Nervsystem 1 VT 2017

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Nervsystemet 1
Föreläsare: Rosita Christensen
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nervsystemet 1
• Övergripande anatomi och organisation
CNS/PNS
• Viktiga strukturer CNS
• Några utvalda områden i CNS och dess
funktioner
• Reflex vs motoriskt program
• Nervvävnad
Nästa föreläsning Nervsystem 2 = autonoma nervsystemet ANS: anatomi,

signalsubstanser/receptorer, effekter
Övergripande anatomi och
organisation
• CNS
• PNS
- Spinalnerver
- Kranialnerver
Figure 11.2 Schematic of levels of organization in the nervous system.
Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Brain and spinal cord Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Integrative and control centers Communication lines between the
CNS and the rest of the body
Sensory (afferent) division Motor (efferent) division

Somatic and visceral sensory Motor nerve fibers
nerve fibers Conducts impulses from the CNS
Conducts impulses from to effectors (muscles and glands)
receptors to the CNS
Somatic sensory Somatic nervous Autonomic nervous

fiber system system (ANS)
Skin
Somatic motor Visceral motor
(voluntary) (involuntary)
Conducts impulses Conducts impulses
from the CNS to from the CNS to
skeletal muscles cardiac muscles,
Visceral sensory fiber smooth muscles,
Stomach and glands
Skeletal
muscle
Motor fiber of somatic nervous system
Sympathetic division Parasympathetic

Mobilizes body division
systems during activity Conserves energy
Promotes house-
keeping functions
during rest
Sympathetic motor fiber of ANS

Heart
Structure
Function
Sensory (afferent)
division of PNS Parasympathetic motor fiber of ANS Bladder
Motor (efferent)
division of PNS

Figure 13.1 Place of the PNS in the structural organization of the nervous system.
Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent) division

division
Somatic nervous Autonomic nervous

system system (ANS)
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
division division

Figure 13.6 Spinal nerves.
Cervical plexus Cervical

nerves
Brachial plexus C1 – C8
Cervical
enlargement
Intercostal Thoracic
nerves nerves
T1 – T12
Lumbar
enlargement
Lumbar
Lumbar plexus
nerves
L1 – L5
Sacral plexus
Sacral nerves
S1 – S5
Cauda equina Coccygeal nerve Co1

Figure 12.29a Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view.
Cervical
Cervical spinal nerves
enlargement
Dura and
arachnoid
Thoracic
mater
spinal nerves
Lumbar
enlargement
Conus
medullaris
Lumbar
Cauda
spinal nerves
equina
Filum
(a) The spinal cord and its nerve terminale Sacral
roots, with the bony vertebral spinal nerves
arches removed. The dura mater
and arachnoid mater are cut
open and reflected laterally.

Figure 12.31b Anatomy of the spinal cord.
White matter
Dorsal horn Gray

Ventral horn matter
Lateral horn
Dorsal root
ganglion
Spinal nerve Central canal
Dorsal root
Ventral root
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Spinal dura mater
(b) The spinal cord and its meningeal coverings

Figure 12.30 Diagrammatic view of a lumbar tap.
T12
Ligamentum
flavum
L5 Lumbar puncture
needle entering
subarachnoid
space
L4
Supra-
spinous
ligament
L5 Filum
terminale
S1
Inter- Cauda equina
vertebral Arachnoid Dura in subarachnoid
disc matter mater space
Figure 13.5a Location and function of cranial nerves.
Filaments of
olfactory
Frontal lobe nerve (I)
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Temporal lobe Optic nerve
(II)
Optic chiasma
Infundibulum Optic tract
Facial Oculomotor
nerve (VII) nerve (III)
Vestibulo- Trochlear
cochlear nerve (IV)
nerve (VIII) Trigeminal
nerve (V)
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX) Abducens
nerve (VI)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI) Cerebellum
Medulla
Hypoglossal nerve (XII) oblongata
(a)

Figure 13.9c The brachial plexus.
Axillary Anterior Posterior Trunks Roots

nerve divisions divisions
Humerus
Radial nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Ulna
Radius
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Radial nerve (superficial branch)
Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve
Superficial branch of ulnar nerve
Digital branch of ulnar nerve
Muscular branch
Median nerve
Digital branch
(c) The major nerves of the upper limb
Figure 13.11b The sacral plexus.
Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Pudendal
Sciatic
Posterior femoral
cutaneous
Common fibular
Tibial
Sural (cut)
Deep fibular
Superficial fibular
Plantar branches
(b) Distribution of the major nerves from

the sacral plexus to the lower limb
Figure 13.3b Structure of a nerve.

