lg)f{o k|lqmof (Decision Making) M

;+u&gdf lg)f{o lngÒ dxTjkÒ)f{ Joj:yfksLo sfo{ xf] . Joj:yfksn] h] u%{ ;a} lg)f{oaf^ g} ub{% . of]hgf agfpg],
;+u&g ug]{, g]t[Tj ug]{, ;dGjo ug]{, ;~rf/ ug]{, lgoGq)f ug]{ cflb ;a} sfo{x? lg)f{o$f/f g} ul/G%g\ . Joj:yfksn]
lbgxÒ¤ cgluGtL lg)f{ox? ugÒ{kb{% . tLdWo] sltko ;fdfGo xÒG%g\ eg] sltko dxTjkÒ)f{ xÒG%g\ . dxTjkÒ)f{ lg)f{ox?
;kmntfsf d]?b)* xÒg\ . o:tf lg)f{on] ;+:yfnfO{ Hofb} k|efjsf/L tyf bÒ/ufdL k|efj kfb{%g\ . rfx] ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf
;d:ofx? xÒg\ of uDeL/ k|sltsf ;d:ofx? xÒg\ ltgLx?sf] ljj]skÒ)f{ ;dfwfg cyf{t lg)f{o ugÒ{kb{% . To;}n] Joj:yfks
Ps sÒzn lg)f{ostf{ xÒgÒkb{% .

lg)f{o Ps lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . lg)fosf nflu ;j{k|yd ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ugÒ{kb{% . s:tf] k|sf/sf] ;d:of xf]<
;d:of s;/L ;[hgf eof]< ;fdfGo l:ylt / ;d:ofaLr slt cGt/ %< ;d:of;¤u ;DalGwt lg)ff{os tTjx? s] s]
xÒg\< xfdLn] ;d:of lsg / slxn];Dd ;dfwfg ugÒ{k/\of] < ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ pkoÒQm tl/sfx? s] s] xÒg ;Sb%g\ <
cflb k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ vf]h]/ ;df:ofsf] ljj/)f tof/ kfgÒ{kb{% . ;d:ofnfO{ /fd|f];¤u klxrfg ul/;s]kl% ;f] ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{gsf nflu ljleGg ljsNkx?sf] ljsf; u/L ltgLx?sf] ljZn]if)f, dÒNof+sg tyf cfkl; tÒngf ugÒ{kb{% .
;d:ofnfO{ lgZn]if)f, dÒNof+sg tyf tÒngf ubf{ ;do, nfut, hf]lvd, nfe cflbsf cfwf/df ugÒ{kb{% . cfjZostf k/]
ljz]if!sf] klg ;xfot lng ;lsG% . ljsNkx?sf] ljsf; tyf tLgLx?sf] dÒNof+sg ul/;s]kl% pQd ljsNksf] %gf}^
ugÒ{kb{% . jf:tjdf o;/L k|lqmofut ?kdf clt pQd ljsNksf] %gf}^ ugÒ{ g} lg)f{o ugÒ{ xf] .

lg)f{o k|lqmofsf] dxTj (Importance of Decision Making) M

Joj;flos k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgdf o;sf] dxTjnfO{ lgDg aÒ¤bfx?df JoQm ug{ ;lsG% M

