Mse20080 - Distance 21 PDF

DATE: 20/07/2011 DOC. MSE20080 REV.6.4.
DISTANCE 21
ENHANCED TESTING OF DISTANCE RELAYS
USER MANUAL
Ver. 6.4.0
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REVISIONS SUMMARY VISA

N. PAG. DATE
4.0.0 All 30/03/2006 Issued Borrielli
Puricelli
4.0.1 64 30/06/2006 Digital inputs IMP1 , IMP2 Puricelli
5.0.1 20,61,64, 04/10/2007 Modifications for IEC61850 handling. Morandi

65, 81,82, Redefined the Printing chapter
103-
5.0.2 100, 102 24/10/2007 Included handling of SCD files Morandi
106
5.2.0 59-63 31/10/2008 Added Morandi
• Verify Nominal Times Test
• Multiple Contacts Test
• Stress Test
• Power Line Synchronization Tests
Refined description of GPS Intertrip
5.2.1 Appendix 16/02/2009 Revised algorithm Verify times and IEC61850 Lodi
description Morandi
5.2.5 45 05/08/2009 Automatic Time Zone test: parameters Zmin and Rossoni
Zmax now are Zstart and Zfinish (step can be a
negative value)
6.4.0 All 20/07/2011 Added Morandi
• Definition of 20 zones
• Description of Special Distance menu
• General Starter Characteristic
• Load Encroachment Characteristic
• IEC61850-8 Goose Publisher
Updated to version 6.4.0
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1 HOW DO YOU WANT TO TEST TODAY ?..........................................................................................7
2 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION ............................................................................................................7
3 DISTANCE 21 ...................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Menu File .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

3.1.1 New.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
3.1.2 Open ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
3.1.3 Save results .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
3.1.4 Z_design................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.4.1 Zones Characteristics ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1.4.2 General Starter.................................................................................................................................................................. 22
3.1.4.3 Load encroachment ................................................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.5 Notes to the test...................................................................................................................................................................... 26
3.1.6 Company logo.......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
3.1.7 Print ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
3.1.8 Export graph in BMP............................................................................................................................................................... 26
3.1.9 Special Distance ...................................................................................................................................................................... 27
3.1.10 Import from DRTS66 ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.11 Export to DRTS66 .................................................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.12 Exit ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
3.2 Menu Header ..................................................................................................................................................................................30
3.3 Menu Info ........................................................................................................................................................................................31
3.4 Menu Languages ...........................................................................................................................................................................31
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM FEATURES ............................................................................... 32
4.2 NETWORK.....................................................................................................................................................................................32
4.2.1 Source parameters .......................................................................................................................................................... 32
4.2.2 Line parameters........................................................................................................................................................................ 34
4.2.2.1 Notes on Earth Factor..................................................................................................................................................... 35
4.2.3 Nominal Values ........................................................................................................................................................................ 37
4.2.4 Tolerances and Nominal times .............................................................................................................................................. 39
4.2.5 CT and PT Ratio’s ................................................................................................................................................................... 39
4.2.6 Test Mode ................................................................................................................................................................................ 40
4.3 TEST SELECTION........................................................................................................................................................................41

4.3.1 Click and test............................................................................................................................................................................ 41
4.3.2 Sequence .................................................................................................................................................................................. 42
4.3.3 Search the R/X characteristic ................................................................................................................................................ 43
4.3.4 Verify the R/X characteristic.................................................................................................................................................. 45
4.3.5 Verify nominal values (R/X)................................................................................................................................................... 48
4.3.6 Verify blinders.......................................................................................................................................................................... 50
4.3.7 Automatic time zone test Z-t ................................................................................................................................................. 51
4.3.8 Power swing blocking test..................................................................................................................................................... 53
4.3.9 Inter-trip GPS synchronized End to End test ...................................................................................................................... 55
4.3.9.1 Test purpose .................................................................................................................................................................... 55
4.3.9.2 Test execution .................................................................................................................................................................. 55
4.3.10 Auto recloser test.................................................................................................................................................................. 58
4.3.11 Developing fault test ............................................................................................................................................................ 59
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4.3.12 Cycle editor ............................................................................................................................................................................ 61

4.3.12.a Impedance injection ...................................................................................................................................................... 61
4.3.12.b Impedance ramp ............................................................................................................................................................. 62
4.3.12.c Voltage and current injection....................................................................................................................................... 62
4.3.12.d General parameters ........................................................................................................................................................ 63
4.3.12.e Modify, Add, Delete buttons ...................................................................................................................................... 63
4.3.12.f Exit button ....................................................................................................................................................................... 64
4.3.12.g Transfer table for execution button ............................................................................................................................ 64
4.3.13 General Start test ................................................................................................................................................................... 65
4.3.13.a Overcurrent..................................................................................................................................................................... 66
4.3.13.b Overcurrent 2 thresholds ............................................................................................................................................ 66
4.3.13.c Overcurrent stepwise................................................................................................................................................... 67
4.3.13.d Current Angular............................................................................................................................................................ 68
4.3.13.e Zero-sequence .............................................................................................................................................................. 69
4.3.14 Weak infeed test.................................................................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.15 Switch onto fault ................................................................................................................................................................... 71
4.3.16 Fuse failure ............................................................................................................................................................................. 71
4.3.16 Verify Nominal Times test.................................................................................................................................................... 72
4.3.17 Multiple Contacts test.......................................................................................................................................................... 73
4.3.18 Stress test............................................................................................................................................................................... 74
4.3.19 Power line synchronization test.......................................................................................................................................... 76
4.4 TEST................................................................................................................................................................................................77
4.4.1 Fault........................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
4.4.1.1 Test Sequence.................................................................................................................................................................. 77
4.4.1.2 Fault type .......................................................................................................................................................................... 78
4.4.2 Timer and input contacts and IEC61850 .............................................................................................................................. 81
4.4.2.1. Set digital inputs ............................................................................................................................................................. 81
4.4.2.2 Pre-fault time..................................................................................................................................................................... 82
4.4.2.3 Maximum time................................................................................................................................................................... 82
4.4.2.4 Hold time ........................................................................................................................................................................... 82
4.4.2.5 IEC61850............................................................................................................................................................................ 82
4.4.3 Fault Impedance ...................................................................................................................................................................... 82
4.4.3.1 Fault Impedance............................................................................................................................................................... 83
4.4.3.2 Insert in the test list......................................................................................................................................................... 83
4.4.3.4 Over-reach on................................................................................................................................................................... 83
4.4.4 Vector diagram and phase measurements ........................................................................................................................... 85
4.4.5 Test results tables ................................................................................................................................................................... 85
4.4.5.1 Store all tests ................................................................................................................................................................... 86
4.4.5.2 Delete all tests .................................................................................................................................................................. 87
4.4.5.3 Table functions ................................................................................................................................................................ 87
4.4.6 Test control screen ................................................................................................................................................................. 91
4.4.6.1 Zoom and scale .......................................................................................................................................................... 93
4.4.6.2 Zone display..................................................................................................................................................................... 93
4.4.6.3 Control buttons................................................................................................................................................................ 95
4.4.6.4 Re-execution of a test point ........................................................................................................................................... 96
4.5 Results ............................................................................................................................................................................................97

4.5.1 Fault type.................................................................................................................................................................................. 97
4.5.2 Diagram representation .......................................................................................................................................................... 97
4.5.3 Operative buttons ................................................................................................................................................................... 98
4.5.4 Printing results......................................................................................................................................................................... 98
4.5.4.1 Toolbar............................................................................................................................................................................ 100
4.6 Import results in Excel .............................................................................................................................................................. 102
APPENDIX 1: FAULT SIMULATION METHODS .................................................................................... 106

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APPENDIX 2 FAULT CALCULATION FORMULAS ................................................................................ 110
A2.1 PHASE TO GROUND FAULT .............................................................................................................................................. 110

A2.1.1 ZS SELECTION .................................................................................................................................................................. 110
A2.1.2 Ifault SELECTION .............................................................................................................................................................. 110
A2.2 PHASE TO PHASE FAULT................................................................................................................................................... 111

A2.2.1 ZS SELECTION .................................................................................................................................................................. 111
A2.3 THREE PHASE FAULT .......................................................................................................................................................... 111

A2.3.1 ZS SELECTION .................................................................................................................................................................. 111
A2.4 PHASE TO PHASE TO GROUND FAULT......................................................................................................................... 112

A2.4.1 ZS SELECTION .................................................................................................................................................................. 112
APPENDIX 3: AUTOMATIC TESTS VERIFICATIONS ............................................................................ 113
A3.1 ZONE DEFINITION ................................................................................................................................................................ 113
A3.2 SEARCH OF A DIS TANCE RELAY CHARACTERISTIC .............................................................................................. 114
A3.3 VERIFICATION OF A ZONE GIVEN A NOMINAL VALUE .......................................................................................... 114
APPENDIX 4: ARC RESISTANCE COMPENSATION.............................................................................. 116
APPENDIX 5: IEC61850 ....................................................................................................................... 117
A5.1 Relay connection ..................................................................................................................................................................... 117
A5.2 File Menu .................................................................................................................................................................................. 118
A5.3 Main Area................................................................................................................................................................................. 119

A5.3.1 Exploring Goose ................................................................................................................................................................. 119
A5.3.2 Filters ................................................................................................................................................................................... 121
A5.3.3 Virtual Contacts.................................................................................................................................................................. 122
A5.3.4 Substation files (SCD) ....................................................................................................................................................... 124
A5.3.5 Publishing Gooses ............................................................................................................................................................. 125
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1 HOW DO YOU WANT TO TEST TODAY ?

The question mark is necessary: with this new software you really have wide testing possibilities for your
distance relay… and easy to understand.
The program has been designed as a watch and play software, so the user should not need for a manual
very often. Theoretically, from the beginning the user is driven throughout all steps in simple way, in order
that he has the feeling that everything is under control.
It is like playing with a fully manual test equipment with very powerful tools. The following are just some of
the many features available in the program:
- Capability to load a .RIO format file (up to format version 2.1), generated by the software used to
set-up the relay (Siemens, Alstom…)
- Capability to load a result generated with DISTANCE 21 and repeat all the tests
included. Results are saved in a database format (.MDB as defined by Microsoft Access®). Full
backwords compatibility is provided for older .BPR formats
- Capability to define a specific characteristic using our built-in graphic editor
- Capability to test a relay when its nominal characteristic is unknown
The program also features the following
- Possibility to define up to 20 zone plus one controlled zone (ex: overreach), a general starter and
load enchroachment characteristics
- Handling of 4 fault types: LN, LL, LLL, LLN. Possibility to define a different characteristic for
each fault type, with different trip times and different pass/fail tolerances
- Possibility to define different earth factors for each zone
- Possibility to define the parameters RE/RL and XE/XL used by Siemens 7SA5xx, a nightmare with
old stile programs
- Possibility to test using constant current/voltage or source impedance
- Possibility to test quadrilateral characteristic given in terms of Rloop, or Xloop, or both
- Test in an easy way the power swing feature, recloser, general starter
- Inter-trip tests synchronizing two test equipments with a GPS
- Test defining an evolution fault
- And many more
2 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
The program runs under the Windows© environment and is part of the TDMS Test & Data Measurement
Software suite.
The installation is described in document MSE10060.
Note: Windows and ACCESS are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
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3 DISTANCE 21
When you first run the program you’ll see the following screen:
This window allows the user to select which ISA instrument is connected to the test set. By pressing the
Ok button the program performs the connection to the instrument and displays the main window.
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There is a menu at the top that allows to access the various functionalities of DISTANCE 21 and a main
screen divided in two parts to easily access the test capabilities of the software.
LEFT: by selecting one of the tabs it is possible to identify all the parameters needed in order to execute
the test and the type of tests to be performed
1. Network: to define the network parameters such as nominal voltage, frequency, earth factors, etc
2. Test selection: to define the type of test to perform on the relay (verify the characteristic, generate
a specific fault in a specific point of the graph, etc.)
3. Test: to have an overview of the test in progress (voltages and currents in graphic and numeric
form, pre-fault times, maximum time, etc.)
4. Results: to store and/or print and/or export test results
RIGHT : here it is possible to

1. See the test results in graphic form
2. Start/stop the test
3. Reset the machine in case of troubles
3.1 Menu File
3.1.1 New
This menu item resets all the parameters, clears the tables and the graph from data and prepares the
software to a new session of tests.
3.1.2 Open
When you click this button you get this window opened:
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Here is where you can select the type of file you want to open.
- RIO files are automatically generated by the control software of relay manufacturers such as
Siemens (7SA511, 7SA513…), Alstom (EPAC3000, LFZR…)
- SET files are automatically generated by ISA automatic test programs for distance relays; they are:
o Z-DESIGN.PRG o REL511.PRG
o 7SA511.PRG o REL316.PRG
o EPAC300.PRG o LZ92.PRG
o LFZR.PRG o DLP21.PRG
o QUADRAMHO.PRG o TLS1B.PRG
o MICROMHO.PRG o RXAP33.PRG
o OPTIMHO.PRG o SEL 321
o P441 – P332
- BPR result files created by DISTANCE 21 versions up to v 3.2.4
- MDB result files created by DISTANCE 21 from version 3.2.5 onwards
WARNING
If you download a DISTANCE 21 result, you already have all graphic information as well as all
test information; this means that, if you click immediately the button START, the test will be
repeated.
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If the file being opened does not include the nominal characteristics of some fault types, the following
message will be shown:
By choosing No, the software will open Z-Design and let the operator define the characteristics for these
type of faults, otherwise these remain undefined.
3.1.3 Save results

A standard dialog appears to let the user choose a name for the file to be saved that will contain all the
data, parameters, test data and graphical information.
The default extension is *.mdb. A result file is ready to be imported by Microsoft Excel.
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3.1.4 Z_design
When choosing this menu item, the following window appears:
There are three main pages that allow the user to define the zones characteristic, the general starter
characteristic and the load encroachment characteristic if present.
It is possible to define if the zone is enabled, the type of characteristic of the zone, and build a characteristic
for each type of fault.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
All value are intended as secondary side values. In case you want to test the relay with primary side
values, change the CT and PT ratio in the Network screen.
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3.1.4.1 Zones Characteristics

Since we need to design a characteristic, we have simplified the procedure by providing the two most
common shapes: Mho and quadrilateral. In order to design a characteristic in Z_Design you must consider
the following.
. Selection Point by point allows to define the characteristic of any relay, but needs the intersection point
coordinates. This is significantly more difficult than with the other two selections. These values must change
if you change the relay settings and therefore must be recalculated.
. With the other 2 selections, the settings are just a few and can be easily changed.
- Zone to edit: it allows to select the zone number on which to design the characteristic. The complete
characteristic is designed zone by zone, enabling the zones available on the relay.
- Type of fault: it is possible to define different characteristics for single-phase (LN), phase-to-phase
(LL), three-phase (LLL) and phase-to-phase-to-ground faults (LLN).
- Quadrilateral characteristic or Mho or Point-by-point: see details in the following.
- Directionality: separately definable for each programmed zone.
- Trip time: must be different for each zone;
- OK: confirms the design, and returns to the main page of Distance 21 software.
- Cancel: cancels all modifications, and returns to the main page of Distance 21 software.
- Save characteristic: opens a standard dialog window where it is possible to define a filename and save
in .MDB format the characteristic.
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3.1.4.1.1 Quadrilateral characteristic

