kompiuterebis ariTmetikuli safuZvlebi

Tvlis sistemebi

Tvlis sistema – es aris ricxvebis Caweris da wakiTxvis meTodebis erToblioba. arsebobs Tvlis
poziciuri da arapoziciuri sistemebi. Tvlis arapoziciur sistemebSi cifris wona (wvlili, romelic mas Seaqvs
ricxvis mniSvnelobaSi), damokidebuli ar aris mis poziciaze ricxvis CanawerSi. ase, magaliTad, Tvlis
romaul sistemaSi ricxvSi XXXII cifr X-is wona nebismier poziciaSi aTis tolia. Tvlis pozi ciur sistemebSi
TiToeuli cifris wona ricxvSi misi mdebareobis (poziciis) mixedviT icvleba, magaliTad ricxvSi 757,7
pirveli Svidiani aRniSnavs 7 aseuls, meore 7 erTeuls, mesame – Svid meaTed na wils. 757,7
warmoadgens Semdegi gamosaxulebis Semoklebul Canawers:
700+50+7+0.7=7*102+5*101+7*100+7*10-1
Tvlis nebismier poziciur sistemas gaaCnia Tavisi fuZe. Tvlis sistemis fuZe SeiZleba iyos
nebismieri 2-ze aranaklebi mTeli ricxvi. Tvlis sistemis dasaxeleba Seesabameba mis fuZes (aTobiTi,
orobiTi da a.S.)
farTod gamoiyeneba sistemebi fuZiT, romlebic warmoadgens 2-is mTel xarisxebs, saxeldobr:
orobiTi sistema iyenebs cifrebs 0 da 1;
rvaobiTi sistema iyenebs cifrebs 0, 1, . . . 7;
TeqvsmetobiT sistemaSi pirveli aTi cifrisaTvis gamoiyeneba cifrebi 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, mom-
devno ricxvebisaTvis 10-dan 15-is CaTvliT simboloebi A, B, C, D, E, F. (cxrili 1).
aTobiTi orobiTi rvaobiTi TeqvsmetobiTi
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13

cxrili 1. ricxvebi Tvlis sxvadasxva sistemebSi

cxril 1-Si naCvenebia Tvlis zemoTaRniSnul sistemebSi 0-dan 19-is CaTvliT ricxvebis Cawera
 ratom iyeneben kompiuterebi Tvlis orobiT sistemas, adamianebi ki – aTobiTs?
adamianebi Tvlis aTobiT sistemas amjobineben, albaT imitom, rom uxsovari droidan
isini TiTebze iTvlidnen. Tumca, yvelgan da yovelTvis ar sargeblobdnen adamianebi
Tvlis aTobiTi sistemiT. mag. CineTSi didxans iyenebdnen Tvlis xuTobiT sistemas.
kompiuterebi Tvlis orobiT sistemas iyeneben imitom, rom mas mTeli rigi
upiratesoba aqvs sxva sistemebis mimarT:
 misi realizaciisaTvis saWiroa teqnikuri mowyobilobebi ori mdgradi mdgomareobiT
(aris deni - ar aris deni, damagnitebulia – araa damagnitebuli da a.S.) da ara aTiT –
rogorc es aTobiT sistemaSi;
 informaciis warmodgena mxolod ori mdgomareobis saSualebiT saimedoa da
xelSeSlamedegi.
 SesaZlebelia bulis algebris aparatis gamoyeneba informaciis logikuri gardaqmnis
Sesasruleblad.

ricxvebis gadayvana Tvlis erTi sistemidan meoreSi

TeqvsmetobiTi ricxvebis gadayvana orobiT sistemaSi Zalian martivia:

sakmarisia TiToeuli cifri SevcvaloT misi ekvivalenturi orobiTi tetradiT (cifrTa
oTxeuliT):
1A3,F16= 1 1010 0011, 11112

1 A 3 F
miviReT: 1A3,F16= 110100011,11112
orobiTi sistemidan ricxvis TeqvsmetobiTSi gadasayvanad saWiroa es ricxvi
mZimidan marcxniv da marjvniv daiyos tetradebad da TiToeuli aseTi jgufi Seicvalos
Sesabamisi TeqvsmetobiTi cifriT.

