation Remark
Sifat-sifat kimia Contoh eksperimen Pemerhatian Catatan
1 Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen Zinc + Hydrochloric acid –– The grey solid Chemical equation:
Asid + Logam Garam + Hidrogen Zink + Asid hidroklorik dissolves. Persamaan kimia:
* Acid react with the metals that are Pepejal kelabu Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
Lighted wooden terlarut.
more electropositive than hydrogen
splinter –– Gas bubbles
in electrochemical series, acids do not Inference / Inferens :
Kayu uji menyala are released.
react with copper and silver (type of
Hydrochloric acid When a –– Magnesium reacts with
reaction is displacement, the metals
Asid hidroklorik burning hydrochloric acid.
that are placed above hydrogen in
Electrochemical Series can displace
wooden Magnesium bertindak balas
Magnesium powder splinter is dengan asid hidroklorik.
hydrogen from acid)
Serbuk magnesium placed at the
* Asid bertindak balas dengan logam-logam –– Hydrogen gas is
yang lebih elektropositif daripada hidrogen (a) About 5 cm3 of dilute mouth of the released.
dalam Siri Elektrokimia, asid tidak bertindak hydrochloric acid is poured test tube, Gas hidrogen terbebas.
balas dengan kuprum dan argentum (jenis into a test tube. ‘pop sound’ is
tindak balas ialah penyesaran, logam-logam Sebanyak 5 cm3 asid hidroklorik produced.
di atas hidrogen dalam Siri Elektrokimia cair dimasukkan ke dalam tabung Gelembung gas
boleh menyesarkan hidrogen daripada asid) uji. dibebaskan.
* Application of the reaction: (b) One spatula of magnesium Apabila kayu
* Aplikasi tindak balas: powder is added to the acid. uji menyala
–– Preparation of soluble salt (Topic Satu spatula serbuk magnesium didekatkan pada
Salt) ditambah kepada asid. mulut tabung
Penyediaan garam terlarut (Tajuk uji, bunyi ‘pop’
(c) A burning wooden splinter is
Garam) dihasilkan.
placed at the mouth of the test
–– Preparation of hydrogen gas in tube.
determination of the empirical Kayu uji menyala diletakkan pada
formula of copper(II) oxide (Topic mulut tabung uji.
Chemical Formula and Equation) (d) The observations are recorded.
Penyediaan gas hidrogen dalam Semua pemerhatian direkodkan.
menentukan formula empirik kuprum(II)
oksida (Tajuk Formula dan Persamaan
Kimia)
2 Acid + Metal carbonate Salt + Calcium carbonate + Nitric acid –– The white Chemical equation:
Water + Carbon dioxide Kalsium karbonat + Asid nitrik solid Persamaan kimia:
Asid + Karbonat logam Garam + Air + Hydrochloric acid Lime water
dissolves. CaCO3 + 2HCl
Karbon dioksida Asid hidroklorik Air kapur Pepejal putih
terlarut. CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
*Application of the reaction:
*Aplikasi tindak balas: –– Gas bubbles
–– Preparation of soluble salt (Topic are released.
Inference / Inferens :
Salt) When the
–– Calcium carbonate
Penyediaan garam terlarut (Tajuk Calcium carbonate / Kalsium karbonat gas passed
reacts with nitric acid.
Garam) through lime
(a) About 5 cm3 of dilute Kalsium karbonat
–– Confirmatory test for anion water, the lime
hydrochloric acid is poured bertindak balas dengan
carbonate ion in qualitative water turns
into a test tube. asid hidroklorik.
analysis of salt (Topic Salt) Sebanyak 5 cm3 asid hidroklorik
chalky.
Ujian pengesahan bagi ion karbonat cair dimasukkan ke dalam tabung
Gelembung gas –– Carbon dioxide gas
terbebas. Apabila is released.
dalam analisis kualitatif garam (Tajuk uji.
gas tersebut
Garam) (b) One spatula of calcium Gas karbon dioksida
dilalukan melalui
carbonate powder is added terbebas.
air kapur, air
into the test tube. kapur menjadi
Satu spatula serbuk kalsium keruh.
karbonat dimasukkan ke dalam asid.
(c) The gas released is passed
through lime water as shown
in the diagram.
Gas yang dibebaskan dilalukan
melalui air kapur seperti
ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
(d) The observations are recorded.
Semua pemerhatian direkodkan.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
117
.
m
Nila
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 117 12/9/2011 5:55:53 PM

3 Acid + Base / Alkali Salt + Water Copper(II) oxide + Sulphuric acid –– The black Chemical equation:
Asid + Bes / Alkali Garam + Air Kuprum(II) oksida + Asid sulfurik solid Persamaan kimia:
*Acid neutralises base/alkali Sulphuric acid / Asid sulfurik dissolves. CuO + H2SO4
Pepejal hitam
* Asid meneutralkan bes/alkali
terlarut. CuSO4 + H2O
*Application of the reaction: –– The colourless
*Aplikasi tindak balas:
solution turns Inference / Inferens :
–– Preparation of soluble salt (Topic
blue.
Salt) Larutan tanpa –– Copper(II) oxide reacts
Penyediaan garam terlarut (Tajuk Copper(II) oxide / Kuprum(II) oksida warna bertukar with sulphuric acid.
Garam) menjadi biru. Kuprum(II) oksida
(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid is
bertindak balas dengan
poured into a beaker until half
asid sulfurik.
full.
Asid hidroklorik cair dimasukkan –– The blue solution is
dalam bikar hingga separuh penuh. copper(II) sulphate .
(b) The acid is warmed gently. Larutan biru tersebut ialah
Asid dihangatkan. kuprum(II) sulfat .
(c) One spatula of copper(II) oxide
powders added to the acid.
Satu spatula serbuk kuprum(II)
oksida ditambahkan kepda asid
tersebut.
(d) The mixture is stirred with a
glass rod.
Campuran dikacau dengan rod kaca.
(e) The observations are recorded.
Semua pemerhatian direkodkan.
2 Write the chemical formulae for the following compounds / Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian berikut:
Compound / Sebatian Chemical formulae / Formula kimia Compound / Sebatian Chemical formulae / Formula kimia
Hydrochloric acid Magnesium oxide
HCl MgO
Asid hidroklorik Magnesium oksida
Nitric acid Calcium oxide
HNO3 CaO
Asid nitrik Kalsium oksida
Sulphuric acid Copper(II) oxide
H2 SO4 CuO
Asid sulfurik Kuprum(II) oksida
Ethanoic acid Lead(II) oxide
CH3COOH PbO
Asid etanoik Plumbum(II) oksida
Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate
NaOH NaNO3
Natrium hidroksida Natrium nitrat
Potassium hydroxide Potassium sulphate
KOH K2 SO4
Kalium hidroksida Kalium sulfat
Calcium hydroxide Barium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 Ba(OH)2
Kalsium hidroksida Barium hidroksida
Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride
Na2CO3 NaCl
Natrium karbonat Natrium klorida
Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium
Mg(OH)2 Mg
Magnesium hidroksida Magnesium
Ammonium sulphate Zinc
(NH4 )2SO4 Zn
Ammonium sulfat Zink
Hydroxide ion Sodium
OH– Na
Ion hidroksida Natrium
Sodium sulphate Calcium carbonate
Na2 SO4 CaCO3
Natrium sulfat Kalsium karbonat
Carbon dioxide Hydrogen gas
CO2 H2
Karbon dioksida Gas hidrogen
Copper(II) carbonate Sodium oxide
CuCO3 Na2O
Kuprum(II) karbonat Natrium oksida
Water Magnesium nitrate
H2O Mg(NO3 )2
Air Magnesium nitrat
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
118
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 118 12/9/2011 5:55:54 PM

3 Ionic equation / Persamaan ion :

Ionic equation shows particles that change during chemical reaction.
Persamaan ion menunjukkan zarah yang berubah semasa tindak balas kimia.
Example / Contoh :
(i) Reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution:
Tindak balas antara asid sulfurik dengan larutan natrium hidroksida:
Write balanced equation / Tulis persamaan seimbang :
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Write the formula of all the particles in the reactants and products:
Tulis formula bagi semua zarah dalam bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas:
2H+ + SO42– + 2Na+ + 2OH– 2Na+ + SO42– + 2H2O
Remove all the particles in the reactants and products which remain unchanged:
Keluarkan semua zarah dalam bahan dan hasil tindak balas yang tidak berubah:
2H+ + SO42– + 2Na+ + 2OH– 2Na+ + SO42– + 2H2O
Ionic equation / Persamaan ion :
2H+ + 2OH– 2H2O ⇒ H+ + OH– H2O
(ii) Reaction between zinc oxide and hydrochloric acid / Tindak balas antara zink dengan asid hidroklorik :
Write balanced equation / Tulis persamaan seimbang :
2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2
Write the formula of all the particles in the reactants and products:
Tulis formula bagi semua zarah dalam bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas:
2H+ + 2Cl– + Zn Zn2+ + 2Cl– + H2
Remove all the particles in the reactants and products which remain unchanged:
Keluarkan semua zarah dalam bahan dan hasil tindak balas yang tidak berubah:
2H+ + 2Cl– + Zn Zn2+ + 2Cl– + H2
Ionic equation / Persamaan ion :
2H+ + Zn Zn2+ + H2
4 Write the chemical equations and ionic equation for the following reactions:
Tulis persamaan kimia dan persamaan ion untuk tindak balas berikut:
Reactant / Bahan tindak balas Chemical equations / Persamaan kimia Ionic equation / Persamaan ion
Hydrochloric acid and #magnesium oxide
MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O 2H+ + MgO Mg2+ + H2O
Asid hidroklorik dan #magnesium oksida
Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O H+ + OH– H2O
Asid hidroklorik dan natrium hidroksida
Hydrochloric acid and magnesium
2HCl + Mg MgCl2 + H2 2H+ + Mg Mg2+ + H2
Asid hidroklorik dan magnesium
Hydrochloric acid and #calcium carbonate
2HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O 2H+ + CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O
Asid hidroklorik dan #kalsium karbonat
Sulphuric acid and zinc
H2SO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + H2 2H+ + Zn Zn2+ + H2
Asid sulfurik dan zink
Sulphuric acid and #zinc oxide
H2SO4 + ZnO ZnSO4 +H2O 2H+ + ZnO Zn2+ + H2O
Asid sulfurik dan #zink oksida
Sulphuric acid and #zinc carbonate
H2SO4 +ZnCO3 ZnSO4 + CO2 + H2O 2H+ + ZnCO3 Zn2+ + CO2 + H2O
Asid sulfurik dan #zink karbonat
Nitric acid and #copper(II) oxide
2HNO3 + CuO Cu(NO3)2 + H2O 2H+ + CuO Cu2+ + H2O
Asid nitrik dan #kuprum(II) oksida
Nitric acid and sodium hydroxide
HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O H+ + OH– H2O
Asid nitrik dan natrium hidroksida
# Ions in magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, zinc carbonate and copper(II) oxide cannot be separated because
the compounds are insoluble in water and the ions do not ionise.
#
Ion dalam magnesium oksida, kasium karbonat, zink oksida, zink karbonat dan kuprum(II) oksida tidak boleh diasingkan kerana sebatian tersebut
tidak larut dalam air dan ion-ionnya tidak mengion.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
119
.
m
Nila
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 119 12/9/2011 5:55:54 PM

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALIS / SIFAT kimia alkali
Chemical properties Write the balance chemical equation for the reaction
Sifat-sifat kimia Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas
1 Alkali + Acid Salt + Water (a) Potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid
Alkali + Asid Garam + Air Kalium hidroksida dan asid sulfurik :
*Alkali neutralises acid / Alkali meneutralkan asid. H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O
*Application of the reaction / Aplikasi tindak balas :
(b) Barium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid:
–– Preparation of soluble salt (Topic Salt) Barium hidroksida dan asid hidroklorik:
Penyediaan garam terlarut (Tajuk Garam) 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 BaCl2 + H2O

2 Alkali + Ammonium salt Salt + Water + Ammonia gas (c) Ammonium chloride and potassium hydroxide:
Alkali + Garam Ammonium Garam + Air + Gas ammonia Ammonium klorida dan kalium hidroksida:
*Ammonia gas is released when alkali is heated with KOH + NH4Cl KCl + H2O + NH3
ammonium salt. Ammonia gas has pungent smell and turn
(d) Ammonium sulphate and sodium hydroxide:
moist red litmus paper to blue. Ammonium sulfat dan natrium hidroksida:
*Gas ammonia dibebaskan apabila alkali dipanaskan dengan garam
ammonium. Gas ammonia mempunyai bau yang sengit dan menukar 2NaOH + (NH4)2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3
kertas litmus merah lembap kepada biru.
*Application of the reaction / Aplikasi tindak balas :
–– Confirmatory test for cations ammonium in qualitative
analysis of salt (Topic Salt)
Ujian pengesahan kation ammonium dalam analisis kualitatif garam
(Tajuk Garam)
3 Alkali + Metal ion Insoluble metal hydroxide Mg(OH)2(p)
(e) 2OH–(aq/ak) + Mg2+(aq/ak)
Alkali + Ion logam Logam hidroksida tak larut
Magnesium hydroxide
*Most of the metal hydroxides are insoluble. (white precipitate)
*Kebanyakan logam hidroksida tak terlarut. Magnesium hidroksida
*Hydroxides of transition element metals are coloured. (mendakan putih)
*Hidroksida bagi logam peralihan adalah berwarna. Cu(OH)2(p)
*Application of the reaction / Aplikasi tindak balas : (f) 2OH–(aq/ak) + Cu2+(aq/ak)
–– Confirmatory test for cations in qualitative analysis of salt Copper(II) hydroxide
(Topic Salt) (blue precipitate)
Kuprum(II) hidroksida
Ujian pengesahan bagi kation dalam analisis kualitatif garam (Tajuk
(mendakan biru)
Garam)
ROLE OF WATER AND THE PROPERTIES OF ACID / PERANAN AIR DAN SIFAT ASID
1 An acid shows its acidic properties when it is dissolved in water.

Asid menunjukkan sifat keasidannya apabila terlarut dalam air.
2 Acid molecules ionise in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions. The presence of hydrogen ions is needed for the acid
to show its acidic properties.
Molekul asid mengion dalam larutan akueus membentuk ion hidrogen. Kehadiran ion hidrogen diperlukan oleh asid untuk menunjukkan
sifat keasidannya.
3 Acid will remain in the form of molecules in two conditions / Asid akan kekal dalam bentuk molekul dengan dua keadaan:
(a) Without the presence of water for example dry hydrogen chloride gas and *glacial ethanoic acid.
Tanpa kehadiran air seperti gas hidrogen klorida kering dan *asid etanoik glasial
(b) Acid is dissolved in *organic solvent for example solution of hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene and ethanoic
acid in propanone.
Asid dilarutkan dalam *pelarut organik seperti larutan hidrogen klorida dalam metilbenzena dan asid etanoik dalam propanon.
* Glacial ethanoic acid is pure ethanoic acid / Asid etanoik glasial ialah asid etanoik tulen.
* Organic solvent is covalent compound that exist as liquid at room temperature such as propanone,
methylbenzene and trichloromethane.
* Pelarut organik ialah sebatian kovalen yang wujud dalam bentuk cecair pada suhu bilik seperti propanon, metilbenzena dan
triklorometana.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
120
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 120 12/9/2011 5:55:54 PM

CH3COOH
CH3COOH
Chemistry CH3COOH
Form 4 • MODULE
CH3COOH
CH3COOH CH3COOH CH3COOH
4 Example / Contoh :
CH3COOH CH3COOH CH3COOH
Glacial ethanoic acid Solution of hydrogen chloride in Solution of hydrogen chloride in
CH COOH
Asid etanoik glasial3 methylbenzene water (hydrochloric acid)
CH3COOH CH3COOH Larutan hidrogen klorida dalam metilbenzena Larutan hidrogen klorida dalam air HC
CH3COOH (asid hidroklorik)
CH3COOH HCl HCl HCl HCl H+ Cl- Cl- Cl- HCl

CH3COOH CH3COOH
HCl HCl H+ H+
CH3COOH
H+ Cl-
CH3COOH Cl- ClCOOH
CH
-
HCl H+
3
HCl HCl HCl Cl- Cl- H+
CH COOH +
H+ 3 H
H+ Methylbenzene / HCl
Metilbenzena Water / Air
Cl- Cl- HCl HCl HCl
H+
• Glacial ethanoic acid molecules do not • Hydrogen chloride molecules in • Hydrogen chloride molecule in water
HCl HCl
ionise . methylbenzene do not ionise . ionises :
H+ Cl- Cl- Cl-
Molekul asid etanoik glasial tidak mengion . HCl Molekul hidrogen
HCl
klorida dalam metilbenzena Molekul hidrogen klorida dalam air
molecule tidakHCl mengion . HCl mengion :
• Glacial
H+ ethanoic
H+ exist as
only, no hydrogen ions present. • Hydrogen chloride exist as molecule HCl (aq/ak) H+ (aq/ak) + Cl– (aq/ak)
H+ Etanoik glasial hanya terdiri daripada only, there are no hydrogen ions
Cl-
Cl- molekul H+
CH3COOH sahaja, tiada ion present. • Hydrogen ions and chloride ions
hidrogen hadir. Hidrogen klorida wujud sebagai molekul present.
sahaja, tiada ion hidrogen hadir. Ion hidrogen dan ion klorida hadir.
• Hydrogen chloride in water
• Glacial ethanoic acid and hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene does not show acidic
(hydrochloric acid) shows acidic
properties:
Asid etanoik glasial dan hidrogen klorida dalam metilbenzena tidak menunjukkan sifat asid: properties:
Hidrogen klorida dalam air (asid hidroklorik)
(i) They do not react with metal, base or metal carbonate. menunjukkan sifat asid:
Sebatian tersebut tidak bertindak balas dengan logam, bes dan karbonat logam. react
(i) Hydrochloric acid with
(ii) They do not turn blue litmus paper to red . metal, base or metal carbonate.
Sebatian tersebut tidak menukarkan warna kertas litmus biru kepada merah . Asid hidroklorik bertindak balas
dengan logam, bes dan karbonat logam.
• There are no free moving ions, hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene and glacial
(ii) Hydrogen ions turn blue
ethanoic acid cannot conduct electricity (non-electrolyte).
litmus paper to red .
Tidak wujud ion bebas bergerak , asid etanoik glasial dan hidrogen klorida dalam metilbenzena
tidak dapat mengkonduksikan elektrik (bukan elektrolit). Ion hidrogen menukarkan warna kertas
litmus biru kepada merah .
• There are free moving ions,
hydrochloric acid can conduct
electricity (electrolyte).
Terdapat ion yang bebas bergerak , asid
hidroklorik dapat mengkonduksikan
elektrik (elektrolit).
ROLE OF WATER AND THE PROPERTIES OF ALKALI / PERANAN AIR DAN SIFAT ALKALI
1 In the presence of water, an alkali dissolves and ionises to produce hydroxide ions. For example potassium hydroxide
solution and ammonia solution.
Dengan kehadiran air, alkali melarut dan mengion menghasilkan ion hidroksida. Contohnya larutan kalium hidroksida dan larutan
ammonia:
KOH(aq/ak ) K+(aq/ak ) + OH–(aq/ak )
NH3(g) + H2O(l/ce) NH4+(aq/ak ) + OH–(aq/ak )
2 Without water or in organic solvents, no hydroxide ions are produced, so the alkaline properties are not shown.
Tanpa air atau dalam pelarut organik, tiada ion hidroksida yang dihasilkan, maka sifat-sifat alkali tidak ditunjukkan.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
121
.
m
Nila
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 121 12/9/2011 5:55:55 PM

EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The diagram below shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the role of water and other solvent in showing the
properties of acid and the observations made from the investigation.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji peranan air atau pelarut lain dalam menunjukkan sifat asid serta pemerhatian
yang dibuat.
Experiment / Eksperimen I II
Set-up of apparatus
Susunan radas
Hydrochloric acid in water Hydrochloric acid in

Asid hidroklorik dalam air tetrachloromethane
Asid hidroklorik dalam tetraklorometana
Magnesium ribbon Magnesium ribbon
Pita magnesium Pita magnesium
Observation • Bubbles of gas are released • No bubble of gas

Pemerhatian Gelembung gas dibebaskan Tiada gelembung gas
• Magnesium ribbon dissolves
Pita magnesium larut
(a) What is meant by acid / Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan asid ?

Acid is a chemical substance which ionises in water to produce hydrogen ion.
(b) (i) Name the bubble of gas released in Experiment I / Namakan gas yang terbebas dalam Eksperimen I.
Hydrogen gas
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the formation of the bubbles in Experiment I.
Tulis persamaan kimia untuk pembentukan gelembung gas dalam Eksperimen I.
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
(iii) Write the ionic equation for the chemical equation in (b)(ii).
Tulis persamaan ion untuk persamaan kimia dalam (b)(ii).
Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2
(c) Compare observation in Experiment I and Experiment II. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan pemerhatian dalam Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II. Terangkan jawapan anda.
–– Hydrochloric acid in water in Experiment I reacts with magnesium.
Asid hidroklorik dalam air dalam Eksperimen I bertindak balas dengan magnesium.
–– Hydrochloric acid in tetrachloromethane in Experiment I do not react with magnesium.
Asid hidroklorik dalam tetraklorometana dalam Eksperimen II tidak bertindak balas dengan magnesium.
–– Hydrochloric acid in water ionises to H+ / Asid hidroklorik dalam air mengion kepada ion H+:
HCl H+ + Cl–
–– H+ ions react with magnesium atom to produce hydrogen molecule:
Ion H+ bertindak balas dengan atom magnesium untuk menghasilkan molekul hidrogen:
Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2
–– Hydrochloric acid in tetrachloromethane remains in the form of molecule . No hydrogen ion present.
Asid hidroklorik dalam tetraklorometana kekal dalam bentuk molekul . Tiada ion hidrogen hadir.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
122
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 122 12/9/2011 5:55:55 PM

2 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to prepare two solutions of ammonia in solvent X and solvent Y. A
piece of red litmus paper is dropped into each beaker.
Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menyediakan dua larutan ammonia dalam pelarut X dan pelarut Y. Sekeping
kertas litmus merah dimasukkan ke dalam setiap bikar.
Ammonia Ammonia
Ammonia Ammonia
Solvent X Solvent Y
Pelarut X Pelarut Y
Beaker A / Bikar A Beaker B / Bikar B
The table below shows the observation on the red litmus paper in solvent X and solvent Y.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian ke atas kertas litmus merah dalam pelarut X dan pelarut Y.
Solution / Larutan Observation / Pemerhatian
Ammonia in solvent X in beaker A The red litmus paper turns blue.
Ammonia dalam pelarut X dalam bikar A Kertas litmus merah bertukar menjadi biru.
Ammonia in solvent Y in beaker B No visible change in the colour of red litmus paper.
Ammonia dalam pelarut Y dalam bikar B Tiada perubahan yang nyata pada warna kertas litmus merah.
(a) Name possible substances that can be solvent X and solvent Y.

Namakan bahan-bahan yang mungkin bagi pelarut X dan pelarut Y.
Solvent X / Pelarut X : Water
Solvent Y / Pelarut Y : Propanone / methylbenzene / trichloromethane
(b) Explain the difference in the observation on the beakers A and B.
Terangkan perbezaan antara pemerhatian dalam bikar A dengan bikar B.
–– Ammonia gas in beaker A is dissolved in water, ammonia molecules ionise to ammonium ion and
hydroxide ions:
Gas ammonia dalam bikar A larut dalam air, molekul ammonia mengion kepada ion ammonium dan
ion hidroksida :
NH3 (g) + H2O (l/ce) NH 4+ (ak) + OH– (ak)
–– The presence of hydroxide ions change the red litmus paper to blue.
Kehadiran ion-ion hidroksida menukar kertas litmus merah kepada biru.
–– Ammonia gas in beaker B is dissolved in propanone / methylbenzene / trichloromethane , ammonia
molecules do not ionise .
Gas ammonia dalam bikar B larut dalam propanon / metilbenzena / triklorometana , molekul ammonia tidak
mengion .
–– No hydroxide ions present, the red litmus paper remains unchanged.