The given parameters completely define a quadrilateral characteristic.
In this case the characteristic is delimited by four lines, that intersect the X and Y-axis in four
programmable points (Resistance and Reactance), positive and negative with respect to the origin
(Forward and Reverse), and with programmable angles with respect to the X-Axis (Resistive angle and
reactive, Forward and Reverse)
o The resistive reach represents the intersection of the characteristic with the X-Axis
o The reactive reach represents the intersection of the characteristic with the Y-Axis
o The Resistive angle represent the slope of the characteristic at points (Resistance;0) and (-
Resistance;0)
o The Reactive angle represent the slope of the characteristic at points (0;Reactance) and (0;-Reactance)
The following picture explains the parameters to be programmed.
Xav
Rsp θ1 α
γ
θ2
Xsp Rav
δ
Where:
Rav = Resistance forward; Rsp = Resistance Reverse;
Xav = Reactance forward; Xsp = Reactance Reverse;
α: resistive angle forward; γ: resistive angle Reverse;
β: reactive angle forward; δ: reactive angle Reverse;
θ1: blinder 2° sector; θ2: blinder 4° sector.
Here is an example of diagram without blinders.
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As an example, we can define a characteristic like this:
These characteristics correspond to the non-directional settings of a zone; normally (with the exception of
the General Starter) the zones are limited in the first sector (forward) or in the third sector (Reverse). For
each zone it is possible to define whether its direction is forward or back word, or non-directional.
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Forward direction:
This selection allows the use of the blinders in 2nd and 4th quadrants to cut the characteristic. Blinders are
border angles, lines that cross the origin with programmable angles with respect to the X-Axis.
Reverse direction
With the same blinder values, the portion of the characteristic in the 3rd sector will be considered, as here
displayed
.
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3.1.4.1.2 MHO characteristic

This section applies to relays that have as a characteristic a circle with its centre on the line defined by the
Line angle. The given parameters define completely a MHO characteristic.
• The Forward Reach and Reverse Reach are the impedance values of the zone at the specified Line
angle, respectively Forward and Reverse (in case the characteristic does not cross the axis origin, as in
the case of the General Starter)
• The Line angle is the angle of the Line that crosses the axis origin and the centre of the characteristic;
• a/b is the ratio between two impedances, orthogonal to each other:
- with a/b = 1 it is a circle;
- with a/b < 1 it is lens shaped;
- with a/b > 1 it is tomato shake;
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Ratio < 1 ⇒ Lens Ratio = 1 ⇒ Circle Ratio > 1 ⇒ Tomato
These characteristics correspond to non-directional settings for the zone; normally (with the exception of
the General starter) zones are limited to the first sector (forward) or to the third sector (Reverse). For each
zone it is possible to define whether it is Forward, Reverse or non-directional. In case of Forward or
Reverse, the zone is limited by two angles (Blinder 2nd sector and Blinder 4th sector. Blinders are border
angles, lines that cross the origin with programmable angles with respect to the X-Axis.
For instance, in old distance relays, the zone was a circle with its centre in the axis origin, limited by
blinders. To draw this shape it is necessary to program as in the following example.
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3.1.4.1.2 Point by point…

Sometimes it is necessary to set mixed characteristics, quadrilateral and Mho at the same time. This for
instance happens on ASEA protections type RAZOA and RAZFE, on ENERTEC protections type
PXLP3000 and others. Notice that if the protection has a quadrilateral characteristic for the zones and a
circular General starter, there is no problem: it is enough to select the zones as quadrilateral and the most
external zone (which is the general starter) as Mho.
When it is necessary to define a characteristic point by point the window is the following:
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The input grid allows to edit a characteristic as a series of arches and lines positioned in any point of the
diagram, by inserting the Cartesian coordinates of the intersections between the lines or arches that make
up the characteristic.
The drawing is executed by adding or deleting points. First of all you need to set the starting point of the
characteristic; initially the radius is zero. Each successive point must be defined via its Resistance and
Reactance values, and the radius (always positive) of the circle that connects the points; radius 0 is a line.
By introducing all points the program connects them and draws them on the graph.
Every point is defined by:

- R: Resistance
- X: Reactance
- Radius
For the Radius, follow these rules:
- The radius of point n represent the radius of the arc between points n and n-1.
- If D is the distance between points n and n-1, then it must be Radius ≥ D, otherwise it would be
set Radius = 0.
- Radius = 0 means a straight line between points n and n-1.
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Please notice:
- Points must be indicated in counter-clockwise order
- The characteristic must have a closed shape: for this reason the first point must have the same
coordinates as the last point.
Edit a point
1. Double-Click or press <Enter> on the parameter you want to change
2. Modify the value and the press OK
Add a new point

1. Click on the line where you intend to add a point
2. Then click on the button Add
3. A blank line will be created
4. Edit the line as you wish
Delete a point
1. Click on the line where you intend to delete a point
2. Click on the button Delete
3. Upon confirmation of the warning message, the point is removed, the others are renumbered.
To delete all
The button Clear all will erase all points displayed in the list, after confirming a warning message.
NOTE:
It’s not common that you start defining the nominal characteristic from scratch. Depending on the
complexity of the characteristic, it would take a long time before you get a good result. What we suggest is
that you first define the characteristic using one of the Macro’s (Mho or Quadrilateral) and then modify the
characteristics of each point.
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3.1.4.2 General Starter

The definition of a General Starter is optional. The setting of its characteristic follows the same principles as
the setting of any zone.
Please refer to paragraph 3.1.4.1 of this manual for an explanation of how to set a characteristic, be it
quadrilateral, mho or point by point.
The general starter correspond to the tripping area of the relay. Outside the General Starter there is no
tripping so normally the General Starter is wider than all other defined zones. In case the General Starter is
set up to an area that is smaller than the zones, the zones will be cut to the General Starter.
Consider for example a relay with 4 quadrilateral zones (3 forward and one reverse, all in blue) and a
general Starter (in red) as per the following picture.
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The General Starter area is wider than that of the zones, so the relay will trip for each zone and within the
area described by the general starter, and will not trip outside it.
Now suppose the General Starter is a bit smaller and it encroaches the zones defined for the relay. As the
following pictures shows, the actual tripping area is only within the General Starter (in red), and therefore
the zones are automatically limited to its definition.
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3.1.4.3 Load encroachment

The definition of a Load encroachment characteristic is optional and can be done by setting the relevant
parameters in the relative page.
The load encroachment defines an area of no tripping of the relay. So when the Characteristic encroaches
the zones characteristics, the zones will be cut to the Load Encroachment.
It is possible to set independently the two sides of the Load Encroachment characteristic. Each side can be
set according to the following parameters:
With the Mho-Quad selection it is possible to define the shape of the characteristic:
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Mho shape Quad shape
The following picture shows the meaning of the parameters ZLoad, Zangle and Rotation
As an example of encroachment, consider the following:
As it can be seen, the zones are cut by the load encroachment characteristic (in yellow) and therefore the
tripping area is restricted.
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3.1.5 Notes to the test

By selecting this menu the user can put some comments about the tests performed. This notes will be
included in the results file.
3.1.6 Company logo

This item opens a standard dialog form to choose an image file. This image will be used as a default logo
for all the reports printed with DISTANCE 21.
3.1.7 Print
Please refer to the Print chapter for a further information.
3.1.8 Export graph in BMP

This item opens a standard dialog form to specify the graph file name. The graph currently displayed by
DISTANCE 21 is saved in bitmap format.
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3.1.9 Special Distance

This selection allows the user to set the
characteristic of a specific distance relay by
choosing it from the Special Distance software
library produced by ISA.
By selecting the desired relay and then pressing the

Open button, it is possible to insert the parameters
of the protection in the relay user interface and then
return to Distance 21 by pressing the Distance 21
button.
For instance by pressing Open after selecting the Razoa relay, the following window appears:
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Notice in dotted blue the characteristic of the General Starter. Upon pressing the Distance21 button the
software will load this parameters to the main interface and use this as the relay characteristic.
According to the explanation given in paragraph 3.1.4.2, since the General Starter characteristic is smaller
than that of some of the zones, these zones will but limited to the size of the General Starter, as displayed in
the following picture.
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3.1.10 Import from DRTS66

This item opens a standard dialog form to choose a file containing tests that have been performed with the
Distance 21 module of the DRTSxx instrument. Tests performed with this family of instruments can be
saved on a USB key and imported in Distance 21 in order to be examined or repeated. The file format is
ISA proprietary and the filename extension is .d66.
3.1.11 Export to DRTS66

This item opens a standard dialog form and saves the tests in a ISA proprietary format (with filename
extension .d66) that can be reproduced by an instrument of the DRTSxx family.
Only some types of test can be reproduced with the Instrument, so the following message might appear.
Save the file onto a USB key and reopen it with the instrument in order to repeat the tests without the need
of connecting a PC.
3.1.12 Exit
By selecting this item the program closes.
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3.2 Menu Header

By choosing this menu item, data regarding plant, name of the feeder, relay and operator are asked in a
window. Furthermore, manufacturer, model and serial number of the relay under test is stored. It is
also possible to write the Serial Number of the instrument: it will be printed on the results, allowing the
traceability of the test performed.
Click on the logo when you want to change the logo to be printed on the test report, or if the program is
not able to find the predefined logo. Some reasons may include that the logo file has been deleted from the
PC or that the INI file is corrupted.
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3.3 Menu Info

It opens a panel with some information regarding the connected instrument, (RAM, Flash EPROM etc.). It
also highlights the presence of the IEC61850 board, and if present it indicates the firmware revision. A
picture of the connected instrument appears (in this case since the instrument is disconnected, a default
picture is shown).
It also contains ISA contact details.
3.4 Menu Languages

Gives the capability to change the language of DISTANCE 21 without closing the program. The active
language will be saved by quitting the program.
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4. Description of the program features
4.2 NETWORK
Faults can be executed in two ways: by keeping constant the test current or the source impedance. With
constant test current we simulate a fault as on electromechanical relays; with the constant source impedance
we simulate the exact conditions in the field and this selection should be preferred. In case the source
impedance value unknown, it is usually safe to keep the default values.
Appendix1 explains in greater details the difference between the two methods; appendix 2 shows the
currents and voltages calculation formulas for the various types of test.
4.2.1 Source parameters
The source impedance must be entered in case you wish to test the relay using the Constant Source
Impedance method. Please note that, if you select ZS constant in the Test screen, and ZS = 0, you will
be invited to enter the ZS value otherwise the test will be performed at Constant Current.
The most important parameters to be entered are:
- ZS: Source impedance in Ohm
- Φ (ZS): Angle of the source impedance in deg
- KES: Source earth factor
- Φ (KES): Angle of the source earth factor
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The last two parameters are necessary to simulate earth faults.
All values can be directly entered by typing them; then you have to press the button < Enter↵ >.
If you double click on one the input field, you get the following window, that allows to compute the
values of the earth factor from the source parameters plus one of the other related parameters:
In the frame Zo, the program calculates the earth factor and its angle starting from: Source impedance and
relative angle, and zero sequence impedance and relative angle
In the frame Zn, the program calculates the earth factor and its angle starting from: Source impedance and
relative angle, and earth impedance and relative angle
In the frame ZLoop, the program calculates the earth factor and its angle starting from: Source impedance
and relative angle, and loop impedance of the source and relative angle
The above are based over these formulas:
1 ZoS − ZS Where
K ES = x - KES: Source earth factor
3 ZS - ZOS = 3 x ZnS + ZS : Source zero sequence
Z S - ZE S : Source Earth Impedance
K ES = E - ZLoopS = ZnS + ZS : Source loop impedance
ZS
Z S − ZS
K ES = loop
ZS
Notice that the input fields above recalculate each other, and that the values are vectors therefore needing
module and phase:
- set the source impedance in module and phase angle, resistance and reactance are calculated and
vice-versa
- if you set ZS and KE ⇒ ZO, ZES and ZLoopS are calculated
- if you set ZS and ZO (or ZES or ZLoop) ⇒ KE is calculated
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4.2.2 Line parameters

The first frame “Ke given as” refers to the zero-sequence coefficient, which is necessary to simulate earth
faults. The choice can be made in terms of ZE/ZL (or by the associated parameters, as later described) or
RE/RL; XE/XL, used by SIEMENS.
When selecting “ZE/ZL”
it is possible to set the Earth factor for all zones (selection Same KE for all zones) or each individual
zone. If you double-click on any input parameter of the line parameters the following window opens, and it
allows to program the value of the earth factor by using the line parameter plus one of the other related
parameters:
Similar to the previously described “Source parameters ” window, it works exactly in the same way. The
only warning is that the line impedance to input is the value corresponding to the line protected (and not of
the fault): this parameter is homogeneous to the zero-sequence impedance of the line, or the earth
impedance, or the loop impedance.
It is possible to program up to six different coefficient for each zone: the program modifies automatically the
earth coefficient depending on the zone to verify. The zone factor is used to find its limit, therefore also
when measuring tripping times of the following zones.
When selecting “RE/RL & XE/XL”

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it is possible to directly set the parameters, for each zone

The program converts these parameters in terms of earth coefficient by using the following formulas.
R’ = R * (1 + RE/RL)
X’ = X * (1 + XE/XL)
Z = sqrt (R’^2 + X’^2)

FiZ= Atan (R’/ X’)
Some distance relays define the parameters X as fault impedances, and the parameters R a sloop
impedances; furthermore, the Rloop definition can be applied or not to the ground-fault or phase-faults. If
one of these protections have to be tested, it is necessary to select the relative option: the program will
transform the nominal loop values into corresponding line values and the vice-versa. Please refer to the
appendix for the formulas used in these instances.
4.2.2.1 Notes on Earth Factor

ZE Z0 − Z L
The Earth Factor is normally defined as K E = = , where ZE and ZL are the Earth and the
ZL 3*ZL
Line impedances, Z0 is the impedance of zero sequence.
Sometimes the earth factor is defined in a different way.
General Electric
Z0
For GE relays like DLP, TLS1b, ALPS, D60… the zero sequence factor K 0 = is given instead of
ZL
KE. Since we have to enter KE, in order to get it from K0 is the following:
Z0 3* Z E + Z L K0 −1
K0 = = = 3 * K E + 1 therefore, we’ll enter K E =
ZL ZL 3
The difference is evidenced by the normal values.
• KE is a value normally between 0.5 on 1.6
• KO is a value between 3 and 5
In fact, if ZE = 8 ohm and ZL = 12 ohm, we’ll have:

• KE = 8 / 12 = 0,666
• K0 = ( 3 * 8 + 12 ) / 12 = 3
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As you see, ( Ko – 1 ) / 3 = ( 3 – 1 ) / 3 = 2 / 3 = 0,666
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories

ZE Z0 − ZL
The earth factor is defined as K 0 = = On SEL321 this is called KO1M and KOM,
ZL 3*ZL
respectively for zone 1 and then fore zones 2,3 and 4. Just pay attention that this is not the same zero
sequence factor as per GE relays and you must not change the value for our software.
Mitsubishi Relays
ZN
For MDT-H relay they call it KN, so you may think it is K N = , where ZN is the neutral impedance,
ZL
same as the earth impedance. But you are definitely wrong as it is like the Ko of GE: you have to
K0 −1
recalculate the K E = .
3
For MDT-F relay these two parameters, KRN and KXN, are defined. The meaning of these parameters
is the following:
R R KRN − 1
• KRN = 0 ⇒ E =
RL RL 3
X X E KXN − 1
• KXN = 0 ⇒ =
XL XL 3
therefore we must treat them as the Siemens relays 7SA511 or 513, but use the recalculated values as per
the GE relays.
ABB Relays
For most of the relays (Razoa, Razfe, LZ92, LZ96, REL316…) there isn’t any specific problem. For
REL511 the user must provide R1and R0, X1 and X0, then calculate the KE for each individual zone as
follows:
1 ( R0 − RL ) + ( X 0 − X L )
2 2
KE =
3 RL + X L
2 2
X0 − X L X
phK E = atn − atn L
R0 − RL RL
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4.2.3 Nominal Values