Joj;fosf] ;kmn ;~rfng (Successful Operation of Business) M Joj;fosf] ;kmn ;~rfng ljj]skÒ)f{ lg)f{odf
lge{/ ub{% . Joj;fodf ;fgf] xf];\ of &Ònf] ;a} sfo{x? lg)f{o$f/f g} ul/G% . lg)f{oljgf Joj;fosf] sÒg} klg
sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ul/¤b}g . ;+u&gdf ;a} Joj:yfksx? lg)f{o ub{df g} Jo:t xÒG%g\ . s] ug]{ < s;$f/f u/fpg]<
lsg ug]{< slxn] ug]{< s;/L ug]{ <sxf¤ ug]{ < cflb ;DkÒ)f{ sfo{x? lg)f{o$f/f g} ul/G%g\ . lg)f{oljgf Joj;fosf]
;kmn ;~rfng ;Dej xÒ¤b}g .
Jofks sfo{ (Pervasive Function) M lg)f{o lng] sfo{ Jofks sfo{ xf] . Joj:yfkgsf x/]s txdf lg)f{o lng] sfo{
xÒG% . ;+u&gfTds ;+/rgfcgÒ;f/ ;a} txsfs Joj:yfks tyf sd{rf/Lx?n] lg)f{o lng] sfo{ ub{%g\ . lg)f{o$f/f g}
of]hgf agfpg], ;+u&g ug]{, lgb]{zg lbg], ;dGjo ug]{, pTk|]/)f lbnfpg], lgoGq)f ug]{h:tf dxTjkÒ)f{ Joj:yfsLo
sfo{x? k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Dej xÒG% . o;sf cltl/St vl/b, lalqm, ljQ Joj:yfkgh:tf sfo{ ug{sf
nflu klg lg)f{o ugÒ{kb{% . ctM lg)f{o ;a{AofkL sfo{ xf] .
pQd ljsNksf] %gf}^ (Selecting Best Alternative) M sÒg} klg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ w]/} ljsNkx? xÒG%g\ t/ ;a}
ljsNkx? ;dfg ?kn] dxTjkÒ)f{ xÒ¤b}gg\ . tL ;DkÒ)f{ ljsNkx?dWo] ;a}eGbf pkoÒQm ljsNk Pp^f dfq xÒG% .
ljj]skÒ)f{ lg)f{o$f/f ;f] pQd ljsNkfnfO{ %gf}^ ug{ ;lsG% lsgeg] lg)f{o w]/} ljsNkx?dWo]af^ ;a}eGbf pkoÒQm
ljsNk %gf}^ ug]{ Pp^f k|lqmof xf] . h;df ;d:ofx? klxrfg ug]{, ljsNkx?sf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf ljsNkx?sf]
dÒNof+sg u/]/ pkoÒQm ljsNk /f]Hg]h:tf dxTjkÒ)f{ sfo{x? ;dfj]z xÒG%g\ .
Joj:yfksLo sfo{;Dkfbgsf] dÒNof+sg\ (Evaluation of Managerial Performance) M lg)f{o lng] sfo{ dxTjkÒ)f{
dfq geO{ Joj:yksLo ;kmntfsf nflu cToGt cfjZos klg % . uÒ)foÒQm tyf ljj]skÒ)f{ lg)f{o ;+u&gfTds
;kmnftfsf] d]?b)* xf] . Joj:yfksn] lnPsf] lg)f{o sfof{Gjog xÒgf;fy p;sf] Ifdtf, ljifoj:tÒsf] !fg tyf
sÒzntf :jtM k|i^ xÒg hfG% . o;jf^ of]hgf, ;+u&g, lgb]{zg, ;dGjo tyf pTk|]/)ffh:tf Joj:yfksLo
sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ ;lhn} dÒNof+sg ug{ ;lsG% .
 of]hgf tyf gLltx?sf] thÒ{df (Formulation of Plans and Policies) M ;+u&gfTds of]hgfn] o;sf] nIonfO{ k|i^
kfb{% eg] gLltx?n] ;f] nIo k|fKt ug{ plrt dfu{bz{g ub{%g\ . To;}n] of]hgf tyf gLltx? cToGt k|efjsf/L
xÒgÒkb{% . k|efjsf/L of]hgf tyf gLlt thÒ{df ubf{ ;d:of tyf ljifoj:tÒ klxrfg ug]{, ljsNkx?sf] ljsf; tyf
dÒNof+sg ug]{ / w]/} ljsNkx?dWoaf^ Pp^f pQmd ljsNk %gf}^ ug]{ sfo{x? ugÒ{kb{% . hÒg sfo{nfO{ lg)f{o k|lqmof
elgG% . ctM of]hgf tyf gLltx? thÒ{df ug{sf nflu klg lg)f{Osf] cfjZostf kb{% .

lg)f{o lng] k|lqmof (Decision Making Process) M

lg)f{o lg/Gt/ rln/xg] af}l$s k|lqmof xf] . ljj]skÒ)f{ tyf uÒ)f:t/oÒQm lg)f{o ug{sf nflu lg)f{o k|lqmofsf ;DkÒ)f{ r/)fx?
kÒ/f ugÒ{kb{% . hÒg r/)fx? lgDgfgÒ;f/ %g\M