Tiada ion hidroksida , warna merah kertas litmus tidak berubah.
(c) (i) Between solution in beakers A and B, which one is an electrolyte and non-electrolyte? Explain your answer.
Antara larutan dalam bikar A dangan bikar B, yang manakah elektrolit dan bukan elektrolit? Terangkan jawapan anda.
–– Solution in beaker A is an electrolyte , it contains free moving ions from the
ionisation of ammonia molecules in water.
Larutan dalam bikar A ialah elektrolit , ia mengandungi ion-ion yang bebas bergerak daripada
pengionan molekul ammonia dalam air.
–– Solution in beaker B is a non-electrolyte , ammonia molecules do not ionise in
propanone / methylbenzene / trichloromethane .
Larutan dalam bikar B bukan elektrolit , molekul ammonia tidak mengion dalam
propanon / metilbenzena / triklorometana .
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
123
.
m
Nila
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 123 12/9/2011 5:55:55 PM

(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the set-up of apparatus used to show the electrical conductivity of an
electrolyte.
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel yang menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kekonduksian arus
elektrik bagi sesuatu elektrolit.
Elektrodelectrode
Carbon karbon Elektrodelectrode
Carbon karbon
Elektrolit
Electrolyte

THE pH SCALE / SKALA pH
1 The pH is a scale of numbers to measure the degree of acidity and alkalinity of an aqueous solution based on the
concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ or hydroxide ions, OH–.
Skala pH ialah skala bernombor untuk mengukur darjah keasidan dan kealkalian suatu larutan akueus berdasarkan kepekatan ion
hidrogen, H+ atau ion hidroksida, OH–.
2 The pH scale has the range of number from 0 to 14 / Skala pH bernombor dari 0 hingga 14 :
pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH < 7: pH > 7:
• Acidic solution / Larutan berasid. pH = 7 • Alkaline solution / Larutan beralkali.
• The lower the pH value, the higher is the Neutral • The higher the pH value, the higher is the
Neutral
concentration of hydrogen ion, H+. concentration of hydroxide ion, OH–.
Semakin rendah nilai pH, semakin tinggi Semakin tinggi nilai pH, semakin tinggi
kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+. kepekatan ion hidroksida, OH–.
3 The pH of an aqueous solution can be measured by / Nilai pH bagi sesuatu larutan akueus boleh diukur dengan menggunakan:
(a) pH meter / Meter pH
(b) Acid-base indicator / Penunjuk asid-bes
Complete the following table / Lengkapkan jadual berikut :
Indicator Colour / Warna
Penunjuk Acid / Asid Neutral / Neutral Alkali / Alkali
Litmus solution / Larutan litmus Red Purple Blue
Methyl orange / Metil jingga Red Orange Yellow
Phenolphthalein / Fenolftalein Colourless Colourless Pink
Universal indicator / Penunjuk universal Red Green Purple
THE STRENGTH OF ACID AND ALKALI / KEKUATAN ASID DAN ALKALI
1 The strength of acid and alkali depend on the degree of ionisation or dissociation of the acid and alkali in water.
Kekuatan asid dan alkali bergantung pada darjah pengionan asid dan alkali dalam air.
(a) A strong acid is an acid that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen ion, H+.
Asid kuat ialah asid yang mengion sepenuhnya dalam air menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+ yang tinggi.
(b) A weak acid is an acid that partially ionises in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen ion, H+.
Asid lemah ialah asid yang mengion separa dalam air menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+ yang rendah.
(c) A strong alkali is an alkali that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydroxide ion,
OH–.
Alkali kuat ialah alkali yang mengion sepenuhnya dalam air menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidroksida, OH– yang tinggi.
(d) A weak alkali is an alkali that partially ionises completely in water to produce low concentration of hydroxide
ion, OH–.
Alkali lemah ialah alkali yang mengion separa dalam air menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidroksida, OH– yang rendah.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
124
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 124 12/9/2011 5:55:55 PM

2 Example of different strength of acid and alkali / Contoh asid dan alkali dengan kekuatan yang berbeza.
Particles
Acid / Alkali Example Ionisation equation Explanation present
Asid / Alkali Contoh Persamaan ion Penerangan Zarah-zarah
yang hadir
Strong acid Hydrochloric HCl (aq/ak ) All hydrogen chloride molecules that H+ and Cl–
Asid kuat
dissolve in water ionises completely into H dan Cl
+ –
acid, HCl
Asid
H+ (aq/ak ) + Cl– (aq/ak )
hydrogen ions and chloride ions.
hidroklorik,
HCl Semua molekul hidrogen klorida melarut dalam
air dan mengion sepenuhnya kepada ion
hidrogen dan ion klorida .
Nitric acid, HNO3(aq/ak ) All nitric acid ionises completely in H+ and NO3–
HNO3 H+ dan NO3–
H+ (aq/ak ) + NO3– (aq/ak ) water into hydrogen ions and nitrate
Asid nitrik,
ions.
HNO3
Semua asid nitrik mengion sepenuhnya dalam
air kepada ion hidrogen dan ion nitrat .
Sulphuric H2SO4 (aq/ak ) All sulphuric acid ionises completely H+ and SO42–
acid, H2SO4 H+ dan SO42–
2H+ (aq/ak ) + SO42– (aq/ak ) into hydrogen ions and sulphate ions.
Asid sulfurik,
H2SO4 Semua asid sulfurik mengion sepenuhnya dalam
air kepada ion hidrogen dan ion sulfat .
Weak acid Ethanoic CH3COOH (aq/ak ) Ethanoic acid partially ionises in water CH3COOH,
Asid lemah acid, CH3COO– and
CH3COO (aq/ak ) + H (aq/ak ) into etahnoate ions and hydrogen
– +
CH3COOH H+
ions. Some remain in the form of CH3COOH CH3COOH,
Asid etanoik,
molecules . CH3COO– dan H+
CH3COOH
Asid etanoik mengion separa kepada ion
etanoat dan ion hidrogen . Sebahagian lagi
kekal dalam bentuk molekul CH3COOH.
Carbonic H2CO3 (aq/ak ) Carbonic acid partially ionises in water H2CO3, H+ and
acid, H2CO3 into carbonate ions and hydrogen ion. Some CO32–
2H+ (aq/ak ) + CO32– (aq/ak )
Asid karbonik, molecules . H2CO3, H+ dan
remain in the form of H CO
H2CO3 2 3
Sebahagian asid karbonik mengion dalam air CO32–
kepada ion karbonat dan ion hidrogen. Sebahagian
lagi kekal dalam bentuk molekul H2CO3.
Strong alkali Sodium NaOH (aq/ak ) Sodium hydroxide ionises completely in Na+ and OH–
Alkali kuat hydroxide, Na (aq) + OH (aq) water into sodium ions and hydroxide
+ –
Na+ OH–
NaOH dan
Natrium ions.
hidroksida, Natrium hidroksida mengion sepenuhnya dalam
NaOH air kepada ion natrium dan ion hidroksida .
Potassium KOH (aq/ak ) Potassium hydroxide ionises completely K+ and OH–
hydroxide, K+ (aq) + OH– (aq) potassium
in water into ions and K+
dan
OH–
KOH
Kalium hydroxide ions.
hidroksida, Kalium hidroksida mengion sepenuhnya dalam air
KOH kepada ion kalium dan ion hidroksida .
Barium Ba(OH)2 (aq/ak ) Barium hydroxide ionises completely in Ba2+ and OH–
hydroxide, Ba2+ dan OH–
Ba (aq) + 2OH (aq) water into barium ions and hydroxide
2+ –
Ba(OH)2
Barium ions.
hidroksida, Barium hidroksida mengion sepenuhnya dalam
Ba(OH)2 air kepada ion barium dan ion hidroksida .
Weak alkali Ammonia NH3 (g)+ H2 O(l/ce) Ammonia partially ionises in water into NH3, NH4+ and
Alkali lemah solution, + OH–
NH4 (aq/ak ) + OH–(aq/ak ) ammonium ions and hydroxide ions,
NH3(aq) NH3, NH4+ dan
Larutan some remain in the form of NH3 molecules . OH–
ammonia, Ammonia mengion separa dalam air kepada
NH3(ak) ion ammonium dan ion hidroksida ,
sebahagian lagi kekal dalam bentuk molekul NH . 3
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
125
.
m
Nila
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 125 12/9/2011 5:55:55 PM

CONCENTRATION OF ACID AND ALKALI / KEPEKATAN ASID DAN ALKALI
1 A solution is a homogeneous mixture formed when a solute is dissolved in a solvent. For example copper(II) sulphate
solution is prepared by dissolving copper(II) sulphate powder (solute) in water (solvent).
Larutan adalah campuran homogen yang terbentuk apabila bahan larut dilarutkan dalam pelarut. Contohnya larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
disediakan dengan melarutkan serbuk kuprum(II) sulfat (bahan larut) di dalam air (pelarut).
2 Concentration of a solution the quantity of solute in a given volume of solution which is usually 1 dm3 of solution.
Kepekatan sesuatu larutan ialah kuantiti bahan terlarut dalam isi padu larutan yang tertentu, biasanya isi padu 1 dm3 larutan.
3 Concentration can be expressed in two ways / Kepekatan boleh diwakili dengan dua cara :
(a) Mass of solute in gram per 1 dm3 solution, g dm–3/ Jisim bahan larut dalam gram bagi setiap 1 dm3 larutan, g dm–3.
Mass of solute in gram (g) / Jisim bahan larut dalam gram (g)
Concentration of solution (g dm–3) =
Kepekatan larutan (g dm–3) Volume of solution (dm3) / Isi padu larutan (dm3)

(b) Number of moles of solute in 1 dm3 solution, mol dm–3 / Bilangan mol bahan larut dalam 1 dm3 larutan, mol dm–3.
Number of mole of solute (mol) / Bilangan mol bahan larut (mol)
Concentration of solution (mol dm–3) =
Kepekatan larutan (mol dm–3) Volume of solution (dm3) / Isi padu larutan (dm3)

4 The concentration in mol dm–3 is called molarity or molar concentration. The unit mol dm–3 can be represented by ‘M’.
Kepekatan dalam mol dm–3 dipanggil sebagai kemolaran atau kepekatan molar. Unit mol dm–3 boleh diwakili dengan‘M’.
n = Number of moles of solute
Number of mole of solute (mol) / Bilangan mol bahan larut (mol) Bilangan mol bahan terlarut
Molarity =
Kemolaran Volume of solution (dm3) / Isi padu larutan (dm3) M = Concentration in mol dm–3
(molarity)
Number of mole of solute (mol) = Molarity × Volume (dm3) Kepekatan dalam mol dm–3
Bilangan mol bahan larut (mol) Kemolaran × Isi padu (dm3) (kemolaran)
n = MV V = Volume of solution in dm3
Mv Isi padu larutan dalam dm3
n = v = Volume of solution in cm3
1 000
Isi padu larutan dalam cm3
5 The concentration of a solution can be converted from mol dm to g dm and vice versa.
–3 –3
Kepekatan larutan boleh ditukar daripada mol dm–3 kepada g dm–3 dan sebaliknya.
× molar mass of the solute / jisim molar bahan terlarut
mol dm–3 g dm–3
÷ molar mass of the solute / jisim molar bahan terlarut
6 The pH value of an acid or an alkali depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions:
Nilai pH bagi asid atau alkali bergantung pada kepekatan ion hidrogen atau ion hidroksida:
The higher the concentration of hydrogen ions in acidic solution, the lower the pH value.
Semakin tinggi kepekatan ion hidrogen dalam larutan berasid, semakin rendah nilai pH.
The higher the concentration of hydroxide ions in alkaline solution, the higher the pH value.
Semakin tinggi kepekatan ion hidroksida dalam larutan beralkali, semakin tinggi nilai pH.
7 The pH value of an acid or an alkali is depends on / Nilai pH bagi asid atau alkali bergantung pada:
(a) The strength of acid or alkali / Kekuatan asid atau alkali
–– the degree of ionisation or dissociation of the acid and alkali in water / darjah pengionan asid atau alkali dalam air.
(b) Molarity of acid or alkali / Kemolaran asid atau alkali
–– the concentration of acid or alkali in mol dm–3 / kepekatan bahan terlarut dalam mol dm–3.
(c) Basicity of an acid / Kebesan asid
–– the number ionisable of hydrogen atom per molecule of an acid molecule in an aqueous solution.
bilangan atom hidrogen per molekul asid yang terion dalam larutan akueus.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
126
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 126 12/9/2011 5:55:56 PM

Example / Contoh:
The diagram below shows the reading of pH meter for different types and concentration of acids. The aim of the experiment is to investigate the relationship between

concentration of hydrogen ions with the pH value. Compare the concentration of hydrogen ions and the pH value of the following acids. Explain your answer.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan bacaan pH meter untuk pelbagai jenis dan kepekatan asid. Tujuan eksperimen adalah untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kepekatan ion hidrogen dengan nilai pH.
Bandingkan kepekatan ion hidrogen dan nilai pH untuk asid-asid yang berikut. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Experiment
I II III
Eksperimen
pH meter 1.21 2.98 1.15 2.25 1.21 3.45
reading
Bacaan pH
meter
0.1 mol dm–3 HCl 0.01 mol dm–3 HCl 0.05 mol dm–3 H2SO4 0.05 mol dm–3 HCl 0.1 mol dm–3 HCl 0.1 mol dm–3 CH3COOH
Compare –– Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid ionises –– Sulphuric acid is a strong diprotic acid. –– Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid ionises completely
concentration completely in water to hydrogen ion. Asid sulfurik adalah asid kuat diprotik . in water to hydrogen ion.
of H+ and pH Asid hidroklorik adalah asid kuat yang Asid hidroklorik adalah asid kuat yang mengion lengkap dalam
value mengion lengkap dalam air kepada ion hidrogen. –– 0.05 mol dm-3 of sulphuric acid ionises air kepada ion hidrogen.
Bandingkan –3
completely in water to form 0.1 mol dm –– 0.1 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid ionises to form
kepekatan ion –– 0.1 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid ionises to
hidrogen dan –3
hydrogen ion: 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrogen ion:
form 0.1 mol dm hydrogen ion: Asid sulfurik 0.05 mol dm–3 mengion lengkap kepada –3
nilai pH Asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm–3 mengion lengkap kepada 0.1 mol dm
Asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm–3 mengion kepada 0.1 mol dm–3 ion hidrogen:
0.1 mol dm–3 ion hidrogen: ion hidrogen:
H2SO4 2H+ + SO42– HCl H+ + Cl–
HCl H+ + Cl– –3
0.05 mol dm–3 0.1 mol dm –3
–3 0.1 mol dm–3 0.1 mol dm
0.1 mol dm–3 0.1 mol dm
–– Hydrochloric acid is a strong monoprotic –– Ethanoic acid is a weak acid ionises partially in
–– 0.01 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid ionises to
–3
acid. water to produce lower concentration hydrogen ion.
form 0.01 mol dm hydrogen ion: Asid hidroklorik adalah asid kuat monoprotik .
Asid hidroklorik 0.01 mol dm–3 mengion kepada Asid etanoik adalah asid lemah mengion separa dalam air
–– 0.05 mol dm–3 of ionises completely in water
0.01 mol dm–3 ion hidrogen: –3 menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen yang lebih rendah .
to form 0.05 mol dm hydrogen ion: –– 0.1 mol dm–3 of ethanoic acid ionises to less than
HCl H+ + Cl– Asid hidroklorik 0.05 mol dm–3 mengion lengkap dalam
–3 –3 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrogen ion:
0.01 mol dm–3 0.01 mol dm air menghasilkan 0.05 mol dm ion hidrogen:
Asid etanoik 0.1 mol dm–3 mengion kurang daripada 0.1 mol dm–3
–3 HCl H+ + Cl–
–– Concentration hydrogen ion in 0.1 mol dm of –3
ion hidrogen:
hydrochloric acid is higher than 0.05 mol dm–3 0.05 mol dm CH3COOH(aq/ak ) H+ + CH3COO–(aq/ak )
0.01 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid. –– Concentration hydrogen ion in 0.05 mol dm–3 less than/ kurang dari
Kepekatan ion hidrogen dalam asid hidroklorik
0.1 mol dm–3
0.1 mol dm–3
of sulphuric acid is double of (higher than)
0.1 mol dm–3 lebih tinggi daripada asid 0.05 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid. –– Concentration hydrogen ion in 0.1 mol dm–3 of
hidroklorik 0.01 mol dm–3.
Kepekatan ion hidrogen dalam asid sulfurik hydrochloric acid is higher than of 0.1 mol dm–3 of
–– The pH value of 0.1 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric 0.05 mol dm–3 adalah dua kali ganda (lebih tinggi) ethanoic acid.
acid is lower than 0.01 mol dm–3 of daripada asid hidroklorik 0.05 mol dm–3. Kepekatan ion hidrogen dalam asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm–3 lebih
hydrochloric acid. –3 tinggi daripada asid etanoik 0.1 mol dm–3.
–– The pH value of 0.05 mol dm of sulphuric
Nilai pH bagi asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm–3 lebih lower
acid is lower than 0.05 mol dm–3 of –– The pH value of 0.1 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid
rendah daripada asid hidroklorik 0.01 mol dm–3.
hydrochloric acid. than of 0.1 mol dm–3 of ethanoic acid.
Nilai pH bagi asid sulfurik 0.05 mol dm–3 lebih rendah Nilai pH bagi asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm–3 lebih rendah daripada
Publicat
m
io
daripada asid hidroklorik 0.05 mol dm–3. asid etanoik 0.1 mol dm–3.
Nila
127
Sdn. B
hd
.
12/9/2011 5:55:56 PM
PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTION / PENYEDIAAN LARUTAN PIAWAI
1 Standard solution is a solution in which its concentration is accurately known.

Larutan piawai ialah larutan yang kepekatannya diketahui dengan tepat.
2 The steps taken in preparing a standard solution are:
Langkah-langkah yang diambil dalam menyediakan larutan piawai adalah:
(a) Calculate the mass of solute needed to give the required volume and molarity.
Hitung jisim bahan larut yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan isi padu dan kemolaran yang dikehendaki.
(b) The solute is weighed / Bahan larut ditimbang.
(c) The solute is completely dissolved in distilled water and then transferred to a volumetric flask partially filled with
distilled water.
Bahan larut dilarutkan sepenuhnya dalam air suling dan dipindahkan kepada kelalang volumetrik yang sebahagiannya sudah diisi
dengan air suling.
(d) Distilled water is added to the calibration mark of the volumetric flask and the flask is inverted to make sure
thorough mixing.
Air suling ditambah ke dalam kelalang volumetrik hingga tanda senggatan dan kelalang volumetrik ditelangkupkan beberapa kali
untuk memastikan campuran sekata.

PREPARATION OF A SOLUTION BY DILUTION / PENYEDIAAN LARUTAN SECARA PENCAIRAN
Adding water to the standard solution lowered the concentration of the solution. Since no solute is added, the amount of
solute in the solution before and after dilution remains unchanged:
Penambahan air kepada larutan piawai merendahkan kepekatan larutan tersebut. Oleh kerana tiada bahan terlarut yang ditambah, kandungan
bahan terlarut dalam larutan sebelum dan selepas pencairan tidak berubah:
Number of mol of solute before dilution = Number of mole of solute after dilution
Bilangan mol bahan terlarut sebelum pencairan Bilangan mol bahan terlarut selepas pencairan
M1V1 M2V2
=
1 000 1 000
Therefore / Oleh itu,
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = Initial concentration of the solute / Kemolaran larutan awal

V1 = Initial volume of the solution in cm3 / Isipadu larutan awal dalam cm3
M2 = Final concentration of the solute / Kemolaran larutan akhir
V2 = Final volume of the solution in cm3 / Isipadu larutan akhir dalam cm3
Example / Contoh :
1 (a) What is meant by a standard solution / Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan larutan piawai ?
Standard solution is a solution in which its concentration is accurately known.
(b) (i) You are given solid sodium hydroxide. Describe the procedure to prepare 500 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 sodium
hydroxide solution. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; O = 16; Na = 23]
Anda diberi pepejal natrium hidroksida. Huraikan kaedah untuk menyediakan 500 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida
1.0 mol dm–3. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23]
Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide / Hitung jisim natrium hidroksida :
–– Molar mass of NaOH / Jisim molar NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g mol
–1
–– Mol NaOH / Bilangan mol NaOH = 500 × 1.0/1 000 = 0.5 mol
–– Mass of NaOH / Jisim NaOH = mol / Bilangan mol × molar mass / Jisim molar
= 0.5 mol × 40 g mol = 20.0 g
–1

Preparation of 500 cm3 1.0 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide:
Penyediaan 500 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm–3:
–– Weigh exactly 20.0 g of NaOH accurately using a weighing bottle .
Timbang 20.0 g NaOH dengan tepat menggunakan botol penimbang .
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
128
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 128 12/9/2011 5:55:56 PM

–– Dissolve 20.0 g of NaOH in distilled water in a beaker.

Larutkan 20.0 g NaOH dalam air suling di dalam bikar.
–– Transfer the content into a 500 cm 3 volumetric flask .
Pindahkan kandungan ke dalam kelalang volumetrik 500 cm3.
–– Rinse the beaker with distilled water and transfer all the contents into the volumetric flask .
Bilas bikar dengan air suling dan pindahkan semua kandungan ke dalam kelalang volumetrik .
–– Distilled water is added to the volumetric flask until the calibration mark .
Air suling ditambah kepada kelalang volumetrik hingga tanda senggatan .
–– The volumetric flask is closed tightly with stopper and inverted a few times to get
homogeneous solution.
Kelalang volumetrik ditutup dengan penutup dan ditelangkupkan beberapa kali untuk mendapatkan larutan
yang homogen.
(ii) Describe how you would prepare 250 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide from the above solution.
Huraikan bagaimana anda menyediakan 250 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 0.1 mol dm–3 daripada larutan di atas.
Calculate the volume of 1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide used:
Hitung isi padu natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm–3 yang digunakan:
–– M1 × V1 = M2 × V2
M2 × V2
–– V1 = = 0.1 × 250 = 25 cm3
M1 1
Preparation of 250 cm3 1.0 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution:

Penyediaan 250 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm–3:
–– A pipette is filled with 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution.
Sebuah pipet diisi dengan 25 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm–3.
–– 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 NaOH is transferred into 250 cm3 volumetric flask .
25 cm3 NaOH 1.0 mol dm dipindahkan kepada kelalang volumetrik 250 cm3.
–3
–– Distilled water is added to the volumetric flask until the calibration mark .
Air suling ditambah kepada kelalang volumetrik hingga tanda senggatan .
–– The volumetric flask is closed tightly with stopper and inverted a few times to get
homogeneous solution.
Kelalang volumetrik ditutup dengan penutup dan ditelangkupkan beberapa kali untuk mendapatkan larutan
yang homogen.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The table below shows the pH value of a few substances / Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai pH bagi beberapa bahan.
Substance / Bahan pH value / Nilai pH
Ethanoic acid 0.1 mol dm / Asid etanoik 0.1 mol dm
–3 –3
3
Hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol dm–3 / Asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm–3 1
Glacial ethanoic acid / Asid etanoik glasial 7
(a) (i) What is meant by weak acid and strong acid / Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan asid lemah dan asid kuat ?
Weak acid / Asid lemah : An acid that partially ionises in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen ion,
H .
+

Strong acid / Asid kuat : An acid that completely ionises in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen
ion, H .
+

n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
129
.
m
Nila
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 129 12/9/2011 5:55:56 PM

(ii) Between ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid, which acid has the higher concentration of H+ ion? Explain
your answer.
Antara asid etanoik dengan asid hidroklorik, asid manakah mempunyai kepekatan ion H+ yang lebih tinggi? Terangkan
jawapan anda.
–– Hydrochloric acid has higher concentration of H+ than ethanoic acid.
Asid hidroklorik mempunyai kepekatan ion H+ yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan asid etanoik.
–– Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid which ionises completely in water to produce higher
concentration of H+:
Asid hidroklorik ialah asid kuat yang mengion sepenuhnya dalam air untuk menghasilkan kepekatan ion H+
yang lebih tinggi :
HCl (aq/ak ) H+(aq/ak ) + Cl–(aq/ak )
–– Ethanoic acid is a weak acid which ionises partially in water to produce lower concentration of
H+:
Asid etanoik ialah asid lemah yang mengion separa dalam air untuk menghasilkan kepekatan ion H+
yang lebih rendah :
CH3COOH (aq/ak ) CH3COO– (aq/ak ) + H+ (aq/ak )
(iii) Why do ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid have different pH value?
Mengapakah asid etanoik dan asid hidroklorik mempunyai nilai pH yang berbeza?
–– The concentration H+ in hydrochloric acid is higher , the pH value is lower .
Kepekatan H dalam asid hidroklorik
+ tinggi , nilai pH lebih rendah .
–– The concentration H in ehanoic acid is
+ lower , the pH value is higher .
Kepekatan H dalam asid etanoik
+ rendah , nilai pH lebih tinggi .
(b) Glacial ethanoic acid has a pH value of 7 but a solution of ethanoic acid has a pH value less than 7. Explain the
observation.
Asid etanoik glasial mempunyai nilai pH 7 tetapi asid etanoik mempunyai nilai pH yang kurang daripada 7. Terangkan pemerhatian
tersebut.
–– Glacial ethanoic acid molecules do not ionise . Glacial ethanoic acid consists of only CH3COOH
molecules . The CH COOH molecules are neutral . No hydrogen ions present. The pH value of
3
glacial ethanoic acid is 7.
Molekul asid etanoik glasial tidak mengion . Asid etanoik glasial hanya terdiri daripada molekul CH3COOH
sahaja. Molekul CH COOH adalah neutral. Tiada ion hidrogen hadir. Nilai pH asid etanoik glasial adalah 7.
3
–– Ethanoic acid ionises partially in water to produce ethanoate ions and hydrogen ions causes the
solution to have acidic property. The pH value of the solution is less than 7.
Asid etanoik mengion separa dalam air untuk menghasilkan ion etanoat dan ion hidrogen yang menyebabkan
larutan mempunyai sifat asid . Nilai pH bagi larutan tersebut adalah kurang daripada 7.
2 The table shows the pH value of a few solution / Jadual berikut menunjukkan nilai pH bagi beberapa jenis larutan berbeza.
Solution / Larutan P Q R S T U
pH 1 3 5 7 11 14
(a) (i) Which solution has the highest concentration of hydrogen ion?
Larutan manakah yang mempunyai kepekatan ion hidrogen yang paling tinggi?
Solution P
(ii) Which solution has the highest concentration of hydroxide ion?
Larutan yang manakah mempunyai kepekatan ion hidroksida yang paling tinggi?
Solution U
(b) Which is the following solution could be / Larutan manakah yang mungkin
(i) 0.01 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid / 0.01 mol dm–3 asid hidroklorik ? Q
(ii) 0.01 mol dm–3 of ethanoic acid / 0.01 mol dm–3 asid etanoik ? R
(iii) 0.1 mol dm–3 ammonia aqueous / 0.1 mol dm–3 larutan ammonia ? T
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
130
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 130 12/9/2011 5:55:57 PM

(iv) 1 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid / 1 mol dm–3 asid hidroklorik ? P

