Process Rate-limiting step enzyme substrate product Hormones

Glycolysis PFK-1 (Phosphofructokinase-1) fructose 6-phosphate fructose 1,6-bisphosphate insulin (+), glucagon (-)

FPB-1 (Fructose 1,6- fructose 1,6- insulin (-), glucagon

Gluconeogenesis fructose 6-phosphate
bisphosphatase) bisphosphate (+), cortisol (+)

Glycogenesis Glycogen synthase UDP-Glucose Glycogen insulin (+), glucagon (-)

insulin (-), glucagon

Glycogenolysis Glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen glucose 1-phosphate
(+), epinephrine (+)
fructose 6-phosphate + Glucosamine 6-phosphate
GAG synthesis aminotransferase none
Glutamine + Glutamate
none (but happens in
HMP pathway G6PDH Glucose 6-phosphate 6-Phosphogluconate
well-fed state)
Diacylglycerol + free fatty epinephrine (+),
TAG breakdown hormone-sensitive lipase triacylglycerol
acid glucagon (+), insulin (-)
TAG synthesis &
lipoprotein lipase TAG in CM and VLDL glycerol + fatty acids insulin (indirectly)
delivery
Fatty acid
Acetyl CoA carboxylase Acetyl CoA Malonyl CoA insulin (+), glucagon (-)
synthesis

Beta oxidation CAT-1 fatty acyl CoA O-Acyl Carnitine None

Cholesterol
HMG CoA reductase HMG CoA Mevalonate insulin (+), glucagon (-)
synthesis
Bile Salt
7-alpha-hydroxylase Cholesterol Mevalonate none
synthesis
Ketone body Acetoacetyl CoA + epinephrine (+),
HMG CoA synthase HMG CoA + CoA
synthesis AcetylCoA glucagon (+), insulin (-)
Eicosanoid Arachidonate +
Phospholipase A2 Phosphatidylinositol cortisol (-)
synthesis Lysophosphatidylinositol
Prostaglandin
Cyclooxygenase Arachidonic acid PGG2 cortisol (-), NSAIDs
synthesis
thromboxane
Thromboxane synthase PGG2 TXA2 cortisol (-), NSAIDs
synthesis
Leukotriene 5-HPETE (5-hydroperoxy-
Lipooxygenase Arachidonic acid cortisol (-)
synthesis eicosatetraenoic acid)
Steroid hormone pituitary hormones,
Desmolase Cholesterol Pregnenolone
synthesis others
Carbamoyl phosphate +
Urea cycle CPS-I CO2 + 2 ATP + NH3 none
2ADP + Pi
Catecholamine dopa
Tyrosine hydroxylase Tyrosine ACTH, others
synthesis (dihydroxyphenylalanine)
Porphyrin Glycine + Succinyl delta-Amino Levulinic Acid
ALA synthase none
synthesis CoA (ALA)
Purine and
PRPP sythase (Ribose Ribose 5-phosphate +
pyrimidine PRPP none
phosphate pyrophosphokinase) ATP
synthesis
Glutamine: phosphoribosyl 5'-Phosphoribosylamine +
Purine synthesis PRPP + Glutamine none
pyrophosphate amidotransferase Glutamate
Pyrimidine Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase Glutamine + CO2 + Carbamoyl phosphate +
none
synthesis II (CPS II) 2ATP 2ADP + Pi + Glutamate
 Subcellular Vitamins/Co
Allosteric effectors Organ(s)
location enzymes
citrate (-), fructose niacin
cytosol all
2,6-bisphosphate (+) (NAD+)
liver (90%),
fructose 2,6- mitochondria,
kidney biotin, NADH
bisphosphate (-) cytosol
(10%)
cytosol, liver (blood
none glycogen glucose), none
granule muscle
cytosol, liver (blood
pyridoxal
none glycogen glucose),
phosphate
granule muscle
none rER, Golgi all None
liver, mamm
niacin
glands,
none but favored by (NADP+),
cytosol adrenal
NADP+ availability Thiamine
cortex,
(TPP) -- TK
others
adipose Pantothenic
none cytosol
tissue
plasma acid (CoA)
(enzyme
none cytosol found none
attached to
citrate (+), Malonyl
endothelium CoA, niacin
niacin
CoA (-), Palmitoyl cytosol liver (main)
(NADPH)
(NAD+),
CoA or Palmitate (-) adipose
mitochondria riboflavin
tissue, skel
Malonyl CoA(-) inner (FAD+),
muscl,
liver, mamm
membrane biotin and
niacin
others
glands,
Cholesterol (-), statin deoxyadenos
(NADP+),
cytosol, sER adrenal
drugs (-) ylcobalamin
Pantothenic
cortex,
acid (CoA)
cholic acid (-), others
sER Liver none
cholesterol (+)
Pantothenic
none mitochondria Liver
acid (CoA)
capillaries,
none none none
tissues
capillaries,
none none none
tissues

none none Platelets none

capillaries,
none none none
tissues
adrenal
none sER cortex, none
gonads
GTP (+), ATP (+), mitochondria, Pantothenic
liver
GDP (-), ADP (+) cytosol acid (CoA)
dopamine, sympathetic
Ascorbic
epinephrine, neurons,
cytosol erythropoieti acid, folate
norepinephrine, adrenal
c cells of (indirect)
tyramine medulla Pyridoxal
mitochondria, bone
Hemin phosphate,
cytosol marrow,
Fe
liver, other
Pi (+), Purine
cytosol tissues
all cells folate,
nucleosides (-)
AMP (-), GMP (-),
cytosol all cells folate,
IMP (-)
UTP (-), ATP (+), folate, niacin
cytosol all cells
PRPP (+) (NAD+)