Viktiga strukturer CNS
• Hinnor
• Likvor
• Blodkärl till/från samt i hjärnan
• Blod- hjärnbarriären
Figure 12.29c Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view.
Spinal cord
Vertebral
arch
Ligament
Arachnoid
mater
Dorsal root
Spinal dura
mater
(c) Thoracic spinal cord.

Figure 12.26a Formation, location, and circulation of CSF.
Superior
sagittal sinus 4
Choroid
plexus Arachnoid villus
Interventricular
foramen Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Meningeal dura mater
Periosteal dura mater
1
Right lateral ventricle
(deep to cut)
Choroid plexus
3
of fourth ventricle
Third ventricle
1 CSF is produced by the
Cerebral aqueduct choroid plexus of each
Lateral aperture ventricle.
2 CSF flows through the
Fourth ventricle
2 ventricles and into the
Median aperture subarachnoid space via the
Central canal median and lateral apertures.
of spinal cord Some CSF flows through the
central canal of the spinal cord.
3 CSF flows through the
(a) CSF circulation
subarachnoid space.
4 CSF is absorbed into the dural venous
sinuses via the arachnoid villi.

Artärer till/i hjärnan
Film 2 min.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPcO2ibO75o
Vener i/från hjärnan
Film 6 min.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHXX0O6XFb8
Frågor
• Vilka är de tre hjärnhinnorna, hur lokaliseras de i
förhållande till skallben och hjärnan? Vilka
funktioner har de?
• Beskriv kortfattat vad som finns mellan hinnorna
• Var finns CSF (likvor) och varför?’
• Blod-hjärnbarriären – var finns den och
huvudsaklig funktion?
Frågor
• Vad är namnen på de artärer som löper upp via halsen till hjärnan?
• Vad kallas den formation som sammanlänkar artärerna inne i
hjärnan och var lokaliseras den?
• Vilken uppgift har de sinus som finns i hjärnan, i cirkulatoriskt
sammanhang?
• Vad är sinus sagitalis superior lokaliserat?
• Vad heter det stora kärl i halsen som för bort blod från hjärnan,
mot hjärtat?
• Hur skulle du beskriva kärlets lokalisation?
• Vad heter det stora kärl i halsen som för bort blod från ansikte och
skalp, mot hjärtat?
Några utvalda områden i CNS
och dess funktioner
• Cortex med fokus på motor och sensoriska

areor
• Djupare strukturer som t.ex. basala
ganglierna, thalamus, hypothalamus,
limbiska systemet
• Hjärnstam
Figure 12.8a Functional and structural areas of the cerebral cortex.
Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related

association areas
Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex Primary somatosensory
cortex Somatic
Frontal eye field Somatosensory sensation
association cortex
Broca’s area
(outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex
Taste
(in insula)
Prefrontal cortex
Working memory Wernicke’s area
for spatial tasks (outlined by dashes)
Executive area for
task management
Working memory for Primary visual
object-recall tasks cortex
Visual Vision
Solving complex,
multitask problems association
area
Auditory
association area
Hearing
Primary
auditory cortex
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere
Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex

Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

Figure 12.9 Body maps in the primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum.
Posterior
Motor Sensory
Motor map in Anterior Sensory map in
precentral gyrus postcentral gyrus
Toes
Genitals
Jaw
Tongue Primary motor Primary somato-

cortex sensory cortex Intra-
Swallowing (precentral gyrus) (postcentral gyrus) abdominal

(läsa in själva Reflexbana)
Stimulus
1 Receptor Interneuron
2 Sensory neuron
3 Integration center
4 Motor neuron
5 Effector
Spinal cord (CNS)

Response

Medvetandet?
RLS - 85
Glascow Coma Scale
http://doktorerna.com/status/rls-85/
http://doktorerna.com/status/glasgow-coma-scale/
Figure 12.20 Electroencephalography and brain waves.