;d:of klxrfg\ (Problem Identification) M lg)fo{ ln¤bf ;j{k|yd ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ugÒ{kb{% . ;d:of klxrfgdf
;d:ofsf] JofVof tyf kl/efiff, ;d:ofsf] lgbfg / lg)f{o p@]Zo klxrfg cfbL sÒ/fx? kb{%g\ .
 ;d:ofsf] klxrfg (Definition of Problem) M lg)f{osf] ;d:of klxrfg ug{sf nflu ;j{k|yd ;d:ofsf] JofVof
ugÒ{kb{% . ;d:of s] xf] / o;n] ;+u&gfTds nIonfO{ s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] % eGg] sÒ/fdf Joj:yfks hfgsf/
xÒgÒkb{% . pbfx/)fsf nflu sd{rf/Ln] hflu/ %f]*\gÒ ;fdfGo ?kdf x]bf{ ;d:of b]lvg ;S% t/ of] ;d:of klg xÒg
;S% / cj;/ klg xÒg ;S% . o;nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg / p@]Zo;¤u tÒngf u/]/ JofVof ugÒ{kb{% . olb /fd|f] sd{rf/Ln]
hflu/ %f]*]sf] xf] / >d ahf/df To:tf] hgzlQm kfpg sl&g % / k|ToIf ?kdf ;+u&gsf] p@]ZonfO{ k|efj kfb{%
eg] af:tjdf Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;d:of xÒG% t/ g/fd|f] sd{rf/Ln] hflu/ %f]*\% eg] To;sf &fp¤df cem bIf
sd{rf/L /fVg ;lsG% . To;}n] of] Joj:yfkssf nflu cj;/ xÒG% . ;d:ofnfO{ Psn JofVof gu/L ;+u&gfTds
p@]Zo;¤u tÒngfTds ?kn] JofVof ugÒ{kb{% .
 ;d:ofsf] lgbfg (Diagnosis of Problem) M Joj:yfksn] sÒzntfkÒj{s ;d:ofnfO{ kl/eflift ul/;s]kl% To;sf]
lgbfg ugÒ{kb{% . ;d:ofsf] lgbfg sfo{ *fS^/n] /f]u lgbfg u/]h:t} xf] . o; sfo{sf nflu Joj:yfksn] lgDg
k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ kfpg] k|of; ub{% M
 s:tf] k|sf/sf] ;d:of xf] <
 ;d:of s;/L ;[hgf eof] <
 ;fdfGo l:ylt / ;d:ofaLr slt cGt/ % <
 ;d:of;¤u ;DalGwt lg)ff{os tTjx? s] s] %g\ <
 ;d:of slxn];Dd / lsg ;dfwfg ugÒ{k/\of]<
 ;d:ofn] ;+u&g leq / jflx/ s:tf] k|efj kfb{% <
 ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ slt ;fwg / >f]tsf] cfjZostf kb{% < cflb
pkoÒ{Qm k|Zgx?sf] pQ/sf] cfwf/df Joj:yfksn] ;d:ofnfO{ /fd|f];¤u lgbfg ugÒ{kb{% .
 lg)f{o p@]Zo klxrfg (Identification of Decision Objctives) M ;d:ofnfO{ kl/eflift tyf lgbfg ul/;s]kl%
;+u&gfTds p@]Zo k|fKt xÒg] u/L k|efjsf/L ;dfwfgsf] vf]hL ugÒ{kb{% . lg)f{o p@]Zo k|i^ tyf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]
xÒgÒkb{% .
ljsNkx?sf] ljsf; (Developing Alternatives) M lg)f{o k|lqmofsf] bf];|f] r/)fdf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf a}slNks
pkfox? vf]HgÒkb{% . sÒg} klg ;d:of ;dfwfgsf PseGbf a(L pkfox? xÒG%g\ . To;}n] ;d:of klxrfg ul/;s]kl%
;f] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ cg]s ljsNkx?sf] ljsf; gu/L dxTjkÒ)f{ lg)f{o lngÒ xÒ¤b}g . tYout ;Òrgf ;+sng /
kl/If)f xÒg ;Sof] eg] ljljw a}slNks pkfox? b]vf kg{ yfNb%g\ . Joj:yfks cfkm}n] jf ;fdÒlxs ?kn] jf
ljz]if!sf] ;xfotf lnP/ ljsNkx?sf] ljsf; ugÒ{kb{% .
 ljsNkx?sf] dÒNof+sg / pQd ljsNksf] %gf}^ (Evaluating Alternatives and Selecting the Best Altenatives)
M ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ljleGg ljsNkx?sf] ljsf; ul/;s]kl% ljsNkx?sf] dÒNof+sg / pQd ljsNksf] %gf}^ ugÒ{kb{%
. ;do, nfut, nfe tyf hf]lvdsf cfwf/df ljleGg ljsNkx?nfO{ dÒNof+sg ugÒ{kb{% . ljsNkx?sf] ljZn]if)f,
dÒNof+sg tyf %gf}^ ug{sf nflu Joj:yfksn] lgDg ltg k|Zgx?df ljz]if Wofg lbgÒkb{% M
 s] of] ljsNk pkoÒQm % < ljsNk dÒNof+sg ubf{ To;sf] pkoÒQmtf tyf cf}lrTotfdfly ljrf/ kÒ/ \ofpgÒkb{% .
ljsNk sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+:yf;¤u kof{Kt ljQLo jf cGo ;fwg % of %}g < ljsNkn] ;+:yfsf] sfgÒgL tyf g}lts
bfloTj kÒ/f u/]sf] % jf %}g< ljsNkn] ;+:yfsf] sfgÒgL tyf g}lts bfloTj kÒ/f u/]sf] % jf %}g < cflbh:tf
k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ vf]h]/ ljsNksf] pkoÒQmtfsf] dÒNof+sg ugÒ{kb{% .
 s] ljsNk ;Gtf]ifhgs ;dfwfg xf] < ljsNksf] dÒNof+sg ubf{ ;f] ljsNk ;Gtf]ifhgs ;dfwfg xf] jf xf]O{g eGg]
jf/]df klg ljf/ kÒ/\ofpgÒkb{% . o;sf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ Joj:yfksn] lgDg k|Zgx?sf] ;xfotf lngÒkb{% M
 s] ljsNkn] p@]ZonfO{ kÒ/f ug{ ;S% <
 s] ljsNk ;j{:jLsfo{ % <
 s] ljsNkn] bL#{sfn;Dd ;sf/fTds k|ltkmn lbg ;Sg]% < cflb .
 ;+u&gsf nflu ;DefJo kl/)ffd s] xÒg]% < ;+u&g Pp^f k|)ffnL xf] . k|)ffnLsf] sÒg} Pp^f tTjdf kl/jt{g cfof]
eg] ;du| k|)ffnLnfO{ g} k|efj kfb{% . To;}n] ljsNk dÒNof+sg tyf %gf}^ ubf{ ;+u&gnfO{ To;n] jt{dfg tyf
eljiodf s:tf] c;/ kfnf{ egL ljZn]if)f tyf dÒNof+sg ugÒ{kb{% .
pkoÒ{Qm k|Zgx?nfO{ ljrf/, ljdz{ tyf ljZn]if)f u/L w]/} ljsNkx?af^ ;a}eGbf pQd ljsNk %gf}^ ugÒ{kb{% .
lg)f{o sfof{Gjog / cgÒudg (Implementing & Monitoring the Decision) M ljsf; ul/Psf w]/} ljsNkx?dWo]
;a}eGbf pkoÒQm ljsNk %gf}^ ul/;s]kl% Joj:yfksn] o;sf] sfof{Gjog tyf cgÒudg ugÒ{kb{% . lg)f{o
sfof{Gjogleq pkoÒQm cfb]z lbg], cfjZos ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] joj:yf ug]{, ah]^ Joj:yf ug]{, sfo{tflnsf agfpg],
clwsf/ tyf pQ/bfloTj ;ÒDkg]h:tf sfo{x? ;dfj]z xÒG%g\ . lg)f{o sfof{GjognfO{ cgÒudg ug]{ Joj:yf klg
ugÒ{kb{% . o;sf nflu lg)f{o sfof{Gjog k|ult k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ nufpg], ;Òkl/j]If)f ug]{, lgoGq)fsf cGo
cfjZos pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ ugÒ{kb{% .