(v) 1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution / 1 mol dm–3 larutan natrium hidroksida ? U
(vi) 1 mol dm–3 potassium sulphate solution / 1 mol dm–3 larutan kalium sulfat ? S
(c) (i) State two solutions which react to form neutral solution.
Nyatakan dua larutan yang bertindak balas untuk membentuk larutan neutral.
P/Q/R and T/U // Hydrochloric acid/ethanoic acid with ammonia aqueous/sodium hydroxide solution.
(ii) Which solutions will produce carbon dioxide gas when calcium carbonate powder is added?
Larutan manakah menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida apabila ditambah serbuk kalsium karbonat?
P/Q // Hydrochloric acid/ethanoic acid
3 The molarity of sodium hydroxide solution is 2 mol dm–3. What is the concentration of the solution in g dm–3?
[RAM: Na = 23, 0 = 16, H = 1]
Kemolaran larutan natrium hidroksida ialah 2 mol dm–3. Apakah kepekatan larutan tersebut dalam g dm–3?
[JAR: Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1]
Answer / Jawapan : 80 g dm–3
4 Calculate the molarity of the solution obtained when 14 g potassium hydroxide is dissolved in distilled water to make
up 500 cm3 solution. [RAM: K = 39, H = 1, O = 16]
Hitung kemolaran larutan yang diperoleh apabila 14 g kalium hidroksida dilarutkan dalam air suling untuk menyediakan larutan yang
berisi padu 500 cm3. [JAR: K = 39, H = 1, O = 16]
Answer / Jawapan : 0.5 mol dm–3
5 Calculate the molarity of a solution which is prepared by dissolving 0.5 mol of hydrogen chloride, HCl in distilled water
to make up 250 cm3 solution.
Hitung kemolaran larutan yang disediakan dengan melarutkan 0.5 mol hidrogen klorida, HCl dalam air suling untuk menyediakan larutan
yang berisi padu 250 cm3.
Answer / Jawapan : 2 mol dm–3
6 How much of sodium hydroxide in gram should be dissolved in water to prepare 500 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 sodium
hydroxide solution? [RAM: Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1]
Berapakah jisim natrium hidroksida dalam gram yang patut dilarutkan dalam air untuk menyediakan 500 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida
0.5 mol dm–3? [JAR: Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1]
Answer / Jawapan : 10 g
7 300 cm3 water is added to 200 cm3 hydrochloric acid, 1 mol dm–3. What is the resulting molarity of the solution?
Jika 300 cm3 air ditambah kepada 200 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm–3, apakah kemolaran bagi larutan yang dihasilkan?
Answer / Jawapan : 0.4 mol dm–3
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
131
.
m
Nila
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 131 12/9/2011 5:55:57 PM

8 Calculate the volume of nitric acid, 1 mol dm–3 needed to be diluted by distilled water to obtain 500 cm3 of nitric acid,
0.1 mol dm–3.
Hitung isi padu asid nitrik 1 mol dm–3 yang diperlukan untuk dilarutkan oleh air suling bagi menghasilkan 500 cm3 asid nitrik 0.1 mol dm–3.
Answer / Jawapan : 50 cm3
9 (a) Compare the number of mol of H+ ions which are present in 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 of sulphuric acid and 50 cm3 of
1 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan bilangan mol ion H+ yang hadir dalam 50 cm3 asid sulfurik 1 mol dm–3 dengan 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm–3.
Terangkan jawapan anda.
Acid 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 of sulphuric acid 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid
Asid 50 cm3 asid sulfurik 1 mol dm–3 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm–3
Calculate number of 50 × 1 50 × 1
Number of mol of sulphuric acid = Number of mol of hydrochloric acid =
hydrogen ion, H+ 1 000 1 000
Hitung bilangan mol = 0.05 mol = 0.05 mol
ion hidrogen, H+
H2SO4 2H + SO4
+ 2–
HCl H+ + Cl–
From the equation, From the equation,
1 mol of H2SO4 : 2 mol of H +
1 mol of HCl : 1 mol of H+
0.05 mol of H2SO4 : 0.1 mol of H+ 0.05 mol of HCl : 0.05 mol of H+
Compare the number The number of H+ in 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 of sulphuric acid is twice of the number of H+ in
of hydrogen ions 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid.
Bandingkan bilangan
ion hidrogen
Explanation Sulphuric acid is diprotic acid whereas hydrochloric acid is monoprotic acid.
Penerangan 1 mol of sulphuric ionises to 2 mol of H+ whereas 1 mol of hydrochloric acid ionises to 1 mol of H+.
The number of H+ in the same volume and concentration of both acids is doubled in sulphuric acid
compared to hydrochloric acid.
(b) Suggest the volume of 1 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid that has the same number of H+ with 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3
of sulphuric acid.
Cadangkan isi padu asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm–3 yang mempunyai bilangan ion H+ yang sama dengan 50 cm3 asid sulfurik 1 mol dm–3.
100 cm3
NEUTRALISATION / PENEUTRALAN
1 Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to form only salt and water:
Peneutralan ialah tindak balas antara asid dan bes untuk membentuk garam dan air sahaja:
Acid / Asid + Base / Bes Salt / Garam + Water / Air

Example / Contoh :
HCl (aq/ak ) + NaOH (aq/ak ) NaCl (aq/ak ) + H2O (l/ce)
2HNO3 (aq/ak ) + MgO (s/p) Mg(NO3)2 (aq/ak ) + H2O (l/ce)
2 In neutralisation, the acidity of an acid is neutralised by an alkali. At the same time the alkalinity of an alkali is
neutralised by an acid. The hydrogen ions in the acid react with hydroxide ions in the alkali to produce water:
Dalam peneutralan, keasidan asid dineutralkan oleh alkali. Pada masa yang sama, kealkalian alkali dineutralkan oleh asid. Ion hidrogen
dalam asid bertindak balas dengan ion hidroksida dalam alkali:
H+ (aq/ak ) + OH– (aq/ak ) H2O (l/ce)

Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
132
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 132 12/9/2011 5:55:57 PM

3 Application of neutralisation in daily life / Aplikasi peneutralan dalam kehidupan seharian :

Application Example
Aplikasi Contoh
Agriculture soda lime limestone
1 Acidic soil is treated with powdered (calcium oxide, CaO), (calcium carbonate,
Agrikultur
CaCO3)or ashes of burnt wood.
Tanah berasid dirawat dengan serbuk kapur tohor (kalsium oksida, CaO), batu kapur (kalsium karbonat, CaCO3) atau abu
daripada kayu api.
2 Basic soil is treated with compost. The acidic gas from the decomposition of compost neutralises the
alkalis in basic soil.
Tanah berbes dirawat dengan kompos. Gas berasid yang terbebas daripada penguraian kompos meneutralkan alkali
dalam tanah berbes.
3 The acidity of water farming is controlled by adding soda lime , (calcium oxide, CaO).
Keasidan air dalam pertanian dikawal dengan menambah kapur tohor (kalsium oksida, CaO).
Industries soda lime

1 Acidic gases emitted by industries are neutralised with , (calcium oxide, CaO) before the gases
Industri
are released into air.
Gas-gas berasid yang dibebaskan oleh kilang dineutralkan dengan kapur tohor (kalsium oksida, CaO), sebelum gas-gas tersebut
dibebaskan ke udara.
2 Organic acid produced by bacteria in latex neutralises by ammonia and prevents coagulation.
Ammonia meneutralkan asid organik yang dihasilkan oleh bakteria dalam lateks dan mencegah penggumpalan.
Health
1 Excess acid in the stomach is neutralised with its anti-acids that contain bases such as aluminium hydroxide ,
Kesihatan
calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide .
Anti-asid mengandungi bes seperti aluminium hidroksida , kalsium karbonat dan magnesium hidroksida untuk
meneutralkan asid berlebihan dalam perut.
2 Toothpastes contain bases (such as magnesium hydroxide) to neutralise the acid produced by bacteria in
mouth.
Ubat gigi mengandungi bes (seperti magnesium hidroksida) untuk meneutralkan asid yang dihasilkan oleh bakteria dalam
mulut.
3 Baking powder (sodium hydrogen carbonate) is used to cure alkaline bee stings.
Serbuk penaik (natrium hidrogen karbonat) digunakan untuk merawat sengatan lebah yang beralkali.
4 Vinegar (Ethanoic acid) is used to cure acidic wasp sting.
Cuka (asid etanoik) digunakan untuk merawat sengatan tebuan yang berasid.
4 An acid-base titration / Pentitratan asid-bes :

(a) It is a technique used to determine the volume of an acid required to neutralise a fixed volume of an alkali with
the help of acid-base indicator.
Ianya adalah teknik yang digunakan untuk menentukan isi padu asid yang diperlukan untuk meneutralkan isi padu tertentu alkali
dengan bantuan penunjuk asid-bes. Penunjuk yang biasa digunakan adalah fenolftalein dan metil jingga.
(b) Steps taken are / Langkah-langkah yang diambil adalah :
(i) An exact volume of alkali is measured with a pipette and poured into a conical flask.
Isi padu alkali yang tepat diukur dengan pipet dan dituang ke dalam kelalang kon.
(ii) A few drops of indicator are added to the alkali / Beberapa titik penunjuk ditambah kepada alkali.
(iii) A burette is filled with an acid. An acid is added drop by drop into the alkali in the conical flask until the
indicator changes colour, indicating the pH of neutral solution produced.
Buret diisi dengan asid. Asid ditambah setitik demi setitik kepada alkali dalam kelalang kon sehingga warna penunjuk bertukar,
menunjukkan pH larutan neutral telah dihasilkan.
(c) When the acid has completely neutralised the given volume of an alkali, the titration has reached the end point.
Apabila asid sudah lengkap meneutralkan isi padu alkali yang diberi, pentitratan telah mencapai takat akhir.
(d) The end point is the point in the titration at which the indicator changes colour.
Takat akhir ialah takat dalam pentitratan di mana penunjuk bertukar warna.
(e) The commonly used indicators are phenolphthalein and methyl orange.
Penunjuk yang biasa digunakan adalah fenolftalein dan metil jingga.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
133
.
m
Nila
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 133 12/9/2011 5:55:57 PM

5 The general steps used in any calculation involving neutralisation:

Langkah umum dalam penghitungan yang melibatkan peneutralan:
Step / Langkah 1 : Write the balanced equation / Tulis persamaan yang seimbang.
Step / Langkah 2 : Write the information from the question above the equation.
Tulis maklumat daripada soalan di atas persamaan.
Step / Langkah 3 : Write the information from the chemical equation below the equation (number of moles of substance
involved).
Tulis maklumat daripada persamaan kimia di bawah persamaan (bilangan mol bahan yang terlibat).
Step / Langkah 4 : Change the information to mole / Tukar maklumat kepada mol.
Step / Langkah 5 : Use the relationship between the number of moles of the substances in Step 3.
Guna hubungan di antara bilangan mol bahan-bahan dalam Langkah 3.
Step / Langkah 6 : Convert the number of mol to the required unit with the formula:
Tukar bilangan mol kepada unit yang diperlukan dengan menggunakan formula:
Mv
n= atau n = MV
1 000
n = Number of moles of solute / Bilangan mol bahan terlarut
M = Concentration in mol dm–3 (molarity) / Kepekatan dalam mol dm–3 (kemolaran)
V = Volume of solution in dm3 / Isi padu larutan dalam dm3
v = Volume of solution in cm3 / Isi padu larutan dalam cm3
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution is neutralised by 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid. Calculate the concentration
of sulphuric acid in mol dm–3 and g dm–3. [RAM: H = 1, S = 32, O = 16]
50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm–3 dineutralkan oleh 25 cm3 asid sulfurik. Hitung kepekatan asid sulfurik dalam mol dm–3 dan
g dm–3. [JAR: H = 1, S = 32, O = 16]
M = 1 mol dm–3 M=? n mol
Concentration of H2SO4 =
V = 50 cm3 V = 25 cm3 V dm3
0.025 mol
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O = = 1 mol dm–3
25
dm3
50 1 000
Number of mol of NaOH = 1 × = 0.05 mol
1 000 Concentration of H2SO4
From the equation, 2 mol of NaOH : 1 mol of H2SO4 = 1 mol dm–3 × (2 × 1 + 32 + 16 × 4) g mol–1
0.05 mol of NaOH : 0.025 mol of H2SO4 = 98 g dm–3
2 Calculate the volume of 2 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide needed to neutralise 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
Hitung isi padu larutan natrium hidroksida 2 mol dm–3 yang diperlukan untuk meneutralkan 100 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm–3.
M = 2 mol dm–3 M = 1 mol dm–3
V = ? cm3 V = 100 cm3
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
100
Number of mol of HCl = 1 × = 0.1 mol
1 000
From the equation, 1 mol of HCl : 1 mol of mol NaOH
0.1 mol of HCl : 0.1 mol of mol NaOH
n mol
Volume of NaOH =
M mol dm–3
0.1 mol
=
2 mol dm–3
= 0.05 dm–3
= 50 cm3
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
134
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 134 12/9/2011 5:55:57 PM

3
Experiment I / Eksperimen I
1 mol dm–3 of nitric acid is used to neutralise 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution.
Asid nitrik 1 mol dm–3 digunakan untuk meneutralkan 100 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm–3.
Experiment II / Eksperimen II
1 mol dm–3 of sulphuric acid is used to neutralise 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution.
Asid sulfurik 1 mol dm–3 digunakan untuk meneutralkan 100 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm–3.
Compare the volume of acids needed to neutralise 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution in Experiment I
and Experiment II. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan isi padu asid yang diperlukan untuk meneutralkan 100 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm–3 dalam Eksperimen I dan
Eksperimen II. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Answer / Jawapan:
Experiment Experiment I Experiment II

Eksperimen Eksperimen I Eksperimen II
Balanced equation
NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Persamaan kimia
Calculation 100 100
Pengiraan
Mol of KOH / Bilangan mol NaOH = 1 × Mol of KOH / Bilangan mol NaOH = 1 ×
1 000 1 000
= 0.1 mol = 0.1 mol
From the equation / Daripada persamaan : From the equation / Daripada persamaan :
1 mol NaOH : 1 mol HNO 2 mol NaOH / NaOH : 1 mol H SO
3 2 4
0.1 mol NaOH : 0.1 mol HNO3 0.1 mol NaOH / NaOH : 0.05 mol H2SO4
Mv Mv
Mol of HCl / Bilangan mol HNO3 = Mol of H2SO4 / Bilangan mol H2SO4 =
1 000 1 000
M = Concentration of HNO3 / Kepekatan HNO3 M = Concentration of H2SO4 / Kepekatan H2SO4
v = Volume of HNO3 in cm3 / Isi padu HNO3 dalam cm3 v = Volume of H2SO4 in cm3 / Isi padu H2SO4 dalam cm3
1 mol dm–3 × v 1 mol dm–3 × v
= 0.1 mol = 0.1 mol
1 000 1 000
v = 100 cm v = 50 cm
3 3
Comparison and –– The volume of acid needed in Experiment II is doubled of Experiment I.

explanation Isi padu asid nitrik yang diperlukan adalah dua kali ganda dalam Eksperimen I dibandingkan dengan Eksperimen II.
Perbandingan dan
penerangan –– Sulphuric acid is diprotic acid while nitric acid is monoprotic .
Asid sulfurik adalah asid diprotik manakala asid nitrik adalah asid monoprotik .
–– One mol of sulphuric ionises two mol of H , one mol nitric acid ionises to
+ one mol of H+.
Satu mol asid sulfurik mengion kepada dua mol ion H manakala satu mol asid nitrik mengion kepada
+ satu mol
ion H+.
–– The number of H+ in the same volume and concentration of both acids is doubled in sulphuric acid
compared to hydrochloric acid.
Bilangan ion H+ dalam isi padu dan kepekatan yang sama bagi kedua-dua asid adalah dua kali ganda dalam asid
sulfurik dibandingkan dengan asid nitrik.
4 Diagram below shows the apparatus set-up for the titration of potassium hydroxide solution with sulphuric acid.
Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi pentitratan larutan kalium hidroksida dengan asid sulfurik.
0.5 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid

Asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm–3
50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution + methyl orange

50 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm3 + metil jingga
0.5 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid is titrated to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution and methyl orange is used
as indicator.
Asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm–3 ditambahkan kepada 50 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm3 dan metil jingga digunakan sebagai penunjuk.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
135
.
m
Nila
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 135 12/9/2011 5:55:58 PM

(a) (i) Name the reaction between sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide.
Namakan tindak balas antara asid sulfurik dengan kalium hidroksida.
Neutralisation
(ii) Name the salt formed in the reaction / Namakan garam yang terbentuk dalam tindak balas tersebut.
Potassium sulphate
(b) Suggest an apparatus that can be used to measure 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution accurately.
Cadangkan radas yang boleh digunakan untuk mengukur 25.0 cm3 larutan kalum hidroksida dengan tepat.
Pipette
(c) What is the colour of methyl orange / Apakah warna metil jingga dalam
(i) in potassium hydroxide solution / larutan kalium hidroksida?
Red
(ii) in sulphuric acid / asid sulfurik?
Yellow
(iii) at the end point of the titration / pada titik akhir pentitratan?
Orange
(d) (i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs / Tuliskan persamaan seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
2KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2H2O
(ii) Calculate the volume of the 0.1 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid needed to completely react with 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3
potassium hydroxide.
Hitung isi padu asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm–3 yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan lengkap dengan 50 cm3 larutan
kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm–3.
50
Number of mol KOH = 1 × = 0.05 mol
1 000
From the equation, 2 mol of KOH : 1 mol of H2SO4
0.05 mol of KOH : 0.025 mol of H2SO4
n mol
Volume of H2SO4 =
M mol dm–3
0.025 mol
=
1 mol dm–3
= 0.025 dm3
= 25 cm3
(e) (i) The experiment is repeated with 0.1 mol dm hydrochloric acid to replace sulphuric acid. Predict the volume
–3
of hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise 50.0 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution.

Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm–3 untuk menggantikan asid sulfurik. Ramalkan isipadu asid
hidroklorik yang diperlukan untuk meneutralkan 50.0 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida.
50 cm3 // double the volume of sulphuric acid
(ii) Explain your answer in (e)(i) / Terangkan jawapan anda di (e)(i).
–– Hydrochloric acid is a monoprotic acid whereas sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid.
Asid hidroklorik ialah asid monoprotik manakala asid sulfurik ialah asid diprotik .
–– The same volume and concentration of both acids, hydrochloric acid contains half the number
of mole of H+ ions as in sulphuric acid.
Pada isi padu dan kepekatan yang sama untuk kedua-dua asid, asid hidroklorik mengandungi separuh bilangan
mol ion H+ daripada asid sulfurik.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
136
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 136 12/9/2011 5:55:58 PM

Objective Questions / Soalan objektif
1 Which of the following substances changes blue litmus 5 The table below shows the concentration of hydrochloric
paper to red when dissolved in water? acid and ethanoic acid.
Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah menukarkan warna kertas Jadual di bawah menunjukkan kepekatan asid hidroklorik dan
litmus merah kepada biru apabila dilarutkan dalam air? asid etanoik.
A Sulphur dioxide
Sulfur dioksida Acid Concentration / mol dm–3
Asid Kepekatan / mol dm–3
B Carbon dioxide
Karbon dioksida Hydrochloric acid
0.1
C Lithium oxide Asid hidroklorik
Litium oksida Ethanoic acid
D Sodium carbonate 0.1
Asid etanoik
Natrium karbonat
Which of the following statements is true about both
2 The table below shows the pH value of four acids which acids?
have the same concentration. Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah betul tentang kedua-dua
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai pH empat larutan yang asid?
mempunyai kepekatan yang sama. A Both are strong acids
Kedua-duanya adalah asid kuat
Solution / Larutan pH value / Nilai pH B Both acids are strong electrolyte
Kedua-duanya adalah elektrolit yang kuat
P 2
C The pH value of both acid are equal
Q 7 Nilai pH kedua-dua asid adalah sama
R 12
D 50 cm3 of each acid need 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 of
sodium hydroxide to be neutralised
S 13 50 cm3 setiap asid memerlukan 50 cm3 larutan natrium
hidroksida 0.1 mol dm–3 untuk dineutralkan
Which of the following solutions has the highest
concentration of hydroxide ion? 6 The molarity of sodium hydroxide solution 0.5 mol dm–3.
Antara larutan berikut, yang manakah mempunyai kepekatan ion
hidroksida paling tinggi?
What is the concentration of the solution in g dm–3?
A P C R [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O =16, Na = 23]
Kemolaran larutan natrium hidroksida adalah 0.5 mol dm–3.
B Q D S Apakah kepekatan larutan itu dalam g dm–3?
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O =16, Na = 23]
3 Which of the following pairs of reactants would result A 20 C 80
in a reaction? B 40 D 120
Antara pasangan bahan tindak balas berikut, yang manakah akan
menghasilkan tindak balas?
7 What is the volume of 2.0 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide
A Sulphuric acid and copper(II) sulphate solution
Asid sulfurik dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
solution needed to prepare 500 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3
B Nitric acid and magnesium oxide potassium hydroxide solution?
Berapakah isi padu larutan kalium hidroksida 2.0 mol dm–3
Asid nitrik dan magnesium oksida
diperlukan untuk menyediakan 500 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida
C Hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrate solution 1 mol dm–3?
Asid hidroklorik dan larutan natrium nitrat
A 100 cm3 C 200 cm3
D Ethanoic acid and sodium sulphate solution
B 150 cm3 D 250 cm3
Asid etanoik dan larutan natrium sulfat
8 Which of the following solutions have the same

4 Which of the following reactions will not produce any
concentration of hydrogen ions, H+, as in 0.1 mol dm–3
gas?
Antara tindak balas berikut, yang manakah tidak akan sulphuric acid, H2SO4?
membebaskan sebarang gas? Antara asid berikut, yang manakah mempunyai kepekatan ion
hidrogen, H+ yang sama dengan asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm–3?
A Copper metal with sulphuric acid
Logam kuprum dengan asid sulfurik A 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
Asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm–3
B Zinc metal with hydrochloride acid
Logam zink dengan asid hidroklorik B 0.1 mol dm–3 carbonic acid
C Ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide Asid karbonik 0.1 mol dm–3
Ammonium klorida dengan kalsium hidroksida C 0.2 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid
Asid etanoik 0.2 mol dm–3
D Sodium carbonate hydrochloric acid
Natrium karbonat dengan asid hidroklorik D 0.2 mol dm–3 nitric acid
Asid nitrik 0.2 mol dm–3
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
137
.
m
Nila
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 137 12/9/2011 5:55:58 PM

9 Which of the following sodium hydroxide solutions have 10 The diagram below shows 25.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 of
concentration of 1.0 mol dm–3? sulphuric acid and 50.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 of sodium
[Relative atomic mass: H=1, O=16, Na =23] are added hydroxide solution to form solution A.
Antara larutan natrium hidroksida berikut, yang manakah Rajah di bawah menunjukkan 25.0 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm–3 dan
mempunyai kepekatan 1.0 mol dm–3? 50.0 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm–3 ditambah
[JAR: H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23] bersama untuk menghasilkan larutan A.
I 5 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in distilled water
50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 of hydroxide solution
to make 250 cm3 of solution. 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm–3
5 g natrium hidroksida dilarutkan dalam air suling
menjadikan 250 cm3 larutan.
II 20 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in distilled water
to make 500 cm3 of solution.
20 g natrium hidroksida dilarutkan dalam air suling
menjadikan 500 cm3 larutan. 25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3
III 250 cm of 2 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution is
3 –3 sulphuric acid
25 cm3 asid sulfrik 2.0 mol dm–3 Solution A / Larutan A
added to distilled water to make 1 dm3 of solution.
250 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 2 mol dm ditambah air
–3
suling menjadikan 1 dm3 larutan. Which of the following is true about the solution A?
IV 500 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution is Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar tentang larutan A?
added to distilled water to make 1 dm3 of solution. A The solution has a pH value of 7
500 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 2 mol dm–3 ditambah air Larutan itu menpunyai nilai pH 7
suling menjadikan 1 dm3 larutan. B The solution will react with any acid
A I and III only Larutan itu boleh bertindak balas dengan sebarang asid
I dan III sahaja C The solution turns a red litmus paper blue
Larutan itu menukarkan warna kertas litmus merah kepada biru
B II and III only
D The solution will react with zinc to produce hydrogen
II dan III sahaja
gas
C II and IV only Larutan itu bertindak balas dengan zink untuk menghasilkan gas
II dan IV sahaja hidrogen
D I, II, III and IV
I, II, III dan IV
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
138
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
06-Chem F4 (3P).indd 138 12/9/2011 5:55:58 PM

SALT
7 GARAM
PREPARATION OF SALTS / PENYEDIAAN GARAM
• THE MEANING OF SALTS / MAKSUD GARAM

– To write the meaning of salts and the formulae for all types of salt that are commonly found in this topic.
Menyatakan maksud garam dan menulis formula semua jenis garam yang biasa ditemui dalam tajuk ini.
• THE SOLUBILITY OF SALTS / KETERLARUTAN GARAM
– To determine the solubility of nitrate, sulphate, carbonate and chloride salts.
Menentukan keterlarutan semua garam nitrat, sulfat, karbonat dan klorida.
• EXPERIMENTS FOR THE PREPARATION OF SALTS BASED ON SOLUBILITY
EKSPERIMEN PENYEDIAAN GARAM BERDASARKAN KETERLARUTAN
– To determine the suitable methods for the preparation of salts based on solubility:
Menentukan kaedah yang sesuai bagi penyediaan garam berdasarkan keterlarutan:
i. Acid + metal / Asid + logam ii. Acid + metal oxides / Asid + oksida logam
iii. Acid + alkali / Asid + alkali iv. Acid + metal carbonate / Asid + karbonat logam
v. Double decomposition reaction / Tindak balas penguraian ganda dua
– To describe the experiments for each method of preparation and explain the rationale for each step.
Menghuraikan eksperimen bagi setiap jenis kaedah penyediaan serta menerangkan rasional setiap langkah.
CALCULATION ON QUANTITY OF REACTANTS/PRODUCTS [ QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS ]