In this frame it is possible to program the nominal values of the plant; the meaning of the parameters is the
following:
- Nominal voltage (Vnom): it represents the secondary side nominal phase voltage of the voltage
transformers of the plant, named also healthy voltage, at which the distance relay does not see any fault. It
can be selected between 1 V and maximum voltage of the instrument. Default: 57.8 V (Voltage
transformer with secondary side 100 V). If the relay load is high, it is possible to select a lower value
(40V) to heighten the current obtainable from the instrument. During ground fault tests the fault voltage is
less than Vnom; during phase-faults it remains below 1.73*Vnom.
- Maximum voltage VMAX: it is the secondary maximum phase voltage that the instrument outputs will
reach, for instance those voltages not directly involved in ground-fault tests. The maximum allowed voltage
is 125 V, so as to avoid faults in the test instruments. Range: 50 V - 125 V. Default: 100 V. Whenever the
fault simulation needs a voltage greater than Vmax, it will be limited to Vmax automatically.
In case the relay causes an overload with Vmax 100 V, it is possible to select VMAX = 62,5 V and
VNOM = 40 V. The protection error difference can be discarded. It is possible to select VMAX = 12,5
V and VNOM = 10 V, but in this situation the error may be significant.
- Nominal current (Inom): it is the nominal secondary current of the relay: can be 1 A, 2 A or 5 A.
- Maximum current (Imax): it is the maximum test current in case of constant Zs fault mode, or the nominal
test current in case of constant I fault mode selection. In the first case it is better to set Imax by taking into
account the test instrument capabilities and the load impedance (tipically: 12.5 A with DRTS; 25 A with
ART/3 and UTS).
- Prefault current (IPre): it is the current that will be applied during the prefault. By default is set to 0 A.
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- Auxiliary voltage (Vdc): it is the auxiliary DC voltage used to power up the protection. Range 0 - 260 V.
Default: 110 V
- Nominal frequency (Fnom): 50 or 60 Hz. Default: 50 Hz.
- Line angle: it defines the reference angle for Separate Arc resistance calculations and for tolerance
calculation of relative % values.
- Apply Vdc with a ramp: If the power supply of the relay is filtered with a heavy capacitor, when the
power is applied with a step voltage, and an high current is required to charge it. This may trigger the
overload protection of the test equipment Vdc generator. If this occurs when trying to energize the relay, it
may help applying the power supply with a ramp instead of a step. Click here in case
.
- Use Current Zero Crossing: when this option is selected, the fault starts
always at the zero crossing of the current.
- Divide char by Inom. If you click here , the nominal characteristic is scaled by
Inom. This is to be used very carefully. It normally helps when the nominal characteristic depends on the
nominal current
• The user got to test two relays with the same setting but with different nominal current
• The nominal characteristic was created for a 1 A relay but the user got to test a 5 A relay.
- Generate prefault. The button will generate the pre-fault conditions:

Vnom – Vdc – Fnom are applied to the relay. If the user tries to start a test without first pressing this
button, the following message will appear:
You may note that this takes quite a long time. It is actually during this period that we check the status of
the digital inputs as dry or wet, and set accordingly.
- Switch Vdc on. As for Generate prefault, with the button the relay settings
are stored into the instrument (but not generated) and the Vdc is switched on: when a test is started, the
prefault values as applied first, then the instrument generates the fault values for the test and at the end of
the tests, all the output amplifiers are switched off, only Vdc remains on.
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4.2.4 Tolerances and Nominal times
Times
They are defined for each zone and different for phase to phase faults and phase to ground faults. Nominal
times are used to verify the nominal curve of the relay or to find the characteristic (see relative paragraph).
By selecting the option the displayed times apply to all fault types.
Please note that if the nominal times differ from the real values of more than 30%, the program will not be
able to find the threshold.
Tolerances
It is possible to define zone tolerances for up to 20 zones, one overreach, and one General Starter, in two
different ways:
• In absolute values, defining the width of the tolerance in Ohm. Range (0.01-100 Ohm)
• In relative values, range (0.5-100 %). In this case the parameter Line Angle is important. The
tolerance calculation will be executed fro each zone by taking into account the zone impedance at
the line angle given the following formula:
tol(n) = Zchar(n,φline) * tol%(n) / 100 where:
n is the number of the zone
tol is the calculated tolerance
Zchar is the impedance of zone n at the angle φline
tol% is the relative tolerance defined by the user
For each zone, the calculated tolerance is the highest between the two. Example: for a zone impedance of
1Ohm (at line angle), if the relative tolerance is 5% and the absolute is 0.1Ohm, the resulting tolerance is
0.1Ohm, since the calculated relative tolerance would be 5/100 * 1 = 0.05Ohm. If on the other hand the
relative tolerance was 20% and an absolute of 0.1Ohm, then the program would use 0.2Ohm.
By selecting the option the tolerance values are applied to all zones
of the selected fault type.
4.2.5 CT and PT Ratio’s
- CT side. Default: line; this selection reverts the current flow with respect to the voltage.
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- PT Ratio:
Primary side values:1 - 9999 kV; with 1 kV resolution; Default: 1 kV
Secondary side values: 0,01 - 9999 kV; with 0,01 kV resolution; Default: 1 kV
Tests executed with ratio = 1 is the same as having set secondary values parameters.
- CT Ratio:
Primary side values: 1 - 9999 A; with 1 A resolution; default: 1 A
Secondary side values: 1 - 9999 A; with 1 A resolution; default: 1 A
Tests executed with ratio = 1 is the same as having set secondary values parameters
Both ratios can be entered in case the user is willing to test the relay by using the primary side values.
Remember the following: all characteristics are recorded in the memory in terms of secondary side
values. When you set the CT and PT ratio, the characteristic will be scaled accordingly, but all currents
and voltages are, of course, secondary side. The nominal characteristic is scaled only after you click on
If to perform the tests the option INI CDG is used, the selection allows to select the ratio
of the option INI CDG
4.2.6 Test Mode
The test mode enable you to select between different two testing methods:
1. Constant current
2. Constant source impedance
Beware that the 2nd method may lead you to different results from the nominal characteristic, if the
characteristic is MHO (self / auto polarized characteristic).
NOTE
If you click on ZS const, The source impedance must be set ZS ≠ 0 otherwise the selection would be
rejected.
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4.3 TEST SELECTION
By clicking on “Test selection” it is possible to select the type of test to be performed. Tests are divided in
two main lists:
• General functions
• Advanced functions
4.3.1 Click and test

It’s the simplest test. After the selection, press the “Confirm” button or click on the “Test” tab. By moving
the mouse on the graph it is possible to inject a fault (with the characteristics selected into the Test tab)
with a simple click; the result will be added the tests list.
Click & Test is useful for a quick verification that there are no mistakes in the connections. If a nominal
characteristic is loaded and various earth coefficients have been set for the zones, the program uses the
relative coefficient.
When you insert a point in the list by clicking on the graph, providing that you have the nominal
characteristic of the relay, the program detects in which zone you clicked and set the corresponding Earth
Factor for the test (for Phase to Ground fault). This is helpful to detect wrong operations like:
fault in 1st zone – trip in 2nd zone
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4.3.2 Sequence
After the selection, press the “Confirm” button or click on the “Test” tab. By clicking on the graph it’s
possible to add tests sequentially to the test table. After
some clicks a situation like the next picture will be shown:
All the tests are inserted into the test list; a simple press of
the button will execute the sequence. After
the execution of all the tests, the points are represented
with the relative zone colour, showing this graph:
Please note that for each point you insert in the list, in case there’s a nominal curve, the program
detects in which zone you have clicked, so that, at the end of the test, you can determine whether
the relay correctly tripped in the point where you have clicked.
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4.3.3 Search the R/X characteristic

With this selection the following frame appears at the bottom, and the graph will display as here below.
The target of this test is to determine the characteristic of the relay; it is mandatory to know the trip times of
the various zones. Please be careful that if timings are more than 30% off the real values, the search
may lead to wrong results.
The meaning of the parameters is as it follows.
- Fault: the following selections are available

. L1, L2, L3: ground-phase faults 1, 2, 3;
. L12, L23, L31: phase to phase faults 1-2, 2-3, 3-1;
. L123: three-phase fault;
. L12n, L23n, L31n: phase to phase to ground on phases1-2, 2-3, 3-1;
. All ph-gnd; All ph-ph; All ph-ph-gnd; All faults.
Depending on the selection more than one test will be executed. Obviously in case of single-phase test
instrument (UTB-MT), it will not be possible to execute LLN and LLL faults. Default: L1.
- Start angle. It defines the first angle at which the search is performed. There are no limitations on this
parameter; please consider that with Zs constant fault mode selection, there are problems in finding the
point situated at - Zs; these problems do not occur with Iconst fault mode selection. Default: -10°. The
R/X diagram displays accordingly to this parameter changes.
- Stop angle. Defines the last angle at which the search is carried out: Default 110°.
- Step. It is the angle between two searches. Default: 10°.
- Test at this angle only. Adds a test only for the specified angle
- Zones to test. Selects the zones for which the test must be executed; it is also possible to select the first
extended zone.
- Border test. With this selection two more tests are added for each search test. At the end of the
searches the software executes shots at higher “Border +” and lower “Border –“ impedance with
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respect to the resulting threshold. This function is particularly useful when displaying results in the Z-t
graph. It is possible to select a border test only for the zones under test.
The search of the nominal characteristic is executed in the angular sector defined by the start and stop
angle. The first verify is executed at the start angle, then up to the stop angle by means of the steps
indicated by Step. In case the stop angle does not correspond to the last step of the test, the search is
stopped at the next step greater than Stop angle. For instance: if start angle is 0°, stop angle 110°, step
20°, the test will stop at 120°, and not at 110°. For further information on search algorithm please refer to
Appendix 3.
By pressing the OK button all the points to be verified will be added to the test list in the Test tab, no point
are yet displayed on the R/X graph.
By pressing the Start button the test is started; as it progresses found values are displayed into the grid and
on the graph as it follows.
If the option “Perform border test” was selected, the graph would have been like this:
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Please notice that after each search the grid includes

rows of type Border (+ and -). Border tests does not
include a Pass/Fail information.
The button Set digital Inputs opens the Digital Inputs contact page. Please refer to par.
4.4.2.1
4.3.4 Verify the R/X characteristic

This selection is available in case the nominal characteristic is known.
The following frame appears at the bottom: it is identical to the Search R/X characteristic, but the graph
displays the nominal char of the relay and the nominal values of the various zones at the angles selected.
As described in the Search R/X paragraph, by modifying Start, Stop and Step angle, it is possible to select
the test area. Differently than “Search R/X” tough, the nominal values of the zones are known. The search
follows a different algorithm.
It is also possible to define a different impedance as a starting point of the search, by setting the Offset Z
and Offset phZ values. Compare the following pictures for a more detailed explanation.
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Offset Z=0Ω Offset Z= 5Ω 45°
By pressing the OK button all the points to be verified will be added to the test list in the Test tab: nominal
values are displayed in the grid and points are displayed on the R/X graph.
By pressing the Start button the test is started; as it progresses found values are displayed into the grid and
on the graph as it follows.
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The result table shows the obtained result and the absolute error with respect to the nominal. The column
Pass / Fail also shows if the search is within the tolerances that have been set. On the graph this
information can easily be seen by the colour of the point: if it assumes the same colour defined for the zone
than it is a pass otherwise it is displayed as “out of tolerance”.
It is also available the option Perform Border Test. In this type of test, Border tests can be executed
independently from zone verifications. If selected, two points for each fault angle will be added, one at
lower impedance than the nominal impedance of the characteristic (“Border –“) and one at higher
impedance “Border +”. The trip times of these tests must respect the nominal times for the zones. That is,
“Border –“ tests must trip within the zone nominal time, “Border +” tests must trip within the nominal time
of the immediately greater zone.
In the example here pictured, the Border Test has

shown that most of the characteristic lies within the
tolerances, since Borders assume the colour of the
relative zone. A few points are painted as out of
tolerance, which may mean that the characteristic is
not within tolerance. For these fault angles it is
suggested to run a Verify test.
These Border Tests include therefore a Pass/Fail
information in the relative column of the grid.
4.4.2.1
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4.3.5 Verify nominal values (R/X)
Please note that this selection is available only if the characteristic is not loaded.
If a nominal curve is not available, but some values are known, it’s possible to verify these values by
choosing this selection. The following window appears:
The parameters are the following:
- Fault. these selections are available:

. L1n, L2n, L3n: ground-faults for phases 1, 2, 3;
. L1..L3: all ground-faults;
. L12, L23, L31: phase to phase faults on phases 1-2, 2-3, 3-1;
. L12..L31: all phase to phase faults;
. L1..L31: All ground-faults and phase to phase faults;
. L123: three phase fault;
. L12n, L23n, L31n: phase to phase to ground faults for phases 1-2, 2-3, 3-1;
. L12n.. L31n: All phase to phase to ground faults.
- Angle: it is the angle at which the test is performed.
- Zones to test (Ohms): these are the expected values of the zones impedance at the given angle.
Different values should be set upon changing angle. For instance, is the value represents the line reactance,
it is necessary to divide this value for the sin(angle) to obtain the corresponding impedance. This reactance
does not match the impedance at 90° except for characteristics horizontal in that portion (RAZOA)
The program verifies that the impedances are appropriately decreasing: .. Z4 ≥ Z3 ≥ Z2 ≥ Z1over ≥ Z1
and displays an error message if needed.
Usually a complete “Verify” test involves the angles: 0°; line angle; 90°. To do this it is necessary to:
. program the values at the first angle, for the desired faults;
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. press Ok: the “Test” folder shows the points in the test table with their nominal values and the R/X
diagram shows the corresponding points;
. select the folder “Test selection”, and insert new values for a different angle;
. press Ok: the new test values are inserted in the test table;
. select the folder “Test selection”, and insert new values for a different angle;
. after the last insert is made, the test table in the “Test” folder contains all the “Verify” tests to be
performed. This is how it would appear for tests at 0°; 75°; 90°, of fault L1.
To execute the tests in the list, the button must be pressed: as the test progresses the found
values are shown both on the test table and on the R/X graph.
The result table shows the obtained result and the absolute error with respect to the nominal. The column
Pass / Fail also shows if the search is within the tolerances that have been set. On the graph this
information can easily be seen by the colour of the point: if it assumes the same colour defined for the zone
than it is a pass otherwise it is displayed as “out of tolerance”
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It is also available the option Perform Border Test. It can be run independently from the Verify test and, if
selected, two tests will be added, one at lower impedance than the nominal (“Border –“) and one at higher
impedance “Border +”. The trip times of these tests must respect the nominal times for the zones. That is,
“Border –“ tests must trip within the zone nominal time, “Border +” tests must trip within the nominal time
of the immediately greater zone. They show a Pass/Fail information in the relative column of the grid and
are coloured as “Out of tolerance” if the nominal trip times are not respected.
4.4.2.1
4.3.6 Verify blinders

Blinders are lines, at a certain angle, which are
normally used in distance relays to clearly separate
the forward zones from the reverse. They are
normally used with quadrilateral characteristics.
Example of blinders is in the graph here on the right
hand side. The test can be performed either with or
without a nominal characteristic.
If the nominal characteristic is available, the

programs detects all blinders for each individual
zone and type of fault. Then they are presented in a
table where the user must select the blinders to be
checked. For the example above, the table on the
right is processed.
• Select the blinder to test: just double click on

the Check column of the one you want to test
• Unselect a previous selection… just double
click again
As you may see, in order to help you choose the
right blinder, the selection is made according to:
• Zone number
• Type of fault
• Blinder angle
The user must choose which digital contact is associated with the blinder search, as different fault types
may trigger different contacts.
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If the nominal characteristic is not available you have

to enter the blinder values by yourself.
• Zone nr: Select the zone number (this will
establish the maximum testing time)
• Test at: Select the Impedance value for the
test… it must be within the above Zone number
selection.
• Fault type: single phase, phase to phase…
• Blinder location: here you select
o the relative blinder value
o the position
O and the zone number
• Max Error: this is the maximum acceptable error in degrees when searching for blinders.
When all selection are done, press ok to confirm and prepare the test table.
4.4.2.1
4.3.7 Automatic time zone test Z-t

This type of test enables you to perform a series of injections at a specified angle. It is possible to verify the
zone thresholds as a function of the fault impedance and check them both on the R/X and Z/t diagrams.
The following window appears.
The meaning of the parameters is as it follows.