Nervvävnad
Stödjeceller
Neuron
Fortledning nervimpuls
Synaps
Signalsubstanser
Figure 11.3a Neuroglia.
NERVVÄVNAD
Capillary
Neuron
Astrocyte
(a) Astrocytes are the most abundant

CNS neuroglia.
Figure 11.3b Neuroglia.
Neuron
Microglial
cell
(b) Microglial cells are defensive cells in

the CNS.

Figure 11.3d Neuroglia.
Myelin sheath
Process of
oligodendrocyte
Nerve
fibers
(d) Oligodendrocytes have processes that form

myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers.

Figure 11.5b Nerve fiber myelination by Schwann cells in the PNS.
Myelin
sheath
Schwann
cell
cytoplasm Axon
Neurilemma
(b) Cross-sectional view of a myelinated axon

(electron micrograph 24,000X)
Figure 11.4 Structure of a motor neuron.
Dendrites Cell body Neuron cell body

(receptive (biosynthetic center
regions) and receptive region)
Nucleolus
Axon (a) Dendritic

(impulse spine
Nucleus generating Impulse
Nissl bodies and conducting direction
Node of Ranvier
region)
Axon terminals
Axon hillock Schwann cell (secretory
Neurilemma (one inter- region)
(b) node) Terminal
branches

MEMBRANPOTENTIAL
Figure 3.15 The key role of K+ in generating the resting membrane potential.
och
JONKANALER
1 K+ diffuse down their steep
Extracellular fluid
concentration gradient (out of the cell)
via leakage channels. Loss of K+ results
in a negative charge on the inner
plasma membrane face.
2 K+ also move into the cell

because they are attracted to the
negative charge established on the
inner plasma membrane face.
3 A negative membrane potential

(–90 mV) is established when the
Potassium movement of K+ out of the cell equals
leakage K+ movement into the cell. At this
channels point, the concentration gradient
promoting K+ exit exactly opposes the
electrical gradient for K+ entry.
Protein anion (unable to

follow K+ through the
Cytoplasm membrane)

Figure 11.11 Action Potential (2 of 2) AKTIONSPOTENTIAL/NERVIMPULS
The key players
Voltage-gated Na+ channels Voltage-gated K+ channels
Outside Outside
Na+ Na+ Na+
cell cell
Inside Activation Inactivation Inside K+ K+

cell gate gate cell
Closed Opened Inactivated Closed Opened
The events Sodium Na+

channel Potassium
channel
Activation
gates
K+
Inactivation gate
Na+ Na+
1 Resting state
K+
K+
4 Hyperpolarization Na+ 2 Depolarization
K+
3 Repolarization

Figure 11.7 Measuring membrane potential in neurons.
Voltmeter
Plasma Ground electrode

membrane outside cell
Microelectrode
inside cell
Axon
Neuron

Figure 11.12 Propagation of an action potential (AP).
Voltage
at 2 ms
Voltage
Voltage
at 0 ms
at 4 ms
Recording
electrode
(a) Time = 0 ms. Action (b) Time = 2 ms. Action (c) Time = 4 ms. Action
potential has not yet potential peak is at the potential peak is past
reached the recording recording electrode. the recording electrode.
electrode. Membrane at the
recording electrode is
Resting potential still hyperpolarized.
Peak of action potential
Hyperpolarization

Figure 11.11 Action Potential (2 of 5)
The AP is caused by permeability changes in

the plasma membrane
Relative membrane permeability

Membrane potential (mV)
3
Action
potential
2 Na+ permeability
K+ permeability
1 1
4
Time (ms)
Figure 11.13 Relationship between stimulus strength and action potential frequency.
Action
potentials
Stimulus
Threshold
Time (ms)