k|efjsf/L lg)f{o lngsf nflu dfu{bz{g (Guidelines for Effective Decision Making)

;+u&gsf nIok|flKtsf nflu lg)f{o ljj]skÒ)f{ tyf uÒ)f:t/oÒQm xÒgÒkb{% . lg)f{ostf{n] lg)f{onfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgÒ kb{% .
lg)f{onfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lgDglnlvt dfu{bz{gx? pkof]uL l;$ xÒG%g\ M

 lg)f{o p@]Zosf] klxrfg (Identifidation of Decision Ojbectives) M ;d:ofnfO{ kl/eflift tyf lgbfg ul/;s]kl%
vf; p@]ZonfO{ :ki^;+u pNn]v ugÒ{kb{% . sÒg} cf}lrTo tyf cy{ljgf lg)f{o k|lqmof cufl* a(\b}g . ;+u&gfTds
p@]Zo xfl;n xÒg ;Sg] ul/ lg)f{o lglZrt ugÒ{kb{% .
 clwg:y sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;xeflutf (Participation of Subordinates) M clwg:y sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lg)f{o k|lqmofdf
;xefuL agfP/ klg lg)f{onfO{ k|efjsf/L tyf uÒ)f:t/oÒQm agfpg ;lsG% . o;af^ lg)f{o sfof{Gjog ug{ klg
;lhnf] xÒG% .
 *]NkmL tl/sf (Delphi Method) M *]NkmL tl/sf ckgfP/ klg lg)f{onfO{ k|efjsf/L tyf uÒ)f:t/oÒQm agfpg ;lsG%
. o; tl/sfdf ;xeflux?nfO{ cfkm\gf ljrf/, ;Òemfj tyf b[li^sf])f k|:tÒt ug{ cgÒ/f]w ul/G% . log} ljrf/, ;Òemfj
tyf b[li^sf])fsf cfwf/df lg)f{o lnO{G% . *]NkmL tl/sf ckgfpgfn] ljlzi^ !fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf tyf ;Òrgf k|fKt ug{
;lsG% .
 jftfj/l)fo tTjx?sf] ljrf/ (Consideration of Environmental Factors) M ;+:yf vÒnf k|)ffnL ePsfn] o;nfO{
cfGtl/s jftfj/)fLo tTjx?sf cltl/Qm afXo jftfj/)fLo tTjx?n] klg k|ToIf tyf k/f]If k|efj kf/]sf xÒG%g\ .
 To;}n] Jofj;flos tyf cf}Bf]lus ;d:ofsf lg)f{O ubf{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, sfgÒgL tyf k|f ljlws
tTjx?sf cltl/Qm cfGtl/s tTjx?nfO{ ljrf/ ugÒ{kb{% . olb o:tf jftfj/)fLo tTjx?nfO{ ljrf/ gu/L lg)f{o
ul/of] eg] lg)f{o k|efjsf/L xÒg ;Sb}g .
 k|efjsf/L ;Òrgf k|)ffnL (Effective Information System) M lg)f{o uÒ)f:t/oÒQm tyf k|efjsf/L agfpg
;+u&gfTds ;Òrgf k|)ffnL k|efjsf/L agfpgÒkb{% . kÒ)f{, zÒ$ tyf ljZj;gLo ;Òrgfsf cfwf/df dfq ljsNkx?sf]
ljsf; tyf dÒNof+sg ugÒ{kb{% / w]/} ljsNkx?dWo]af^ Pp^f ;jf]{Qd ljsNksf] %gf}^ ugÒ{kb{% . cfwf/lxg tyf
ckÒ)f{ ;Òrgfsf cfwf/df lg)f{o lngÒ xÒ¤b}g .
 cgÒudg tyf k[i&kf]if)f (Monitoring & Feedback) M lg)f{o sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L xÒgÒkb{% . o;n] ;+u&gfTds
nIonfO{ ;kmnLeÒt kfg{ ;xof]u ugÒ{kb{% . t/ lg)f{o sfof{Gjogsf] ;kmntf lg)f{osf] uÒ)f:t/df lge{/ ub{% . To;}n]
lg)f{o sfof{GjognfO{ cgÒudg ug{ tyf To;df b]lvPsf sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ x^fpg k[i&kf]if)f ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{
sfo{ ugÒ{kb{% .