- Fault: the following selections are available
. L1, L2, L3: ground-phase faults 1, 2, 3;
. L12, L23, L31: phase to phase faults 1-2, 2-3, 3-1;
. L123: three-phase fault;
. L12n, L23n, L31n: phase to phase to ground on phases1-2, 2-3, 3-1;
. All ph-gnd; All ph-ph; All ph-ph-gnd; All faults.
- Z start, Z end: start and end value of the test impedance

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- Step: Impedance increase or decrease between consecutives tests (positive if Z start is less than Z end;
negative if Z start is greater than Z end)
- Angle: it is the test angle.
- N. of tests: this field is not enabled, ti shows the number of tests that will be performed with the
displayed parameters.
By pressing the OK button all the points to be verified will be added to the test list in the Test tab:
To execute the tests in the list, the button must be pressed.

If the nominal characteristic is known, the graphs will display points with the same colour of the zone in
which they lie.
R/X graph Z-t graph
If the nominal characteristic is not known, the graphs will display point with the colour of the estimated zone
depending on their tripping time.
R/X graph Z-t graph
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4.4.2.1
By comparing the nominal trip times and those obtained it is possible to understand if the settings are
correct.
4.3.8 Power swing blocking test

To perform this test the power swing block must be enabled in the protection. A negative impedance
gradient (Ω/s) starting from Z Start to Z End will be performed in the Transit time. After this gradient,
the final impedance is kept for the Waiting time (that must be set higher than the PSWB blocking time) in
order to verify the blocking time.
If the PSWB is enabled in the protection, the time delay of the protection will be equal or greater to the
Blocking time .
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The OK button must be pressed to put this test into the list. The test will be a three phase fault, as this is the
typical behaviour of the power swing. NOTE: upon selection of this test, the diagram will display the three
phase characteristic, that can be different from the single phase one.
The test will then be executed upon pressing the button.
In the picture, the green line represent the start and stop of the impedance gradient. The calibration of the
Start and stop normally follows these rules:
• Z Start: 10% higher than the general starter
• Z End: depends on the extension of the PSWB (zone 1, 2 or 3…)
• Angle angle of the test, usually close to 0°
So, if the PSWB is extended up to zone 2, you can perform the following tests:
• Z End inside zone 2: programming the waiting time with a value less than the blocking time of the
relay, no trip should occur; with a time greater than the blocking time, the realy should trip in the
blocking time, starting from when the impedance has become less than the internal impedance
• Z End inside zone 1: the relay should trip instantaneously.
The gradient is defined by Z Start, Z End and Transit time
∆Z Z Start − Z End
=−
∆T Transit Time
By pressing the OK button the test table is loaded with 3 lines.
The test is ideally divided in three steps (initial impedance, final impedance, wait) so there are 3 lines.
By pressing the Start button, the program shows:

- In the first two lines, identical time delays. Normally there is no trip; if the transit time is less than the
programmed time there will be a trip;
- In the third line, the time delay relative to the start of the waiting time.
4.4.2.1
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4.3.9 Inter-trip GPS synchronized End to End test
4.3.9.1 Test purpose
The test purpose is to verify that the system made of two distance relays connected together with any
scheme (blocking, permissive) works correctly. To do this you need two three-phase ISA test instruments
(UTB, UTS, ART/3, DRTS, DRTS.3,DRTS.6), both controlled by DISTANCE 21.
The following scheme shows the network situation that has to be verified. With any connection scheme, it
must be that:
. With faults occurring in zone 1, both relays trip in zone 1;
. With faults occurring after B, relay A trips in second zone, while B trips in the overreach zone (if enabled);
. With faults before A, relay B trips in second zone, while A trips in overreach zone (if enabled).
First overreach zone

of relay 1
First zone of relay 1
85%
115%
A B
1 2
To execute the test we need a device that guarantees the synchronization of the test start on the two
instruments. We therefore provide the GPS option, which gives synchronization pulses with selectable
period; any other system that provide a synchronization of at least 20ms is valid. If it is available a
communication channel quick enough, it is possible to use contact A2, which is closed upon test start:: A2
can be connected to the generating instrument, while the remote instrument can be connected to the
communication channel.
The two operators connect the test instrument to the distance relays by leaving intact the system that
connects them. DISTANCE 21 can start in different moments: it is not necessary to be synchronized at this
time. But after pressing the OK button, then the instruments will wait for the synchronization pulse and will
launch the fault. The operators must be in touch with the telephone to start the test and the synchronization
system at the same time.
4.3.9.2 Test execution
Upon selecting the option “Inter-trip” the following window appears

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The program requires the following parameters.

. Fault: type of fault (phase-ground, phase-to-phase..).
. Line impedance: (magnitude and angle) impedance of the line to be tested. If the nominal characteristic
of the relay is known, it is possible to calculate the Line impedance automatically by checking the
box.
. Test 1-5: it is possible to add 5 possible tests given the selected Line impedance. The impedance of each
point can be manually selected or automatically distributed given the Line impedance parameter and by
pressing the button .
Upon pressing the Ok button, the tests will be added to the test list and displayed on the graph.
In this case the Line impedance selected is equal to (Z1+Z2)/2.
The operators must decide the fault parameters before executing the tests: these values are different at the
two sides of the line and must be coherent to obtain correct results. For this reason it is also necessary to
select the local side of the test, A or B.
It is also necessary to start the synchronization device: in case a GPS solution is used, it must be started at
about the same time, with the same period (ex: 1 pulse every 30 s). The output of the synchronizer must be
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connected to C5 (if the trip input is connected to C1-C4): the software waits for maximum 1 minute for the
pulse.
Now by pressing the START on both GPS: before the first synchronization pulse, 1 to 2 times the
programmed time elapses. When the pulse turns off, press START on both computers: the program applies
the healthy values and when it gets the trip on C5 generates the fault values. Once the measure is done,
both relays trip and on the screen appears the measured trip time.
It is also possible to prepare a series of tests and launch the execution altogether: after the first
synchronization, the following tests are based upon the synchronizing pulses. For this reason the operators
must define the programming values prior to execution. The test criteria can be the following; the other tests
are added optionally.
Let’s assume that the nominal impedance ZN corresponding to the protected line is:
ZN = (Z1 + Z1L)/2
This is normally true; if the nominal value is known, it can be used.
If 1 and 2 are the protection relays, the crucial values to be verified are:
. Fault between 1 and 2: 1 and 2 trip in the first zone;
. Fault immediately after 1: 1 and 2 trip in the first zone;
. Fault immediately before 2: 1 and 2 trip in the first zone;
. Fault immediately after 2: 1 trips in second zone and 2 trips in overreach;
. Fault immediately before 1: 2 opens in second zone and 1 trips in overreach.
The following table summarizes the above considerations.

TEST Setting Direction. Triptime Side Setting. Direction. Triptime. SideT.A.
NO. RELAY A RELAY 1 NOM. 1 T.A. 1 RELAY 2 RELAY 2 NOM. 2 2
1 0.5* ZN Forward T1 L 0.5* ZN Forward T1 B
4 1.05* ZN Forward T2 L 0.05* ZN Reverse T4 B
5 0.05* ZN Reverse T4 L 1.05* ZN Forward T2 B
The following picture shows a list of tests on side A with ZN = 1.
4.4.2.1
Note: before the execution of this test it’s better to set up the debounce time to zero (see 4.4.2) , in order
to improve the synchronization between the two test sets (few microseconds).
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4.3.10 Auto recloser test

Purpose of the test is to verify the base timings of the recloser connected to the distance relay (or integrated
into it). The verification is executed by simulating trips and verifying trip times.
The meaning of the parameter is as it follows.
. Z: fault impedance to be simulated.

. Angle: fault angle.
. Recloser time : Nominal trip time of the recloser.
. Reclaim time : the reclaim of the recloser after the first fault.
For this test more cycles are performed:
1. First cycle: Single phase fault (L1), impedance and angle specified by the two fields Z and Angle.
The program will wait for the protection trip. The time delay must be less than the Recloser
Time.
2. Second cycle: Generating the pre-fault values, wait for the contact of the recloser, that nominally
must trip in the Recloser Time .
3. Third cycle: Generate the pre-fault values till the specified Reclaim Time +5 s (that is, if the
reclaim time is 30 s, for 35 s)
4. Fourth cycle: Single phase fault (L1) 5 s after the reclaim time, impedance and angle specified by
the two fields Z and Angle. The program will verify if the recloser trips.
5. Fifth cycle: Generate the pre-fault values till the specified Reclaim Time -5 s (that is, if the reclaim
time is 30 s, for 25 s)
6. Sixth cycle: Single phase fault (L1) 5 s before the reclaim time, impedance and angle specified by
the two fields Z and Angle. The program will verify if the recloser doesn’t trip.
7. Seventh cycle: Generate the pre-fault values
DISTANCE 21 will take care of the results of the cycles 3 to 6 only if the first two cycles were successful,
that is the protection trips and the recloser sends the command.
If the recloser runs correctly, the results of the cycles are:

1. First cycle: The protection trips, normally in the 1st zone.
2. Second cycle: The recloser trips in the Recloser Time .
3. Third cycle: No trip
4. Fourth cycle: trip from the recloser, because the fault is injected 5 s after the reclaim time
5. Fifth cycle: No trips
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6. Sixth cycle: no trip from the recloser, because the fault is injected 5 s before the reclaim time
FAULT 1 2 3
OPEN 1 2 3
CLOSE 1 2
T1 TR TN TR
The OK button must be pressed to put this test into the list. It will then be executed upon pressing the
button. The table shows only the first 2 cycles
Note: before the execution of this test DISTANCE 21 asks the user to enable the recloser function and to
connect the recloser contact on the trip input C5 (if the trip contact is connected to C1-C4) or C4 (if the
trip contact is connected to C5-C8)
After the test execution a recloser disable message will be shown.
4.4.2.1
4.3.11 Developing fault test
Purpose of this test is to simulate the development of a fault and verify the behaviour of the relay in this
instance. It is important that fault development happens sequentially.
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The meaning of the parameters is as it follows. For both faults first and second, it is possible to set:
. Z: fault impedance to be generated.

. Angle: fault angle.
. Fault: type of fault (phase-ground, phase to phase..).
. Duration: duration of the fault.
. Direction: direction forward or reverse.
. Dead time between two tests: the pre-fault conditions (that is, the nominal voltages) will be generated,
without the phase (or the phases) interested by the first fault. As an example, if the first fault is L3, during
the dead time the voltage on the phase V3 is zero; in this way a single phase breaker open could be
simulated.
The fault selection is free, it is possible to program any combination of faults, but meaningful responses has
to be expected only with: from phase-ground to phase-to-phase-ground or three-phase; from direction
forward to reverse etcetera.
If a dead time is inserted after a phase-ground fault, the corresponding voltage is null: this simulates the
opening of the relay on a phase before a fault on another phase.
button.
4.4.2
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4.3.12 Cycle editor
All the tests described in this chapter are “fixed”, so the user can only set the required parameters. If
there’s the need for a particular sequence , the Cycle editor allows to build test cycles quickly and easily.
Up to fifteen cycles can be defined into a sequence. By pressing the radio button “cycle editor”, this
screen will be shown:
Three kind of cycles are defined to test a distance relay:

• Impedance injection
• Impedance ramp
• Voltage and current
Depending upon this selection, a part of the screen will change accordingly (see below). The table will
contain all the defined cycles, that can be selected in order to be erased or modified.
4.3.12.a Impedance injection
It’s the simple selection of a fault (single phase, phase to phase..), with its impedance, angle and calculation
method. The maximum duration and the selected contact are defined in the common frame. Press the
button in order to add the fault to the cycle list.

