1 - ENER512 - Introduction To Building Science & Energy - 2017-18

Energy Efficient Buildings
Chapter 1
Introduction to Building Energy Science
http://www.en.aau.dk/education/master/building-energy-design
BEng Energy Engineering · ENER 512 · Dr. T. Bader
1 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018
Lecture Overview
1. INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING SCIENCE & ENERGY

2. THERMAL COMFORT
3. VENTILATION
4. COOLING & HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS
5. BUILDING ENVELOPE
6. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
6.1 Energy Efficient Heating Concepts
6.2 Energy Efficient Cooling concepts
6.3 Ventilation and HVAC Systems
6.4 Lighting and Daylight concepts
7. PASSIVE BUILDING CONCEPTS & GREEN BUILDINGS
8. ENERGY MANAGEMENT & AUDITING

1 Introduction to Building Energy Science
1.1 Building Science and its significance

1.2 Motivation for energy efficient buildings
1.3 Energy and power
1.4 Energy conservation
1.5 Energy Efficiency
1.6 Barriers to energy conversation
1.7 Rebound Effect
1.8 Classification Renewable Energy Sources

1.1 Building science and its significance (1)
Definition
 Building science:
 collection of scientific knowledge and experience that focuses on the analysis and
control of the physical phenomena affecting buildings
 concerns with building design regarding naturally occurring physical phenomenon such as
- weather (sun, wind, rain, temperature, humidity) and related issues: e.g. dew point etc.
- subterranean conditions including (seismic, potential, soil + ground-water activity etc.)
 Subareas:
building materials, building envelope, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, natural and electrical
lighting, indoor air quality, passive strategies, energy efficiency and renewable energies
 Purpose: provide predictive capability to

 optimize the performance of new and existing buildings
 understand or prevent building failures
 guide the design of new energy efficient building technologies

1.1 Building science and its significance (2)
Constraints
 Characteristics of materials (e.g. response to UV, freeze, permeability, water vapor etc.)
 Physics, chemistry and biology such as capillary-action, absorption, condensation, thermal

transfer (conductivity, radiation and convection), physiology of fungus/mold etc.
 Human physiology (sensory reaction e.g. radiance perception, sweat function etc.).
 Energy consumption
 Environmental control-ability
 Building maintenance considerations
 Longevity/ building sustainability (e.g. environmental design, zero-energy buildings etc.)
 Internal Environmental Quality and occupant (physical) comfort/health

1.2 Motivation for energy efficient buildings (1)
Global resource scarcity (1)
• Growth of world population 1750-2100

Security of energy suppy
Source: Lecture Bader THI, IEA statistics

e.g. world population growth 1980 - 2060: +5.8 Billion (132%)

• Global energy consumption growing rapidly (faster than the world population)

Energy Consumption and Energy Supply: World Population and Energy Consumption

• Petroleum: high global impact
 ideal resource regarding storage, energy density & transportability
 basis for stationary and particularly mobile applications
 raw material for products in chemical and pharmaceutical industry
( plastics, medicine, …)
Petroleum most important resource of the industrialised countries
• Terms and Definitions

 Reserves: quantities of energy that are proven to exist and that can be extracted
economically using the possibilities of today’s technologies

 Resources: not proven, but presumed quantities (for geological reasons) and proven
quantities which cannot yet be tapped economically
Increasing global petroleum shortage

• Petroleum: produced in the geological past
• Fixed amount of petroleum is available - it will not be "reproduced"
• Will our supplies end?
 yes, since the day, when the first barrel was produced; last barrel is in the far future.
• Flow rate begins to decrease once half of the stockpile is consumed
• Economics: not the temporal end of the reserve usage is the interesting date,
but the time of the highest oil production
Depletion is easy to Grasp
as every beer drinker knows:
“Glass starts full, and ends empty,
The quicker you drink it,
„How long will the oil last?” the sooner it is gone”
Source: RET Lecture THI Bader