PENGHITUNGAN KUANTITI BAHAN/HASIL [ ANALISIS KUANTITATIF]
• CONTINUOUS VARIATIONS METHODS / KAEDAH PERUBAHAN BERTERUSAN

– To describe the methods of experiment to determine the formulae of insoluble salts.
Menghuraikan eksperimen bagi kaedah penentuan formula garam tak larut.
• SOLVING VARIOUS PROBLEMS RELATING TO QUANTITY OF REACTANTS/PRODUCTS IN SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS
FORMS
MENYELESAIKAN PELBAGAI MASALAH BERKAITAN KUANTITI BAHAN DALAM BENTUK PEPEJAL, LARUTAN DAN GAS
– Using the formula / Menggunakan formula:
MV Mass / Jisim
i. n = ii. Mole / Mol =
1 000 RAM/RMM/RFM / JAR/JMR/JFR
iii. The molar volume of gas at room temperature and s.t.p / Isi padu molar gas pada suhu bilik dan s.t.p
IDENTIFICATION OF IONS [ QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ] / MENGENAL ION [ ANALISIS KUALITATIF ]
• ACTION OF HEAT ON SALTS / KESAN HABA KE ATAS GARAM

– To state the colour of the residue of lead(II) oxide, zinc oxide and copper(II) oxide.
Menyatakan warna baki bagi plumbum(II) oksida, zink oksida dan kuprum(II) oksida.
– To state the confirmatory tests for carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Menyatakan ujian pengesahan bagi gas karbon dioksida dan nitrogen dioksida.
– To write the equations of the decomposition of carbonate and nitrate salts.
Menulis persamaan penguraian semua garam karbonat dan nitrat.
• CONFIRMATORY TEST CATIONS AND ANIONS / UJIAN PENGESAHAN KATION DAN ANION
– To state the confirmatory tests for all cations using sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution.
Menghuraikan ujian pengesahan semua kation menggunakan natrium hidroksida dan larutan ammonia.
– To state the confirmatory tests to differentiate Al3+ and Pb2+.
Menghuraikan ujian untuk membezakan Al3+ dan Pb2+.
– To state the confirmatory tests for anions of sulphate, nitrate, carbonate and chloride.
Menghuraikan ujian pengesahan anion sulfat, nitrat, karbonat dan klorida.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
139
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 139 12/9/2011 5:55:19 PM

PREPARATION OF SALT / Penyediaan Garam
1 A salt is a compound formed when the hydrogen ion in an acid is replaced with metal ion or ammonium ion. Example:
Sodium chloride, copper(II) sulphate, potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate.
Garam ialah sebatian ion yang terhasil apabila ion hidrogen daripada asid diganti oleh ion logam termasuk ion ammonium.
Contoh: natrium klorida, kuprum(II) sulfat, kalium nitrat dan ammonium sulfat.
2 Write the formulae of the salts in the table below by replacing hydrogen ion in sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric
acid and carbonic acid with metal ions or ammonium ion.
Tuliskan formula kimia garam berikut dengan menggantikan ion hidrogen dalam asid sulfurik, asid hidroklorik, asid nitrik dan asid
karbonik dengan ion logam atau ion ammonium:
Metal ion Sulphate salt (from H2SO4) Chloride salt (from HCl) Nitrate salt (from HNO3) Carbonate salt (from H2CO3)
Ion logam Garam sulfat (dari H2SO4 ) Garam klorida (dari HCl) Garam nitrat (dari HNO3 ) Garam karbonat (dari H2CO3 )
Na+ Na2SO4 NaCl NaNO3 Na2CO3
K+ K2SO4 KCl KNO3 K2CO3
Mg2+ MgSO4 MgCl2 Mg(NO3 )2 MgCO3
Ca2+ CaSO4 CaCl2 Ca(NO3 )2 CaCO3
Al3+ Al2(SO4 )3 AlCl3 Al(NO3 )3 Al2(CO3 )3
Zn2+ ZnSO4 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3 )2 ZnCO3
Fe2+ FeSO4 FeCl2 Fe(NO3 )2 FeCO3
Pb2+ PbSO4 PbCl2 Pb(NO3 )2 PbCO3
Cu2+ CuSO4 CuCl2 Cu(NO3 )2 CuCO3
Ag+ Ag2SO4 AgCl AgNO3 Ag2CO3
NH4+ (NH4 )2SO4 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4 )2CO3
Ba2+ BaSO4 BaCl2 Ba(NO3 )2 BaCO3
3 Solubility of salts in water: / Keterlarutan garam dalam air:

(a) All K+, Na+ and NH4+ salts are soluble. / Semua garam K+, Na+ dan NH4+ larut.
(b) All nitrate salts are soluble. / Semua garam nitrat larut.
(c) All carbonate salts are insoluble except K2CO3, Na2CO3 and (NH4)2CO3.
Semua garam karbonat tak larut kecuali K2CO3, Na2CO3 dan (NH4 )2CO3.
(d) All sulphate salts are soluble except CaSO4, PbSO4 and BaSO4.
Semua garam sulfat larut kecuali CaSO4, PbSO4 dan BaSO4.
(e) All chloride salts are soluble except PbCl2 and AgCl. / Semua garam klorida larut kecuali PbCl2 dan AgCl.
* Based on the solubility of the salts in water, shade the insoluble salts in the above table.
* Berdasarkan keterlarutan garam dalam air, lorekkan garam yang tak larut dalam jadual di atas.
4 Method used to prepare salt depends on the solubility of the salt.
Kaedah penyediaan garam bergantung pada keterlarutan garam tersebut.
Soluble salts are prepared from the reactions between an acid with a metal/ base/ metal carbonate:
Garam terlarut disediakan melalui tindak balas antara asid dengan logam/bes/karbonat logam:
i. Acid + metal / Asid + logam salt + hydrogen / garam + hidrogen
Acid + *base salt + water
ii. Acid + metal oxide / Asid + oksida logam salt + water / garam + air
Asid + *bes garam + air
iii. Acid + alkali / Asid + alkali salt + water / garam + air
iv. Acid + metal carbonate / Asid + karbonat logam salt + water + carbon dioxide / garam + air + karbon dioksida
* Most bases are metal oxide or metal hydroxide. / Kebanyakan bes adalah oksida logam atau hidroksida logam.
* All metal oxides and hydroxides are insoluble in water except Na2O, K2O, NaOH and KOH.
Semua oksida logam dan hidroksida logam tidak larut dalam air kecuali Na2O, K2O, NaOH dan KOH.
* Alkali is a base that soluble in water and ionises to hydroxide ion.
Alkali ialah bes yang larut dalam air dan mengion menjadi ion hidroksida.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
140
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 140 12/9/2011 5:55:19 PM

PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE SALT / Penyediaan Garam Larut dan Garam Tak Larut
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 141

1 Salts are prepared based on their solubility as shown in the flow chart below:
Garam disediakan berdasarkan keterlarutannya sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan pada carta aliran di bawah:
Preparation of salt / Penyediaan garam

Soluble salt Insoluble salt
Garam larut Garam tak larut
Method III / Kaedah III
Salts / Garam K+, Na+, NH4+ Other than / Garam selain K+, Na+, NH4+ The salt is prepared by precipitation
method. (Double decomposition
Method I / Kaedah I reaction)
Method II / Kaedah II Garam ini disediakan melalui kaedah
pemendakan. (Tindak balas penguraian ganda
The salt is prepared by titration method of acid dua).
and alkali using an indicator. The salt is prepared by reacting acid with insoluble metal/metal oxide/ – Mix two solutions containing cations
Garam ini disediakan melalui kaedah pentitratan di antara metal carbonate: and anions of insoluble salts.
asid dan alkali dengan menggunakan penunjuk. Garam ini disediakan melalui tindak balas antara asid dengan logam/oksida logam/ Campur dua larutan yang mengandungi kation
– Acid + Alkali Salt + Water karbonat logam yang tak larut: dan anion garam tak larut.
(Neutralisation Reaction) – Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen (Displacement reaction) – Stir with glass rod.
Asid + Alkali Garam + Air Asid + Logam Garam + Hidrogen (Tindak balas penyesaran) Kacau dengan rod kaca.
(Tindak balas Peneutralan) – Acid + Metal oxide Salt + Water (Neutralisation Reaction) – Filter using filter funnel.
Asid + Oksida bes Garam + Air (Tindak balas Peneutralan) Turas dengan corong turas.
– Acid + Metal carbonate Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide – Rinse the residue with distilled water.
Asid + Karbonat logam Garam + Air + Karbon dioksida Bilas baki dengan air suling.
– Dry the residue by pressing it between
filter papers.
Keringkan baki dengan menekankan antara
– A titration is conducted to determine the volume kertas turas.
of acid needed to neutralise a fixed volume of an – Add metal/metal oxide/metal carbonate powder until excess into a fixed
alkali with the aid of an indicator. volume of the heated acid
Pentitratan dijalankan dengan menentukan isi padu asid Tambah serbuk logam/oksida logam/karbonat logam ke dalam isi padu tetap asid
yang diperlukan untuk meneutralkan alkali yang isi yang dihangatkan sehingga berlebihan.
padunya sudah ditetapkan dengan menggunakan penunjuk.
– The same volume of acid is then added to the
– Filter the mixture to remove excess metal/metal oxide/metal carbonate
Turas campuran tersebut untuk mengeluarkan pepejal logam/oksida logam/karbonat
same volume of alkali without any indicator to logam yang berlebihan.
obtain pure and neutral salt solution.
Isi padu asid yang sama juga ditambah kepada isi padu
alkali yang sama tanpa penunjuk untuk mendapatkan
garam yang tulen dan neutral.
– Evaporate the filtrate until it becomes a saturated solution/ Sejatkan hasil turasan hingga larutan tepu.
– Dip in a glass rod, if crystals are formed, the solution is saturated.
Celupkan dengan rod kaca, jika hablur terbentuk dengan serta merta, larutan adalah tepu.
– Cooled at room temperature / Biarkan sejuk pada suhu bilik.
– Filter and dry the salt crystals by pressing them between filter papers.
Publicat
m Turas dan keringkan hablur garam dengan menekan antara kertas turas.
io
n
Nila
141
Sdn. B
hd
.
12/9/2011 5:55:20 PM
Nil
a
d.
142
Publica
Bh
n Sdn.
tio 2 Steps to Prepare Soluble Salt/Langkah Penyediaan Garam Larut
Method I:/Kaedah I:
Method II:/Kaedah II:
Soluble salt of K+, Na+ and NH4+
Soluble salt except K+, Na+ and NH4+ / Garam larut selain K+, Na+ dan NH4+ Garam larut K+, Na+ dan NH4+
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 142

• Stir the mixture with a glass rod . • Filter the mixture to separate • The salt solution is poured into • Measure and pour 50 cm3
Kacau campuran dengan excess metal /metal oxide evaporating dish . of 1 mol dm–3 any
rod kaca
menggunakan . /metal carbonate with the Larutan garam dituangkan dalam alkali into a conical
• Add metal/metal oxide / metal salt solution . mangkuk penyejat . flask. Add a few drops of
carbonate powder to the acid Turas campuran tersebut untuk • Evaporate the salt solution until phenolphthalein.
excess mengasingkan bahan berlebihan iaitu saturated solution is formed. Sukat dan tuangkan 50 cm3
until . sebarang alkali berkepekatan
logam/oksida logam/karbonat logam Sejatkan larutan sehingga larutan tepu
Tambah serbuk logam / oksida logam 1 mol dm–3 ke dalam
dengan larutan garam . terbentuk.
/ karbonat logam kepada asid sehingga kelalang. Tambah beberapa
berlebihan . The residue is titis fenolftalein.
metal /metal oxide Saturated 1
• mol dm–3 of any acid
/metal carbonate . salt solutions is titrated to the alkali
Excess of metal/ logam/ Larutan garam until neutral by using an
Baki adalah
metal oxide/ tepu
logam oksida/ indicator. The volume of
metal carbonate logam karbonat acid used is recorded.
.
Logam/oksida logam/ Heat 1 mol dm–3 sebarang
karbonat logam The filtrate is Panaskan asid dititratkan kepada alkali
salt solution . sehingga neutral menggunakan
Heat yang berlebihan.
Hasil turasan ialah penunjuk. Isi padu asid yang
Panaskan larutan garam . digunakan dicatat.
• Repeat the titration
without the indicator
• Cool it at room temperature until crystals salts are to get pure and neutral
50 – 100 3 0.5 – 2 –3 formed.
• Measure and pour cm of mol dm of any acid salt solution.
and pour into a beaker. Sejukkan pada suhu bilik sehingga hablur garam terbentuk. Ulang titratan tanpa penunjuk
Sukat dan tuangkan 50 – 100 cm3 sebarang asid berkepekatan untuk mendapatkan larutan
–3 Salt crystals garam yang
0.5 – 2 mol dm dan tuangkan ke dalam bikar. tulen dan neutral .
Hablur garam
• Add metal/metal oxide/ metal carbonate powder into the acid and heat
gently .
Tambahkan serbuk logam/ oksida logam/ karbonat logam pada isi padu asid yang
tetap sambil dihangatkan perlahan-lahan . • Filter the mixture to separate
the salt crystals .
• Dry the salt crystals by Turaskan campuran tersebut untuk mengasingkan Acid
between hablur garam .
pressing them filter Asid
papers.
Acid Keringkan hablur garam dengan Residue is
Asid menekan antara kertas turas. salt crystals
Alkali
Baki adalah Alkali
hablur garam
Heat Salt crystals

Panaskan
12/9/2011 5:55:21 PM
3 Steps to Prepare Insoluble Salt / Penyediaan Garam Tak Larut

Insoluble salts are prepared by the precipitation method through double decomposition reactions.
Garam tak larut disediakan dengan cara pemendakan melalui tindak balas penguraian ganda dua.
(i) In this reaction, the precipitate of insoluble salt is formed when two different solutions that contain the cation and
anion of the insoluble salt are mixed.
Dalam tindak balas ini, mendakan garam tak larut terbentuk apabila dua larutan berbeza yang mengandungi kation dan anion
garam tak terlarut dicampurkan.
(ii) The insoluble salt is obtained as a residue of a filtration.
Garam tak terlarut tersebut diperoleh daripada baki penurasan.
Method III: Preparation of Insoluble XnYm Salt by Double Decomposition Reaction

Kaedah III: Penyediaan Garam Tak Larut XnYm Melalui Tindak balas Penguraian Ganda Dua
1) Measure and pour 50 – 100 cm3 2) Measure and pour 50 – 100 cm3
of 0.5 – 2 mol dm–3 of aqueous of 0.5 – 2 mol dm–3 of
solution contains X m+ cation. aqueous solution contains Yn– anion
Sukat dan tuangkan 50 – 100 cm3 into another beaker.
larutan berkepekatan 0.5 – 2 mol dm–3 Sukat dan tuangkan 50 – 100 cm3
mengandungi kation Xm+ ke dalam bikar. larutan berkepekatan 0.5 – 2
mol dm–3 mengandungi anion Yn– ke dalam
bikar yang lain.
3) Mix both solutions and stir the mixture with

Precipitate of XnYm glass rod .
salt is formed. Campur dan kacaukan campuran menggunakan
Mendakan garam XnYm rod kaca .
terbentuk.
The residue is XnYm

salt. 4) Filter the mixture and rinse the precipitate
Mendakan adalah garam
XnYm . with distilled water . The residue is XnYm
salt.
Turas campuran dan bilas mendakan itu menggunakan air suling.
Baki ialah garam XnYm.
5) Press the precipitate between filter papers to dry it.

Salt XnYm
XnYm Tekankan mendakan antara kertas turas untuk mengeringkannya.
Garam
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
143
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 143 12/9/2011 5:55:21 PM

Complete the following table:

X m+ Yn– XnYm Ion equation/Persamaan ion
Pb2+ [Pb(NO3)2] I– [KI] PbI2 Pb2+ + I– PbI2
Ba2+[ BaCl2 ]
2–
SO4 [ Na2SO4 ] BaSO4 Ba2+ + SO42– BaSO4
Ag+ [AgNO3] Cl– [NaCl] AgCl Ag+ + Cl– AgCl
Ca2+ [Ca(NO3)2] CO32– [Na2CO3] CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO32– CaCO3
4 Complete the following table by writing “S” for soluble salts and “IS” for insoluble salts. Write all the possible chemical
equations to prepare soluble salts and two chemical equations for insoluble salts.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut dengan menulis “L” bagi garam larut dan “TL” bagi garam tak larut. Tuliskan semua persamaan kimia dalam
penyediaan garam larut dan dua persamaan kimia bagi garam tak larut.
Salt “S” / “IS” Chemical equations

Garam “L” / “TL” Persamaan kimia
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Zinc chloride
Zink klorida
S ZnCO3 + 2HCl ZnCl2 + CO2 + H2O
ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2O
Sodium nitrate
Natrium nitrat
S NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O
Silver chloride AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3

Argentum klorida
IS
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
Copper(II) sulphate CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O

Kuprum(II) sulfat
S
CuCO3 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + CO2 + H2O
Lead(II) sulphate Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2HNO3

Plumbum(II) sulfat
IS
Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 PbSO4 + 2NaNO3
2Al + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2

Aluminium nitrate
Aluminium nitrat
S Al2O3 + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O
Al2(CO3)3 + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O
Lead(II) chloride Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2HNO3

Plumbum(II) klorida
IS
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl PbCl2 + 2NaNO3
Mg + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2
Magnesium nitrate
Magnesium nitrat
S MgO + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2O
MgCO3 + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
Potassium chloride
Kalium klorida
S KOH + HCl KCl + H2O
Lead(II) nitrate PbO + 2HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O

Plumbum(II) nitrat
S
PbCO3 + 2HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
Barium sulphate BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl

Barium sulfat
IS
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
144
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 144 12/9/2011 5:55:21 PM

EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to prepare soluble salt Y.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menyediakan garam larut Y.
Nitric acid
Asid nitrik
25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide solution

+ phenolphthalein
25 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm-3 + fenolftalein
Phenolphthalein is used as an indicator in a titration between nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. 25 cm3 of nitric
acid completely neutralises 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide solution. The experiment is repeated by reacting
25 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide solution with 25 cm3 nitric acid without phenolphthalein. Salt Y is formed
from the reaction.
Fenolftalein digunakan sebagai penunjuk dalam pentitratan antara asid nitrik dengan larutan kalium hidroksida. 25 cm3 asid nitrik
meneutralkan 25 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1 mol dm–3. Eksperimen ini diulang dengan menindakbalaskan 25 cm3 larutan kalium
hidroksida 1 mol dm–3 dengan 25 cm3 asid nitrik tanpa fenolftalein. Garam Y terbentuk daripada tindak balas ini.
(a) Name salt Y.
Nyatakan nama garam Y.
Potassium nitrate
(b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.

Tuliskan persamaan seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O
(c) Calculate the concentration of nitric acid.

Hitungkan kepekatan asid nitrik tersebut.
Mol of NaOH = 1 ×
1
= 0.025 mol
1 000
From the equation, 1 mol of KOH : 1 mol of HNO3
0.025 mol of KOH : 0.025 mol of HNO3
Concentration of HNO3, M
0.025 = M ×
25
1 000
M = 1 mol dm–3
(d) Why is the experiment is repeated without phenolphthalein?
Mengapakah eksperimen ini diulang tanpa menggunakan fenolftalein?
To get pure and neutral salt solution Y.
(e) Describe briefly how a crystal of salt Y is obtained from the salt solution.
Huraikan secara ringkas bagaimana hablur garam Y diperoleh daripada larutan garamnya.
– The salt solution is poured into an evaporating dish.
– The solution is heated to evaporate the solution until one third its original volume// a saturated solution formed.
– The saturated solution is allowed to cool until salt crystals Y are formed.
– The crystals are filtered and dried by pressing them between filter papers.
(f) Name two other salts that can be prepared with the same method.
Namakan dua garam lain yang boleh disediakan dengan kaedah yang sama.
Potassium/sodium/ammonium salt. Example: potassium nitrate, sodium sulphate.
(g) State the type of reaction in the preparation of the salts.
Nyatakan jenis tindak balas dalam penyediaan garam ini.
Neutralisation
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
145
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 145 12/9/2011 5:55:21 PM

2 The following is the steps in the preparation of dry copper(II) sulphate crystals.
Berikut adalah langkah-langkah dalam penyediaan hablur garam kuprum(II) sulfat kering.
Step I: Copper(II) oxide powder is added a little at a time with constant stirring to the heated 50 cm3 of
1 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid until some of it no longer dissolve.
Langkah I: Serbuk kuprum(II) oksida ditambahkan, sedikit demi sedikit sambil dikacau ke dalam 50 cm3 asid sulfurik
1 mol dm-3 yang dipanaskan sehingga serbuk itu tidak boleh larut lagi.
Step II: The mixture is filtered.

Langkah II: Campuran dituras.
Step III: The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish and heated to evaporate the solution until one
third of its original.
Langkah III: Hasil turasan dipanaskan di dalam mangkuk penyejat sehingga isi padunya menjadi satu pertiga
daripada isi padu asal.
Step IV: The salt solution is allowed to cool at room temperature for the crystallisation to take place.
Langkah IV: Hasil turasan itu dibiarkan sejuk ke suhu bilik sehingga penghabluran berlaku.
Step V: The crystals formed are filtered and dried by pressing them between filter papers.
Langkah V: Hablur yang terbentuk dituraskan dan dikeringkan dengan menekan antara kertas turas.

(a) (i) State two observations during Step I.
Nyatakan dua pemerhatian pada Langkah I.
– Black solid dissolve
– Colourless solution turns black
(ii) Write a balance chemical equation for the reaction that occur in Step I.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam Langkah I.
CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 +H2O
(iii) State the type of reaction in the preparation of the salts.
Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku dalam penyediaan garam.
Neutralisation
(b) Why is copper(II) oxide powder added until some of it no longer dissolve in Step I?
Mengapakah serbuk kuprum(II) oksida ditambah pada larutan tersebut sehingga ia tidak boleh melarut lagi dalam Langkah I?
To make sure that all sulphuric acid has reacted.
(c) What is the purpose of heating in Step III?

Apakah tujuan pemanasan dalam Langkah III?
To evaporate the water and copper(II) sulphate solution becomes saturated
(d) What is the colour of copper(II) sulphate?

Apakah warna kuprum(II) sulfat?
Blue
(e) What is the purpose of filtration in

Apakah tujuan penurasan dalam
(i) Step II? / Langkah II?
– To remove the excess copper(II) oxide.
– To obtain copper(II) sulphate solution as a filtrate
(ii) Step V? / Langkah V?
To obtain copper(II) sulphate crystals as a residue.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
146
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 146 12/9/2011 5:55:22 PM

(f) Draw the a labelled diagram to show the set-up of apparatus used Step II and Step III.
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel untuk menunjukkan susunan alat radas yang digunakan dalam Langkah II dan Langkah III.
Excess of Filter paper

copper(II) oxide
Heat
Copper(II) sulphate
solution
(g) Can copper powder replace copper(II) oxide in the experiment? Explain your answer.
Bolehkah serbuk kuprum digunakan untuk menggantikan kuprum(II) oksida dalam eksperimen ini? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Cannot. Copper is less electropositive than hydrogen in the electrochemical series, copper cannot displace hydrogen
from the acid.
(h) Name other substance that can replace copper(II) oxide to prepare the same salt. Write a balance chemical equation
for the reaction that occur.
Namakan sebatian lain yang dapat menggantikan kuprum(II) oksida dalam penyediaan garam yang sama. Tuliskan persamaan kimia
yang seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
Substance / Garam larut : Copper(II) carbonate

Balance equation / Persamaan seimbang : CuCO3 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O + CO2
3 The diagram below shows the flow chart for the preparation of lead(II) nitrate and lead(II) sulphate through reaction I
and II.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan carta aliran bagi penyediaan plumbum(II) nitrat dan plumbum(II) sulfat melalui tindak balas I dan II.
Reaction I Reaction II
Lead(II) carbonate Tindak balas I Lead(II) nitrate Tindak balas II Lead(II) sulphate
Plumbum(II) karbonat Plumbum(II) nitrat Plumbum(II) sulfat
(a) (i) What is meant by salt?