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In the example is represented a L23 cycle with Z =1.5, ph=75 Tmax = 1.3 and C3 active.
4.3.12.b Impedance ramp
If it’s necessary to simulate an impedance swing, the user must select this kind of test. As shown, the
parameters are the starting and final impedance, the angle and the fault type.
Only single-phase and three-phases faults are available, and the ramp will be calculated using the constant
current method.
As for impedance injection, press the button in order to add ramp to the cycle list.
In the example is represented a three-phases impedance ramp with Zstart =2.5, ph=15 Tmax= 3.6 and
C4 active.
4.3.12.c Voltage and current injection
Some distance relays have, in addition to an impedance general start, a current starter. Some of these
combine voltage and current with different thresholds. Combining some voltage/current tests it’s possible
to verify the functionality of these starters. The Pre-fault button sets the voltages to the nominal (UN) and
the currents to 0. If the instrument has voltage output V4, the frame Phase4 is visible (as in the picture that
follows), otherwise only the first 3 frames are visible.
In the example is represented a simple sequence that tests a general start that has a current threshold of
2.5 A; two tests will be performed:
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one at 2 A and the other at 3 A. If the general start trips correctly, the expected results are “timeout” for
the test at 2A and instantaneous trip time delay for the test at 3 A.
4.3.12.d General parameters
All the cycles have common part that is represented in this frame; maximum time, centre star point and
contact enabled.
Moreover, for each cycle is defined the auxiliary contacts status, so it’s possible to define digital sequences.
4.3.12.e Modify, Add, Delete buttons
Select with the mouse one cycle in the list to modify it. In the example the third cycle was selected and the
user may change some parameters. After, press this button in order to change the cycle
in the list.
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When one cycle is defined, press this button to add a cycle (of the selected type) to the
sequence list. It’s possible to define up to 15 cycles per sequence.
The delete button is enabled if one or more cycles are selected in the list. Press this
button if it’s necessary to erase some cycles.
With the button all rows inserted in the list are discarded.
4.3.12.f Exit button
By pressing this button all the defined cycles will be lost and no tests will be added to the test list in the
main screen.
4.3.12.g Transfer table for execution button
By pressing this button all the defined cycles will be added to the test list in the main screen, and the
sequence editor will be closed. In the picture is represented an example of a sequence after having pressed
the button Transfer….
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4.3.13 General Start test

As the user selects the option General Start, the picture here below is displayed:
In the Settings tab, it is possible to define the settings of the starter:

• max error: it defines the maximum error which is allowed around the nominal value of a
threshold to consider the test as Passed or Failed. It is normally expressed in % of the nominal
value. When using a Current Angular starter, max error defines an absolute value in degrees.
• Search range: it defines the range to be searched around the nominal value of a threshold. It is
normally expressed in % of the nominal value. When using a Current Angular starter, max error
defines an absolute value in degrees.
For instance if we have a current threshold of 5A (see Tests tab), the user can define a Max error =
2% (so the program will show a Pass if the real threshold is within the range 5A± 2%), and a Search
Range of 20%, which means that it will look for the real threshold between 5A-20% and 5A+20%.
• Input contacts and phase have the same meaning as described previously.
• Angle V-I : defines the Voltage to current phase shift
If the programmed value exceeds the maximum values selected in the network tab of DISTANCE 21, the
search for the threshold will stop.
By pressing on the Tests tab, the user can select which type of General Starter wants to test.
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The program allows the testing of the following Starters:
4.3.13.a Overcurrent
As shown by the above picture, the Overcurrent starter has 1 current threshold to be tested.
- General start current. It is the current that makes the general starter to intervene. Range from 1 to the
maximum available current for the instrument;
- Test voltage. It is possible to select the voltage level during the test. Selecting 0 V the unlock current
can be tested, also for under impedance relays. Default: 0 V.
- PT interlock on A2. During the test, A2 is switched, and the overcurrent threshold tested. Default: 0 (no
such test).
- Trip time. This is the nominal intervention time, used to calculate the maximum time for the test: tmax =
triptime*1.3.
By pressing the OK button, a line will be added to the test table for execution. The type of test is defined
as Gen_I.
4.3.13.b Overcurrent 2 thresholds

This Starter has 2 current thresholds to be tested.
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- Trip current at zero voltage. It is the current threshold when the fault voltage is zero. Range 1 to the
- Trip current at healthy voltage. It is the current threshold when the voltage is at nominal value. Range
1 to the maximum available current for the instrument.
- Trip time at zero voltage. This is the nominal intervention time of the zero voltage threshold, used to
calculate the maximum time for the test: tmax = triptime*1.3.
- Trip time at healthy voltage. This is the nominal intervention time of the healthy voltage threshold, used
to calculate the maximum time for the test: tmax = triptime*1.3.
By pressing the OK button, 2 lines will be added to the test table for execution. Both type of tests are
defined as Gen_I.
4.3.13.c Overcurrent stepwise

This Starter has 3 threshold to be tested: 2 current thresholds and a voltage threshold.
- Trip current at zero voltage. It is the current threshold when the fault voltage is zero. Range 1 to the
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-Trip current at healthy voltage. It is the current threshold when the voltage is at nominal value. Range 1
to the maximum available current for the instrument.
- Voltage threshold. This is the voltage threshold when the current is between the two current thresholds.
- Trip time at zero voltage. This is the nominal intervention time of the zero voltage threshold, used to
calculate the maximum time for the test: tmax = triptime*1.3.
- Trip time at healthy voltage. This is the nominal intervention time of the healthy voltage threshold, used
to calculate the maximum time for the test: tmax = triptime*1.3.
By pressing the OK button, 3 lines will be added to the test table for execution. Two tests are defined as
Gen_I, and one as Gen_V
4.3.13.d Current Angular

The angular overcurrent starter has an overcurrent threshold that is controlled by the current to voltage
phase angle. Usually the starting current inside the angular section is higher than the one outside the angular
sector; in the R-X plane the characteristic (at nominal voltage) is a circle with a smaller radius inside the
angular sector. This allows the protection to be less sensitive to the load around the fault angle.
- Trip current inside the angular sector. It’s the current threshold at healthy voltage, that is at U =
UN, inside the angular sector. Range from 0.1 to the maximum available current for the instrument.
- Trip current outside the angular sector. It’s the current threshold at healthy voltage, that is at U =
UN, outside the angular sector. Range from zero to the maximum available current for the instrument.
. Angle from. Range 0° to 360°. Default 40°.
. Angle to. Range from 0° to 360°. Default 80°.
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- Trip time. This is the nominal intervention time of the angular thresholds, used to calculate the maximum
time for the test: tmax = triptime*1.3.
By pressing the OK button, 2 lines will be added to the test table for execution. The two tests are defined
of type Gen_Ang. Both tests are performed by generating the average current between the nominal current
inside the angular sector and the nominal current outside the angular sector for the chosen angle thresholds.
4.3.13.e Zero-sequence
- Zero-sequence trip current. Range 1 A to the maximum available current for the instrument. Default 1
A.
- Trip time. This is the nominal intervention time, used to calculate the maximum time for the test: tmax =
triptime*1.3.
- Test Voltage. This is the working voltage, select between 0V and Vnom.
By pressing the OK button, 1 line will be added to the test table for execution. The test is defined as
Gen_Io.
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4.3.14 Weak infeed test

As the user selects the option Weak Infeed, the picture here below is displayed:
This test applies to distance relays located after a very long line: this causes an high source impedance,
hence a weak in-feed during the fault. In this situation, the fault generates a current that can be less than the
minimum general start one of the distance relay; so, the relay would not trip even with the fault in the
protected zone. To overcome this inconvenience, the general start can be by-passed by a logic unlock
signal that comes from the distance relay at the other end.
With this test the fault simulation is performed in the constant current mode: this allows programming a fault
current less than the minimum general starter one.
- Z. Defines the fault impedance;
- Line angle. It is the fault angle;
- tmax. It is the maximum test time;
- test current. It is the current that will be generated during the test;
- Carrier send & General starters coordination time . During the test, the switch of the auxiliary A2
output simulates the unlock signal coming from the other end of the protected line. This value is the total of
the relay general start plus the transmission delay.
- Fault. It is the type of fault to be simulated (phase to ground; phase to phase; three phase).
By pressing the OK button, 1 line will be added to the test table for execution. The test is defined as
“Weak”.
After test start, the relay would not trip; it trips only as A2 closes, simulating the unlock coming from the
other end relay.
4.4.2.1
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4.3.15 Switch onto fault

To perform the following test, you need to enter the fault impedance, angle and fault type. The impedance
value is selected by clicking on the graph as reminded by the following message. It appears when the user
selects the Switch-on-to-fault option.
This is more convenient as the user has a better figure on which zone the test is performed.
When executing a click on the graph, the over-reach option in the Test page is automatically selected
and it is possible to select an auxiliary contact to perform the test.

The test is executed in this way:
1. The values V=0 and I=0 are applied for about 1 second (pre-fault)
2. Then the fault is injected
3. At the same time, the chosen auxiliary contact changes status to simulate the manual switch
operation.
This is to simulate the fault is applied starting from an open line condition.
The relay should trips instantaneously for 1st, 2nd and 3rd zone. Sometimes the SOTF feature is
extended only to zone 2 and not up to zone 3, so that the relay tripping time for zone 3 is not instantaneous
but delayed.
4.4.2.1
4.3.16 Fuse failure

You get the following picture to enter the values:
During the Fuse failure detection time, the voltage of the selected phase is removed (V=0) whilst the
other voltages remain at healthy value. This is to simulate the loss of one phase.
Then the test current is applied on the same phase: the relay should not trip.
button.
4.4.2.1
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4.3.16 Verify Nominal Times test

With this option it is possible to verify the trip times at the center of the zones, and check the results against
the nominal times. The user has to select the Fault type, the Maximum accepted error (that will determine
whether a test is a pass or a fail), the Test angle to which the tests will be performed and the Zones that will
be tested.
Upon pressing the Ok button, the result diagram shows the tests that will be performed.
As it can be noted, tests are going to be performed at the center of the zone to make sure that the trip time
is the closest to the nominal.
4.4.2.1.
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4.3.17 Multiple Contacts test

Purpose of this test is to record the trip times of different contacts of the connected instrument, and this
independently from the test performed and therefore from its fault type.
By clicking on the icons besides the contact labels, it is possible to set the contact default status. The test is
performed as for the click-and-test by clicking on the graph, and it finishes when all the enabled contacts
actually trip. The results are shown in the T(s) column of the test table: for each contact the relative trip time
is shown.
If the test lasts longer than the set Tmax time, the program will display No-trip.
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4.3.18 Stress test

This selection allows to define a “grid” of tests in order to verify if the protection runs properly in the
rectangle Start-R – Rmax , Start X – Xmax .
button.
The result diagram after the generation of all the tests should be something similar:
in this picture the protection

runs correctly for each test
The Stress Test adds only one line to the test table, but it contains all the information needed to execute all
the tests.
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If the Stress Test is stopped before the execution of all tests included in the procedure, the test will be
displayed as executed if at least one point has been tested. This means that the Test can be continued from
the point where it was stopped or re-executed from the first point to the last. In line with these special
situations, the menu of the Test table is readjusted when a Stress test is selected.
Please consider the following special rules that apply for the Stress test:
• Repeat Selected Tests: if the test was stopped, this menu item allows the user to continue the execution
from the last point that was tested before the test was stopped, but not to re-execute all tests from the
first.
• Display Stress Tests: a window opens to display a list of all the tests included in the procedure.
The pass/fail criteria is determined by using the trip time: a time corresponds to one of the zones. So if
the zone determined for the tested point (given the trip time) matches the nominal zone for the point, the
test is considered a Pass, otherwise it is a Fail. Tests that have failed are highlighted in bold red font,
and the buttons at the top of the page allow to scroll automatically to the previous or next failed test for
easy reference.
• Repeat All Tests of this Stress Procedure: This menu item allows to restart the execution of all tests
included in this Stress procedure from the first one.
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4.4.2.1.
4.3.19 Power line synchronization test
This test, valid only for DRTS6, generates faults synchronized to the mains supply . In order to perform
this test it’s necessary to connect the instrument to the Mains Synchronizer Option PII24156, following this
picture:
The test will be executed with a simple click of the mouse on the graph, as “Click and test” (par. 4.3.1).
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4.4 TEST
The Test window is the following
This window is to be considered together with the graph page. The window is divided in frames.
4.4.1 Fault
In this frame the following selections are found
4.4.1.1 Test Sequence
This allows selecting the following test evolutions:
. Pre-fault - Fault - Zero

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With this selection, after test Start pre-fault values are generated during T Pre-fault; then fault values are
generated, and they last at maximum Tmax; after trip, parameters are held and return to zero after T Hold.
All parameters remain at zero until the next command from the PC; the minimum zero duration depends on
the transmission time between PC and instrument (0,5 s nominal).
Fault
Prefault
Param
Timing Ts Tm Tt
Trip
Measure T1
. Pre-fault - Fault – Pre-fault

With this selection it is possible to better simulate the real behaviour of the system: after a fault the breaker
cuts voltages and currents. It is necessary to pay attention because with this selection it is necessary to
program the pre-fault time with a delay greater than the timing of the option Fault recloser (if enabled);
otherwise the protection will always trip with the time of the first zone.
Fault
Pre- Fault
Param.
Times Ts Tm Tt
Trip
Measures T1
4.4.1.2 Fault type
You can select between:

1. Phase 1 to ground
4. Phase to phase 12
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7. Three Phase 123
8. Phase to phase 12 and ground
Using this selection:

- for tests “Click & test” e “Sequence” the selection is for both the fault to be executed and the fault
displayed by the graph;
- With all other tests, the fault is selected when the test is inserted in the list, so the selection modifies only
the fault displayed b the graph.
The graph displays only tests executed with the selected fault. With all fault selection is possibile to:
- Define different fault types (for instance , single-phase or phase-to-phase);
- Execute the test. During the execution the program selects automatically the graph corresponding to the
test, together with the nominal curve;
- To read the results, it is possible to scroll the table or select the type of fault, corresponding results are
displayed in the graph.
In the following example there are 3 L1 faults and 3 L12 faults: the table and the corresponding diagrams
are displayed.
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4.4.2 Timer and input contacts and IEC61850
4.4.2.1. Set digital inputs

When pressing the Set Digital Inputs button, the following window appears:
For each type of fault, it is possible to select which Contact Input will be monitored: just click on the grid
cell corresponding to the type of fault (row) and the contact number (column). It is also possible to add a
title for the fault type: double click on the cell to enter the title and press Enter.
For each contact it is also possible to define whether it works Normally Close (NC) or Normally Open
(NO).
Inputs are divided into groups of two contacts, and depending on the instrument have isolated grounds in
groups of two or four. If the instrument can handle the contacts Imp1 and Imp2 these are also shown and
can be used together as the other inputs. The following selections are independent for the 2 groups. Their
meaning is as it follows:
• Type / Threshold
Contacts can be set to: Dry; Polarized by a d.c. voltage; Polarized by an a.c. voltage. Move the cursor
corresponding to the set of Contacts in the dropdown menu to decide if it is dry or polarized and the
relative threshold. Select the AC button to specify Ac polarizing voltage: in this case the debounce is forced
to 2000 us, to overcome the zero crossings of the input.
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• Threshold
When the contact is selected Polarized, it is also possible to select the threshold voltage: all inputs less than
80% of the selected value are made equal to zero. This serves to avoid noise on the line, or in case there is
a protective resistor in parallel to the contact driving the coil, so that the Open contact does not correspond
to zero volts. Available thresholds: 5 V (logic input); 24 V; 48 V; 100 V. This selection should match the
wetting voltage.
If dry input is selected and a voltage is applied the instrument does not suffer, provided that the input is no
more than 220 V. If a voltage is selected and the input is not polarized, the trip is not sensed.
If a wrong voltage threshold is selected:
. Threshold higher than the voltage: the trip is not sensed;
. Threshold lower than the voltage: the contact could be found closed when it is open.
• Debounce.
The debounce is the time during which the instrument waits for the input to become stable: this serves to
avoid stopping the test because of noise, and also to ignore contact bounces. When a transition is sensed
the debounce counter starts: any opposite transition before the debounce expires resets the counter. Only if
the input does not change for the programmed duration the input is accepted, and the timer stopped.
Default value: 500 us. With electronic inputs the value can be programmed to 0; with heavy contacts the
debounce is better programmed to 2000 us (maximum). The time measurement is not affected by this
selection.
4.4.2.2 Pre-fault time

Pre-fault time: it is normally used to introduce a delay between two following tests; it is necessary for
electromechanical relays. Normally can be zero. Default: 0.2 s.
4.4.2.3 Maximum time

Tmax: it is normally used for manual tests or sequences, since the automatic search or verification use a
Tmax variable according to the zone under test.
4.4.2.4 Hold time

THold: when setting a Hold time greater than zero, the user chooses to maintain the fault values for a time
Thold before letting the test end. This applies both if the test sequence is Pre-Fault-Pre or Pre-Fault-Zero.
It could be said that with Thold, the test sequence evolve into a Pre-Fault-Hold-Pre or Pre-Fault-Hold-
Zero.
4.4.2.5 IEC61850
IEC61850. This button is enabled when the ISA Instrument contains the IEC61850 board. By pressing it
a window is opened to allow to control the IEC61850 board. For a detailed explanation please refer to
Appendix 5.
4.4.3 Fault Impedance

In this frame the following settings can be made
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4.4.3.1 Fault Impedance

It is possible to program the fault impedance by using two out of the four values (Z,R,Fi,X), the other two
are calculated accordingly.
While moving with the mouse over the graph R/X, the relative impedance in module and phase angle as
well as the resistance and reactance are displayed. In case you want to test a particular impedance value,
you can set these values because it may be difficult to reach a specific point by only using the mouse.
4.4.3.2 Insert in the test list

The above values can be edited and inserted in the test list in order to be tested. This may be necessary
when you want to test a specific value and you cannot get it with the mouse (if you don’t believe this, try to
click exactly on Z=1Ω, 75°).
Further to this, if you press the Start button, the test for that point will be executed.
4.4.3.4 Over-reach on
Together with the other zones, it is possible to automatically verify the overreach zone. If this option is set,
during tests the selected contact switches to send the overreach command to the relay before executing the
test. The ground of this contact must be connected to the Vcc output (+), while the relay overreach contact
must be connected to the NO or NC contact depending if the overreach is polarized (NO) or not (NC).
This command substitutes the one coming from the recloser: if connected, to execute this test it must be
excluded.
Here are a few connection schemes for some of the common distance relays.
Contact A1 position NO: for Siemens relay 7SL27, R3Z24; Landis & Gyr DAM 385; Daco System
RN1-ZH1.
Standard Connection Connection for overreach test to be polarized with 110V

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Contact A1 position NC: per ABB RAZOA.
For those distance relay without overreach zones, and whose recloser contact acts directly on the 1st
extended resistance, the overreach contact must not be polarized, but it is necessary to connect both ends
of A1, the contact C and NC.
Position N.C.: per Siemens R1Z23, R1Z24.

