PROTEIN & SINTESIS PROTEIN

Vilya Syafriana, M.Si.

PROTEIN
PROTEIN
 Polimer:
POLIPEPTIDA
 Monomer : asam
amino (20 aa)
 Polaritas : Ujung N
- Ujung C
 Ikatan peptida
Asam Amino
Amino acid One letter symbol Three letter symbol
1. alanine A Ala
2. arginine R Arg
3. asparagine N Asn
4. aspartic acid D Asp
5. cysteine C Cys
6. glutamic acid E Glu
7. glutamine Q Gln
8. glycine G Gly
9. histidine H His
10. isoleucine I Ile
11. leucine L Leu
12. lysine K Lys
13. methionine M Met
14. phenylalanine F Phe
15. proline P Pro
16. serine S Ser
17. threonine T Thr
18. tryptophan W Trp
19. tyrosine Y Tyr
20. valine V Val
Urutan asam amino insulin manusia
 Urutan asam amino Interferon  2a

• MCDLPQTHSLGSRRTLMLLAQMLRISLFSCLK
DRH DFGFPQEEFGNQFQKAETIPVLHEM
IQQIFNLFST KDSSAAWDET LLDKFYTELY QQ
LNDLEACVIQGV GVTETPLMKEDSILAV RKY
FQRITLYLKEKKYSPCA WEVVRAEIMRSFS
LSTNLQESLRSKE

• panjang 165 asam amino

▲ Overview of protein structure and
function.
(a) The linear sequence of amino acids
(primary structure) folds into helices
or sheets (secondary structure) which
pack into a globular or fibrous domain
(tertiary structure). Some individual
proteins self-associate into complexes
(quaternary structure) that can
consist of tens to hundreds of subunits
(supramolecular
assemblies).
(b) Proteins display functions that
include catalysis of chemical reactions
(enzymes), flow of small molecules
and ions (transport), sensing and
reaction to the environment
(signaling), control of protein activity
(regulation), organization of the
genome, lipid bilayer membrane, and
cytoplasm (structure), and generation
of force for movement (motor
proteins).
Lokasi Protein pada Sel Bakteri
 Asam nukleat vs Protein
Asam nukleat Protein
 Nukleotida  Asam amino
 Polaritas 5’ – 3’  Polaritas N – C
 Ikatan fosfodiester  Ikatan peptida
 Penyimpan  Hasil ekspresi DNA
informasi
 SENYAWA TERAPEUTIK
 PROTEIN: INSULIN, INTERFERON,
STREPTOKINASE, ERITROPOEITIN, ANTIBODI
MONOKLONAL, HBsAg

 DNA: TERAPI GEN, DNA ANTISENS,

OLIGONUKLEOTIDA, VAKSIN DNA
ALIRAN INFORMASI GENETIK

DOGMA CENTRAL
 Flow of Genetic Information
(Dogma Central)

 Jalannya informasi genetik pada eukariotik:

Dalam dogma central genetika molekular, RNA menjadi

perantara antara informasi yang dibawa DNA dan
ekspresi fenotipik yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk protein.
Dogma Central
 SEL

➢ DNA : menyimpan dan mentransmisi informasi

genetik
➢ RNA : berperan dalam ekspresi informasi genetik
➢ Protein : - hasil dari ekspresi informasi genetik
- memiliki fungsi tertentu
 PRODUK BIOTEKNOLOGI FARMASI
 ASAM NUKLEAT (DNA DAN RNA)

 PROTEIN (OBAT, VAKSIN, KIT DETEKSI): HASIL

TRANSKRIPSI DAN TRANSLASI MATERI GENETIK

 PEPTIDA (LEBIH PENDEK DARI PROTEIN)

SINTESIS PROTEIN
 Sintesis protein
 Sintesis Protein: Proses dimana sel membentuk
protein. Terdiri dari Transkripsi dan Translasi

 Transkripsi, yaitu proses pembentukan salinan kode

genetik pada DNA untuk menghasilkan satu rantai
RNA

 Translasi, yaitu proses sintesis rantai polipeptida

dengan urutan yang sesuai dengan kode pada rantai
RNA
Kode Genetik
 Asam amino dibentuk berdasarkan perintah pada kode
sekuens nukleotida yang terdapat di mRNA.

 Kode genetik = kodon : tiga urutan nukleotida yang

berdekatan.

 START CODON: AUG = metionin

 STOP CODON: UAA, UAG, UGA
TRANSKRIPSI
TRANSKRIPSI
 Sintesis RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA) menggunakan
informasi pada DNA
 RNA Polimerase (PROTEIN)
 Prokariot (SITOPLASMA) ; Eukariot (INTI)
 Promotor (KUAT vs LEMAH)
 Terminator (KUAT vs LEMAH)
 Operator (REGULASI)
 Situs Aktivator (REGULASI)
 Transcription can be divided into three distinct
processes:
 Initiation
 Elongation
 Termination.
Initiation of transcription requires a promoter
and RNA polymerase
 Initiation begins transcription, and requires a
promoter, a special sequence of DNA to which RNA
polymerase binds very tightly.
 Promoters are important control sequences that
“tell” the RNA polymerase three things:
 where to start transcription
 which strand of DNA to read
 the direction to take from the start
RNA polymerase elongates the transcript
 Once RNA polymerase has bound to the promoter, it
begins the process of elongation.
 It unwinds the DNA about 20 base pairs at a time and
reads the template strand in the 3′-to-5′ direction
 RNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the 3′ end of
the growing strand, but does not require a primer to get
started.
 The new RNA elongates from the first base that forms its
5′ end to its 3′ end.
 The RNA transcript is thus antiparallel to the DNA
template strand.
Transcription terminates at particular
base sequences
 Just as initiation sites specify the start of
transcription, particular base sequences in the DNA
specify its termination.
 The mechanisms of termination are complex and of
more than one kind.
 For some genes, the newly formed transcript simply
falls away from the DNA template and the RNA
polymerase.
 For others, a helper protein pulls the transcript away.
The Genetic Code
 How do transcription and translation produce specific and
functional protein products?
 These processes require a genetic code that relates genes
(DNA) to mRNA and mRNA to the amino acids of proteins.
 The genetic code specifies which amino acids will be used to
build a protein.
 Each sequence of three nucleotide bases (the three “letters”)
along the chain specifies a particular amino acid.
 Each three-letter “word” is called a codon.
 Each sequence of three nucleotide bases (the three “letters”)
along the chain specifies a particular amino acid. Each three-
letter “word” is called a codon.
 Combinations of the four available “letters” (the bases)
give 64 (43) different three-letter codons, yet these
codons determine only 20 amino acids.
 AUG, which codes for methionine, is also the start codon,
the initiation signal for translation.
 Three of the codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) are stop codons, or
termination signals for translation;
 MENGAPA INFORMASI TENTANG
TRANSKRIPSI PENTING?

 PROTEIN INGIN DIPEROLEH DALAM JUMLAH

BESAR

 SALAH SATU STRATEGI ADALAH

MENINGKATKAN EFISIENSI TRANSKRIPSI
TRANSLASI
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