Apakah maksud garam?
Salts are ionic compounds produced when hydrogen ion from acid is replaced with metal ion including
ammonium ion.
(ii) Based on the flow chart above, classify the above salt to soluble salt and insoluble salt.
Berdasarkan carta aliran di atas, kelaskan garam-garam tersebut kepada garam larut dan garam tak larut.
Soluble salt / Garam larut : Lead(II) nitrate

Insoluble salt / Garam tak larut : Lead(II) carbonate, Lead(II) sulphate
(b) (i) Describe how lead(II) nitrate solution is obtained in reaction I.
Terangkan bagaimana larutan plumbum(II) nitrat diperoleh daripada tindak balas I.
– Measure and pour 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 nitric acid in a beaker.
Sukat sebanyak 50 cm asid
3 nitrik 1 mol dm dan tuangkan ke dalam bikar.
-3
– Lead(II) carbonate powder is added to the acid in the beaker until excess .
Serbuk plumbum(II) karbonat ditambahkan kepada asid di dalam bikar sehingga berlebihan .
– Stir the mixture with a glass rod.
Campuran tersebut dikacau dengan rod kaca.
– The mixture in the beaker is filtered.
Campuran dituraskan.
– The filtrate is lead(II) nitrate solution .
Hasil turasan ialah larutan plumbum(II) nitrat.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
147
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 147 12/9/2011 5:55:22 PM

(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occur.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
PbCO3 + HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
(c) (i) Describe how to prepare pure and dry lead(II) sulphate in reaction II.
Huraikan bagaimana cara menyediakan plumbum(II) sulfat yang tulen dan kering dalam tindak balas II.
– 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 lead(II) nitrate solution is added to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3
sodium sulphate solution in a beaker.
50 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat 1 mol dm–3 ditambahkan kepada 50 cm3 larutan natrium sulfat
1 mol dm–3 ke dalam bikar.
– The mixture is stirred with glass rod.
Campuran tersebut dikacau dengan rod kaca.
– The mixture is filtered. The white precipitate of lead(II) sulphate is collected as the residue.
Campuran dituraskan. Mendakan putih plumbum(II) sulfat dikumpulkan sebagai baki.
– The precipitate is rinsed with distilled water .
Mendakan tersebut dibilas dengan air suling .
– The precipitate is pressed between sheets of filter papers to dry it.
Mendakan tersebut ditekan antara kertas turas .
(ii) Write an ionic equation the reaction that occur.
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
Pb + SO4 PbSO4
2+ 2–

(iii) Name the type of reaction that occur in reaction II.
Namakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku dalam tindak balas II.
Double decomposition reaction
(iv) What is the step taken to make sure that pure lead(II) sulphate in reaction II is pure?
Apakah langkah yang diambil untuk memastikan plumbum(II) sulfat dalam tindak balas II tulen?
The precipitate is rinsed with distilled water.
(d) (i) Can lead(II) sulphate be prepared by adding excess of lead(II) nitrate to calcium(II) sulphate followed by
filtration. Explain your answer.
Bolehkah plumbum(II) sulfat disediakan dengan menambahkan plumbum(II) nitrat berlebihan kepada kalsium(II) sulfat dan
diikuti dengan penurasan? Terangkan jawapan anda.
– Cannot.
– Calcium sulphate is insoluble salt, it cannot form a solution and there are no free moving ions.
– Double decomposition reaction cannot occur.
(ii) Can lead(II) sulphate be prepared by adding excess of lead(II) oxide to sulphuric acid. Explain your answer.
Bolehkah plumbum(II) sulfat disediakan dengan menambahkan plumbum(II) oksida berlebihan kepada asid sulfurik? Terangkan
jawapan anda.
– Cannot.
– Lead(II) sulphate and lead(II) oxide are insoluble, both cannot be separated by filtration.
– The insoluble lead(II) sulphate will prevent lead(II) oxide to undergo further reaction with sulphuric acid.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
148
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 148 12/9/2011 5:55:22 PM

4 The diagram below shows the flow chart for the preparation of zinc carbonate and zinc sulphate through reactions I
and II.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan carta aliran bagi penyediaan garam zink karbonat dan zink sulfat melalui tindak balas I dan tindak balas II.
Reaction I Reaction II
Zinc nitrate Tindak balas I Zinc carbonate Tindak balas II Zinc sulphate
Zink nitrat Zink karbonat Zink sulfat
(a) Based on the flow chart above, classify the above salt to soluble salt and insoluble salt.
Berdasarkan carta aliran di atas, kelaskan garam di atas kepada garam larut dan garam tak larut.
Soluble salt / Garam larut : Zinc nitrate, zinc sulphate

Insoluble salt / Garam tak larut : Zinc carbonate
(b) (i) State the reactant for the preparation of zinc carbonate from zinc nitrate in reaction I.
Nyatakan bahan tindak balas untuk penyediaan zink karbonat dalam tindak balas I.
Sodium carbonate solution / potassium carbonate solution / ammonium carbonate solution
(ii) State the type of reaction the occurs in reaction I.

Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku dalam tindak balas I.
Double decomposition
(iii) Describe the preparation zinc carbonate from zinc nitrate in the laboratory through reaction I.
Huraikan penyediaan zink karbonat dari zink nitrat melalui tindak balas I.
– 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 zinc nitrate solution is added to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sodium carbonate solution in a
beaker.
– The mixture is stirred with a glass rod and a white solid, ZnCO3 is formed.
– The mixture is filtered and the residue is rinsed with distilled water.
– The white precipitate is dried by pressing it between filter papers.
(iv) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (b)(iii).

Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas yang berlaku dalam (b)(iii).
Zn(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 ZnCO3 + 2NaNO3
(c) (i) State the reactant for the preparation of zinc sulphate from zinc carbonate in reaction II.
Nyatakan bahan tindak balas bagi penyediaan zink sulfat dari zink karbonat dalam tindak balas II.
Sulphuric acid
(ii) Describe laboratory experiment to prepare zinc sulphate from zinc carbonate through reaction II.
Huraikan eksperimen dalam makmal untuk menyediakan zink sulfat dari zink karbonat melalui tindak balas II.
– 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 of sulphuric is measured and poured into acid in a beaker.
– The white precipitate from reaction I/ zinc carbonate powder is added to the acid until in excess.
– The mixture is stirred with a glass rod.
– The excess white precipitate is filter out.
– The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish.
– The salt solution is gently heated until saturated.
– The hot saturated salt solution is allowed to cool for crystals to form.
– The crystals formed are filtered and dried by pressing it between sheets of filter papers.
(iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (c)(ii).
Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas yang berlaku dalam (c)(ii).
ZnCO3 + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
149
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 149 12/9/2011 5:55:22 PM

Constructing Ionic Equation for the Formation of Insoluble Salt

Membina Persamaan Ion bagi Pembentukan Garam Tak Larut
1 The ionic equation for the formation of insoluble salt can be constructed if the number of moles of anion and cation to
form 1 mol of insoluble salt are known.
Persamaan kimia untuk pembentukan garam tak terlarut dapat ditulis jika bilangan mol anion dan kation untuk membentuk 1 mol garam tak
larut diketahui.
2 The number mol of cation and anion which combined to form 1 mol of insoluble salt is determined experimentally by a
continuous method:
Bilangan mol kation dan anion yang bergabung untuk membentuk 1 mol garam tak terlarut dapat ditentukan secara eksperimen menggunakan
kaedah perubahan berterusan:
(a) A fixed volume of a solution A contains cations, Xm+ of the insoluble salt reacts with increasing volume of another
solution B contains the anions, Yn– of the insoluble salt.
Isi padu tetap larutan A mengandungi kation, X m+ daripada garam tak terlarut bertindak balas dengan isi padu yang meningkat larutan
B yang mengandungi anion, Y n– daripada garam tak terlarut.
(b) The volume of solution B needed to completely react with fixed volume of solution A is determined.
Isi padu larutan B yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan isi padu larutan A yang ditetapkan ditentukan.
(c) The number of mol of Xm+ react with Yn– is calculated based on the result of the experiment.
Bilangan mol X m+ yang bertindak balas dengan Y n– dihitung berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen.
(d) The simplest ration of mol of Xm+: mol of Yn– is calculated.
Nisbah di antara bilangan mol X m+: bilangan mol Y n– dihitung.
(e) Use the ratio to construct ionic equation.
Gunakan nisbah tersebut untuk membina persamaan ion.
3 Example: / Contoh:
5.0 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate solution is poured to 8 test tubes with the same size. Different volume of
1.0 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide solution are added to each test tube. The test tubes are stoppered and shaken well.
The test tubes are left for 30 minutes. The height of precipitate formed in each test tube is measured.
The graph below is obtained when the height of precipitate is plotted against the volume of potassium hydroxide
solution.
5.0 cm³ larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.5 mol dm–3 dituang ke dalam setiap 8 tabung uji yang mempunyai saiz yang sama. Larutan kalium
hidroksida 1.0 mol dm–3 yang berlainan isi padu ditambah kepada setiap tabung uji. Tabung uji tersebut digoncangkan dan dibiarkan selama
30 minit. Tinggi mendakan yang terbentuk dalam setiap tabung uji diukur.
Graf di bawah diperoleh apabila ketinggian mendakan diplot melawan isi padu larutan kalium hidroksida.
Height of precipitate (cm) / Tinggi mendakan (cm)
Volume of potassium hydroxide /cm3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Isi padu kalium hidroksida /cm3
(a) (i) Name the precipitate formed.

Nyatakan nama mendakan yang terbentuk.
Copper(II) hydroxide
(ii) What is the colour of the precipitate?

Apakah warna mendakan?
Blue
(b) Based on the above graph, what is the volume of potassium hydroxide solution needed to completely react with
copper(II) sulphate solution?
Berdasarkan graf di atas, apakah isi padu larutan kalium hidroksida yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan larutan kuprum(II)
sulfat secara lengkap?
5 cm3
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
150
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 150 12/9/2011 5:55:22 PM

(c) (i) Calculate the number of moles of copper(II) ions in 5.0 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate solution.
Hitung bilangan mol ion kuprum(II) dalam 5.0 cm³ larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.5 mol dm–3.
CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42–
5 × 0.5
Mol of CuSO4 = = 0.0025 mol
1 000
From the equation, 1 mol CuSO4 : 1 mol Cu2+
0.0025 mol CuSO4 : 0.0025 mol Cu2+
(ii) Calculate the number of mol of hydroxide ions needed to react with 5.0 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate
solution.
Hitung bilangan mol ion hidroksida yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan 5.0 cm³ larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
0.5 mol dm–3.
KOH K+ + OH–
Mol of KOH = 5 × 1.0 = 0.005 mol
1 000
From the equation, 1 mol KOH : 1 mol OH–
0.005 mol KOH : 0.005 mol OH–
(iii) How many moles of hydroxide ions react with one mole of copper(II) ions to form a precipitate?
Berapakah bilangan mol ion hidroksida yang bertindak balas dengan satu mol ion kuprum(II) untuk membentuk mendakan?
0.0025 mol Cu2+ : 0.005 mol OH–
1 mol Cu2+ : 2 mol of OH–
(d) Calculate the number of mol of hydroxide ions needed to react with 5.0 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm–3 copper (II) sulphate
solution.
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi pembentukan mendakan.
Cu2+ + 2OH– Cu(OH)2
Solving Numerical Problems Involving the Salt Preparation

Penghitungan Pelbagai Masalah Melibatkan Penyediaan Garam
Mass in gram
Jisim dalam gram
÷ (RAM/RMM/RFM) g mol–1 × (RAM/RMM/RFM) g mol–1

÷ (JAR/JMR/JFR) g mol–1 × (JAR/JMR/JFR) g mol–1
Solution concentration in mol dm–3 (M) MV × 24 dm3 mol–1/22.4 dm3 mol–1

n = 1000
and volume in cm3 (V) Number of mol (n) Volume of gas in dm3
Kepekatan larutan dalam mol dm–3 (M) Bilangan mol (n) Isi padu gas dalam dm3
dan isi padu dalam cm3 (V) ÷ 24 dm mol /22.4 dm mol
3 –1 3 –1
Gas occupies the volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature and 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p (standard temperature and pressure).
1 mol sebarang gas menempati isipadu 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada s.t.p (suhu dan tekanan piawai).
Calculation steps: / Langkah-langkah pengiraan:
S1 Write a balanced equation.
L1 Tuliskan persamaan seimbang.
S2 Write the information from the question above the equation.
L3 Tuliskan maklumat daripada soalan di atas persamaan tersebut.
S3 Write the information from the chemical equation below the equation (the number of moles of reactants/products).
L3 Tuliskan maklumat daripada persamaan kimia di bawah persamaan tersebut (bilangan mol bagi bahan/hasil tindak balas).
S4 Change the information in S2 into moles by using the method shown in the chart below.
L4 Tukar maklumat dalam L2 menjadi mol dengan menggunakan kaedah yang ditunjukkan dalam carta di atas.
S5 Use the relationship between number of moles of substance involved in S3 to find the answer.
L5 Gunakan perhubungan bilangan mol bahan terlibat dalam L3 untuk mendapatkan jawapan.
S6 Change the information to the unit required using the chart below.
L6 Tukar maklumat tersebut kepada unit yang dikehendaki mengikut carta di atas.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
151
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 151 12/9/2011 5:55:22 PM

EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid is added to an excess of copper(II) oxide powder. Calculate the mass of copper(II)
sulphate formed in the reaction. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32]
50 cm3 asid sulfurik 2 mol dm–3 ditambah kepada serbuk kuprum(II) oksida berlebihan. Hitungkan jisim kuprum(II) sulfat yang terbentuk
dalam tindak balas itu. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32]
M = 2 mol dm–3
V = 50 cm3 ?g
CuO(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CuSO4(ak) + 2H2O(l)
2 × 50
Number of moles of sulpuric acid = = 0.1 mol
1 000
From the equation, 1 mol CuO : 1 mol CuSO4
0.1 mol CuO : 0.1 mol CuSO4
Mass of CuSO4 = 0.1 mol × [64 + 32 + (16 × 4)] g mol–1 = 16 g
2 27.66 g of lead(II) iodide is precipitated when 2.0 mol dm–3 of aqueous lead(II) nitrate solution is added to an excess
of aqueous potassium iodide solution. Calculate the volume of aqueous lead(II) nitrate solution used. [Relative atomic
mass: I = 127, Pb = 207]
27.66 g plumbum(II) iodida termendak apabila 2.0 mol dm–3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat akueus ditambahkan kepada larutan kalium iodida
akueus berlebihan. Hitungkan isi padu plumbum(II) nitrat yang digunakan. [Jisim atom relatif: I = 127, Pb = 207]
M = 2 mol dm–3
V = ? cm3 25 g
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
27.66
Mol of PbI2 = = 0.06 mol
(207 + 2 × 127)
From the equation, 1 mol PbI2 : 1 mol Pb(NO3)2
0.06 mol PbI2 : 0.06 mol Pb(NO3)2
n mol 0.06 mol
Volume of Pb(NO3)2 = = = 0.03 dm3 = 30 cm3
M mol dm–3 2 mol dm–3

3 Zinc oxide powder is added to 100 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 nitric acid to form zinc nitrate. Calculate
Serbuk zink oksida ditambahkan kepada 100 cm3 asid nitrik 2 mol dm–3 untuk membentuk zink nitrat. Hitungkan
(i) the mass of zinc oxide that has reacted.
jisim zink oksida yang bertindak balas.
(ii) the mass of zinc nitrate produced. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65]
jisim zink nitrat yang terhasil. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65]
(i) 2HNO3(aq) + ZnO(s) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)

100 × 2
Number of moles of HNO3 = = 0.2 mol
1 000
From the equation, 2 mol of HNO3 : 1 mol of ZnO
0.2 mol of HNO3 : 0.1 mol of ZnO
Mass of ZnO = 0.1 × [65 + 16] = 8.1 g
(ii) From the equation, 2 mol of HNO3 : 1 mol of Zn(NO3)2

0.2 mol of HNO3 : 0.1 mol of Zn(NO3)2
Mass of Zn(NO3)2 = 0.1 mol × [65 +[14 + (16 × 3)] × 2] g mol–1 = 0.1 × 189 = 18.9 g
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
152
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 152 12/9/2011 5:55:22 PM

4 200 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 barium chloride solution reacts 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 silver nitrate solution. Calculate the mass
of precipitate produced. [Relative atomic mass Ag = 108, Cl = 35.5]
200 cm3 larutan barium klorida 1 mol dm–3 bertindak balas dengan 100 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat 1 mol dm–3. Hitungkan jisim mendakan
yang terbentuk. [Jisim atom relatif: Ag = 108, Cl = 35.5]
M = 0.1 mol dm–3 M = 0.2 mol dm–3
V = 100 cm3 V = 100 cm3, ? g
BaCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + Ba(NO3)2
1 × 200
Mol of barium chloride = = 0.2 mol (excess)
1 000
1 × 100
Mol of silver nitrate = = 0.1 mol
1 000
From the equation, 1 mol of BaCl2 : 2 mol of AgNO3 : 2 mol of AgCl
0.2 mol of BaCl2 (lebih) : 0.1 mol of AgNO3 : 0.1 mol of AgCl
Mass of AgCl = 0.1 mol × [108 + 35.5] g mol–1 = 14.35 g
Qualitative Analysis of Salts / Analisis Kualitatif Garam
1 Qualitative analysis of a salt is a chemical technique to identify the ions present in a salt.
Analisis kualitatif garam ialah suatu teknik dalam kimia yang digunakan untu mengenal pasti ion-ion yang hadir dalam garam.
2 The qualitative analysis consists of the following steps:
Analisis kualitatif terdiri daripada langkah-langkah berikut:
(a) Observe the physical properties on salt.
Perhatikan sifat-sifat fizik garam.
(b) The action of heat on salts.
Kesan haba ke atas garam.
(c) Prepare aqueous solution of salts and conduct confirmatory test for cation and anion present.
Sediakan larutan akueus garam dan menjalankan ujian pengesahan untuk kation dan anion yang hadir.
Physical Properties of Salt

Sifat-Sifat Fizik Garam
1 Physical properties such as colour and solubility indicate the possibility of the presence of certain cations, anions or metal
oxide.
Sifat-sifat fizikal seperti warna dan keterlarutan menunjukkan kemungkinan kehadiran kation, anion atau oksida logam tertentu.
Solid Aqueous Salts/ Cation/Metal oxide

Pepejal Larutan akueus Garam/Kation/Oksida logam
White Colourless
K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+, NH4+
Putih Tanpa warna
Green Insoluble
CuCO3
Hijau Tak larut
Light green Light Green
Fe2+, contoh: FeSO4, FeCl2, Fe(NO3)2
Hijau muda Hijau muda
Blue Blue
CuSO4, Cu(NO3 )2 dan CuCl2
Biru Biru
Brown Brown
Fe3+
Perang Perang
Black Insoluble
CuO
Hitam Tak larut
Yellow when hot, white when cold Insoluble
ZnO
Kuning apabila panas, putih apabila sejuk Tak larut
Brown when hot, yellow when cold Insoluble
PbO
Perang apabila panas, kuning apabila sejuk Tak larut
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
153
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 153 12/9/2011 5:55:23 PM

Action of Heat on Salt / Kesan Haba ke atas Garam
1 Some salts decompose when they are heated:

Beberapa jenis garam terurai apabila dipanaskan:
Salt metal oxide gas
+
Garam oksida logam gas

2 Common Gas Identification: / Pengesahan Gas yang biasa:
Gas Observation/ Test Inference

Gas Pemerhatian/Ujian Inferens
– Brown gas. – Nitrogen dioxide gas is produced by
Nitrogen Wasap perang. heating nitrate salt.
dioxide, NO2 – Place a moist blue litmus paper at the mouth of the boiling Nitrogen dioksida terhasil apabila garam
Nitrogen tube, blue litmus paper turns red. nitrat dipanaskan.
dioksida, NO2 Letakkan kertas litmus biru lembap pada mulut tabung didih, – Nitrate ion, NO3– present.
kertas litmus biru bertukar menjadi merah. Ion nitrat, NO3– hadir.
– Oxygen gas is produced by heating
– Colourless gas. nitrate or chlorate(V) salt.
Gas tanpa warna. Gas oksigen terhasil apabila garam nitrat
Oxygen,O2 – Put a glowing wooden splinter near to the mouth of a boiling atau klorat(V) dipanaskan.
Oksigen,O2 tube, the glowing wooden splinter is relighted. – Nitrate ion, NO3– present or ClO3– ion
Dekatkan kayu uji berbara ke mulut tabung didih, kayu uji present.
berbara menyala. Ion nitrat, NO3– atau ion ClO3– hadir.
– Colourless gas. – Produced by heating carbonate salt.

Gas tanpa warna. Terhasil apabila garam karbonat
– Pass the gas through lime water, lime water turns chalky. dipanaskan.
Lalukan gas pada air kapur, air kapur menjadi keruh. – Carbonate ion, CO3– present.
– Draw the set-up of apparatus to conduct the test: Ion karbonat, CO3– hadir.
Carbon
Lukiskan susunan radas untuk menjalankan ujian:
dioxide, CO2
Karbon
Calcium carbonate
dioksida, CO2
Heat
Lime water
– Colourless gas with pungent smell. – Produced by heating ammonium salt

Gas tanpa warna dengan bau yang sengit. with alkali.
Ammonia, NH3 – Place a moist red litmus paper at the mouth of the boiling. Terhasil apabila garam ammonium
Ammonia, NH3 tube, red litmus paper turns blue. dipanaskan dengan alkali.
Letakkan kertas litmus merah lembap pada mulut tabung didih, – Ammonium ion NH4+ present.
kertas litmus merah bertukar menjadi biru. Ion ammonium NH4+ hadir.
3 Action of heat on nitrate and carbonate salts.

Kesan haba ke atas garam nitrat dan garam karbonat.
Cation
Nitrate (NO3–) / Nitrat ( NO3–) Carbonate (CO32–) / Karbonat (CO32–)
Kation
Decompose to oxygen gas and metal nitrite
when heated Does not decompose when heated
Terurai kepada gas oksigen dan logam nitrit apabila Tidak diuraikan apabila dipanaskan
dipanaskan
2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
K+ White solid White solid –
Pepejal putih Pepejal putih
2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2
Na+ White solid White solid –
Pepejal putih Pepejal putih
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
154
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 154 12/9/2011 5:55:23 PM

Decompose to oxygen gas, nitrogen dioxide Decompose to carbon dioxide gas and metal oxide
gas and metal oxide when heated when heated
Terurai kepada gas oksigen, gas nitrogen dioksida dan Terurai kepada gas karbon dioksida dan oksida logam apabila
oksida logam apabila dipanaskan dipanaskan
2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2 CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Ca2+ White solid White pepejal Brown fume White solid White solid Turn lime water chalky
Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Wasap perang Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Air kapur menjadi keruh
2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2 MgCO3 MgO + CO2
Mg2+ White solid White pepejal Brown fume White solid White solid Turn lime water chalky
4Al(NO3 )3 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + O2 2Al2 (CO3)3 2Al2O3 + 6CO2
Al3+ White solid White pepejal Brown fume White solid White solid Turn lime water chalky
2Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2 ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2
White solid Yellow when hot Brown gas White solid Yellow when hot Turn lime water chalky
Zn2+ Pepejal white when cold Gas perang Pepejal white when cold Air kapur menjadi keruh
putih Kuning apabila panas, Putih Kuning apabila panas,
putih apabila sejuk putih apabila sejuk
2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 PbCO3 PbO + CO2

White solid Brown when hot Brown fume White solid Brown when hot Turn lime water chalky
Pb2+ Pepejal yellow when cold Wasap perang Pepejal Yellow when cold Air kapur menjadi keruh
Putih Perang bila panas, Putih Perang apabila panas,
kuning apabila sejuk kuning apabila sejuk
2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 CuCO3 CuO + CO2

Cu2+ Blue solid Black solid Brown fume Green solid Black solid Turn lime water chalky
Pepejal biru Pepejal hitam Wasap perang Pepejal hijau Pepejal hitam Air kapur menjadi keruh
4 Sulphate salts are more stable, they are not easily decompose when heated.
Garam sulfat lebih stabil kerana ia tidak terurai dengan mudah apabila dipanaskan.
5 Chloride salts do not decompose except NH4Cl: NH4Cl(s) NH3(g) + HCl(g)
Garam klorida tidak terurai kecuali NH4Cl: NH4Cl(p) NH3(g) + HCl(g)
Observation Inference/conclusion
Pemerhatian Inferens/kesimpulan
– Nitrogen dioxide gas released. Nitrate ion present.

A white salt is heated.
Garam berwarna putih dipanaskan. Gas nitrogen dioksida dibebaskan. Ion nitrat hadir.
– Brown gas is released, the gas turns moist blue – The residue is zinc oxide. Zinc ion present.
litmus paper red. zink zink
Baki ialah oksida. Ion hadir.
Gas perang dibebaskan, menukar kertas litmus biru lembap
kepada merah. – The white salt is zinc nitrate .
– Residue is yellow when hot and white when cold. Garam putih ialah zink nitrat .
Baki berwarna kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila sejuk
– Carbon dioxide gas released. Carbonate ion present

A green salt is heated.
Garam berwarna hijau dipanaskan. Gas karbon dioksida dibebaskan. Ion karbonat hadir.
– Colourless gas released, the gas turns lime water – The residue is copper(II) oxide. Copper(II) ion present.
chalky. kuprum(II) kuprum(II)
Gelembung gas dibebaskan, ia menukar air kapur menjadi Baki ialah oksida. Ion hadir.
keruh. – The green salt is copper(II) carbonate .
– Residue is black Garam hijau ialah kuprum(II) karbonat .
Baki berwarna hitam.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
155
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 155 12/9/2011 5:55:23 PM

A white salt is heated. – Carbon dioxide gas released. Carbonate ion present
Garam berwarna putih dipanaskan. karbonat
Gas karbon dioksida dibebaskan. Ion hadir.
– Colourless gas released, the gas turns lime water
chalky. – The residue is lead(II) oxide. Lead(II) ion present.
Gelembung gas dibebaskan, ia menukar air kapur menjadi Baki ialah plumbum(II) oksida. Ion plumbum(II) hadir.
keruh.
– The white salt is lead(II) carbonate .
– Residue is brown when hot and yellow when cold.
Baki berwarna perang apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk. Garam putih ialah plumbum(II) karbonat .
A white salt is heated.

Garam berwarna putih dipanaskan. – The residue is zinc oxide. zinc ion present.
– Colourless gas released, the gas turns lime water zink zink
Baki ialah oksida. Ion hadir.
chalky.
Gelembung gas dibebaskan, ia menukar air kapur menjadi – The white salt is zinc carbonate .
keruh. Garam putih ialah zink karbonat .
– Residue is yellow when hot and white when cold.
Baki berwarna kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila sejuk.
A blue salt is heated. – Nitrogen dioxide gas released. Nitrate ion present.
Garam berwarna biru dipanaskan.
Gas nitrogen dioksida dibebaskan. Ion nitrat hadir.
– Brown gas is released, the gas turns moist blue
litmus paper red. – The residue is copper(II) oxide. Copper(II) ion present.
Gas perang terbebas menukar warna kertas limus biru menjadi Baki ialah kuprum(II) oksida. Ion kuprum(II) hadir.
merah. – The blue salt is copper(II) nitrate .
– Residue is black. Garam biru ialah kuprum(II) nitrat .
Baki berwarna hitam.
A white salt is heated. – Nitrogen dioxide gas released. Nitrate ion present.
Garam berwarna putih dipanaskan.
Gas nitrogen dioksida dibebaskan. Ion nitrat hadir.
– Brown gas is released, the gas turns moist blue
litmus paper red. – The residue is lead(II) oxide. Lead(II) ion present.
Gas perang terbebas menukar warna kertas limus biru menjadi Baki ialah plumbum(II) oksida. Ion plumbum(II) hadir.
merah. – The blue salt is lead(II) nitrate .
– Residue is brown when hot and yellow when cold. Garam putih ialah plumbum(II) nitrat .
Baki berwarna perang apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk.
A white salt is heated. – Carbon dioxide gas released. Carbonate ion present.
Garam berwarna putih dipanaskan.
karbon dioksida karbonat
– Colourles gas released, the gas turns lime water Gas dibebaskan. Ion hadir.
chalky. – The possible residue are ZnO/PbO/MgO/Al2O3
Gelembung gas dibebaskan, ia menukar air kapur menjadi Baki yang mungkin adalah CaOl/MgO/Al2O3.
keruh.
– Residue is white
Baki berwarna putih.
– From the above table, action of heat on heat on salt can be used to identify lead(II) nitrate , lead(II) carbonate ,
zinc nitrate , zinc carbonate , copper(II) nitrate and copper(II) carbonate .
Daripada jadual di atas, kesan haba ke atas garam boleh digunakan untuk mengenal garam plumbum(II) nitrat , plumbum(II) karbonat ,
zink nitrat , zink karbonat , kuprum(II) nitrat dan kuprum(II) karbonat .
– Confirmatory test for other cations and anions is carried out by Confirmatory Tests for Anions and Cations
Ujian pengesahan untuk kation dan anion lain boleh dijalankan dengan menggunakan Ujian Pengesahan Anion dan Kation.
Confirmatory Tests for Cations

Ujian Pengesahan bagi Kation
1 Chemical tests is conducted for confirmation of cations in aqueous form.