lg)f{osf k|sf/x? (Types of Decision) M

lg)f{o w]/} k|sf/sf xÒG%g\, h;dWo] dxTjkÒ)f{ lg)f{ox? lgDgfgÒ;f/ %g\ M

sfo{qmlds lg)f{o (Programmed Decision) M af/Daf/ bf]xl/g] tyf lgoldt k|s[ltsf ;d:ofx?df lnO{g] lg)f{onfO{
sfo{qmdLs lg)f{o elgG% . s:tf] k|sf/sf] ;d:ofdf s:tf] k|sf/sf] lg)f{o ug]{ eGg] sÒ/f kÒj{ lglZrt xÒG% . To;}n]
sfo{qmlds lg)f{onfO{ gLltlgod, sfo{ljlw, p@]Zo tyf sfo{dfgn] lgb]{lzt ub{%g\ . o:tf] lg)f{o ug{sf nflu pRr
af}l$s:t/ tyf ;[hgzLntfsf] cfjZostf kb}{g . k|foM ;a} ;+u&gx?df dWood tyf lgDg txsf Joj:yfksx?af^
sfo{qmlds lg)f{o lnO{G% . h:t}M sfo{nodf sÒg} sd{rf/L l(nf] cfp¤%g\ eg] ;DalGwt Joj:yfksn] g} lgodfgÒ;f/
plrt lg)f{o lngÒkb{% . o:tf ;d:ofx? k|dÒv sfo{sf/Lsxf¤ kÒ/\ofpgÒ xÒb}g lsgeg] p;n] ljleGg u}/sfo{qmlds
lg)f{o lngdf ;do lbgÒkb{% .
u}/sfo{qmlds lg)f{o (Non-Programmed Decision) M c;+/lrt, gof¤ tyf kl/eflift ug{ g;lsg] k|s[ltsf
;d:ofx?df lnO{g] lg)f{onfO{ u}/sfo{qmlds lg)f{o elgG% . o:tf k|sf/sf lg)f{ox? lgoldt k|s[ltsf xÒ¤b}gg\ . ctM
o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;d:ofnfO{ o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ egL kÒj{ lglZrt ul/Psf] xÒ¤b}g . u}/sfo{qmlds lg)f{o lngsf
nflu tYof+s ;+sng ug]{, ljsNkx?sf] ljsf; ug]{, ljsf; ul/Psf ljsNkx?sf] dÒNof+sg ug]{ tyf pQd ljsNk
%gf}^ ug]{h:tf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf k|lqmofx?nfO{ kÒ)f{?kn] kfngf ugÒ{kb{% . To;}n] lg)f{ostf{df pRr af}l$s
Ifdtfsf cltl/Qm ;[hgzLntfsf] cfjZostf kb{% . olb ;+:yfdf sfo{/t ;a} sd{rf/Lx? Ps}rf]l^ cgÒkl:yt eO{lbP
u}/sfo{qmlds lg)f{o ugÒ{kb{% . To:t} gof¤ zfvf vf]Ng] ;DaGwdf, gof¤ j:tÒ ahf/df k|j]z ;DaGwdf, &Ònf &Ònf
d]l;g/L vl/b ;DaGwdf lnO{g] lg)f{ox? ;a} u}/sfo{qmlds lg)f{ox? xÒg\ . o:tf lg)f{ox? pRr Joj:yfksaf^
lnO{G% .
lgoldt lg)f{o (Routine Decision) M ;+:yfsf] b}lgs sfo{;~rfng ubf{ lnO{g] lg)f{onfO{ lgoldt lg)f{o elgG% .
o:tf lg)f{ox? af/fDaf/ bf]xf]l/g] tyf lgoldt k|s[ltsf xÒG%g\ . To;}n] lgoldt lg)f{o ug{ a(L ljZn]if)f /
dÒNof+sgsf] cfjZostf kb}{g . gLltlgod, sfo{ljlw tyf sfo{dfg$f/f lgb]{lzt xÒg] xÒgfn] o:tf lg)f{o tÒ?Gt ug{
;lsG% . o:tf] k|sf/sf] lg)f{o lng] clVtof/ dWod tyf lgDg txsf Joj:yfksx?df k|Tofof]hg ul/G% . lgoldt
lg)f{o sfo{qmlds lg)f{oh:t} sd hf]lvdoÒQm / lglZrt k|s[ltsf xÒG%g\ .
cfwf/eÒt lg)f{o (Basic Decision) M gLltltod thÒ{df tyf a[xt\ nufgL;DaGwL lg)f{ox?nfO{ cfwf/eÒt lg)f{o
elgG% . o:tf lg)f{ox? bfxf]l/g] k|s[ltsf xÒ¤b}gg\ . o:tf] lg)f{on] ;+u&gdf k|ToIf?kn] bL#{sfnLg c;/ kfb{% .