Figure 11.15 Action potential propagation in unmyelinated and myelinated axons.
Stimulus Size of voltage
(a) In a bare plasma membrane (without voltage-gated

channels), as on a dendrite, voltage decays because
current leaks across the membrane.
Stimulus Voltage-gated
ion channel
(b) In an unmyelinated axon, voltage-gated Na+ and K+

channels regenerate the action potential at each point
along the axon, so voltage does not decay. Conduction
is slow because movements of ions and of the gates
of channel proteins take time and must occur before
voltage regeneration occurs.
Stimulus
Node of Ranvier
Myelin 1 mm
sheath
(c) In a myelinated axon, myelin keeps current in axons Myelin sheath

(voltage doesn’t decay much). APs are generated only
in the nodes of Ranvier and appear to jump rapidly
from node to node.

Figure 11.6 Operation of gated channels.
Receptor Neurotransmitter chemical

attached to receptor
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+
Chemical Membrane
binds voltage
changes
K+
K+
Closed Open Closed Open
(a) Chemically (ligand) gated ion channels open when (b) Voltage-gated ion channels open and close in
the appropriate neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, response
allowing (in this case) simultaneous movement of to changes in membrane voltage.
Na+ and K+.

Syrebrist i hjärnan
(cerebral hypoxi)
• Tolerans syrebrist hos nervceller i CNS?

• Varför känsliga?
• Orsaker till syrebrist i hjärnan?
• Åtgärder?
Hypoxia brain
• Film 3 min.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcvkjfG4
A_M
• Fördjupning
http://www.anesthesiaweb.org/hypoxia.php
Figure 11.16 Synapses.
SYNAPS
Axodendritic
synapses
Dendrites
Axosomatic
synapses Cell body
Axoaxonic synapses
(a)
Axon
Axon
Axosomatic
synapses
Cell body (soma) of

(b) postsynaptic neuron
Figure 11.17 Chemical Synapse
Presynaptic
neuron
Presynaptic
Postsynaptic neuron
neuron
1 Action potential
arrives at axon terminal.
2 Voltage-gated Ca2+
channels open and Ca2+
enters the axon terminal. Mitochondrion
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
3 Ca2+ entry causes Synaptic
neurotransmitter- cleft
containing synaptic Axon
terminal Synaptic
vesicles to release their vesicles
contents by exocytosis.
4 Neurotransmitter
diffuses across the synaptic
cleft and binds to specific Postsynaptic
receptors on the neuron
postsynaptic membrane.
Ion movement Enzymatic

Graded potential degradation
Reuptake
Diffusion away
from synapse
5 Binding of neurotransmitter
opens ion channels, resulting in
graded potentials.
6 Neurotransmitter effects are
terminated by reuptake through
transport proteins, enzymatic
degradation, or diffusion away
from the synapse.

Neuromuskulär synaps
Frågor
• Vilka två huvudtyper av celler bygger upp
nervvävnaden?
• Hur är en nervcell uppbyggd?
• Hur kommunicerar neuron med varandra
och andra celltyper?
Table 11.3 Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators (1 of 6)






Figure 11.4b Structure of a motor neuron.
FRÅGOR
Markera ut och namnge olika delar av neuronet.
Myelinets uppgift?
Var tillverkas oftast signalsubstansen?
Hur tar signalsubstansen sej från tillverkningsplatsen till den plats
där den frisätts?
Vad är benämningen av det anatomiska området där signalsubstans frisätts och överförs
till mottagande neuron eller muskelcell?

Figure 11.17 Chemical Synapse
FRÅGOR
Vad är en nervimpuls?
Vilka joner är huvudaktörer för att en impuls skall uppstå och fortledas?
Vad är en synaps?
Vilken signalsubstans återfinns i den neuromuskulära
synapsen?
Ge exempel på några vanligt förekommande signalsubstanser förekommande i CNS
Vad menas med att en signalsubstans kan vara stimulerande eller hämmande?

Figure 13.14 The five basic components of all reflex arcs.
FRÅGOR
Namnge strukturerna 1-5
Markera tydligt var gränsen mellan cns och pns

återfinns.
Vilken typ av reflex kan nålstick i fingret leda till?
Vad är en sträckreflex?