„ How much oil is then available?”  same principle applies to fossil fuels
C. J. Campbell, ASPO, 2005
• Consideration of the "Peak Oil Theory"
 Approach: Review of historical discoveries and the recovery behavior of oil fields in the past

Schindler, J.; Zittel, W.: Zukunft der weltweiten Erdölversorgung; Studie, Energy Watch Group / Ludwig-
• Peak Oil Theory
 First productive wells:

fast increase in production
Bölkow-Stiftung, Download: www.energywatchgroup.org, Berlin, 2008

 Later oil holes cannot balance
the decrease in oil production
 Applies to individual oil fields,
as well as to all regions
and also to the
global oil production
Typical production profile of an oil region

Energy Watch Group / Ludwig-Bölkow-Stiftung, Download: www.energywatchgroup.org, Berlin, 2008

 ‘’Peak One’’: maximum of global oil field findings in the 1960s
Schindler, J.; Zittel, W.: Zukunft der weltweiten Erdölversorgung; Studie,

History of petroleum discoveries


 ‘’Peak two’’: maximum of the remaining reserves has been exceeded in 1985

Petroleum discoveries worldwide


 ‘’Peak three’’: maximum of the world's petroleum production exceeded in 2006

Global petroleum production

Global crude oil production [ Mio barrel / day]
 Crude oil production

 Most important scenarios
follow Peak-oil-theory
 Difference in peak volume
and time of peak

Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit: Renewable Energies – Perspectives for a sustainable
“Reserves-to-production ratio” of fossil fuels
2007
“Reserves-to-production ratio” [years] (also: reserve life index)

…is the ratio of reserves to constant rate of consumption.
energy future, December 2011

…provides impression of the end of production period.
( under status-quo-assumptions)
…suggests an energy supply guarantee for a period of time, when
energy sources already get scarce leading to distribution conflicts.

Global warming (1)
Average global warming since 1900 around ~ 0,8 °C
Source: Potsdam Institute for climate research http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/

Years
 Increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by 70% from 1970 to 2004

 Regional increase in precipitation in high northern latitudes
– concurrent decrease in rainfall in almost all areas of the subtropics
 Shrinkage of the area with sea ice in the Arctic and melting of mountain glaciers
 Global average sea-level rise of ~ 20 cm and extreme weather phenomenons

Global warming (2)
 Prognosis by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) for 2030 – 2100

 Based on assumption of a rapid economic growth that is
not depending on excessive energy consumption and
a moderate global population growth by 2050.
Long-term development of CO2-concentration in atmosphere
Years

Global warming (3)
The IPCC prognoses an increase of the global average temperature between 1.8
degrees and 6.4 degrees until 2100. The first scenario however calculates with a
significant reduction of primary energy consumption, while scnenario to
considers a continouty in the current consumption
Years

Global warming (4)
Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit: Erneuerbare Energien in

Industry
Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit: Renewable Energies –

Traffic
Zahlen – Nationale und internationale Entwicklung, Internet-Update, Dezember 2008

 … Energy Industry
Households and Consumer
Total:
799 Mio. t
Perspectives for a sustainable energy future, December 2011

Fractions of energy-related CO2-
emissions in Germany (2006)
Growth in energy consumption related CO2-emissions worldwide Years

Global warming (5)
 CO2 Emissions of selected industrial and development countries
http://www.factfish.com/de/statistik-land/botswana/co2%20emissionen
Botswana (2013):
~ 5.4 millon tons

Global warming (5)
2°C Limit
Food Decrease in yield of agricultural production in many areas, especially in developing countries
Possibly incresing yields in higher Decreasing yields in many developed
Source: M. Hegger, 2013, TU Darmstadt,Faculty Architecture, Energy Efficient Building

Water latitudes regions
Disappearance of
Significant reduction of water
smaller glaciers – Sea-level rise
Ecosystems availabilty in many regions,
Threatend water threatens several
including Mediterranean and
supply several bigger cities
Southern Africa
regions
Extreme weather Extensive damages of