Ujian-ujian kimia dijalankan bagi pengesahan kation dalam bentuk akueus.
2 Confirmatory test is carried out by adding a small amount of sodium hydroxide solution / ammonia solution followed
by excess sodium hydroxide / ammonia solution to the solution contains the cation.
Ujian pengesahan dijalankan dengan menambah sedikit larutan natrium hidroksida / larutan ammonia diikuti dengan larutan natrium
hidroksida / larutan ammonia berlebihan kepada larutan yang mengandungi kation.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
156
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 156 12/9/2011 5:55:23 PM

Sodium hydroxide solution Ammonia solution

Cations Larutan natrium hidroksida Larutan ammonia
Kation small amount excess small amount excess
sedikit berlebihan sedikit berlebihan
No change No change No change No change
K+
Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan
Na+
White precipitate Insoluble in excess No change No change
Ca2+
Mendakan putih Tak larut dalam berlebihan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan
White precipitate Insoluble in excess White precipitate Insoluble in excess
Mg2+
Mendakan putih Tak larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan putih Tak larut dalam berlebihan
White precipitate Soluble in excess White precipitate Soluble in excess
Zn2+
Mendakan putih Larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan putih Larut dalam berlebihan
Al3+
Pb2+
Green precipitate Insoluble in excess Green precipitate Soluble in excess
Fe2+
Mendakan hijau Tak larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan hijau Larut dalam berlebihan
Brown precipitate Insoluble in excess Brown precipitate Soluble in excess
Fe3+
Mendakan perang Tak larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan perang Larut dalam berlebihan
Blue precipitate Insoluble in excess Blue precipitate Soluble in excess
Cu2+
Mendakan biru Tak larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan biru Larut dalam berlebihan
NH4+
(a) Reaction with small amount until excess of sodium hydroxide solution: (refer to the above table)
Tindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida sedikit demi sedikit sehingga berlebihan: (rujuk jadual di atas)
Pungent smell, moist red litmus paper turn to blue

Bau sengit, menukarkan kertas litmus
merah lembap kepada biru
NH4+
Solution Heat
contains: Add a little sodium Panaskan
Larutan K , NH4
+ +
hydroxide solution
mengandungi: Tambahkan sedikit
larutan natrium
K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, No precipitate
hidroksida K+
Tiada mendakan No changes
Al , Zn , Pb ,
3+ 2+ 2+
Tiada perubahan
Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+,
Precipitate formed
NH4+ Mendakan terbentuk Cu2+ (blue),
Fe2+ (green),
Fe3+ (brown)
Coloured precipitate
Mendakan berwarna
Soluble
Add excess sodium Larut
hydroxide solution Zn2+, Al3+, Pb2+
Tambahkan larutan
Pb2+, Al3+, natrium hidroksida
White precipitate berlebihan
Mendakan putih
Zn2+, Ca2+,
Mg2+
Ca2+, Mg2+
Insoluble
Tak larut
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
157
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 157 12/9/2011 5:55:23 PM

(b) Reaction with small amount until excess of ammonia solution:

Tindak balas dengan larutan ammonia sedikit demi sedikit sehingga berlebihan:
Ca2+, K+, Na+ Add excess

Add a little
aqueous
Solution solution of
ammonia
contains: ammonia Soluble
No precipitate Tambahkan
Tambah Larut
Larutan sedikit larutan Tiada mendakan Cu2+ (blue), larutan ammonia Cu2+
mengandungi: berlebihan
ammonia
Fe2+ (green),
K+, Na+, Ca2+,
Fe3+ (brown)
Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+
Precipitate Insoluble
Pb2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, formed Coloured precipitate Tak larut
Add excess
Mendakan Mendakan berwarna
Cu2+ terbentuk aqueous
ammonia Soluble
Tambahkan Larut
larutan ammonia Zn2+
White precipitate Pb , Al ,
2+ 3+
berlebihan
Mendakan putih Zn2+, Mg2+
Mg2+, Al3+,
Insoluble Pb3+
Tak larut
(c) Conclusion of the confirmatory test for colourless/white cations:

Kesimpulan ujian pengesahan bagi kation tanpa warna/putih:
(i) Zn2+: White precipitqte, soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution
(ii) Mg2+: White precipitate, insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution
(iii) Al3+: White precipitate, soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and insoluble in excess ammonia solution
(iv) Ca2+: White precipitate insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and no precipitate with ammonia solution
(v) NH4+: No precipitate with sodium hydroxide solution and pungent smell released when heated
(d) Conclusion of the confirmatory test for coloured cations.

Kesimpulan untuk ujian pengesahan bagi kation berwarna.
(i) Cu2+: Blue precipitate insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide solution and soluble in excess ammonia solution
(ii) Fe2+: Green precipitate, insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution
(iii) Fe3+: Brown precipitate, insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution
(e) All cations can be identified with confirmatory test using sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution except
Al3+ and Pb2+.
Semua kation boleh dikenal pasti dengan ujian pengesahan menggunakan larutan natrium hidroksida dan larutan ammonia kecuali
Al3+ dan Pb2+.
(f) To differentiate between Al3+ and Pb2+:

Untuk membezakan Al3+ dengan Pb2+:
– Al3+ and Pb2+ are differentiated by double decomposition reaction. An aqueous solution containing SO42–/ Cl–/ I–
anion is used to detect the presence of Al3+ and Pb2+.
Al3+ dan Pb2+ boleh dibezakan dengan menggunakan tindak balas pernguraian ganda dua. Larutan akueus yang mengandungi
anion SO42–/ Cl– / I– digunakan untuk mengesan kehadiran Al3+ dan Pb2+.
– Precipitate is formed when solution containing SO42–/ Cl–/ I– added to Pb2+.
Mendakan terbentuk apabila larutan mengandungi SO42–/ Cl–/ I– ditambah kepada Pb2+.
– No precipitate when solution containing SO42–/ Cl– / I– added to Al3+.
Tiada mendakan terbentuk apabila larutan mengandungi SO42–/ Cl–/ I– ditambah keepada Al3+.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
158
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 158 12/9/2011 5:55:24 PM

(g) Write the ionic equations for the formation of precipitates:

Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi pembentukan mendakan:
Al3+ and Pb2+

Al3+ dan Pb2+
Add sodium Add potassium

sulphate solution iodide solution
Tambahkan larutan Tambahkan larutan
natrium sulfat kalium iodida
Add sodium
No changes White precipitate chloride solution No changes Yellow precipitate
Tiada perubahan Mendakan putih Tambahkan larutan Tiada perubahan Mendakan kuning
natrium klorida
Al3+ Pb2+ Al3+ Pb2+
Pb2+ + SO42– PbSO4 Pb2+ + 2I– PbI2
No changes White precipitate

Tiada perubahan Mendakan putih
Al3+ Pb2+
Pb2+ + 2Cl– PbCl2
Confirmatory tests for Anions

Ujian Pengesahan untuk Anion
Anion/Anion Procedure/Prosedur Remark/Catatan
– 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid / nitric acid /sulphuric acid Observation: / Pemerhatian:
is added to 2 cm3 of carbonate salt. Effervescence occurs and lime water turns
2 cm3 asid nitrik/asid sulfurik cair ditambah kepada 2 cm3 garam chalky.
karbonat. Pembuakan berlaku dan air kapur menjadi keruh.
– The gas given off is passed through lime water:
Inference: / Inferens:
Gas yang terbebas dilalukan air kapur.
Carbonate ion, The gas is carbon dioxide.
Draw a labelled diagram to conduct the test:
CO32– Gas tersebut ialah karbon dioksida.
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel untuk menjalankan ujian:
Ion karbonat, CO32– Ionic equation: / Persamaan ion:
CO32– + 2H+ H2O + CO2
Acid
Carbonate salt Lime water
– 2 cm3 of dilute nitric acid is added to 2 cm3 solution of Observation: / Pemerhatian:

chloride ions followed by 2 cm3 of silver nitrate solution. A white precipitate is formed.
2 cm3 asid nitrik cair ditambah kepada 2 cm3 larutan ion klorida diikuti Mendakan putih terbentuk.
dengan 2 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat.
Chloride ion, Cl– Inference: / Inferens:
Ion klorida, Cl– The precipitate is silver chloride
Mendakan ialah argentum klorida.
Ionic equation: / Persamaan ion:
Ag+ + Cl– AgCl
– 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric / nitric acid is added to 2 cm3 Observation: / Pemerhatian:

of sulphate solution followed by 2 cm3 of barium chloride A white precipitate is formed.
solution / barium nitrate solution. Mendakan putih terbentuk.
2 cm3 asid sulfurik asid/asid nitrik cair ditambah kepada 2 cm3 larutan
Sulphate ion, SO4 2– Inference: / Inferens:
sulfat diikuti dengan 2 cm3 larutan barium klorida/larutan barium
Ion sulfat SO42–
nitrat. The precipitate is barium sulphate
Mendakan tersebut ialah barium sulfat.
Ionic equation: / Persamaan ion:
Ba2+ + SO42– BaSO4
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
159
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 159 12/9/2011 5:55:24 PM

– 2 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid is added to 2 cm3 solution of Observation: / Pemerhatian:

nitrate ions followed by 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution. A brown ring is formed between two layers.
2 cm3 larutan ion nitrat ditambah kepada 2 cm3 asid sulfurik cair Cincin perang terbentuk di antara dua lapisan.
diikuti dengan 2 cm3 larutan ferum(II) sulfat.
Inference: / Inferens:
– The mixture is shaken.
Nitrate ion present.
Nitrate ion, NO3 –
Campuran digoncang. Ion nitrat hadir.
Ion nitrat, NO3– – The test tube is slanted and held with a test tube holder.
Tabung uji dicondongkan dan diapit dengan pemegang tabung uji.
– A few drops of concentrated H2SO4 acid is dropped along the
wall of the test tube and is held upright.
Beberapa titis H2SO4 pekat dititiskan melalui dinding tabung uji dan
ditegakkan.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 (a) Substance A is white in colour. When A is strongly heated, a brown gas, B and gas C are released. These gases lighted
a glowing wooden splinter. Residue D which is yellow in colour when hot and white when cold is formed.
Bahan A berwarna putih. Apabila A dipanaskan dengan kuat, gas berwarna perang B dan gas C dibebaskan. Gas C menyalakan kayu
uji berbara. Baki D yang berwarna kuning apabila sejuk dan putih apabila sejuk terbentuk.
(i) Name substances A, B, C and D.
Namakan bahan A, B, C dan D.
A: Zinc nitrate B: Nitrogen dioxide C: Oxygen D: Zinc oxide
(ii) Write the chemical equation when substance A is heated.

Tuliskan persamaan kimia apabila bahan A dipanaskan.
2Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2
(b) Write the chemical equation when substance E is heated.

Larutan tanpa warna E memberi keputusan berikut apabila dijalankan beberapa siri ujian:
S1 – Add sodium hydroxide solution, a white precipitate is formed. The precipitate is soluble in excess sodium
hydroxide solution.
L1 – Apabila ditambah dengan larutan natrium hidroksida, mendakan putih terbentuk. Mendakan ini larut apabila ditambah natrium
hidroksida berlebihan.
S2 – Add ammonia solution, a white precipitate is formed. The precipitate is insoluble in excess ammonia solution.
L2 – Apabila ditambah larutan ammonia, mendakan putih terbentuk dan mendakan ini tidak larut dalam larutan ammonia
berlebihan.
S3 – Add potassium iodide solution, a yellow precipitate F, is formed.
L3 – Apabila ditambah dengan larutan kalium iodida, mendakan kuning F terbentuk.
(i) What are the possible cations present in substance E as a result of S1 test?
Apakah kation-kation yang mungkin hadir dalam bahan E hasil ujian L1?
Pb2+, Al3+ and Zn2+
(ii) What are the possible cations present in solution E as a result from S1 and S2 tests?
Apakah kation yang mungkin hadir dalam larutan E hasil ujian L1 dan L2?
Pb2+ and Al3+
(iii) What is the ion present in E after S3 test has been done? Write an ionic equation for the formation of substance
F.
Apakah ion yang disahkan hadir dalam E setelah dilakukan ujian L3? Tulis persamaan ion bagi pembentukan bahan F.
Ion present /Ion hadir : Pb

2+

Ionic equation/Persamaan ion : Pb2+ + 2I– PbI2
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
160
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 160 12/9/2011 5:55:24 PM

2 The diagram below shows the flow chart for Test I and Test II on colourless solution P.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan carta aliran bagi ujian I dan ujian II ke atas larutan tanpa warna P.
Gas Q with a pungent smell is

Test I Test II Effervescence occurs
released and turns moist red Colourless
Ujian I Ujian II
litmus paper blue. solution P and gas S is released
Gas Q berbau sengit terbebas dan Larutan tanpa Pembuakan berlaku dan
Add dilute
menukarkan warna kertas litmus warna P membebaskan gas S.
hydrochloric acid
merah lembap kepada biru. Tambah asid
hidroklorik cair
(a) Identify gas Q and state its chemical properties.

Kenal pasti gas Q dan nyatakan sifat kimia yang ditunjukkan oleh gas Q.
Ammonia, alkaline gas
(b) State the reagent used in test I and state how the test is carried out.
Nyatakan bahan uji yang digunakan dalam ujian I serta huraikan bagaimana ujian dilakukan.
Add sodium hydroxide solution, heat it.
(c) (i) Name gas S and write the ionic equation that occurred in Test II:
Namakan gas S dan tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam ujian II:
Gas S/Gas S : Carbon dioxide
Ionic equation/Persamaan ion: CO3 + 2H H2O + CO2
2– +

(ii) Explain how you confirmed gas S.
Terangkan bagaimana anda mengesahkan gas S.
Pass the gas through lime water, lime water turns chalky.
(iii) Name salt P based on the results of tests I and II.
Namakan garam P berdasarkan keputusan ujian I dan II.
Ammonium carbonate
3 The table below shows the colour of five solutions labelled A, B, C, D and E added with small amount until excess of
ammonia solution and sodium hydroxide solution.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan warna lima larutan berlabel A, B, C, D dan E yang ditambah dengan larutan natrium hidroksida dan larutan
ammonia sedikit demi sedikit sehingga berlebihan.
Solution Colour With sodium hydroxide solution With ammonia solution

Larutan Warna Dengan larutan natrium hidroksida Dengan larutan ammonia
Blue Blue precipitate insoluble in excess Blue precipitate soluble in excess

A
Biru Mendakan biru tidak larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan biru larut dalam berlebihan
Colourless White precipitate soluble in excess White precipitate soluble in excess

B
Tanpa warna Mendakan putih larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan putih larut dalam berlebihan
Light green Green precipitate Dirty green precipitate

C
Hijau muda Mendakan hijau kotor Mendakan hijau kotor
Colourless White precipitate soluble in excess White precipitate insoluble in excess

D
Tanpa warna Mendakan putih larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan putih tidak larut dalam berlebihan
Colourless White precipitate insoluble in excess White precipitate insoluble in excess

E
Tanpa warna Mendakan putih tidak larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan putih tidak larut dalam berlebihan
(a) What are the cations present in

Apakah kation yang terdapat dalam
A: Cu B: Zn C: Fe E: Mg
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+

n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
161
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 161 12/9/2011 5:55:24 PM

(b) State another test to identify C.

Nyatakan satu lagi ujian bagi mengenali C.
Add potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution, light blue precipitate formed
(c) What are the possible cations present in solution D?

Apakah kation-kation yang mungkin terdapat dalam larutan D?
Al3+, Pb2+
(d) Describe briefly a test that can differentiate the cations present in solution D.
Terangkan secara ringkas satu ujian yang boleh digunakan untuk membezakan kation-kation yang hadir dalam larutan D.
– Add a few drops of potassium iodide / sodium chloride / sodium sulpahte solution into 1 cm3 of solution D.
– Yellow/white precipitate formed, lead(II) ion / Pb2+ present
– No precipitate, aluminium ion / Al3+ present.
4 You are given lead(II) carbonate, zinc(II) carbonate and copper(II) carbonate.
Without using any reagents, describe how you can differentiate the three substances in the laboratory.
Anda diberi plumbum(II) karbonat, zink(II) karbonat dan kuprum(II) karbonat. Tanpa menggunakan sebarang bahan uji, terangkan
bagaimana anda membezakan ketiga-tiga bahan tersebut di dalam makmal.
• Heat strongly one spatula of each salt in a boiling tube and observe the residue:
Panaskan dengan kuat satu spatula setiap jenis garam dalam tabung didih dan perhatikan baki-
bakinya:
– If the residue is yellow when hot and white when cold, then zinc oxide is formed. The salt is zinc carbonate .
Jika baki berwarna kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila sejuk, maka zink oksida terbentuk. Garam tersebut
adalah zink karbonat .
– If the residue is black, then copper(II) oxide is formed. The salt is copper(II) carbonate .
Jika baki berwarna hitam, maka kuprum(II) oksida terbentuk. Garam tersebut adalah kuprum(II) karbonat .
– If the residue is brown when hot and yellow when cold, then lead(II) oxide formed. The salt is
lead(II) carbonate .
Jika baki berwarna perang apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk, maka plumbum(II) oksida terbentuk. Garam
tersebut adalah plumbum(II) karbonat .
5 The diagram below shows the flow chart of changes that took place beginning from solid M. Solid M is a zinc salt. When
solid M is heated strongly, it decomposes into solid Q which is yellow when hot and white when cold.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan carta aliran bagi perubahan yang berlaku bermula daripada pepejal M. Pepejal M adalah suatu garam bagi
zink. Apabila pepejal M dipanaskan dengan kuat, ia terurai kepada suatu pepejal Q yang berwarna kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila
sejuk.
Reaction I Solid M Reaction II

Tindak balas I Pepejal M Tindak balas II
Panaskan Add dilute nitric acid/Tambah asid nitrik cair

Heat
Solid Q + carbon dioxide gas
Pepejal Q + gas karbon dioksida Solution S Carbon dioxide gas Water
+ +
Larutan S Gas karbon dioksida Air
Reaction III + Magnesium

Tindak balas III + Magnesium
Zinc metal + Magnesium nitrate solution / Logam zink + Larutan magnesium nitrat
(a) (i) Berikan satu ujian kimia bagi gas karbon dioksida.
Passed the gas through lime water, lime water turns chalky
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
162
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 162 12/9/2011 5:55:24 PM

(ii) Draw a diagram of the apparatus set-up to carry out reaction I.

Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan radas untuk menjalankan tindak balas I.
Solid M
Heat
Lime water
(b) Name solids M and Q.

Nyatakan nama pepejal M dan Q.
M : Zinc carbonate Q: Zinc oxide
(c) State the observations made when excess ammonia solution is added to solution S.
Nyatakan pemerhatian yang dibuat apabila larutan ammonia berlebihan ditambahkan kepada larutan S.
White precipitate, soluble in excess of ammonia solution
(d) (i) Write the chemical equation for reaction II.

Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas II.
ZnCO3 + 2HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
(ii) For reaction II, calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas released at room condition if 12.5 g solid M
decomposes completely. [Relative atomic mass: C =12, O =16, Zn = 65, 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at
room condition]
Bagi tindak balas II, hitungkan isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan pada keadaan bilik, jika 12.5 g pepejal M terurai
dengan lengkap. [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, Zn = 65, 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]
12.5
Mol of solid M = = 0.1 mol
125
From the equation, 1 mol M : 1 mol CO2
0.1 mol M : 0.1 mol CO2
Volume of CO2 = 0.1 mol × 24 dm3 mol–1 = 2.4 dm3
(e) Name reaction III.

Namakan tindak balas III.
Displacement reaction
(f) Describe a chemical test to determine the presence of anion in the magnesium nitrate solution.
Huraikan ujian kimia untuk menentukan kehadiran anion dalam larutan magnesium nitrat.
– About 2 cm3 of magnesium nitrate solution is poured into a test tube.
Masukkan 2 cm3 larutan magnesium nitrat ke dalam tabung uji.
– 2 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid is added to the solution followed by 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution.
2 cm 3 asid sulfurik cair ditambah kepada larutan diikuti dengan larutan ferum(II) sulfat .
– The mixture is shaken .
Campuran digoncang .
– The test tube is slanted and held with a test tube holder.
Tabung uji dicondongkan dan dipegang dengan pemegang tabung uji.
– A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid is dropped along the wall of the test tube and is held upright.
Beberapa titis asid sulfurik pekat dititiskan melalui dinding tabung uji dan ditegakkan.
– A brown ring is formed between two layers.
Gelang perang terbentuk antara dua lapisan.
– Anion present is nitrate ion.
Anion yang hadir adalah ion nitrat .
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
163
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 163 12/9/2011 5:55:24 PM

6 The diagram below shows list of chemical substances.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan senarai bahan-bahan kimia.
Hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol dm–3 Barium chloride solution, 1.0 mol dm–3
Larutan asid hidroklorik, 1.0 mol dm –3
Larutan barium klorida, 1.0 mol dm–3
Iron(II) sulphate solution, 1.0 mol dm–3 Solid copper(II) oxide Solid calcium carbonate
Larutan ferum(II) sulfat, 1.0 mol dm–3 Pepejal kuprum(II) oksida Pepejal kalsium karbonat
(a) (i) Choose two solutions that can be used to prepare insoluble salts.
Pilih dua larutan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan garam tak terlarutkan.
Barium chloride and iron(II) sulpahate
(ii) What is the type of reaction for the preparation of the salt in (a)(i)?
Apakah jenis tindak balas bagi penyediaan garam di (a)(i)?
Double decomposition reaction
(iii) Write the ionic equation for the production of the salt in (a)(i).
Tulis persamaan ion bagi penghasilan garam di (a)(i).
Ba2+ + SO42– BaSO4
(iv) Describe how to collect the pure salt produced.

Huraikan bagaimana anda mendapatkan pepejal garam tulen yang terhasil.
Filter the mixture and rinse with distilled water
(b) State the observations when sodium hydroxide solution is added in small amount until in excess into iron(II)
sulphate solution./ Nyatakan pemerhatian anda apabila larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah sedikit sehingga berlebihan kepada
larutan ferum(II) sulfat.
Green precipitate formed, insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide solution
(c) (i) Choose two chemical substances that can react to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Pilih dua bahan yang boleh bertindak balas untuk menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida.
Calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in (c)(i).
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas di (c)(i).
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
7 You are given zinc chloride crystals. Describe how you would conduct a chemical test in the laboratory to identify the ions
presence ions in zinc chloride crystals./ Anda diberi hablur zink klorida. Huraikan bagaimana anda boleh menjalankan ujian kimia di
dalam makmal untuk mengenal pasti ion-ion yang hadir dalam hablur zink klorida.
Dissolve 1 distilled
– spatula zinc chloride crystals in 10 cm3 of water.
2
Larutkan 1 spatula hablur zink klorida di dalam 10 cm3 air suling .
2
– The solution is poured in three test tubes./ Larutan tersebut dituang ke dalam tiga tabung uji.
– Add a few drops sodium hydroxide solution are added to zinc chloride solution until excess. A white
precipitate soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide solution.
Tambahkan beberapa titik larutan natrium hidroksida ke dalam larutan zink klorida sehingga berlebihan .
Mendakan putih larut dalam larutan natrium hidroksida berlebihan.
– Add a few drops ammonia solution are added to another zinc chloride solution until excess. A white
precipitate soluble in excess of ammonia solution. Ions present are zinc ions .
Tambahkan beberapa titik larutan ammonia ke dalam larutan zink klorida yang lain sehingga berlebihan .
Mendakan putih larut dalam larutan ammonia berlebihan. Ion yang hadir adalah ion zink .
– About 2 cm3 of dilute nitric acid is added to 2 cm3 solution of chloride ions followed by 2 cm3 of silver nitrate
solution. White precipitate formed. Ions present are chloride ions.
2 cm3 asid nitrik cair ditambahkan kepada 2 cm3 larutan ion klorida diikuti dengan 2 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat .
Mendakan putih terbentuk. Ion yang hadir adalah ion klorida.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
164
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 164 12/9/2011 5:55:25 PM

8 The diagram below shows the formation of zinc nitrate and the changes to other compounds.
Rajah berikut menunjukkan pembentukan zink nitrat dan perubahannya kepada sebatian lain.
+ Substance X Heat
Zinc oxide + Bahan X Zinc nitrate Panaskan Brown gas
Zink oksida Zink nitrat Gas perang
+ Potassium carbonate solution/ + Larutan kalium karbonat
Precipitate Z + Potassium nitrate

Mendakan Z Kalium nitrat
(a) (i) Zinc oxide reacts with substance X to form zinc nitrate. State the name of substance X.
Zink oksida bertindak balas dengan bahan X untuk membentuk zink nitrat. Namakan sebatian X.
Nitric acid
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (a)(i).

Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas dalam (a)(i).
ZnO + HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2O

(b) (i) State the name of the brown gas formed.
Namakan gas perang yang terbentuk.
Nitrogen dioxide
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (b)(i).

Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas dalam (b)(i).
2Zn(NO3)2 → 2ZnO + 2NO2 + O2

(c) When potassium carbonate solution added to zinc nitrate solution, precipitate Z and potassium nitrate formed.
Apabila larutan kalium karbonat ditambah kepada larutan zink nitrat, mendakan Z dan kalium nitrat terbentuk.
(i) State the type of reaction occurs.
Namakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku.
Precipitation
(ii) Write the ionic equation for the formation of compound Z.

Tulis persamaan ion untuk pembentukan sebatian Z.
Zn2+ + CO32– → ZnCO3
(iii) State how the precipitate Z separated from potassium nitrate.

Nyatakan bagaimana mendakan Z diasingkan daripada kalium nitrat.
Filtration
(d) Excess of zinc nitrate solution is added to 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 potassium carbonate. Calculate the mass of zinc
carbonate formed. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, C = 12, O = 16]
Larutan zink nitrat berlebihan ditambah kepada 100 cm3 larutan kalium karbonat 1 mol dm–3. Hitungkan jisim zink karbonat yang
terbentuk. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, C = 12, O = 16]
Zn(NO3)2 + K2CO3 → ZnCO3 + 2KNO3
100
Mol of K2CO3 = 1× = 0.1 mol
1 000
From the equation, 1 mol K2CO3 : 1 mol ZnCO3
0.1 mol K2CO3 : 0.1 mol ZnCO3
Mass of ZnCO3 = 0.1 mol × 125 g mol–1 = 12.5 g
(e) Sodium hydroxide solution is added until excess to zinc nitrate solution. State the observation that can be made.
Larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah sedikit demi sedikit hingga berlebihan kepada larutan zink nitrat. Nyatakan pemerhatian yang
dapat dibuat.
White precipitate soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide solution.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
165
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 165 12/9/2011 5:55:25 PM

1 Which of the following is a salt? 5 Which of the following reactions will produce copper(II)
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah garam? chloride?
A Lead(II) oxide Antara tindak balas berikut, yang manakah akan menghasilkan
Plumbum(II) oksida kuprum(II) klorida?
B Calcium hydroxide I Copper and hydrochloric acid
Kalsium hidroksida Kuprum dan asid hidroklorik
C Barium sulphate II Copper(II) oxide and hydrochloric acid
Barium sulfat Kuprum(II) oksida dan asid hidroklorik
D Tetrachloromethane III Copper(II) carbonate and hydrochloric acid
Tetraklorometana Kuprum(II) karbonat dan asid hidroklorik
IV Copper(II) sulphate and sodium chloride
2 Which of the following salts is soluble in water? Kuprum(II) sulfat dan natrium klorida
Antara garam berikut, yang manakah larut dalam air? A I and II only
A Iron(II) sulphate I dan II sahaja
Ferum(II) sulfat B II and III only
B Silver chloride II dan III sahaja
Argentum klorida C III and IV only
C Calcium carbonate III dan IV sahaja
Kalsium karbonat D I, II, III and IV
D Lead(II) bromide I, II, III dan IV
Plumbum(II) bromida
6 If 0.2 mole of calcium carbonate is heated until no further
3 Which of the following salts can be prepared by double
change, what is the mass of calcium oxide produced?
decomposition reaction?
[Relative atomic mass of C=12, O=16, Ca=40]
Antara garam berikut, yang manakah boleh disediakan dengan
Jika 0.2 mol kalsium karbonat dipanaskan sehingga tiada
kaedah pemendakan?
perubahan, berapakah jisim kalsium oksida, CaO yang terhasil?
A Copper(II) chloride [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40]
Kuprum(II) klorida
A 5.6 g
B Lead(II) nitrate
B 11.2 g
Plumbum(II) nitrat
C 16.8 g
C Barium sulphate
D 22.4 g
Barium sulfat
D Zinc sulphate
Zink sulfat 7 The diagram below shows observations when white
solid X heated strongly.
4 Which pair of substances represented by the following Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian apabila pepejal X
formulae react to produce salt? dipanaskan dengan kuat.
Antara pasangan bahan tindak balas berikut, yang manakah
White solid X / Pepejal putih X
dapat bertindak balas menghasilkan garam?
I HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) Heat strongly/Panaskan dengan kuat
II HCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) – Brown gas is released/ Gas perang terbebas
III
H2SO4(aq) + MgSO4(aq) – Residue is a solid which is yellow when hot and white when
IV H2CO3(aq) + KOH(aq) cold/ Baki perang apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk.
A I and II only
I dan II sahaja
Which of the following substance is X?
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah bahan X?
B I and IV only
A Zinc nitrate
I dan IV sahaja
Zink nitrat
C I, II and IV only
B Zinc carbonate
I, II dan IV sahaja
Zink karbonat
D I, II, III and IV
C Lead(II) nitrate
I, II, III dan IV
Plumbum(II) nitrat
D Lead(II) carbonate
Plumbum(II) karbonat
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
166
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 166 12/9/2011 5:55:25 PM

8 The diagram below shows a series of tests carried out on 10 The diagram below shows the reaction between 20 cm3
solution Y. of 0.5 moldm–3 of sodium chloride solution is and to
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu siri ujian kimia ke atas larutan 20 cm3 of 1.0 moldm–3 silver to produce silver chloride
Y. precipitate and solution X.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas antara 20 cm3 larutan
Sodium hydroxide Green
Solution natrium klorida 0.5 mol dm–3 dengan 20 cm3 larutan argentum
solution precipitate
Larutan nitrat 1.0 mol dm–3 untuk menghasilkan mendakan argentum
Larutan natrium Mendakan
Y klorida dan larutan X.
hidroksida hijau
Dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution 20 cm3 of 1.0 moldm–3 silver nitrate solution
20 cm3 argentum nitrat 1.0 mol dm–3
Asid nitrik cair diikuti dengan larutan argentum nitrat
White precipitate/Mendakan putih
Which of the following is solution Y?

Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah bahan Y?
A Iron(II) chloride C Copper(II) chloride 20 cm3 of 0.5 moldm–3
Ferum(II) klorida Kuprum(II) klorida of sodium chloride
Solution X
B Iron(II) sulphate D Copper(II) carbonate solution
Larutan X
Ferum(II) sulfat Kuprum(II) karbonat 20 cm3 larutan natrium
klorida 0.5 mol dm–3
Silver chloride precipitate
9 The diagram below shows two bottles of aqueous Mendakan argentum klorida
solutions.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua botol mengandungi larutan Which of the following ions are present in the solution
garam aluminium nitrat dan larutan plumbum(II) nitrat. X?
Antara ion berikut, yang manakah yang hadir dalam larutan X?
Aluminium Lead(II) I Na+
nitrate nitrate II Ag+
solution solution NO3–
III
Larutan Larutan IV Cl–
aluminium plumbum(II)
nitrat
A I and III only
nitrat I dan III sahaja
Which of the following substances can be used to B II and III only
II dan III sahaja
differentiate between and aluminium nitrate solution
C I, II and III only
and lead(II) nitrate solution?
Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah dapat digunakan untuk membezakan I, II dan III sahaja
larutan aluminium nitrat dan larutan plumbum(II) nitrat? D I, II, and IV only
A Sodium hydroxide solution I, II dan IV sahaja
Larutan natrium hidroksida
B Ammonia solution
Larutan ammonia
C Potassium chloride solution
Larutan kalium klorida
D Barium nitrate solution
Larutan barium nitrat
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
167
.
m
Nila
07-Chem F4 (3p).indd 167 12/9/2011 5:55:25 PM

8 MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

BAHAN KIMIA DALAM INDUSTRI
• SULPHURIC ACID/ASID SULFURIK

–– Write an equation for Contact process and Haber process, stating the temperature, pressure and catalyst required.
Menulis persamaan untuk Proses Sentuh dan Proses Haber, menyatakan suhu, tekanan dan mangkin yang diperlukan.
• AMMONIA/AMMONIA
–– List the uses of sulphuric acid and ammonia.
Menyenaraikan kegunaan asid sulfurik dan ammonia.
–– Explain how sulphur dioxide causes environmental pollution.
Menerangkan bagaimana sulfur dioksida menyebabkan pencemaran alam.
• ALLOY/ALOI
–– State the meaning of an alloy. / Menyatakan maksud aloi.
–– Draw the arrangement of atoms in metals and alloys. / Melukis susunan atom di dalam aloi dan logam.
–– Explain why an alloy is stronger than its pure metal. / Menerangkan mengapa aloi lebih kuat daripada logam tulennya.
–– Design an experiment to investigate the hardness of a material and its alloy.
Mereka bentuk eksperimen untuk mengkaji kekerasan aloi dan logam tulennya.
–– List the examples of alloys, compositions and properties of alloys. / Menyenaraikan contoh aloi, komposisi dan sifat aloi.
–– Relate properties of alloys to their uses. / Mengaitkan sifat aloi dengan kegunaannya.
• POLYMERS/POLIMER
–– Sate the meaning of polymers. / Menyatakan maksud polimer.
–– List naturally occurring polymers and synthetic polymers. / Menyenaraikan polimer semula jadi dan polimer sintetik.
–– State the uses of synthetic polymers. / Menyatakan kegunaan polimer sintetik.
–– Explain the effect of environmental pollution caused by the disposal of synthetic polymers.
Menghuraikan kesan pembuangan polimer sintetik ke atas pencemaran alam sekitar.
–– Ways to reduce pollution caused by synthetic polymers. / Cara-cara mengurangkan pencemaran yang disebabkan polimer sintetik.
• GLASS AND CERAMICS/KACA DAN SERAMIK

–– List uses of glass and ceramics. / Menyenaraikan kegunaan kaca dan seramik.
–– List types of glass and their properties. / Menyenaraikan jenis-jenis kaca dan kegunaannya.
–– State properties of ceramics. / Menyenaraikan sifat-sifat seramik.
• COMPOSITE MATERIALS/BAHAN KOMPOSIT

–– State the meaning of composite materials. / Menyatakan maksud bahan komposit.
–– List examples of composite materials and their components and uses.
Menyenaraikan contoh-contoh bahan komposit dan komponen dan kegunaannya.
–– Compare and contrast properties of composite materials with those of their original component
Membanding dan membezakan sifat bahan komposit dengan bahan asalnya.
–– Design an experiment to produce composite materials.
Mereka bentuk eksperimen untuk menghasilkan bahan komposit.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
168
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 168 12/9/2011 5:54:30 PM

Sulphuric Acid / Asid Sulfurik
1 Sulfuric acid is manufactured through the Contact Process. This process consists of three stages.
Asid sulfurik dihasilkan melalui Proses Sentuh. Proses ini terdiri daripada tiga peringkat.

Sulphur Oleum Sulphuric acid
Sulfur Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide
SO2 SO3 H 2 S2 O7 H2SO4
Oleum Asid sulfurik
Oxygen Sulfur dioksida SO2 Sulfur trioksida SO3 H2SO4
H2 S2 O7
Oksigen

Stage I/Peringkat I Stage II/Peringkat II Stage III/Peringkat III

Concentrated sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik pekat
Waste gas
Gas terbuang
Molten sulphur
Sulfur lebur
SO3
Dry air
Udara kering
H2S2O7 (Oleum)
Burner SO2 + O2 Catalytic converter H2S2O7 (Oleum)
Pembakar Bekas mangkin Water/Air
H2SO4
Stage I/Peringkat I Stage II/Peringkat II Stage III/Peringkat III
2 Based on the above diagram, explain each stage and state the conditions required. Include all the balanced chemical
equations involve in each stage.
Berdasarkan rajah di atas, terangkan setiap peringkat serta keadaan yang diperlukan. Sertakan semua persamaan kimia yang seimbang yang
terlibat dalam setiap peringkat.
Stage Explanation/Equation
Peringkat Penerangan/Persamaan kimia
Stage I: / Peringkat I: –– Molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide.
sulphur dioxide Sulfur lebur dibakar dalam udara kering untuk menghasilkan sulfur dioksida.
Production of
Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang:
Penghasilan sulfur dioksida
S + O2 SO2
Stage II: / Peringkat II: –– In a converter, sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen are passed through
Production of sulphur trioxide vanadium(V) oxide .
sulfur trioksida Di dalam bekas mangkin, sulfur dioksida dan oksigen dialirkan melalui vanadium(V) oksida .
Penghasilan
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
–– Optimum conditions for maximum amount of product are:
Keadaan optimum untuk penghasilan sulfur trioksida yang maksimum adalah:
450 – 500 °C
Temperature / Suhu:
2 – 3 atm
Pressure / Tekanan:
vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5
Catalyst / Mangkin:
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
169
.
m
Nila
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 169 12/9/2011 5:54:30 PM

Stage III: / Peringkat III: –– Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form oleum.
Production of sulphuric acid Sulfur trioksida dilarutkan dalam asid sulfurik pekat untuk menghasilkan oleum .
Penghasilan asid sulfurik Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang:
SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7
–– Oleum is diluted in water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid.

Oleum dilarutkan dalam air untuk menghasilkan asid sulfurik pekat .
H2O + H2S2O7 2H2SO4
* Note that directly dissolving SO3 in water is impractical due to the highly exothermic nature of the reaction. Acidic vapour or mists are
formed instead of a liquid.
Melarutkan sulfur dioksida dalam air secara terus tidak dapat dilakukan kerana pembebasan haba yang sangat banyak. Ini kerana tindak balas tersebut
adalah eksotermik. Asid yang terhasil adalah dalam bentuk wap air dan bukannya cecair.
3 State five main uses of sulphuric acid.

Nyatakan lima kegunaan utama asid sulfurik.
(i) To manufacture detergents (iv) As electrolyte in car batteries

(ii) To manufacture fertilizers (v) To manufacture synthtetic fibers
(iii) To manufacture paints
4 Sulphur dioxide and environmental pollution:

Sulfur dioksida dan pencemaran alam:
(a) Major sources of sulphur dioxide in the air is combustion of fuel in power station or factories.
Punca utama kehadiran sulfur dioksida di udara adalah pembakaran bahan bakar di stesen janakuasa dan kilang.
(b) Sulphur dioxide dissolve in rainwater to form sulphurous acid which will cause acid rain, balanced equation:
Sulfur dioksida larut dalam air hujan untuk membentuk asid sulfurus yang menghasilkan hujan asid, persamaan seimbang:
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
Oxidation of sulphurous acid in the air will produce sulphuric acid which will also cause acid rain.
Pengoksidaan asid sulfurus di udara akan menghasilkan asid sulfurik yang juga merupakan penyebab kepada hujan asid.
(c) Effect of acid rain:
Kesan hujan asid:
– Acid rain corrodes building, monuments and statues made from marble (calcium carbonate) because
calcium carbonate react with acid to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide, balanced equation:
Hujan asid mengkakis bangunan, monumen dan tugu yang diperbuat daripada marmar (kalsium karbonat) kerana
kalsium karbonat bertindak balas dengan asid menghasilkan garam, air dan karbon dioksida, persamaan seimbang:
CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
– Acid rain corrodes structures of the buildings or bridges which are made from metal . The
iron rusts faster with the presence of sulphuric acid.
Hujan asid mengkakis struktur bangunan-bangunan dan jambatan-jambatan yang diperbuat daripada logam. Besi
berkarat lebih cepat dengan kehadiran asid sulfurik.
– Acid rain increases the acidity of lakes and river that causes aquatic organism to die.
Hujan asid meningkatkan keasidan tasik-tasik dan sungai-sungai yang menyebabkan kematian hidupan akuatik.
– Acid rain increases the acidity of soil. Acidic soil is not suitable for the growth of plants.
Hujan asid meningkatkan keasidan tanah. Tanah yang berasid tidak sesuai untuk pertumbuhan tanam-tanaman.
(d) Ways to reduce production of sulphur dioxide and effect of acid rain:
Cara-cara mengurangkan penghasilan sulfur dioksida dan kesan-kesan hujan asid:
– Gas released from power station and factories are sprayed with powdered limestone ( calcium carbonate ).
Gas yang dilepaskan dari stesen janakuasa dan kilang boleh disembur dengan serbuk batu kapur ( kalsium karbonat ).
– Add lime ( calcium oxide ) and limestone ( calcium carbonate ) to the lake or river.
Menambahkan kapur ( kalsium oksida ) dan batu kapur ( kalsium karbonat ) ke tasik atau sungai.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
170
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 170 12/9/2011 5:54:30 PM

Ammonia / Ammonia
1 In industry, ammonia is manufactured through the Haber Process:

Dalam industri, ammonia dihasilkan melalui Proses Haber.
Balanced equation of reaction / Persamaan seimbang tindak balas: N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Catalyst / Mangkin : Ferum
Temperature / Suhu : 400 – 500°C
Pressure / Tekanan : 200 atm
2 Ammonia is used in the manufacture of:
Ammonia digunakan dalam pembuatan:
(a) Synthetic fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate and urea
Baja sintetik seperti ammonium sulfat, ammonium nitrat, ammonium fosfat dan urea.
(b) Nitric acid in Ostwald Process.
Asid nitrik dalam Proses Ostwald.
(c) Synthetic fiber and nylon.
Gentian kaca sintetik dan nilon.
(d) Liquid form of ammonia is used as cooling agent in refrigerators.
Cecair ammonia digunakan sebagai penyejuk dalam peti sejuk.
(e) Prevent coagulation of latex.
Mencegah penggumpalan lateks.
3 Ammonia is a colourless gas with pungent smell and very soluble in water.
Ammonia adalah gas yang tidak berwarna dengan bau yang sengit dan sangat larut di dalam air.
4 Chemical properties of ammonia:
Sifat-sifat kimia ammonia:
Property Chemical equation / Observation

Sifat Persamaan kimia / Pemerhatian
Dissolve in water to form weak NH3(g) + H2O(ce) NH4+(ak) + OH –(ak)

alkali The presence of hydroxide ions causes aqueous solution of ammonia to become alkaline.
Larut di dalam air membentuk alkali
Kehadiran ion hidroksida menyebabkan larutan ammonia akueus menjadi alkali.
lemah
Effect on moist red litmus paper Turn moist red litmus paper to blue
Kesan ke atas kertas litmus merah
Neutralise any acid to form Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid to form ammonium sulphate salt.
ammonium salt Ammonia bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik untuk membentuk garam ammonium sulfat.
Meneutralkan asid untuk membentuk Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang:
garam ammonium
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
Alloy / Aloi

Questions Facts / Elaboration / Drawing

Soalan Fakta / Penerangan / Lukisan
1 What is the meaning of alloy? Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain
Apakah maksud aloi? fixed/specific composition. The major component in the mixture is a metal.
Aloi ialah campuran dua atau lebih unsur dengan komposisi yang tetap .
Komponen utama dalam campuran tersebut ialah logam .
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
171
.
m
Nila
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 171 12/9/2011 5:54:31 PM

2 Relate the arrangement of atoms

in pure metals to their ductile and Force/Daya
malleable properties.
Nyatakan hubungan antara susunan atom
dalam logam tulen dengan sifat mulur dan Pure metals/Logam tulen
mudah ditempa.
Pure metal is made up of one type of atoms .
Logam tulen terbentuk daripada satu jenis atom .
Atoms in pure metals are all the same layers .
Atom-atom dalam logam tulen mempunyai saiz yang sama.
The same size atoms are orderly arranged in layers.
Atom-atom yang mempunyai saiz yang sama ini tersusun dalam lapisan .
When force is applied to the pure metal, layers of atoms slide
easily over one another.
Apabila daya dikenakan ke atas logam tulen, lapisan atom menggelongsor di antara satu
sama lain.
3 Draw the arrangement of atoms in (a) Bronze / Gangsa (b) Steel / Keluli
Lukiskan susunan atom dalam
(a) Bronze (90% copper and 10% tin)
Gangsa (90% kuprum dan 10% timah)
(b) Steel (99% iron and 1% of carbon) Carbon
Keluli (99% besi dan 1% karbon)
[Relative atomic mass: Cu = 64,
Sn = 119, Fe = 56; C = 12] Iron
[Jisim atom relatif: Cu = 64, Tin Copper
Sn = 119, Fe = 56, C = 12]
4 Explain why an alloy is stronger Atoms of other element added to the pure metal to make an alloy are different in size.
than its pure metal in terms of the Atom-atom unsur lain yang ditambah dalam logam tulen membentuk aloi yang terdiri daripada atom-atom
arrangement of atoms in metals and yang berlainan saiz.
alloys. These atoms disrupts the orderly arrangement of atoms in pure metal.
Terangkan mengapa aloi lebih kuat daripada
Atom-atom ini mengganggu susunan atom yang teratur dalam logam tulen.
logam tulen dari segi susunan atom dalam
logam dan aloi. When force is applied to an alloy, the presence of added other atoms
prevent layers of atoms from sliding .
Apabila daya dikenakan ke atas aloi, kehadiran atom-atom asing ini menghalang lapisan
atom-atom ini daripada menggelongsor .
5 State three reason why pure metals are (a) To increase the strength and hardness of pure metals.
alloyed before used. Meningkatkan kekuatan dan kekerasan logam tulen.
Nyatakan tiga sebab mengapa logam tulen corrosion
(b) To increase the resistance to of a pure metals.
dialoikan sebelum digunakan.
Mencegah kakisan logam tulen.
(c) To improve the appearance of a pure metal.
Membaiki rupa logam tulen.
5 Experiment to compare the hardness of brass and pure copper.

Eksperimen untuk membandingkan kekerasan loyang dengan kuprum tulen.
(a) Hypothesis: / Hipotesis:
Brass is harder than copper
(b) Manipulated variable: / Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi:
Copper and brass block
(c) Responding variable: / Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas:
Hardness of the copper and brass block
(d) Fixed variable: / Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan:
1 kg weight
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
172
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 172 12/9/2011 5:54:31 PM

(e) Apparatus: / Alat radas:

Retort stand and clamp, 1 kg weight, string, metre ruler.
Materials: / Bahan-bahan:
Steel ball, copper block, brass block
(f) Procedure: / Prosedur:

1. A steel ball bearing is tapped onto a copper block.
Satu bola keluli dilekatkan di atas sebuah bongkah kuprum. Set-up of the apparatus: / Susunan alat radas:
2. A 1 kg weight is hung at a height of 50 cm above the copper
block as shown in the diagram.
Sebiji pemberat 1 kg digantung setinggi 50 cm di atas bongkah kuprum
seperti yang ditunjukkan. Retort stand
3. Drop the 1 kg weight on the steel ball.
Pemberat 1 kg dijatuhkan ke atas bebola keluli.
String
4. Measure the diameter of the dent formed on the copper block
with a ruler. 1 kg weight
Diameter lekuk yang terbentuk di atas bongkah kuprum diukur dengan
pembaris.
5. Repeat the experiment three times on the other part of the Steel ball
copper block.
Eksperimen diulang tiga kali, pada ruang berbeza pada bongkah kuprum Cellophane tape
yang sama.
6. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated using a brass block to replace the
copper block.
Copper block
Langkah 1 hingga 5 diulang dengan menggunakan bongkah loyang,
menggantikan bongkah kuprum.
(g) Results: / Keputusan:
Experiment Average diameter/cm

1 2 3
Eksperimen Diameter purata / cm
Diameter of dent on copper block/cm a b c a+b+c

=x
3
Diameter of dent on brass block/cm d e f d+e+f

=y
3
(h) Discussion: / Perbincangan:

The average diameter of dent on copper, x is larger than the average diameter of dent on brass, y.
(i) Conclusion: / Kesimpulan:

Brass is harder than copper// alloy is harder than pure metal.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
173
.
m
Nila
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 173 12/9/2011 5:54:31 PM

Flow chart shows the composition, properties and uses of some alloys.
Carta aliran di bawah menunjukkan komposisi, sifat-sifat dan kegunaan aloi-aloi.
ALLOY / ALOI
Major component / Komponen utama
COPPER / KUPRUM IRON / FERUM
Type of alloy/Jenis aloi Type of alloy/Jenis aloi
BRONZE/GANGSA BRASS/LOYANG STEEL/KELULI STAINLESS STEEL

(90% Cu, 10% Sn) (70% Cu, 30% Zn) (99% Fe, 1% C) KELULI TAHAN KARAT
– Hard and strong, – Hard and strong. – Hard and strong. (74% Fe, 8% C, 18% Cr)
does not corrode, Keras dan kuat. Keras dan kuat. – Shiny, strong and does
(shiny surface) – Uses: / Kegunaan: – Uses: / Kegunaan: not rust
Keras dan kuat. Tidak Musical instrument Construction of Bersinar, kuat dan tidak
berkarat (permukaan berkarat.
and Kitchenware building and bridge
bersinar) – Uses: / Kegunaan:
Alat muzik dan perkakas and railway tracks
– Uses: / Kegunaan: dapur Making cutlery and
Pembinaan bangunan
Building statue or dan jambatan serta surgical instrument
monuments, medal, landasan keretapi. Membuat sudu, garpu dan
swords and artistic alat-alat pembedahan.
materials
Pembuatan tugu atau
monumen pingat, pedang
dan bahan hiasan
ALUMINIUM / ALUMINIUM TIN / TIMAH

Type of alloy Type of alloy
Jenis aloi Jenis aloi
CUPRONICKEL
KUPRONIKEL DURALUMIN PEWTER / PEWTER
(75% Cu, 25% Ni) DURALUMIN
(96% Sn, 3% Cu,
– Shiny, hard and does (93% Al, 3% Cu & 1% Mn) 1% Sb)
not corrode – Light and strong – Luster, shiny and
Bersinar, keras dan tidak Ringan dan kuat.
berkarat. strong
– Uses: / Kegunaan: Berkilau, bersinar dan kuat.
– Uses: / Kegunaan: Building body of aeroplane – Uses: / Kegunaan:
Making coins and bullet train.
Membuat duit syiling Making souvenirs.
Membuat rangka kapal terbang dan
Membuat cenderamata.
keretapi laju.
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS / POLIMER SINTETIK
1 Polymer is a long chain molecules made up of a large number of small repeating identical unit of
monomer.
Polimer ialah molekul berantai panjang yang terbentuk daripada gabungan banyak unit kecil yang sama dipanggil
monomer.
2 Monomer is small identical repeating units in the polymer.
Monomer adalah unit kecil yang berulang dalam polimer.
3 Polymers can be naturally occurring or synthetic.
Polimer boleh didapati secara semula jadi atau sintetik.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
174
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 174 12/9/2011 5:54:31 PM

4 Example of naturally occurring polymers and their monomers are:

Contoh polimer semula jadi dan monomernya:
Synthetic Polymer / Polimer Monomer / Monomer

Protein / Protein Amino Acid / Asid amino
Starch / Kanji Glucose / Glukosa
Rubber / Getah Isoprene / Isoprena
5 Synthetic polymers are made polymers. The monomers are usually obtained from petroleum after refining and cracking
process.
Polimer sintetik adalah polimer buatan. Monomer biasanya adalah daripada petroleum yang telah mengalami penyulingan dan peretakan.
6 Example of synthetic polymers, their monomers and uses:
Contoh polimer sintetik, monomernya dan kegunaannya:
Synthetic polymer Monomer Example of uses

Polimer sintetik Monomer Contoh kegunaan
Polythene Ethene, C2H4 Plastic bags, shopping bags, plastic containers and plastic toys
Politena Etena, C2H4 Beg plastik, beg membeli belah, bekas plastik dan permainan plastik
Polypropene Propene, C3H6 Plastic bottles, plastic tables and chairs, car batteries casing and ropes
Polipropena Propena, C3H6 Botol plastik, meja dan kerusi plastik, bekas bateri kereta dan tali
Waterproof materials such as rain clothes, bags, shoes, artificial leather.