Fördjupning
• Blåsfisk, Fugu, innehåller ett mycket potent toxin

som vid intag kan leda till döden genom
andningspåverkan. Hur verkar toxinet?
• Toxinet påverkar inte hjärtat i någon större
utsträckning. Varför inte?
• Lidokain är ett läkemedel som används för
bedövning. Hur verkar det?
• Överdos Lidokain – vilka symtom och varför?
Figure 13.17 The Stretch Reflex (2 of 2)
The patellar (knee-jerk) reflex – a specific example of a stretch reflex
Quadriceps
3a 3b
(extensors) 3b
1
Patella
Muscle Spinal cord
spindle (L2 – L4)
1 Tapping the patellar ligament excites
Hamstrings Patellar muscle spindles in the quadriceps muscle.
(flexors) ligament
2 Afferent impulses (blue) travel to the
spinal cord, where synapses occur with
motor neurons and interneurons.
3a The motor neurons (red) send
activating impulses to the quadriceps
causing it to contract, extending the
+ Excitatory synapse knee.
– Inhibitory synapse
3b The interneurons (green) make
inhibitory synapses with ventral horn
neurons (purple) that prevent the
antagonist muscles (hamstrings) from
resisting the contraction of the
quadriceps.

STUDIETEKNIK UR ETT FYSIOLOGISKT PERSPEKTIV
Outside stimuli
Vad var portkoden nu igen?
General and special sensory receptors
Afferent inputs
Hej. Vilken portkod Temporary storage

Data permanently
(buffer) in
har du? lost
cerebral cortex
Data selected
Automatic
for transfer Forget
memory
Metoder för inlärning
Short-term
memory (STM) Forget
Data transfer
influenced by:
Retrieval Excitement
Rehearsal
Association of
old and new data
Fysiologi Long-term
memory
(LTM) Data unretrievable

Figure 12.23a Proposed memory circuits.
Thalamus
Basal forebrain
Touch
Prefrontal cortex
Hearing
Vision Taste Smell
Hippocampus
Sensory
Thalamus
input
(a) Declarative
memory circuits
Association Medial temporal lobe Prefrontal
cortex (hippocampus, etc.) cortex
ACh ACh
Basal
forebrain

Figure 12.23b Proposed memory circuits.
Sensory and
motor inputs
Association Basal Thalamus Premotor

cortex nuclei cortex
Dopamine Premotor
Substantia cortex
nigra
Thalamus Basal nuclei

Substantia nigra
(b) Procedural (skills) memory circuits

Nervsystem 1 VT 2017

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nästa föreläsning Nervsystem 2 = autonoma nervsystemet ANS: anatomi,

Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Sensory (afferent) division Motor (efferent) division

Somatic sensory Somatic nervous Autonomic nervous

Sympathetic division Parasympathetic

Sympathetic motor fiber of ANS

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent) division

Somatic nervous Autonomic nervous

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cervical plexus Cervical

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dorsal horn Gray

(b) The spinal cord and its meningeal coverings

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axillary Anterior Posterior Trunks Roots

(b) Distribution of the major nerves from

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Cortex med fokus på motor och sensoriska

Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related

Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tongue Primary motor Primary somato-

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Spinal cord (CNS)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Astrocytes are the most abundant

(b) Microglial cells are defensive cells in

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

(d) Oligodendrocytes have processes that form

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

(b) Cross-sectional view of a myelinated axon

Dendrites Cell body Neuron cell body

Axon (a) Dendritic

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

2 K+ also move into the cell

3 A negative membrane potential

Protein anion (unable to

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inside Activation Inactivation Inside K+ K+

The events Sodium Na+

4 Hyperpolarization Na+ 2 Depolarization

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Plasma Ground electrode

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The AP is caused by permeability changes in

Relative membrane permeability

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Stimulus Size of voltage

(a) In a bare plasma membrane (without voltage-gated

(b) In an unmyelinated axon, voltage-gated Na+ and K+

(c) In a myelinated axon, myelin keeps current in axons Myelin sheath

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Receptor Neurotransmitter chemical