To;}n] cfwf/eÒt lg)f{ostf{df pRr af}l$s Ifdtf tyf ;[hgzLntfsf] cfjZostf kb{% . tYof+s ;+sng, ljZn]if)f,
ljsNksf] ljsf; tyf ljsNkx?sf] dÒNof+sgsf] cfwf/df pRr Joj:yfksn] cfwf/eÒt lg)f{o ub{% . o:tf] lg)f{odf
yf]/} dfq uNtL ePdf klg ;+:yfnfO{ g/fd|f] k|efj kb{% . kÒ¤hLut vr{;DaGwL lg)f{o, Product Line kl/jt{g;DaGwL
lg)f{o, dÒNo lgwf{/)f;DaGwL lg)f{o cflb cfwf/eÒt lg)f{ox? xÒg\ .
gLltu lg)f{o (Policy Decision) M ;+:yfx?sf] cfwf/eÒt gLltx?;¤u ;DalGwt lg)f{ox?nfO{ gLltut lg)f{o elgG%,
hÒg lg)f{o pRr Joj:yfksaf^ lnO{G% . ;+u&gfTds b[li^sf])faf^ o:tf lg)f{ox? cGoGt dxTjkÒ)f{ xÒG%g\ / o:tf
lg)f{on] ;+:yfnfO{ bL#{sfnLg k|efj kfb{%g\ . ;+u&gfTds sfo{ljlw, sfo{qmd tyf /)fgLlt kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;a}
lg)f{ox? gLltut lg)f{ox? xÒg\ . To:t} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ af]g; lbg];DaGwL lg)f{o, pTk|]/)ff lbg];DaGwL lg)f{o, ;+u&g
;+/rgf;DaGwL lg)f{o, ljQLo Joj:yfkg;DaGwL lg)f{o cflb ;a} gLltut lg)f{oleq kb{%g\ . o:tf lg)f{onfO{
Joj:yfkg lg)f{o klg elgG% .
;~rfng lg)f{o (Operating Decision) M ;+:yfsf] b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf ul/g] lg)f{onfO{ ;~rfng
lg)f{o elgG% . o:tf] lg)f{o lgoldt k|s[ltsf] xÒG% . gLltlgod, sfo{ljlw tyf sf{dfgsf cfwf/df ;~rfng lg)f{o
ul/G% . ;fdfGotM dWod tyf lgDg txsf Joj:yfksx?$f/f ;~rfng lg)f{o lnO{G% . h:t}M gfkmfaf^
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ af]g; ljt/)f ug]{ of gug]{ eGg] sÒ/fsf] gLltut lg)f{o eO{;s]kl% ;f] gLltut lg)f{o sfof{Gjog ug{
ul/g] lg)f{o g} ;~rfng lg)f{o xf] .
;+u&gfTds lg)f{o (Organizational Decision) M ;+:yfsf] sfo{sf/L Joj:yfkssf] x}l;otn] ;+u&gfTds
nIok|flKtnfO{ ;ÒlglZrt ug{ lnO{g] cf}krfl/s lg)f{onfO{ ;+u&gfTds lg)f{o elgG% . o:tf lg)f{ox?n] ;+:yfsf
cfwf/eÒt gLltx?nfO{ k|i^ kfb{%g\ . ;+u&gfTds lg)f{o ;+u&gsf] ;+/rgfcgÒ;f/ qmdzM tNnf] txdf k|fTofof]hg ug{
;lsG% .
JolQmut lg)f{o (Personal Decision) M sÒg} sfo{sfl/$f/f cfkmÒ;¤u ;DalGwt lg)f{o lnO{G% eg] To:tf] lg)f{onfO{
JolQmut lg)f{o elgG% . o:tf] lg)f{on] ;+:yfnfO{ k|ToIf ?kn] c;/ gkf/L k/f]If ?kn] dfq c;/ kfb{% . pbfx/)fsf
nflu sÒg} Joj:yfksn] cjsfz k|fKt ug]{ lg)f{o lnG% eg] o:tf] lg)f{onfO{ JolQmut lg)f{o elgG% . o:tf] lg)f{on]
;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ dfq k|ToIf c;/ kfb{% . t/ of] lg)f{o lgtfGt JolQmut xÒ¤bfx¤Òb} klg o;n] ;+:yfnfO{ c;/
kf/]sf] xÒG% . olb pRr af}l$s IfdtfoÒQm tyf ;[hgzLn Joj:yfksn] o:tf] lg)f{o lng] xf] eg] o;af^ ;+:yfnfO{