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4.4.4 Vector diagram and phase measurements
These values and vectors are updated every time the mouse moves over the R/X graph. During click&test
or sequence tests, the values are automatically update.
Phase to neutral or Phase to phase voltage are displayed according to the selection
4.4.5 Test results tables

The test and result tables store all the tests that are to be performed or already executed with the results.
The tables are wider than as they appear on screen, and contain all the test data (voltages, currents, contact
conditions): these values can be read by scrolling the grid horizontally. When the tables contain more rows
than they can show a vertical scrollbar appears too.
The table format and the meaning of the data they contain may depend on the type of test. For all tests
anyway, a mark at the side of the test number (for instance 2*) means the test has already been executed.
Type of test Type Results Error Pass/Fail Notes

column ABS %
Click & Test “Shot” Trip Time T(s)
Sequence “Shot” Trip Time T(s)
Automatic time “Shot” Trip Time T(s)
zone test (Z/t)
Verify the R/X “Search” Impedance Z X X X Table shows the nominal
characteristic Trip Time T(s) impedance: error in Ohms
and % between nominal and
found impedances
“Border +” Trip Time T(s) X Depending on trip times it is a
“Border –“ Pass or a Fail
(if selected)
Search the R/X “Search” Impedance Z Table does not show a
characteristic Trip Time T(s) nominal impedance
“Border +” Trip Time T(s) Border tests does not show
“Border –“ Pass/Fail indication as they
(if selected) are set depending on the
resulting impedance of the
“Search” test.
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Verify nominal “Verify” Impedance Z X X X Table shows the nominal

values Trip Time T(s) impedance: error in Ohms
and % between nominal and
found impedances
“Border +” Trip Time T(s) X Depending on trip times it is a
“Border –“ Pass or a Fail
(if selected)
Power Swing “Psw_1” Trip Time T(s) Test data is stored in three
“Psw_2” adjacent rows.
“Psw_3”
Intertrip “Intertrip” Trip Time T(s)
Auto Recloser “Recloser” Trip Time T(s) X Test data is stored in two
test “Recl_2” adjacent rows
Blinders “Blinder” Blinder angle X X Error in ° between nominal
ph(Z) and found blinders
General starter “Gen_I” Threshold current X X X Error in A between nominal
and found thresholds
“Gen_V” Threshold voltage X X X Error in V between nominal
“Gen_Io” Threshold zero- X X X Error in A between nominal
sequence current and found thresholds
“Gen_Ang” Threshold angle X X Error in ° between nominal
Weak Infeed “Weak” Trip Time T(s)
Multiple “Mul” Trip times T(s)
contacts
Stress “Stress” Zone X If the zone corresponding to
the trip time matches the
nominal zone for the point it is
a Pass
Power Line “PLSync” Trip Time T(s)
Syncrho
When opening a .BPR or .MDB file, the results are shown both in the Test table and in the Result table. To
repeat the tests just press start and the new results overwrite those existing in the test table. At the end of
the tests, it is possible to transfer these new results to the results table. This will overwrite the results
previously stored. No changes are made to the database files until such results are stored into a file.
At the bottom of the table there are 2 buttons:
4.4.5.1 Store all tests
By pressing this button, the rows with a * mark are transferred to the result table and cancelled from the
test table. The transferred tests replace those tests with same number already in the result table. A confirm
must be done by clicking Ok on the subsequent message.
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4.4.5.2 Delete all tests

By pressing this button the test in the test tables are cleared. The deletion must be confirmed with by
pressing Ok in the following message.
4.4.5.3 Table functions
By Clicking on the Test Table, a popup menu appears. The enabled items depend on the status of the test
table:
• If the table is empty, by clicking on the header of the table, the only available items are “Select
columns to show” and “Set grid font”
• If more than one row is selected, the item “Comment to the test” is not enabled
• If the selected row (or rows) represent a Cycle built with the Sequence Editor, the item “Modify
Test” is enabled.
The tasks to be performed to the test table are:

• delete selected tests: deletes the selected rows from the test table regardless if they have already
been executed or still to be tested
• Mark as executed: this function puts a mark * beside the test number of the selected rows. In this
way it is possible to treat a not executed test as it has been executed and therefore save it into a
database.
• Repeat selected tests: repeats the tests corresponding to the selected rows
• Modify test: copies the selected rows into the Sequence Editor so that the user can edit them. By
clicking on the “Transfer table for test execution” button of the Sequence Editor, new lines will be
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added to the test table. The user then needs to delete the lines that were to be modified by means
of the Delete selected tests menu item.
• Comment to the test: The following window appears:
In the “Message” box, it is possible to define a comment to the test that must be displayed prior to
the test execution. The “Show this message” Checkbox allows the user to decide whether to
display the message when this test is executed. There is also a “Notes” box, where other notes can
be inserted. “Message” and “Notes” are stored together with the test data and can contain also
pictures.
By pressing the OK button, if the “Show this message” checkbox is set, an icon will appear on the
first column of the test table beside the test number. This means the comment is active and will be
shown when the test is executed.
If a comment has been inserted in the “Message” box, but the “Show this message” checkbox has
not been selected, the disabled icon will appear on the first column of the test table. This means that
the comment is present but will not be shown upon test execution.
• Store all tests: transfers all the test that have been executed (with the mark *) from the test table to
the result table
• Delete all tests: deletes all the rows in the test table
• Set columns to show: opens up a window, showing the columns available in the test table and
allowing the user to select which columns should be displayed.
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By pressing the Apply button, the columns of the test table will be updated consequently. The
configuration is saved in the .INI file so that when DISTANCE 21 is launched again, it retains the
settings.
• Set grid font: opens up a window, showing the type of font to use for the grid
• View signals: opens a window that displays the waveforms of the involved voltages and currents
and the enabled contact. This option is available only for test type “Shot” and “Search”. In this
window is possible to zoom in and out the waveform and make time measurements by moving the
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cursors.
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4.4.6 Test control screen
The screen to the right allows controlling the test evolution.
The icon shows whether the test set is connected. The program continuously check (in a few
seconds) if the instrument is connected. In case it is disconnected, it will update the icon accordingly.
In one situation Distance 21 does not continuously check if the instrument is connected: when at program
startup the instrument was not connected and the operator pressed “No” on the following message.
At the top the selected type of test is displayed.

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In the middle is displayed the R-X (or Z-t) diagram, according to the test selection. On the plane move
two cursors that address the fault impedance components: Z, F , R, X. With a click of the right mouse
button on this window or by clicking on the squares under the zone display selection, you can gain access
to the color definition window.
Then click on the colour you want to change and get the following:
It is possible to change the colours and to confirm the changes.

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4.4.6.1 Zoom and scale
On the first line under the graph there are the minimum and maximum values displayed. If there is a nominal
curve the program computes these limits automatically; otherwise, they can be set manually.
On the right there are the zoom-in and out commands. If the problem is to set the test point in the close
proximity of a desired point, proceed as follows:
• Press the zoom-in button ;

• Move the mouse in the proximity of the point;
• Click the mouse and keep it pressed moving it across the point;
• Release the mouse: the set area is displayed. The procedure can be repeated until the desired
resolution is obtained.
To restore the normal screen, click the zoom-out button . See the following pictures as a reference.
To enlarge the graph limits, press the button
4.4.6.2 Zone display
At the bottom is available the following selection.
The table allows to control the zone displayed on the graph; this serves to increase the ease of reading
details for the desired zone.
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- the first column indicates if the zone is enabled or disabled .

Zone enabled Zone disabled
A disabled zone is shown on the graph but with a dotted style.

- the second column indicates the progressive number of the zone (and cannot be modified)
- the third column indicates the name of the zone, can be modified and when a RIO file is opened, it
contains the name of the zone as in the file.
- the fourth column shows the colour of the zone. By clicking on the cell the window to choose a colour is
displayed.
- the fifth column indicated if a zone has to be shown on the graph or not .
Zone displayed Zone not displayed
- The option Show Tolerances allows, in case the nominal characteristic is known, to display tolerances
around the characteristic. Please note the difference between the following two pictures, the first does not
highlight tolerances, whether the second does:
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When showing tolerances, the graph has the following characteristics:

- all zones are displayed with the same colour
- zone tolerances assume the colour of the characteristic
- test point are coloured as the relative zone colour
In the above graph, the test points are of type “verify the R/X char” and it can be noticed that some points
are of different colour than the zone, in which case they are displayed as “Out of tolerance”. By zooming
around these single points it can be noticed that they lies outside the tolerance boundaries.
4.4.6.3 Control buttons

At the bottom of the screen are the test control buttons.
They are:
- Start: by pressing it faults are generated, starting from the first one on the list. The only exception is the
click and test selection: in this instance, the test is started with a click on the R-X plane;
- Stop: the test execution is stopped; parameters go to pre-fault values; the auxiliary supply is kept;
- Reset: all outputs go to zero;
If you press Start without having issued the Generate pre-fault command, in the Network selector, the
following message is displayed.
It is possible to confirm, or change parameters and transmit them.

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4.4.6.4 Re-execution of a test point
In case the selected display is of type R-X, when moving the mouse over a tested point the following frame
appears:
It shows the main characteristics of the point under observation, type of test, zone number, row number
and its impedance (in R,X format). By pressing the Repeat button it is possible to execute again the test
without scrolling the test table.
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4.5 Results
If you loaded a result file (in *.bpr or MDB format) or you transferred some tests from the Test tab, the
Results tab will be similar to the following picture:
Here is a brief description of the available selections :
4.5.1 Fault type

It is a list-box that changes the diagram according to the selected fault; of course, if there isn’t any result for
the chosen fault, the relative diagram will appear empty (just the nominal curve, if loaded). This may seem
particularly strange in case the file has no tests of the fault type L1.
4.5.2 Diagram representation
By changing the representation from R-X to Z-T , the program shows the Z-T
diagram and the results for the angle selected in the textbox below ; to change the diagram from
an angle to an other, it is necessary to press Enter on the keyboard.
The diagram will appear empty if no result is available for the specified angle.
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4.5.3 Operative buttons

The button perform the relative function as described in the following paragraphs.
Delete all tests erases all lines from the Results table. Apart from this, deletion of rows in the results table
can be done on a row selection basis. By selecting one or more rows with a mouse click, the following
menu appears:
• Delete selected tests: deletes the selected rows from the result table. If a test is stored into more rows
(e.g. Recloser is made of 2 rows), all involved rows are deleted.
• Select columns to show: allows to select which columns of the result table are to be shown.
4.5.4 Printing results

Upon choosing the Print Results options of the File menu, the following selection window appears.
It is possible to select whether to include the graphs or the Notes page in the report.
Upon pressing the Ok button, the report is created and displayed in a separate window.
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The first page displays all the settings of the relay, and it is followed by the pages that display the test
results.
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Tests are grouped by test type and meaningful data is displayed automatically depending on the test type.
At the top of the report window there is a toolbar to perform various activities.
4.5.4.1 Toolbar
By pressing this button it is possible to close the report window

By means of the navigation bar it is possible to scroll the report to the first-
previous – next-last page.
While the report is loading, if it takes a long time it is possible to stop the execution of the report by
pressing this button.
By pressing this button it is possible to define the printer and printer options
By pressing this button it is possible to start the printing job on the selected printer
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By pressing this button it is possible to refresh the report

By pressing this button it is possible to export the report into a variety of formats.
By selecting this menu it is possible to vary the zoom of the report page.
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4.6 Import results in Excel

MDB files
A result file is formatted as a data base file, ready to be used by Microsoft Access. Furthermore, it’s
possible to import a result table in Microsoft Excel . In the following figures is explained which are the
selections in Excel:
• Define a new data base query:
• Data base type selection

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• Select the data base file:
• Select the columns:
• And, after the inclusion of all the columns without any filter, and ordering the rows by
“DBNumber”, the table will appear:
Please note that Excel will not interpret the column dbNr as numeric, therefore the rows will be
ordered as if the numbers where strings. String 10* is therefore greater than 1* but lower than 2*.
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BPR files
In the following figures is explained which are the selections in Excel:
Fields delimited by
commas or tabs
Confirm and proceed :
No text qualifier, and

for delimiters commas
and tabs
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General data format for

the columns
Confirm and all the data concerning the tests (V,I, Z etc.) will be available in Excel.
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APPENDIX 1: FAULT SIMULATION METHODS
In DISTANCE 21 the fault is simulated computing voltages, currents and angles using the formulas for a
single ended fault. Given the source impedance Zs and the fault impedance Z, the fault current (for phase to
ground faults) is the following:
Ig = UN /(Zs (1+KES) + Z(1+KEL))
where all variables are vectors. Formulas for other fault types are reported in the following Appendix.
When voltages and currents are computed, the following problems could arise:
1. Ig is greater than the maximum current Imax;
2. Ig is less than the minimum trip current;
3. V is greater than the maximum voltage Vmax.
Problem 2 means that no trip is detected: the operator can notice it and intervene.
Problem 3 is handled according to the type of simulation.