Number of species facing extinction rises
conditions coral reefs
Risk of abrupt Increased intensity of storms, forest and bush fires, droughts, floods and heat waves
larger and
irrevocable
changes Increased risk of dangerous retroactive effects and abrupt shifts in the
climate system on a large scale
Global rise in Temperature [K]

Global warming (5)
Climate protection: Mitigation - Adaption
Climate change Effects on human mankind &

nature
Source: M. Hegger, 2013, TU Darmstadt,Faculty Architecture, Energy Efficient Building

Adaption
Temperature rise
Sea-level rise Food resources
Variation in preciptiation Ecosystem & Bio-diversity
Droughts & Floods Anthropsphere/habitat & health
Adaption
Mitigation
Emissions & Socio-economic effects
concentrations
Economic growth
Greenhouse gases Technologies
Aerosols Population growth

Urbanisation (1)
Urbanisation and rural exodus:
Annual avg. growth rate of urban population (1990 – 2003)

Urbanisation (2)
Selected current and futrure megacities (1990 – 2003)
Source: World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2014 Revision

25
Urbanisation (3)
Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency

- Dr. T. Bader -
In addtion: demand for living space per capita is increasing severly
Future of energy - Insights from Discussions Building on an Initial Perspective by Jeremy Bentham, VP
Global Business Environment at Shell
10/01/2018
https://www.slideshare.net/futureagenda2/future-of-energy-an-initial-perspective-jeremy-bentham-vp-
global-business-environment-at-shell
1.3 Energy and Power (1)
Fundamentals
Energy Work
• Ability of a system to cause exterior impacts • Input or Output of work changes
• Heat is a form of energy the energy content of a body
• Unit: J, Ws • Unit: Nm
Power
• is the first derivative to work, with regard to time.
• describes the time in which the correlated work is performed
• converted energy or work done per unit of time
• Unit: W
General Thermodynamics
Energy: E [J = Ws] Heat (amount) Q [kWh]
.
Power: P [W] Heat stream Q [W]
.
heat stream density q = Q / A [W / m2]

Power Dimensions
Power
Physical unit, which measures the converted energy or work done per unit of time,
i.e. the rate of energy usage or transfer (usually in [W] = [J/s])
Dimension
kilo k 103
1.5 W: Power of the human heart
Mega M 106
140 W: Power consumption of a refrigerator in operation Giga G 109
Tera T 1012
2 kW: Power consumption of a typical washing machine
Peta P 1015
8 MW: Drive power of the high-speed train ICE 3 Exa E 1018
1 GW: Typical nuclear power station
18.2 GW: The Three Gorges hydroelectric dam in China
122 GW: In Germany, installed capacity of all power stations (1997)

Calorie
Approximate amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water
by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere
• Defined by Nicolas Clément in 1824

• Food calorie is defined in terms of the kilogram rather than the gram.
It is equal to 1000 small calories or 1 kilocalorie (kcal).
• Considered obsolete, the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule.
One calorie is approximately 4.2 Joules
• The factor used to convert calories to joules at a given temperature is numerically equivalent to
the specific heat capacity of water expressed in joules per kelvin per gram or per kilogram.
Source: www.stmwvt.Bayern.de
• In spite of its non-official status, the kcal is still widely used as a unit of food energy.
• Calorie comes from Latin calor, meaning 'heat'

Energy units and interdependencies

Energy consumption and time
How long does it take until 1kWh final energy is consumed?
Car Driving Showering Heating a single

family house
Ilumination with
Hoovering Television a 60 W bulb
Source: www.stmwvt.Bayern.de
1.4 Energy conservation (1)
Law of energy conservation
Source: Quaschning
1.4 Energy conservation (2)
Principle energy saving options
Avoid energy usage Energy Efficiency Efficient Production Renewable Energies

• Low-energy house • Energy saving bulbs • BHKW • Active and passive solar
energy usage
• Switch- off light, PC, etc. • Energy saving appliances • Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung
• Wind, water, geothermal,…
• Cut bread per hand • Efficient heating system • Decentral energy
generation • Biogas
• Go buy foot to coiffeur • Efficient cooling system
• Efficient power plant • Biodiesel enginges
• Standby-Stopp • 3-liter-car technology
• Wood
• Change of Behavior • Fuel cell