Bahan kalis air seperti baju hujan, beg, kasut dan kulit tiruan.
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Chloroethene, C2H3Cl Insulation for electric wiring.
Polivinil klorida (PVC) Kloroetena, C2H3Cl Bahan penebat pendawaian wayar elektrik.
Making water pipes because it does not rust.
Paip air sebab ia tidak berkarat.
Polystyrene Styrene, C2H3C6H5 Packaging materials, disposable cups and plates

Polistirena Stirena, C2H3C6H5 Bahan pembungkus, cawan dan pinggan pakai buang.
Perspex Methylmetacrylate Safety glass, car lamps and lens

Perspeks Metil metakrilat Kaca keselamatan, lampu kereta dan kanta
Hexane-1, 6-diol
Heksana-1, 6-diol
Terylene (polyester) Clothing, sails, sleeping bags, ropes and fishing net
Benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylic
Terilena (poliester) Pakaian, kain layar, tali dan jala
acid
Benzena-1, 4-dikarboksilik asid
7 Polymerisation is the process of joining together the large number of monomers to form a polymer.
Pempolimeran ialah proses penggabungan monomer-monomer untuk membentuk polimer.
Example: / Contoh:
(a) Polymerisation of ethene:
Pempolimeran etena:
H H H H

n C = C – C – C –

H H H H n, n is large number up to a few thousands
Ethene / Etena Polythene
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
175
.
m
Nila
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 175 12/9/2011 5:54:31 PM

(b) Polymerisation of propene: (c) Polymerisation of chloroethene:

Pempolimeran propena: Pempolimeran kloroetena:
H CH3 H CH3 H H H H

n C = C – C – C – n C = C – C – C –

H H H H n H Cl H Cl n
Propene / Propena Polypropene Chloroethene / Kloroetena Polyvinylchloride

8 Complete the following table related to issues of the use of polymers in everyday life.
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah berkaitan isu penggunaan polimer sintetik dalam kehidupan seharian.
Reducing pollution of
Advantages of
Environmental pollution from synthetic polymers synthetic polymers
synthetic polymers Pencemaran alam sekitar dari penggunaan polimer sintetik Pengurangan pencemaran dari
Kebaikan polimer sintetik
polimer sintetik
(a) Very stable and do not (a) Disposal of synthetic polymers such as plastic bottles and (a) Reduce, recycle and
corrode blockage reuse the synthetic
. containers cause of drainage systems and
Sangat stabil dan tidak river thus causing flash floods . polymers.
berkarat . Pembuangan polimer sintetik seperti botol plastik dan bekas Mengurangkan, mengitar semula
chemical menyebabkan sistem saliran dan sungai tersekat yang dan mengguna semula polimer
(b) Inert to
mengakibatkan banjir kilat . sintetik.
reaction.
Lengai terhadap tindak balas (b) Open burning of polymers will release acidic and poisonous (b) Using biodegradable
kimia . gas that will cause air pollution: polimer.
Pembakaran polimer sintetik secara terbuka membebaskan gas Menggunakan polimer
(c) Light and strong . berasid dan beracun yang menyebabkan pencemaran udara:
kuat terbiodegradasi .
Ringan dan . – Burning most of the synthetic polymers will produce:
(d) Cheap. Pembakaran kebanyakan polimer sintetik menghasilkan: (c) On-going research to produce
Murah. (i) carbon dioxide gas which cause green house effect . cheap biodegradable polymers.
kesan rumah hijau Penyelidikan berterusan
(e) Easily shaped karbon dioksida yang menyebabkan .
untuk menghasilkan polimer
and coloured. (ii) carbon monoxide which is poisonous . terbiodegradasi yang murah.
Mudah dibentuk karbon monoksida yang beracun . (d) Disintegrate plastics by
dan diwarnakan. – Burning of PVC will release hydrogen chloride gas which pyrolysis : Plastic can
will cause acid rain .
be disintegrated by heating at
Pembakaran PVC membebaskan gas hidrogen klorida yang temperature between
menyebabkan hujan asid . 400 – 800°C without oxygen.
– Burning of synthetic polymers contains carbon and Penguraian plastik secara
nitrogen such as nylon will produce highly poisonous pirolisis : Plastik boleh diuraikan
gas such as hydrogen cynide . dengan pemanasan pada suhu
Pembakaran polimer sintetik mengandungi karbon dan antara 400 – 800 °C tanpa oksigen.
nitrogen seperti nilon membebaskan gas sangat beracun seperti
hidrogen sianida .
(c) Plastic containers that are left in open area collect rain
water will become breeding ground for mosquito
which will cause diseases such as dengue fever.
Bekas plastik yang ditinggalkan di tempat terbuka menakung air
hujan menjadi tempat pembiakan nyamuk yang menyebabkan
penyebaran penyakit seperti demam denggi.
Glass / Kaca
1 Name the element which forms

Silicon dioxide , SiO2 which exist naturally in sand .
the major component of glass.
Namakan unsur yang membentuk Silikon dioksida , SiO2 yang boleh didapati secara semula jadi di dalam pasir .
komponen utama kaca.
2 List the property of glass.
Senaraikan sifat-sifat kaca.
Properties: / Sifat-sifat:
Transparent, hard but brittle, non-porous, heat insulator, electric insulator, resistant to
chemical, easy to clean, can withstand compression
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
176
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 176 12/9/2011 5:54:31 PM

Complete the table below.

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.
Types of
Composition Special properties Uses
glass
Komposisi Sifat istimewa Kegunaan
Jenis kaca
Silicon dioxide, –– Good chemical durability

sodium carbonate Tahan kakisan bahan kimia .
Soda-lime Making flat glass, electrical bulbs,
or calcium calcium –– High termal expansion but does not
glass
Kaca soda carbonate heat
withstand . mirrors, glass containers
kapur Silikon dioksida,
natrium karbonat, Pekali pengembangan haba tinggi .
kalsium karbonat Tidak tahan haba .
–– Good chemical durability

Silicion dioxide, kimia
Tahan kakisan bahan .
boron dioxide, Making cookware and laboratory
Borosilicate –– Low thermal expansion.
sodium oxide,
glass aluminum oxide Pekali pengembangan haba rendah . glassware such as boiling tube and
Kaca Silikon dioksida, boron –– Resistant to heat when heated to
borosilikat dioksida, natrium beakers.
oksida, aluminium
high temperature.
oksida Tahan haba apabila dipanaskan pada suhu
tinggi.
–– Optically transparent.
Lut sinar.
–– Good chemical durability
Tahan kakisan bahan kimia .
Fused glass Laboratory glassware, lenses,
Silicon dioxide –– Low thermal expansion
Kaca silika rendah
Silikon dioksida Pekali pengembangan haba . telescope mirrors, optical fibres.
terlakur
–– Can be heated to high temperature
and resistance to thermal shock.
Boleh dipanaskan pada suhu yang tinggi ,
tahan terhadap pertukaran suhu yang cepat.
Silicon dioxide,
–– High refractive index and density .
sodium oxide, Tableware, crystal glass ware and
Lead glass Indeks biasan dan ketumpatan yang tinggi
lead(II) oxide
Kaca plumbum Silikon dioksida, –– Glittering appearance. decorative glassware.
natrium oksida, Kelihatan berkilat .
plumbum(II) oksida
Ceramics / Seramik
1 Name the elements found in ceramic.

Namakan unsur-unsur yang terkandung dalam seramik.
Aluminium, silicon, oxygen and hydrogen
2 Ceramics are made from clay. Name the main component of clay.
Seramik dibuat daripada tanah liat. Namakan komponen utama tanah liat.
Kaolin which is rich in hydrated aluminium silicate , Al2O32SiO2.2H2O.
Kaolin yang mengandungi aluminium silikat terhidrat , Al2O32SiO2.2H2O.
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
177
.
m
Nila
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 177 12/9/2011 5:54:32 PM

3 Complete the following table for the properties and uses of ceramic.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk menunjukkan sifat-sifat dan kegunaan seramik.
Property/Sifat Uses/Kegunaan
Hard and strong. Building materials such as cement , tiles , bricks, roof and toilet bowl.
Keras dan kuat. Bahan binaan seperti simen , jubin , batu-bata, atap dan tandas.
–– Kitchenware such as cooking pots and plates.

Chemically inert and non-corrosive. Perkakas dapur seperti periuk dan pinggan .
Tidak reaktif secara kimia dan tidak mudah
menghakis.
–– Decorative items such as vases and pottery.
Barang hiasan seperti pasu dan lain-lain.
Have high melting point and good

Insulation such as lining of furnace, wall of nuclear reactor and engine
insulator of heat, remain stable under
high temperature. parts.
Mempunyai takat lebur yang tinggi dan Penebat haba seperti melapik dinding relau, dinding bagi reaktor nuklear dan
penebat haba yang baik serta stabil dalam bahagian enjin .
suhu yang tinggi.
Electric insulator in electrical items such as electric plugs , oven and

Good insulator electric. electric cables .
Penebat elektrik yang baik. Penebat elektrik bagi alat-alat elektrik seperti plug elektrik , ketuhar dan
kabel elektrik .
Medical and dental apparatus such as orthopedic joint replacement,

Non compressible. dental restoration and bone implants.
Tidak boleh dimampatkan. Alat-alat perubatan dan pergigian seperti penukaran sendi ortopedik, gigi
palsu dan pemindahan tulang.
Composite Materials / Bahan Komposit
1 (a) Composite materials are structural materials that are formed by combining two or more different substances such as
metal , alloys , ceramic , glass and polymer .
Bahan-bahan komposit adalah bahan yang diperbuat daripada gabungan dua atau lebih bahan berbeza seperti logam ,
aloi , seramik , kaca dan polimer .
(b) Composite materials have properties that are superior than those of the original components.
Bahan-bahan komposit mempunyai sifat-sifat yang lebih baik berbanding dengan komponen-komponen asal.
2 Complete the table below:
Types of
composite Components Special properties Example of uses
materials Komponen Sifat istimewa Contoh kegunaan
Jenis bahan komposit
Copper(II) oxide, barium Conduct electricity with Used in medical magnetic-imaging
Superconductors
Super konduktor
carbonate and Yttrium oxide no resistance when it is
heated to form a type of devices(MRI), generators,
cooled at low temperature.
ceramic known as perovoskyte Boleh mengalirkan arus elektrik transformers, computer parts and
Kuprum(II) oksida, barium tanpa rintangan pada suhu yang
karbonat dan natrium oksida bullet train
dipanaskan membentuk sejenis amat rendah.
seramik dipanggil perovoskit
Concrete ( cement , sand Very strong and can be Construction of building, bridges
Reinforced
concrete and pebbles) reinforced with moulded into any shape. and oil platforms
Konkrit yang
steel and polymer
Sangat kuat dan boleh
diperkukuhkan fibers
dibentuk menjadi pelbagai bentuk.
Konkrit ( simen , pasir
dan batu kerikil) diperkukuhkan
dengan keluli dan polimer
gentian.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
178
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 178 12/9/2011 5:54:32 PM

Fibre glass
Plastic reinforced with High tensile strength, Making water storage tanks,
Plastik yang glass fiber . low density, easily moulded in boats, helmets
diperkukuhkan Plastik yang diperkukuhkan dengan
dengan kaca gentian kaca .
thin layers.
Daya regangan tinggi, ketumpatan
rendah , mudah dibentuk menjadi
lapisan nipis .
Photochromic Photochromic substance like Darken when exposed to bright Making optical lens, car wind
glass silver chloride embedded light and becomes clear when shield light intensity meters
Kaca fotokromik in glass/transparent polymers exposed to dim light.
Bahan fotokromik seperti Menjadi gelap apabila dikenakan
argentum klorida digabungkan
cahaya cerah dan menjadi cerah
dengan kaca atau polimer lut sinar. dalam cahaya malap.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The diagram below shows the reaction involve in the production of fertilizer Z in industry.
Rajah berikut menunjukkan tindak balas yang terlibat dalam pembuatan baja Z dalam industri.
Process X Ammonia
Proses X Ammonia Reaction P
Tindak balas P Compound Z
Sebatian Z
Process Y Sulphuric acid
Proses Y Asid sulfurik
(a) (i) Name Process X and Process Y.

Namakan Proses X dan Proses Y.
Process X / Proses X: Haber process Process Y / Proses Y: Contact process
(ii) Complete the following table related to process X and Y.

Lengkapkan jadual berikut yang berkaitan dengan proses X dan Y.
Balanced equation for the reaction

Pressure/
Process Catalyst Temperature/°C that Involve a catalyst
Proses Mangkin Suhu/°C
atm
Persamaan kimia tindak balas yang melibatkan
Tekanan / atm
mangkin
Process X Iron 400 – 500 200 N2 + 3H2 2NH3

Proses X Besi
Process Y Vandaium(V) oxide 450 – 500 2–3 2SO2 + O2 2SO3

Proses Y Vanadium(V) oksida
(b) Ammonia react with sulphuric acid through reaction P to produce compound Z.
Ammonia bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik melalui tindak balas P menghasilkan sebatian Z.
(i) Write a balance equation for reaction P.
Tuliskan persamaan seimbang bagi tindak balas P.
NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4 )2SO4

(ii) What is the type of reaction that takes place?
Apakah jenis tindak balas yang berlaku?
Neutralisation
(iii) State one important use of compound Z.
Nyatakan satu kegunaan penting sebatian Z.
Fertiliser
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
179
.
m
Nila
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 179 12/9/2011 5:54:32 PM

(iv) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in compound Z.

[Relative atomic mass: N = 14, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1]
Hitungkan peratusan jisim nitrogen dalam sebatian Z.
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1]
2 × 14
%N = × 100% = 21.2%
2(14 + 4 × 1) + 32 + 4 × 16
2 The table shows the examples and component of four types of manufactured substances in industry.
Jadual berikut menunjukkan contoh-contoh dan komponen bagi empat jenis bahan buatan dalam industri.
Type of manufactured
Example Component
substances Contoh Komponen
Jenis bahan buatan
Reinforced concrete Cement, sand, small pebbles and steel

P
Konkrit yang diperkukuhkan Simen, pasir, batu kecil dan keluli
Q Bronze / Gangsa Copper and tin / Kuprum dan stanum

Polymer / Polimer R Chloroethene / Kloroetena
Silicon dioxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate
Glass / Kaca S
Silikon dioksida, natrium karbonat, kalsium karbonat
(a) State the name of P, Q, R and S.

Namakan P, Q, R dan S.
P: Composite materials Q: Alloy

R: Polyvinyl chloride S: Soda-lime glass
(b) (i) State two uses of reinforced concrete.

Nyatakan dua kegunaan konkrit yang diperkukuhkan.
To make framework of buildings and bridges.
(ii) What is the advantage of using reinforced concrete compared to concrete?

Apakah kelebihan konkrit yang diperkukuhkan berbanding dengan konkrit?
Reinforced concrete can withstand higher pressure/support heavier loads/ stronger/ higher tensile strength
than concrete.
(c) (i) Draw the arrangement of particles in

Lukis susunan atom dalam

Pure copper / Kuprum tulen Bronze / Gangsa
Copper
Copper Tin

(ii) Bronze is harder than pure copper. Explain.

Gangsa lebih keras daripada kuprum. Terangkan.
– Atoms of pure copper metal are the of same size, they arranged orderly in layers.
– Layers of atoms are easily slide over each other when external force is applied on them.
– The size of tin atoms which are bigger than copper in bronze disrupt the orderly arrangement of copper
atoms.
– Layers of metal atoms are prevented from sliding each other when external force is applied.
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
180
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 180 12/9/2011 5:54:32 PM

(d) The diagram shows the structure of R. / Rajah berikut merupakan struktur bagi R.
H H

C – C

H C1
n
(i) Draw the structural formula for monomer R. / Lukiskan formula struktur bagi monomer R.
H H

C = C

H C1
(ii) State one use of polymer R.

Nyatakan satu kegunaan polimer R.
Pipe / wire cables / bags / footwear
(iii) State two ways how R causes environmental pollution.

Nyatakan dua cara R menyebabkan pencemaran alam.
– R is non biodegradable, it can cause blockage of drainage system and flash flood.
– Burning of R produces hydrogen chloride gas which is poisonous and acidic.
(e) (i) Explain why glass containers are more suitable for storing acid in the laboratory.
Terangkan mengapa bekas kaca lebih sesuai digunakan untuk menyimpan asid di dalam makmal.
Glass is chemically inert/ glass is non-reactive
(ii) Soda-lime glass cannot withstand high temperature. State the name of another type of glass that is more heat
resistant.
Kaca soda kapur tidak tahan suhu yang tinggi. Namakan jenis kaca lain yang lebih tahan haba.
Borosilicate glass
1 Which of the following are the uses of sulphuric acid? 3 The equation below shows chemical equation to produce
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah kegunaan asid sulfurik? ammonia in Haber Process.
I Detergent III Paint Persamaan tindak balas berikut menunjukkan persamaan kimia untuk
Detergen Cat menghasilkan ammonia dalam Proses Haber.
II Fertiliser IV Synthetic fiber
Baja Gentian sintetik
Fe
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
A I and II only C I, II and IV only
I dan II sahaja I, II dan IV sahaja
Which of the following is the function of iron, Fe in the
B III and IV only D I, II, III and IV process?
III dan IV sahaja I, II, III dan IV
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah fungsi besi, Fe dalam proses itu?
A To lower the pressure required for the process.
2 The diagram below shows the stages I, II, III and IV in the Merendahkan tekanan yang diperlukan untuk proses itu.
Contact Process. B To lower the temperature required for the process.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan peringkat I, II, III dan IV dalam Proses Merendahkan suhu yang diperlukan untuk proses itu.
Sentuh.
C To increase the rate of production of ammonia.
Untuk meningkatkan kadar pengeluaran ammonia.
I II III IV
S SO2 SO3 H2S2O7 H2SO4 D To increase the percentage of production of ammonia.
Untuk meningkatkan peratus penghasilan ammonia.
Which of the following stages requires the use of a catalyst?
Antara peringkat berikut, yang manakah memerlukan mangkin?
A I C III
B II D IV
n Sdn. B
io
hd
Publicat
181
.
m
Nila
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 181 12/9/2011 5:54:32 PM

4 The diagram below shows the arrangement of atoms in alloy 8 Which of the following are the characteristics of synthetic
X. polymers that causes environmental pollution?
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan atom dalam aloi X. Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah ciri-ciri polimer sintetik yang
menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar?
I Polymers are non biodegradable
Copper/Kuprum
Polimer adalah tidak terbiodegradasi
Zinc/Zink II Polymers dissolve in water and increase pH of water
Polimer larut dalam air dan meningkatkan pH air
III Burning of polymers release toxic gas
What is alloy X? Pembakaran polimer membebaskan gas beracun
Apakah aloi X? IV Disposal of polymers promote excessive growth of algae
A Brass C Cupronickel Pembuangan polimer meningkatkan pertumbuhan alga berlebihan
Loyang Kupronikel A I and III only
B Bronze D Duralumin I dan III sahaja
Gangsa Duralumin B II and III only
II dan III sahaja
5 An alloy Y is used to make a body of an aeroplane. C I, III and IV only
Which of the following is alloy Y and its major component? I, III dan IV sahaja
Aloi Y digunakan untuk membuat badan kapal terbang. D II, III and IV only
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah aloi Y dan komponen utamanya? II, III dan IV sahaja
Alloy Y Major component 9 Ceramic is used to make wall of reactor nuclear. Which of the
Aloi Y Komponen utama following is the characteristic of ceramic for the usage?
Duralumin Magnesium Seramik digunakan untuk membuat dinding reaktor nuklear. Antara
A Duralumin Magnesium berikut, yang manakah adalah ciri seramik untuk penggunaan itu?
A Hard and strong
Duralumin Aluminium Keras dan kuat
B Duralumin Aluminium B Good insulator electric
Penebat elektrik yang baik
Bronze Copper
C Gangsa Kuprum C Remain stable under high temperature
Kekal stabil pada suhu tinggi
Cupronickel Copper D Chemically inert and non corrosive
D Kupronikel Kuprum Lengai terhadap bahan kimia dan tidak terkakis
10 The following information is about substance Z which is used

6 Which type of glass is suitable for making beakers and test in bullet train.
tubes that can be used for heating? Maklumat berikut adalah berkaitan dengan bahan Z yang digunakan
Kaca yang manakah adalah sesuai untuk membuat bikar dan tabung uji dalam keretapi laju.
yang boleh digunakan untuk pemanasan?
A Lead glass C Borosilicate glass Conducts electricity with no resistance at low
Kaca plumbum Kaca borosilikat temperature.
B Soda-lime glass D Photochromic glass Mengkonduksi elektrik tanpa rintangan pada suhu rendah.
Kaca soda kapur Kaca fotokromik
What is substance Z?
7 The information below shows the property of a glass X. Apakah bahan Z?
Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan sifat kaca X. A Fiber glass
Duralumin
When the glass X is heated to a high B Superconductors
temperature and plunged into cold water, the Super konduktor
glass does not crack. C Polyvinylchloride
Apabila kaca X dipanaskan dengan kuat dan seterusnya Polivinil klorida
dimasukkan ke dalam air sejuk, kaca itu tidak pecah. D Fibre glass
Plastik yang diperkukuhkan dengan kaca
What is glass X?
Apakah kaca X?
A Lead crystal glass C Fused glass
Kaca plumbum Kaca silika terlakur
B Soda-lime glass D Borosilicate glass
Kaca soda kapur Kaca borosilikat
Publica
m
a
tio
Nil
182
n Sdn.
Bh
d.
08-Chem F4 (3p).indd 182 12/9/2011 5:54:33 PM

Docslide PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Docslide PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (919810-T), 2012

Printed by Pramaju Sdn. Bhd.

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS

ACID AND BASES

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

Con-Chem F4 (B).indd 3 12/9/2011 6:00:06 PM

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

• PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI ZARAH JIRIM

• KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI KINETIK JIRIM

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS / STRUKTUR ATOM

• HISTORY OF ATOMIC MODELS DEVELOPMENT / SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM

• SUBATOMIC PARTICLES / ZARAH-ZARAH SUBATOM

• ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT / SUSUNAN ELEKTRON

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 1 12/9/2011 5:59:26 PM

Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.

The Particle Theory of Matter / Teori Zarah Jirim

ELEMENT / UNSUR COMPOUND / SEBATIAN

Types of particles / Jenis zarah Types of particles / Jenis zarah

Atom / Atom Molecule / Molekul Molecule / Molekul Ion / Ion

– Elements can be identified as metal or non-metal by referring to the Periodic Table.

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 2 12/9/2011 5:59:27 PM

4 Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Substances Type of particle Substances Type of particle Substances Type of particle

Argon (Ar) Carbon (C) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Diffusion in a gas Diffusion in a liquid Diffusion in a solid

A few drops After few

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 3 12/9/2011 5:59:28 PM

dan padat antara satu sama lain.

yang sentiasa bergerak .

The Kinetic Theory of Matter / Teori Kinetik Jirim

State of matter Solid Liquid Gas

Draw the particles arrangement.

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 4 12/9/2011 5:59:28 PM

Strong forces between the

Energy content is higher

6 Changes in the state of matter

Melting / Peleburan Boiling/Evoporation / Pendidihan/Penyejatan

7 Determination of melting and freezing points of naphthalene

Boiling tube / Tabung didih

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 5 12/9/2011 5:59:28 PM

sehingga suhunya mencapai 90°C .

II. Cooling of naphthalene / Penyejukan naftalena

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 6 12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM

The Explanation of the Heating Process of Matter / Penerangan Proses Pemanasan

1 The heating curve of naphthalene:

Point State of Matter Explanation

Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene is used to

Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene is used to

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 7 12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM

3 The constant temperature at which a solid

4 The constant temperature at which a liquid

1 The cooling curve of naphthalene:

Point State of matter Explanation

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 8 12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM

3 The constant temperature at which a liquid

1 The table below shows substances and their chemical formula.

Silver / Argentum Ag Atom

(c) Which of the substance are compound? Explain your answer.

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 9 12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM

(a) (i) What is meant by ‘melting point’?

(b) Draw the particles arrangement of substances P, Q and R at room condition.