Hofb} g/fd|f] c;/ kg{ hfG% .
Psn lg)f{o (Individual Decision) M s;}sf] ;Nnfx tyf ;Òemfjljgf Pp^} JolQmn] lg)f{o lnG% eg] o:tf]
lg)f{onfO{ Psn lg)f{o elgG% . o;sf nflu lg)f{ostf{df lg)f{o ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf xÒgÒkb{% . k|foM u/L sfo{qmlds
lg)f{ox? Psn lg)f{o ul/G% . t/ tfgfzfxL g]t[Tjdf ljZjf; /fVg] pRr Joj:yfksaf^ u}/sfo{q mlds lg)f{o klg
Psn lg)f{oaf^ ul/G% . T:t} ;fgf Joj;flos kmd{x? -hxf¤ kl/jf/n] g} rnfPsf xÒG%g\_ df klg Psn lg)f{o xfaL
xÒG% . Psn lg)f{odf ljZjf; /fVg] Joj:yfksx?n] s;};¤u ;Nnfx, ;Òemfj tyf ;xof]u lng cfjZos &fGb}gg\ .
;fdÒlxs lg)f{o (Group Decision) M w]/} JolQmx? ldn] ;+oÒQm ?kdf lnO{g] lg)f{onfO{ ;fdÒlxs lg)f{o elgG% .
;fdÒlxs lg)f{odf sÒg} Ps JolQmsf] ljrf/dfq k|wfg geO{ ;a}sf] ljrf/sf] ;dfg dxTj tyf sb/ xÒG% . ;+:yfdf
o:tf] lg)f{osf] &Ònf] dxTj /xG% . ;+rfns ;ldltsf] lg)f{o, ljz]if k|of]hgsf lglDt ul&t ;ldltsf] lg)f{o cflb
;fdÒlxs lg)f{o xÒg\ . k|hftflGqs g]t[Tj z}nLdf tyf ;xeflutfdÒns Joj:yfkgdf ljZjf; /fVg] Joj:yfksx?n]
;fdÒlxs lg)f{o lng dg k/fp¤b%g\ . ;fdÒlxs lg)f{oaf^ ;fdÒlxs lhDd]af/Lsf] efjgfdf ljsf; cfp¤b% .
bL#{sfnLg lg)f{o (Long-term Decision) M ;+:yfnfO{ bL#{sfnLg c;/ kfg]{ tyf hf]lvdoÒQm lg)f{ox?nfO{ bL#{sflng
lg)f{o elgG% . k|foM u}/sfo{qmlds tyf cfwf/eÒt lg)f{ox? ;a} bL#{sfnLg lg)f{ox? xÒg \ . o:tf] lg)f{on] ;+:yfnfO{
k|ToIf tyf bL#{sflng c;/ kfg]{ ePsf]n] lg)f{ostf{df bÒ/blz{tf, pRr af}l$s Ifdtf tyf ;[hgzLtf xÒg lgtfGt
cfjZos % .
cNksfnLg lg)f{o (Short-term Decision) M ;+:yfnfO{ bÒ/ufdL k|efj gkfg]{ ;d:ofx?df lnO{g] lg)f{onfO{
cNksfnLg lg)f{o elgG% . o:tf lg)f{ox? b}lgs ?kdf cyf{t\ af/Daf/ bf]xf]l/G%g\ . ;~rfng lg)f{o tyf sfo{qmlds
lg)f{ox? cNksfnLg lg)f{ox? xÒg\ .
 ljefuLo lg)f{o (Departmental Decision) M Pp^f ljefu;¤u ;DalGwt lg)f{onfO{ ljefuLo lg)f{o elgG% . o:tf
lg)f{on] ;DalGwt ljefunfO{ dfq k|ToIf k|efj kfb{% . ljfuLo k|dÒv$f/f ljefuLo lg)f{o lnO{G% . h:t}M ljQLo
ljefun] cfkm\g} ljefu;DaGwL hlt klg lg)f{o lnG% tL ;a} lg)f{ox? ljfuLo lg)f{o xÒG%g\ .
u}/–cfly{s lg)f{o (Non-Economic Decision) M dfgjLo Jojxf/, dÒNo tyf dfGotfh:tf u}/–cfly{s tTjx?;¤u
;DalGwt lg)f{onfO{ u}/–cfly{s lg)f{o elgG% . o:tf k|sf/sf lg)f{ox? ln¤bf ;dfgtfsf] l;$fGt cjnDag ugÒ{kb{%
cGoyf ;+:yfdf gof¤ ;d:of ;[hgf xÒg ;Sb% . o:tf] k|sf/sf] lg)f{o clVtof/nfO{ ;+u&gfTds ;+/rgfcgÒ;f/
k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;lsG% .