With constant Zs the program stops, and a message warns the operator, or the program limits the voltage
to the maximum, and continues.
With constant Ifault the program automatically reduces the test current and continues.
For problem 1, the program foresees three alternative selections:
. With the selection Zs constant the numerator UN is decreased, until Ig<Imax. The reduction of UN is
stopped at 1 V or at a fault impedance of 25 mOhm, whichever comes first.
. With the selection Ifault constant the parameter Imax becomes the test current. The computation formula
is simplified, Zs is ignored, and the fault voltage becomes:
Vg = Ig * Z * (1+KEL)
This is the simulation used by the manual test sets TZ/2 and TZ/3: this simulation is provided to test Zs = 0
and Z = 0, and also to compare to former test results. From the relay standpoint this simulation is favorable
to an accurate measurement; however, in the reality the accuracy is a function of the ratio Zs/Z.
This simulation would fail if the computed fault voltage is greater than the healthy value. In this instance the
program automatically reduces the selected test current, and continues.
The following figure displays current and voltage fault vectors with different type of faults and different
simulations.
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Fault I cost ZS, UN cost
VRN VRN
VR
VR −ϕ IR −ϕ
Single phase IR
VT VS VTN VTN VS VSN
VR VR
Phase to phase IT
IT
VT VST
V TN VS T V SN VTN VSN
VT VS −ϕ VS
−ϕ
IS IS
VRN VRN
VR IT VR
IT −ϕ IR
−ϕ IR
Three phase
VT VS VT
VS
V TN IS V SN VTN IS VSN
VRN VRN
IT
IT
Two phase
to ground VT VS VT
−ϕ −ϕ
VS
V TN IS V SN VTN IS VSN
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In order to decide about the type of simulation for single phase to ground faults, consider the following.
X
X3
X2
X1
R1 R2 R3
R
-Zs
A) ZS = cost
X
X3
X2
X1
R1 R2 R3
R
B) I = cost
Characteristic curves of an ABB RAZOA relay
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. The Zs selection is to be preferred because tests simulate actual faults as seen by the distance
relay. If Zs is unknown, normal primary values range from 4 Ohm to 20 Ohm up for long lines. A value of
10 Ohm primary is a reasonable default value; argument is the same as the line one (default 75°). With this
simulation, if Zs secondary is > 1.2 Ohm with IMAX = 25 A (or Zs > 2.4 Ohm with IMAX = 12.5 A), in
first quadrant, any value of fault impedance would not cause Ifault > Imax, and the nominal voltage would
not be reduced.
. With MHO characteristics, the characteristic curve is altered by Zs, as the point where V and I reverse
their phase shift moves with Zs. In such instance the measured characteristic curve, that corresponds to
the actual relay behavior in the plant, would not match with the one declared by the manufacturer, that
usually ignores the source impedance. In such a case, if test result is to be compared to the nominal,
the constant current should be selected. Note that the law by which the curve moves is complex, as it
depends upon: the source impedance Zs and its argument, and also the source residual coefficient KES and
its argument.
The above figure displays the characteristic curve of a RAZOA distance relay with constant source
impedance and with constant current. With RAZOA, in the fist quadrant the shape of the characteristic
curve is not affected by Zs; however, with relays like RAZFE of ABB this occurs; all circular MHO
characteristics are affected also in first quadrant.
Note that the constant ZS diagram is obtained pretending that the source impedance does not change in
argument when the fault is moved in the four quadrants. Now, this is just a simulation, but cannot occur in
reality, as moving the fault to quadrants II and III implies that the source must change its direction (and
possibly that the source impedance module changes). If a zone is set reversed, which is possible for
RAZOA, the shift of the origin partly covers the reverse zone; if the source impedance is larger than the set
fault impedance, the reverse zone would disappear.
DISTANCE 21 does not automatically reverse the argument of the source impedance ; if there is a zone in
reverse direction, the correct way to test the relay is to find the characteristic curve with the source
impedance in forward direction for angles from –45° to 135°, and to reverse the source impedance
direction (and to correct the module) for angles from 135° to – 45°.
Last, note that phase to phase to ground faults are simulated as follows:
. With ZS, values are computed from vector computation;
. With constant current, the fault is two single phase to ground: with this simulation, relays with more than
one fault measurement circuit give false test results.
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APPENDIX 2 FAULT CALCULATION FORMULAS

This appendix summarizes the calculations performed in the various simulations of the program. At the end
there is also a summary of the vector diagram for the various fault types, depending on the algorithm used.
A2.1 PHASE TO GROUND FAULT
In case of phase 1 to ground fault computation formulas are the followings.
A2.1.1 ZS SELECTION
I1 = U1N / (Z * (1+KEL) + ZS * (1+KES))
I2=I3=0
U1 = U1N * Z * (1+KEL) / ( Z * (1+KEL) + ZS * (1+KES))
U2 = U2N - I1 * ZS * KES
U3 = U3N - I1*ZS*KES
Case: I1 > IM
In this instance U1N, U2N, U3N are reduced until I1 < IM; the decrease of UN is stopped at 1 V.
A2.1.2 Ifault SELECTION
In this instance the computation formula is the following:
V1 = Z * Ig * (1 + KEL)
where all values are scalar. The program computes:

. V1; the angle is left unchanged;
. V2 and V3 do not change;
. I1 = Ig in module; the phase is fault impedance angle changed in sign;
. I2 = I3 = 0.
If V1 > VN, the program modifies Ig to 0.9*Ig and continues.

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A2.2 PHASE TO PHASE FAULT
In case of phase 1 to phase 2 fault, computation formulas are the followings.
A2.2.1 ZS SELECTION
I1 = (U1N - U2N) / (2 * (Z + ZS))
I2 = -I1
I3 = 0
U3 = U3N
U1 = ((U1N + U2N) / 2) + I1 * Z
U2 = ((U1N + U2N) / 2) - I1 * Z
With phase to phase faults, fault currents are equal in amplitude and opposite in phase. This is simulated in
the MT model by selecting the corresponding output sockets, and in the T model by injecting two currents.
Case: I1 > IM

V21 = Z * Ig * 2
where V12 is the module of phase to phase voltage, V2 - V1. From this voltage the program computes:
• Voltages V1, V2 = sqrt( (V12/2)^2 + (V3/2)^2), and the corresponding angles;
• V3 is unchanged in amplitude and phase.
• Current I1 is equal to Ig in module, and is phase shifted by the impedance argument plus 180° with
respect to the phase to phase voltage V2 - V1.
• Current I2 is equal and opposite to I1;
• I3 is equal to 0.
If V1 > VN (V21 > 1.73 * VN), the program modifies Ig to 0.9*Ig and continues.
A2.3 THREE PHASE FAULT

In case of three phase fault, computation formulas are the followings.
A2.3.1 ZS SELECTION
I1 = U1N / ( ZS + Z)
I2 = U2N / ( ZS + Z)
I3 = U3N / ( ZS + Z)
U1 = U1N * (1 - ZS / ( ZS + Z ) )
U2 = U2N * (1 - ZS / ( ZS + Z ) )
U3 = U3N * (1 - ZS / ( ZS + Z ) )
Case: I1 > IM
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V1 = V2 = V3 = Z * Ig
The program computes:
• V1, V2, V3: angles are left unchanged;
• I1 = I2 = I3 = Ig in module; the phase shift is the fault impedance argument changed in sign.
If V1 > VN, the program modifies Ig to 0.9*Ig and continues.
A2.4 PHASE TO PHASE TO GROUND FAULT
A2.4.1 ZS SELECTION
Given:
j120°
a= e
Zo = ZS * (3 * KES + 1) + Z*(3*KEL +1)
Z1 = Z + ZS
Io = -U1N / (2*Zo +Z1)
ZoS = ZS * (3*KES +1)
With a phase to phase to ground fault on phases 2 and 3 formulas are the following:
I2 = (U2N - U3N) / (Z1 * (2* Zo + Z1)) * (Zo - a*Z1)
I3 = (U3N - U2N) / (Z1 * (2* Zo + Z1)) * (Zo - a ²*Z1)
I1 = 0
U1 = U1N + Io * (ZS -ZoS)
U2 = U2N + ZS*Io*( a ² - (a - a ²) * Zo/Z1) - ZoS*Io
U3 = U3N + ZS*Io*( a + (a - a ²) * Zo/Z1) - ZoS*Io
Case: I1 > IM
V1 = V2 = Z * Ig * (1 + KEL)
that is, two single phase to ground faults.

The program computes:
. V1 and V2: angles are left unchanged;
. I1 = I2 = Ig in module; the phase shift is the fault impedance argument changed in sign.
. I3 = 0.
If V1, V2 > VN, the program modifies Ig to 0.9*Ig and continues.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 113/129
APPENDIX 3: Automatic tests verifications
A3.1 ZONE DEFINITION

The zone verification can be executed by launching simulations of the various faults, by adapting the module
of the source impedance Zs if the found current with the fault impedance is greater to the maximum allowed
current. As previously described, the tests are repeated for all the angles. First to be verified are zone
extensions on output 1 (or 1-2); then on 2 and 3. Since a zone is defined by its tripping time, we calculate a
reference time to check when a zone starts and when it finishes. If we suppose the operator has set trip
times T2; T3; T4; T5; T6. Due to the uncertainty in the distance relay response (especially if
electromechanical) there is a rounding effect on adjacent zones so that beyond the introduced values the
relay may trip in many other intermediate times.
TS4
T4
TS3
T3
TS2
T2
TS1
T1
I° I° ALL II° III° AVV
To define where a zone ends and the next one starts, the instrument verifies that the tripping time is above
a threshold define as:
T(N+1)
TSN
TN
ZN Z
TSN = TN + 0,7 x ((TN+1) - (TN))
With this method, when searching a zone characteristic, the impedance value of the zone equates to the
minimum impedance whose tripping time is higher than TSN. If the relay does not trip, it is considered as
maximum time.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 114/129
A3.2 SEARCH OF A DISTANCE RELAY CHARACTERISTIC
Zone characteristics are verified starting from the zone with highest impedance, by means of a series of
successive shots.
Let’s suppose we want to find the limits of zone1, 2, 3: give T1, T2, T3, TMAX, we calculate the
thresholds TS1, TS2, TS3, TSAVV. The search start with zone 3, because once it is found, the search of
zone 2 and 1 is made on a smaller impedance range.
As a start, the third zone may assume any value between 0 Ohm and ZMAX=VN/IMIN.
SEARCH OF A ZONE CHARACTERISTIC
X
ZMAX
1
2
4
5
7
6
3
TARATURA
R
At the end of the test these will be the performed measures:
- Impedances of the various zones at the selected angles;
- Trip times of the zones.
After the last verification, the outputs are set to 0.
A3.3 VERIFICATION OF A ZONE GIVEN A NOMINAL VALUE
After test start, the testset proceeds by verifying the steps and the tripping times, with the selected fautls.
The verify test is executed by launching simulations of the various faults, and adapting the Zs source
impedance module if the current determined with the selected fault impedance is greater than the maximum
selected. As said before, the tests are repeated for all fault angles. The first tests to be performed are on
Phase 1 than on Phase 2 and 3.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 115/129
The trips are verified close to the nominal values set, with a series of consecutive shots.
First of all the tripping times are calculated as the change between one zone and the next. If a calculated
voltage is above the maximum selected, the program will assign the maximum voltage.
Once the fault parameters are calculated, the instrument executes the test in two separate steps.
Step “A”: quick search; the impedance Z separates zone N and N+1; the threshold time is TS1
- The fault is executed at Nominal Z, then:
- If it trips in less than TS1, the value is incremented of a 5%, until the trip happens in more
than TS1
- Otherwise, if it trips in more than TS1, the value is decremented of a 5% until the trip
happens in less then TS1
At this point the software has determined two different Z, one for zone N+1, the other for zone N. The
difference between the two zones is at best of 5%.
Step “B”: verification with the set accuracy.
A shot is made at the average value between the two impedances calculated with Step “A”, and the test
continues with the criteria described above, but this time with delta equal to 1/10 of the allowed tolerance,
and with an absolute minimum difference between two consecutive shots of 5 mOhm.
The nominal value of the impedance is the average of the last two shots; the timing is then determined by
executing a shot at the impedance equal to the average of two consecutive results: for the first zone the shot
to determine the tripping time is set to Z1/2.
At the end of the test, the following measures will be performed:

- Impedances of the various zones at the selected angles;
- Time delays of the various zones.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 116/129
APPENDIX 4: Arc Resistance compensation

The fault impedance measured by the relay is as follows:
o Ground Fault: Z Loop = Z D + Z E + Z A = Z D * (1 + K E ) + R A
o Phase Fault: Z Loop = 2 * Z D + RA
Line Angle = 75°
ZL
X RA
ZD
ZF
For relays like Alstom P441, P442, P444, SEL
311, 321, 421, and others, the setting is given in RA
terms of: RD R
o Impedance reach Z1 at line angle

o Arc resistance compensation RA1
So, for any measured impedance value ZF, the relay
Ø extracts the arc resistance RA
Ø calculate ZL
Ø compare with the setting Z1 and RA1
The described method seems to be very simple. But when V & I must be generated starting from a certain
ZF coming from the graph, things are a bit different.
The known parameters are:
§ The fault from the graph: ZF, phZF, and therefore RF and XF
§ The line angle: phZL
§ The earth factor: KE and phK E
To calculate V and I we first need to get Z Loop = Z D + Z E + Z A = Z D * (1 + K E ) + R A , therefore we
have to extract the two elements ZD and RA once we have RF and XF
XF
ZD =
sin (phZ F )
RD = Z D* cos (phZ F )
X D = Z D * sin( phZ F )
Once RD and XD are calculated, the arc resistance is easily calculated as follows:
RA = RF - RD
And then:
V = [Z D * (1 + K E ) + R A ]* I
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 117/129
APPENDIX 5: IEC61850
By means of a dedicated module, ISA Instruments can expand their testing capabilities by handling
IEC61850 messages. One such message coming from a device connected to the substation network (such
a relay) is also called Goose.
To control the IEC61850 board press the relative button in the Timer and Input Contacts frame of the Test
Page of Distance 21.
When the button is pressed the window Goose Explorer is opened.
By means of the Goose Explorer it is possible to explore the IEC61850 messages on the network. The
window shows a File menu, a main area divided in three pages (Exploring Goose, Virtual Contacts and
Goose Publishing) and an optional side that shows the Activity Log.
A5.1 Relay connection
Purpose of the test is to verify gooses sent by the relay on the Station bus. The connection is shown in the
drawing below.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 118/129
The connection to the relay is performed by connecting current and voltage outputs to the relay under test.
Also trip outputs are to be connected, so that it is possible to verify the trip delay.
Next, the instrument is to be connected to the Station bus. To this purpose, the instrument is provided with
an ETHERNET connector on its front. The connection to the Station bus can be performed in two ways:
. if a switch is available: connect the instrument to the switch with a non crossover ETHERNET cable
provided. With this connection, very many messages will be seen by DRTS.6;
. if a switch is not available: the relay is to be disconnected from the Station bus and connected directly to
the test set with the crossover ETHERNET cable provided. With this connection, messages seen by
instrument are only those coming from the relay.
The next paragraph will describe how to perform the tests.
A5.2 File Menu
A simple and basic menu is provided in order to handle the data that is captured by the Goose Explorer
window.
• Open Exploring File: opens a database file (.gse extension) containing the result of a session of
exploring of the IEC61850 network. It will also load the filters, virtual contacts and publishers that
have been previously saved in the file.
• Save Exploring File: saves a database file (.gse extension) containing the result of a session of
exploring of the IEC61850 network. The file contains also any info on filters, virtual contacts or
publishers that have been set up.
• Open Substation File: opens a substation setting file (extension .scd; .icd; .xml) containing the
configuration of the substation, including the gooses available for each IED on the network. Please
refer to paragraph A5.3.4 for a more detailed explanation of this menu option.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 119/129
A5.3 Main Area

