UNIT 3: MODULE 2

HEREDITY AND VARIATION

THE CENTRAL DOGMA:

Transcription and
Translation
PICTURE PERFECT

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Who wants
to
volunteer?

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Procedure:

1. List down all observable traits in your family.

Use the table provided below.

2. Put a check if there are traits manifested either

from your mother or father.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
 CHARACTER/
MOTHER FATHER
TRAITS

1. COMPLEXION (FAIR,
DARK)

2. COLOR OF THE EYES

3. EAR LOBES (Attached /

Free)

4. HAIR TYPE (Curly/

Straight)

5. Handedness
(left/right)

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Guide Questions:
 
1. What are the traits manifested in your
family?
2. Which of these traits have you inherited
from your mother? From your father? Or
from both parents?
3. What do you mean by inherit?
4. How are these traits passed on from
parents to offspring?
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
THIS IS HOW DNA IS ESSENTIAL IN YOUR……

INHERITANCE
AND
VARIATION
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
NOW DO YOU KNOW THE
OTHER USE OF DNA??

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
LETS WATCH THIS!!!!

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
WATCH AND LEARN!

THE CENTRAL DOGMA

Guide Question:

1. What is the CENTRAL DOGMA all about?

2. Are you familiar with the process of
transcription and translation? How?

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
 THE CENTRAL DOGMA

TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION

DNA -> RNA -> PROTEINS

 TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION
 RNA molecules are the workers in the production of
protein.
 messenger RNA (mRNA) brings
information from the DNA in the
nucleus to the protein
manufacturing area
 ribosomal proteins hold tightly
into the mRNA using its
information to assemble the
amino acids in correct order.
 Transfer RNA (tRNA) supplies
amino acids to the ribosome to
be assembled as protein.
 TRANSCRIPTION
 Thesequence of nucleotides in DNA directs the order of
nucleotides in messenger RNA in a process called TRANSCRIPTION.
The following events can help you understand the process of
transcription:

1. Ribonucleic Acid
polymerase
enzyme binds and
opens the DNA
molecule that will
be transcribed.
 TRANSCRIPTION
2. As the DNA molecule
opens, the RNA polymerase
slides along the DNA strand
and links free RNA
nucleotides that pair with
the nitrogenous bases of
the complementary DNA
strand. Hence, if the
sequence of bases on the
DNA strand were TGA, the
sequence of bases on the
RNA strand would be ACU.
 TRANSCRIPTION
3. When the process
of base-pairing is
completed, the RNA
molecule breaks
away as the DNA
strands rejoin. The
RNA leaves the
nucleus and goes to
the cytoplasm. As
shown the cytoplasm

transcription process.

nucleus
 TRANSLATION
 InTRANSLATION, each set of three nucleotides in an mRNA
molecule codes for one amino acid in a protein. This explains why
each set of three nucleotides in the mRNA is called a codon. Each
codon specifies a particular amino acid.
1. As translation begins, mRNA
binds to a ribosome. Then, tRNA
Amino acid
molecules, each carrying a
specific amino acid, approach
the ribosome. The tRNA
tRNA
anticodon pairs with the first
mRNA (start) codon adenine-
uracil-guanine (AUG), to form the
initiation complex. The two Small ribosomal
molecules temporarily join molecule

together
 TRANSLATION
2. Usually, the first
codon on mRNA is
AUG, which codes for
the amino acid
methionine. AUG
signals the start of
protein synthesis.
Then, the ribosome
slides along the mRNA
to the next codon. A cytoplasm
new tRNA molecule
carrying an amino acid
pairs with the second
mRNA codon. nucleus
 TRANSLATION
3. When the first and
second amino acids
are in place, an
enzyme joins them by
forming a peptide
bond between them.
As the process
continues, a chain of
amino acids is formed
cytoplasm
until the ribosome
reaches a stop codon
(e.g., UAA,UAG,UGA)
on the mRNA strand.
nucleus
 TRANSLATION
4. When the sliding
ribosomal RNA
reaches the STOP,
the release factor
will bind the site
and the polypeptide
chain is release.
Protein synthesis
(protein
cytoplasm
production) is
complete.

nucleus
POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN (PROTEIN)
 Lets try!!

What is the transcribed strand of the DNA

sequence below?

1. T T A A C G C C G
A
 Lets try!!

What is the translated strand of the DNA

sequence below?

2. C C G G T A C G A
T
 Lets try!!

What is the transcribed and translated strand of

the DNA sequence below?

3. T A C G G C C T A
G
 ASSIGNMENT Legend:
Phe – Phenylalanine
1. Find the Leu – Leucine
Ile – Isoleucine
amino acid Met – Methionine
Ser – Serine
coded for the Pro – Proline
DNA sequence Thr – Threonine
Ala – Alanine
UUU-AUC-GCU- Tyr – Tyrosine
His – Histidine
GGC using the Gln – Glutamine
Asn – Asparagine
genetic code Lys – Lysine
Asp – Asparagine
table. Glu – Glutamic acid
Cys – Cysteine
Trp – Tryptophan
Arg – Arginine
Gly – Glycine
Val - Valine