lg)f{o k|lqmofdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx? (Factors Affecting Decision Making Process) M

lg)f{o k|lqmofnfO{ ljleGg tTjx?n] k|efj kfg]{ ub{% . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df lg)f{o lng] k|lqmofnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTj tyf
;d:ofx?nfO{ lgDgfgÒ;f/ cf}Nofpg ;lsG% .

lg)fo{ lnO{g] ljifoj:tÒ sf] dxTj M sÒg ljifo;DalGw lg)f{o lngÒkg]{ xf] < o;sf] s:tf] dxTj % / ;+u&gsf]
p@]Zodf o;n] s:tf] k|efj kfb{% eGg] sÒ/fn] lg)f{onfO{ k|efj kfl//x]sf] xÒG% . lg)f{osf] dxTjnfO{ dfkg ug]{ ljleGg
tTjx? %g\ h:tf]M lg)f{osf] nflu pknAw u/fO{Psf] ;fwfg ;|f]t, lg)f{on] c;/ kÒ/\ofpg] JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof, lg)f{sf]
;do l;df cflb .
lg)f{ostf{ M lg)f{ostf{sf] :jefj, afgL Aoxf]/f, sfo{Ifdtf, !fg, ;Lk, dÒNo–dfGotf h:tf sÒ/fx?n] lg)f{o k|lqmofdf
k|ToIf k|efj kf/L/x]sf] xÒG% .
sfo{jftfj/)f M lg)f{onfO{ lg)f{ostf{n] sfd ug]{ sfof{nosf] sfo{ jftfj/)fn] klg k|efj kfg]{ ub{% . /fd|f] sfo{
jftfj/)fdf ;xL lg)f{o xÒg ;S% eg] g/fd|f] sfo{ jftfj/)fdf ul/Psf] lg)f{o unt xÒg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG% .
;Òrgf tyf tYof+s M lg)f{osf] k|dÒv cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;Òrgf tyf tYof+s e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo eP lg)f{o
k|efjsf/L xÒG% eg] sdhf]/ tYosf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] lg)f{o unt xÒg ;S% .
;xeflutf M lg)f{odf s]–s:tf] ;xeflutf /xG% eGg] sÒ/fn] kgL lg)f{odf k|efj kfb{% . ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
;xeflutf ePsf] lg)f{o k|efjsf/L xÒG% eg] PsklIfo jf Psn lg)f{o Tolt k|efjsf/L xÒ¤b}g .
;do Pj+ nfut M lg)f{o lng nfUg] ;do / nfutn] klg lg)f{onfO{ k|efj kfl//x]sf] xÒG% . lg)f{stf{nfO{ k|ofKt lg)f{o
lng] k|ofKt ;do % eg] lg)f{o k|efjsf/L xÒG% . t/ bÒef{Uo k|fo h;f] Joj:yfksx?n] c?n] tf]lslbPsf] ;dol;df
leq lg)f{o ugÒ{ kg]{ xÒG% . ;dosf] Pressure a(L ePsf] cj:yfdf lg)f{ostf{n] k|ofKt ;Òrgfx? k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g
h;n] ubf{ k|ofKt ljsNkx?sf] ljsf; ug{ kfpb}g .
cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts cj:yf M dÒnÒssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts cj:yfn] klg lg)f{odf k|efj kfg]{
ub{% .
;]jfu|fxLsf] efjgf / Jojxf/ M lg)f{osf ;Gbe{df ;]jfu|fxLn] s:tf] ck]Iff /fVb%g\ / pgLx?n] s:tf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g
ub{%g\ eGg] sÒ/fn] klg lg)f{onfO{ k|efj kfb{% .
lg)f{ostf{sf] hf]lvd axg ug]{ IfdtfM x/]s lg)f{odf hf]lvd lngÒkg]{ xÒG% . lg)f{ostf{sf] hf]lvd lng ;Sg] Ifdtfn]
klg lg)f{o k|lqmofdf k|efj kfb{% . sd hf]lvd jxg ug{ ;Sg] lg)f{ostf{n] a(L hf]lvd axg ug{ ;Sg] lg)f{ostf{n]
eGbf km/s lsl;dn] lg)f{osf] p@]Zo lgwf{/)f ub{%, km/s lsl;dsf ljsNkx?sf] ljsf; u%{ / km/s lsl;dn]
ljsNkx?sf] dÒNof+sg u/L km/s lg)f{o lnG% .