magaliTad:
10101001,101112=1010 1001, 1011 10002 =A9,B816

A 9 B 8

rogor gadaviyvanoT mTeli ricxvi Tvlis aTobiTi sistemidan nebismier sxva Tvlis poziciur siste-
maSi? mTeli aTobiTi N ricxvis gadasayvanad Tvlis sistemaSi, romlis fuZea q, saWiroa N naSTi-ani
gayofiT gavyoT q-ze, romelic Cawerilia Tvlis aTobiT sistemaSi. Semdeg miRebuli Sedegi isev gavyoT
q-ze manam, sanam miRebuli Sedegi q-ze naklebi ar gaxdeba. N ricxvis warmodgena axal Tvlis siste-
maSi iqneba gayofis Sedegad miRebuli naSTebis mimdevroba. ricxvis Sedgena unda daviwyoT bolos
miRebuli naSTidan.
magaliTi: gadaviyvanoT ricxvi 75 aTobiTi sistemidan orobiTSi da TeqvsmetobiTSi.
75 2 1
75 1 1 (B)
37 2 1
18 2 0 6 1
9 2 1 4  4 
7510=10010112
4 2 0
2 2 0
1  1 
 7510=4B16

wesieri aTwiladis gadayvana Tvlis sxva poziciur sistemaSi. wesieri F aTwiladis q fuZis mqone
Tvlis sistemaSi gadasayvanad saWiroa F gavamravloT q-ze, romelic Cawerilia imave aTobiT sistemaSi,
Semdeg miRebuli namravlis wiladi nawili isev gavamravloT q-ze da a. S., manam sanam morigi naravlis
wiladi nawili ar gaxdeba nulis toli an ar miiRweva F ricxvis q sistemaSi gamosaxvis moTxovnili sizuste.
F ricxvis wiladi nawilis Tvlis axal sistemaSi warmodgena iqneba miRebuli namravlebis mTeli nawilebis
Tanmimdevroba, romelic Cawerili iqneba maTi miRebis TanmimdevrobiT.
magaliTi. gadaviyvanoT ricxvi 0,36 aTobiTi sistemidan orobiTsa da TeqvsmetobiTSi.

0, x
36
2
0 x
72
2
1 44
x
2
0 88
x
2
1 x
76
2
1 52
pasuxi: 0,3610  0,010112 (am SemTxvevaSi moTxovnili sizustea mZimis Semdeg xuTi
niSani).

0, x
36
16
5 x 76
16
12 16

pasuxi: 0,3610  0,5C16

magaliTi: gadaviyvanoT A10=0,65625 orobiT sistemaSi

A10A2
mTeli wiladi
mamravli
nawili nawili
0 65625 2
1 31250 2
0 62500 2
1 25000 2
0 50000 2
1 00000
pasuxi: A2=0,10101
ricxvebisTvis, romelTac aqvT rogorc mTeli, aseve wiladi nawili, aTobiTi sistemidan Tvlis sxva
sistemaSi gadayvana xdeba calke mTeli da calke wiladi nawilisaTvis zemoT aRwerili wesebis mixedviT.

ricxvis gadayvana Tvlis orobiTi (TeqvsmetobiTi) sistemidan aTobiTSi.

 magaliTebi:

Tanrigebi 3 2 1 0 1 1
ricxvebi 1 0 11, 1 2  1  2  1  2  1  2  1  2  11,510
3 1 0

Tanrigebi 2 1 0
ricxvebi 1 F 316  1  162  15  161  3  160  49910

# gadayvana # gadayvana
102 210
5 5 4 3 210
5 3 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 2  2  2  2  2  46
46 2 0 10
23 2 1 pasuxi: 4610
11 2 1 216
5 2 1 6 1011102=10 1110=2E16
1
2 2 0 
1  1 2 E pasuxi: 2E16
82
568=101 1102
7
pasuxi: 1011102 
5 6 pasuxi: 101 1102
108 810
46 8 6 1 0
5  5 8 5 6 8  5  81  6  8 0  4610
2
pasuxi: 4610
816
pasuxi: 568 568=101 1102=10 11102=2E16
1016 9
 
46 16 14(E) 5 6 2 E pasuxi: 2E16
2  2 162
3
pasuxi: 2E16 2E16=0010 11102
10
 
2 E pasuxi: 1011102
28 168
1011102=101 1102=568 2E16=10 11102=101 1102=568
  11    
5 6 2 E 5 6 pasuxi: 568
4 pasuxi: 568
1610
1 0
12 2 E 16  2  161  E  160  4610
pasuxi: 4610
cxrili 2. mTeli ricxvebis Tvlis erTi sistemidan meoreSi gadayvanis krebsiTi cxrili