As it can be seen, the main Area is divided in three main pages, that become four when a substation file is
opened:
• Exploring Goose
This page controls the Exploring Options, displays the Goose List and the Goose details and also
handles the Filters
• Virtual Contacts
This page displays and sets the Virtual Contacts.
• Substation File (only when selected from the File Menu)
This page shows the Goose List and details of gooses that are saved in a Substation file.
• Goose Publishing
This page displays and sets the Gooses that can be reproduced. Goose Publishing is only available
on DRTSxx instruments with IEC61850 board firmware revision from 1.00.
A5.3.1 Exploring Goose

The first action to perform in order to use effectively the Goose Explorer is to catch the messages on the
network. To this extent there are three Exploring options: Explore at START , Explore Now and Use
Virtual Contacts to STOP the test.
It is possible to Reset the Goose queue with the relative button. This will clear the IEC61850 board from
any previous goose still pending. Press this button when required, but when the Exploring session is closed.
Explore Now
When the Explore now option is selected it is possible to execute the exploring by pressing the Start
Exploring button. Choose appropriately the Exploring time by setting the relative box.
Upon pressing the button, the IEC61850 board mounted in the ISA Instrument starts to capture the
messages and these are immediately displayed in the Goose list frame.
The Start Exploring button turns Red and its caption is changed into Stop Exploring. The exploring can thus
be stopped at any moment by pressing the button.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 120/129
The grid displays for each Goose:

• Source Mac Address: physical address of the generator of the message
• Destination Mac Address: physical address of the destination of the message
• Goose ID: Identifier of the Message
• Data Set Reference: Identifier of the type of message created by the IED
• Event TimeStamp: Universal Time that identifies the Goose
Data in this grid can be ordered in various ways included in the Order Goose List by menu.
You can select this menu at any time, even during the download of gooses. It is possible to Order data
according to
• Number: the actual sequence in which the goose has been captured. (not necessarily they are
received by Time Stamp)
• Time Stamp: the UTCTime identifier of the goose
• Goose ID
• Source Mac Address
By selecting a row of the Goose List, it is possible to see the details of the Data Structure handled by the
selected DataSet Reference. The Goose Details grid is loaded accordingly.
Explore at START
When the Explore at Start option is selected, it is not possible to Start the exploring in this window.
The Exploring will be automatically performed during the execution of a Shot type test
This means that at the execution of the Shot, the software will:
• open an exploring session appropriately just prior to the test start
• execute the shot test until the relay trips as normal
• close the exploring session
• get the IEC61850 messages that have been generated and display them in the Exploring Goose
window
• display the results of the Shot in the main window of the software.
Use Virtual Contacts to STOP the Test

Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 121/129
In this case, the exploring will not be shown in this window.

This means that at the execution of the Shot, the software will:
• set the virtual contacts as they have been selected by the user
• execute the shot test until the relay trips as normal (but taking into account not only the trip contacts
but also the virtual contacts)
• get the trip times for the contacts monitored by the software and for the Virtual Contacts enabled
• display the trip times in the Time columns of the table in the Virtual Contact page.
Do not Explore
Disables the IEC61850 option so that from now on it will not monitor the LAN for gooses.
A5.3.2 Filters
The amount of messages that can travel on a IEC61850 network can be burdening due to the amount of
devices connected to it. In order to select a portion of the messages, especially only the meaningful once,
related to the device undergoing the test, it is possible to set Filters.
Once a number of messages have been received, typically through an Explore now session, it is possible to
select only those that match a selection.
In particular, by selecting one message from the Goose List and by right-clicking with the mouse, a menu is
opened:
Relating to Filters, it is possible to

• add filter as IED: extracts the IED of the selected Goose and use it as a Filter, in order to
capture only the messages with that same DataSet Reference
The filter cannot be changed. A name can be given to the filter by selecting the Name column and
writing an appropriate name. Click on the En column in order to Enable the Filter.
• add filter as TIMESTAMP: extracts the timestamp of the selected Goose and use it as a basis
for a Filter. The Time can be edited.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 122/129
The filter can be changed: click on the Value column and a box appears in order to edit the time of
the filter.
This will represent the minimum time after which messages will be sensed and captured by the
IEC61850 board. Any message with UTCTime prior to the Filter time will be discarded.
A name can be given to the filter by selecting the Name column and writing an appropriate name.
Click on the En column in order to Enable the Filter.
It is possible to set up to 8 filters, although only one at a time can be enabled.

At the start of an Exploring session, if the filters have been changed, a message box will appear to let the
user choose whether to use the new filters or leave the previous filter condition.
A5.3.3 Virtual Contacts

Once the user has performed an Exploring of the messages, be it with or without Filters, it is possible to set
Virtual contacts. As the name describes, this is not a physical contact of the ISA Instrument, but is a
‘virtual’ contact or a condition that becomes true for a device on the network. This condition is verified by
means of the occurrence of a very specific goose.
After selecting a goose from the Goose List in the Exploring Goose page, the Goose details frame is
loaded with the details of the selected Dataset data structure. Each of the parameters in this data structure
can be set in order to define a virtual contact.
Right-click with the mouse on a parameter and a menu appears.
It is possible to set the parameter as a basis for a virtual contact. By choosing the menu item, a new virtual
contact will be added to the Virtual Contacts page. It is possible to add up to 8 virtual contacts.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 123/129
A virtual contact is identified by a

• Name: it can be given by the user by editing the relative box in the grid. The same name will
appear in the lower frame that represent the Trip condition for the Virtual contact.
• Dataset Reference: it represents the exact goose that serves as the basis for the virtual contact.
The same device can and does produce more than one Goose ID, so in order to set the virtual
contact it is not enough to define the Goose ID, but the selection has to be made on the Dataset
Reference.
• Type: it can be Boolean, BitString, Unsigned, Signed, Float or UTCTime.
• Condition: depending on the type of the data it can be: Equal to, Less than, Greater than or
Not Equal to. It is set by default to Equal to, but it can be changed according to the data type.
Select the appropriate condition form the menu that appears when clicking on the condition
column.
• Value: together with the condition field, it defines the actual condition of the Virtual Contact. In
case of data type Boolean, it can only assume value True or False.
• Time: represents the actual ‘trip time’ of the virtual contact, or the time interpreted from the goose
that the device produces when the condition is verified. It cannot be modified, it is automatically set
by the software when a test is performed and a virtual contact has tripped.
In the lower part of the page, it is possible to set the Virtual Contacts trip conditions.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 124/129
In the situation here pictured, the test will trip, apart from the Trip contact conditions set in the main page of
the software in this conditions:
• trip of virtual contacts 1 and 2
• trip of virtual contacts 3 and 4
• trip of virtual contacts 5 6 and 8
• trip of the only contact 7
A5.3.4 Substation files (SCD)

By choosing the menu item File – Open Substation File, it is possible to explore the configuration of the
substation as provided by the manufacturer.
A standard dialog window appears to let the user choose the file. At the selection, a new page of the
Goose Exploring window called Substation File is opened.
This page can be closed by pressing the button that is shown on the header. The page is very similar to
the Exploring Goose page. It shows a table in the Goose List frame that can be ordered by a dropdown
menu, and for each goose that is displayed it shows the relative data structure in the Goose Details table.
The list of gooses and relative details here shown are not the result of an exploring session, they represent
the nominal configuration of the substation.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 125/129
Exactly as for the Goose List frame in the Exploring Goose page, it is possible to set filters by choosing
a Dataset Reference or to use a detail to add a Virtual Contact.
This page can also be used by the operator to compare the contents of the SCD file with the results of an
exploring session as contained in the Exploring Goose page.
A5.3.5 Publishing Gooses

The Publishing Gooses functionality is available only on DRTSxx instruments with IEC61850 board
firmware version 1.00 and following.
Publishing Gooses is a different activity than exploring. In this case, gooses are not simply explored, but
generated by the instrument and sent on the network to which the instrument is connected.
The instrument can therefore be both a publisher of Gooses and an explorer of Gooses.
In order to Publish a Goose, it is essential to capture a goose first and use it as a basis for the publisher.
Gooses can be obtained by exploring what is circulating on the 61850 network or by selecting one from
the list of gooses provided when loading a substation file.
Both the Goose List grid in the Exploring Goose page and the Goose List grid in the Substation File
page, allow the user to set a goose for publishing. When selecting a goose and right-clicking on the grid, a
menu appears as shown in the following picture.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 126/129
The Goose menu allows the user to select a goose for publishing by choosing the Publish Goose menu
item. This will copy the goose to the Goose Publishing list as displayed by the following picture.
It is possible to set up to 16 different publishers. If the user tries to publish more than the maximum number
of publishers, the following message appears.
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 127/129
The Goose List grid enables the user to interactively define the publishing depending on the selection
performed in each column of the grid:
• #: it represents the publisher port. Up to 16 different ports can be used at the same time, therefore
it is possible to publish 16 different gooses. The port number cannot be selected by the user, it is
automatically selected by the software when a goose is added to the list of goose to be published.
The port number is not important to the end of the publishing, it is displayed just as an information
to the user.
• Enable : By clicking on the cell identified by this column, it is possible to disable the
publishing of a goose during a publishing session. If the publisher is disabled, the entire row is
greyed-out and it is not possible to make any change until the goose is enabled again
• Status : A publisher can be in any of the two states: Idle ( ) or Running ( ). When the
publisher is in running mode, then the goose is ready to be published according to the other
selections in the grid. The entire row is greyed-out and it is not possible to make any change. By
clicking the cell identified by this column, it is possible to change the status of the publisher from
Idle to Running and from Running to Idle.
• Publish Mode: When clicking on the cell identified by this column it is possible to select the
Running mode of the Publisher:
If the selection is continuous, as soon as the publisher is set to running mode (see previous
column) the instrument starts publishing the goose immediately and continuously with a period of 5
seconds. The publishing ends when the publisher is set to Idle (see previous column)
If the selection is During Test, then when the publisher is set to running mode (see previous
column) the instrument does not start publishing the goose. The publishing will be synchronized to
the fault development when a test is performed according to the conditions set through the columns
Pre-Fault, Fault and Post-Fault.
• Dest Mac Address: this displays the Mac Address to which the goose is going to be destined.
This parameter cannot be changed and is inherited by the original goose that has been selected for
publishing
• Goose ID: as for the Mac Address, this parameter cannot be changed and is inherited by the
original goose that has been selected for publishing
• Dataset Reference: as for the Mac Address, this parameter cannot be changed and is inherited
by the original goose that has been selected for publishing
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 128/129
• Prefault : By clicking on the cell identified by this column it is possible to define whether
the goose will be published during the prefault section of the test. As soon as a test starts, for as
long as the prefault conditions are generated the goose will be published, with a period of 5
seconds. Gooses published during this section will normally simulate the presence of healthy values
on the line.
• Fault : By clicking on the cell identified by this column it is possible to define whether the
goose will be published during the fault section of the test. As soon as a test starts, for as long as
the fault conditions are generated the goose will be published, with a period of 5 seconds. Gooses
published during this section of the test will normally simulate the presence of faulty values on the
line.
• Postfault : By clicking on the cell identified by this column it is possible to define whether
the goose will be published during the post fault section of the test. As soon as a test ends, for as
long as the post fault conditions are generated the goose will be published, with a period of 5
seconds. Gooses published during this section will normally simulate the activity of the relay at the
time of tripping.
• Test Mode : By clicking on the cell identified by this column it is possible to define
whether the goose will be published with the Test mode field set to 1 ( ) or 0 (no icon).
• Commissioning : By clicking on the cell identified by this column it is possible to

define whether the goose will be published with the Commissioning field set to 1 ( ) or 0 (no
icon).
When clicking on a row of the Goose List grid, it is possible to view the data composition of the goose in
the Goose Details grid.
In this case it is possible to change the value of the data in order to prepare a different Goose for
publishing, for example it is possible to change the Value of Boolean data (between True and False) to
simulate the trip contact of the relay, or change the Value of BitString data.
Upon right-clicking on a row of the grid the following menu appears:
The Remove Goose option deletes the goose from the list of the publishers.
The Duplicate Goose option creates a copy of the goose in the list of the publishers.
The Delete All Gooses option clears the publishers list upon confirmation of the following window:
Doc. MSE20080 Rev. 6.4.0 Page 129/129
In order to stop the publishing of every publisher that has been set, press the Kill Publishing button. This
will set all publishers in idle mode.

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DATE: 20/07/2011 DOC. MSE20080 REV.6.4.

REVISIONS SUMMARY VISA

5.0.1 20,61,64, 04/10/2007 Modifications for IEC61850 handling. Morandi

1 HOW DO YOU WANT TO TEST TODAY ?..........................................................................................7

2 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION ............................................................................................................7

3.1 Menu File .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

3.2 Menu Header ..................................................................................................................................................................................30

3.3 Menu Info ........................................................................................................................................................................................31

3.4 Menu Languages ...........................................................................................................................................................................31

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM FEATURES ............................................................................... 32

4.3 TEST SELECTION........................................................................................................................................................................41

4.3.12 Cycle editor ............................................................................................................................................................................ 61

4.5 Results ............................................................................................................................................................................................97

4.6 Import results in Excel .............................................................................................................................................................. 102

APPENDIX 1: FAULT SIMULATION METHODS .................................................................................... 106

APPENDIX 2 FAULT CALCULATION FORMULAS ................................................................................ 110

A2.1 PHASE TO GROUND FAULT .............................................................................................................................................. 110

A2.2 PHASE TO PHASE FAULT................................................................................................................................................... 111

A2.3 THREE PHASE FAULT .......................................................................................................................................................... 111

A2.4 PHASE TO PHASE TO GROUND FAULT......................................................................................................................... 112

APPENDIX 3: AUTOMATIC TESTS VERIFICATIONS ............................................................................ 113

A3.1 ZONE DEFINITION ................................................................................................................................................................ 113

A3.2 SEARCH OF A DIS TANCE RELAY CHARACTERISTIC .............................................................................................. 114

A3.3 VERIFICATION OF A ZONE GIVEN A NOMINAL VALUE .......................................................................................... 114

APPENDIX 4: ARC RESISTANCE COMPENSATION.............................................................................. 116

APPENDIX 5: IEC61850 ....................................................................................................................... 117

A5.1 Relay connection ..................................................................................................................................................................... 117

A5.2 File Menu .................................................................................................................................................................................. 118

A5.3 Main Area................................................................................................................................................................................. 119

1 HOW DO YOU WANT TO TEST TODAY ?

RIGHT : here it is possible to

3.1 Menu File

3.1.3 Save results

3.1.4.1 Zones Characteristics

- Quadrilateral characteristic or Mho or Point-by-point: see details in the following.

- Directionality: separately definable for each programmed zone.

- Trip time: must be different for each zone;

3.1.4.1.1 Quadrilateral characteristic

The following picture explains the parameters to be programmed.

As an example, we can define a characteristic like this:

3.1.4.1.2 MHO characteristic

Ratio < 1 ⇒ Lens Ratio = 1 ⇒ Circle Ratio > 1 ⇒ Tomato

3.1.4.1.2 Point by point…

Every point is defined by:

Add a new point

3.1.4.2 General Starter

3.1.4.3 Load encroachment

Mho shape Quad shape

As an example of encroachment, consider the following:

3.1.5 Notes to the test

3.1.6 Company logo

3.1.8 Export graph in BMP

3.1.9 Special Distance

By selecting the desired relay and then pressing the

3.1.10 Import from DRTS66

3.1.11 Export to DRTS66

3.2 Menu Header

3.3 Menu Info

It also contains ISA contact details.

3.4 Menu Languages

4. Description of the program features

4.2.1 Source parameters

The last two parameters are necessary to simulate earth faults.