1.5 Energy Efficiency (1)
 Refers to the energy required to a achieve a given usable effect

 Technical measures can achieve greateer energy efficiency
i.e. for the same use can be reduced to a fraction of the amount
Source: http://www.ems.psu.edu/; Siemens Handbook of building energy

 Incudes taking advantage of unused portions of energy
conversion, such as waste heat and energy recovey
40% of primary energy

Process consumption worldwide
goes into buildings.
→ from that 85% are for
room heating, hot water
and room cooling

Efficienies of common energy conversion devices

Efficiency vs Effectiveness
Efficiency
• Action of producing efficiently with a minimum of waste, expense or unnecessary effort

to reach a certain result
• Exhibiting a high ration of output to input
• ISO 9000:2000 – relationship between the result achieved and the resources used
• “…doing the things right”
Effectiveness
Examples:
• Ability to achieve desired results Fire, water, champaign
• Exhibiting a high ration of output to input Trees cutting
• “…doing the right things” …

Areas for Energy Efficiency Measures
Source: International Energy Agency IEA

Energy Efficiency approaches and technologies
Opportunities for improving energy efficiency can be clustered by:
• Department:
→ focus on the administrative area within an organization
 Effective maintenance
( e.g. cleaning process of heat exchangers)
 Operational improvements
(ensure that existing system is used to its full advantage, e.g. due to changed requirements)
 Engineered improvements
(upgrade of existing plant facilities, e.g. integrate new components or control strategies)
 New technologies
(largest improvements through technological advances in R&D)
• Time frame:
→ decides order in which opportunities should be addressed
 Short-Term Quick Hit Activities ( refers to maintenance and operational improvement)

 Medium-Term Core Projects ( e.g. implement energy KPI and monitoring systems)
 Long-Term Sustainment (e.g.ensure continuous funding for energy-related improvement work)
• Equipment, utility systems and process:
→ identify, develop and implement measures with regard to individual component activities
Principles of energy efficient operation (1)
• P

Principles of energy efficient operation (2)
• P

Energy Efficiency Standard and Classes
• EU ENERG

Primary, Final & Effective Net Energy (2)
Primary Energy
• Conversion losses
 coal, crude oil, uranium, • Transport losses
sunlight, vegetation,… • Consumption in
energy sectors
• Non-energy related
• Conversion losses consumption
• Transport losses Secondary Energy
• Consumption in  oil products, coal
energy sectors
briquets, (bio)diesel,
consumption generated electricity,…
• Conversion losses
• Transport losses Final Energy
• Consumption in  diesel in tank, electricity in
energy sectors
grid, wood pellets in
consumption basement,...
Useful Energy
Consumption
losses  heat, lighting, mechanical
power, transport, hot water,...

Electricity generation efficiences
≠ Primary
energy
efficiency
≈ 45%
≈ 35%
Source: www.mpoweruk.com
≈ 15%
Energy Efficiency vs Energy conservation (1)
Impact factors of energy consumption
Primary Energy
Energy
Energy supply
Saving
Final Energy
Energy
Energy services efficiency
= Cooking, Room Heating/Cooling etc. =
Reduction of the
used energy to
cover the demand
Consumer
Demand Refrain
Refrain
Efficiency factor of
Need transformation process

Energy Efficiency vs Energy conservation (2)
Energy conservation Energy Pyramid

• Approach of using less energy
• Usually behavioural change
►turning lights off Renewable
►setting thermostat lower Energy
Energy efficiency Energy efficiency
• Using energy in a more efficient way

• Technological change Energy conservation
• Measures the difference between how much
energy is used to provide the same level of
result (comfort, performance etc.)

1.6 Barriers to energy convervation (1)
Attitude
“I know my business best”. "No one can tell me how to run my business. No one outside
the industry understands my energy problems like I do. I will appear incompetent if
outsiders identify savings that I have not seen".
Resistance to change
"Everything is going along just fine. Why must we continually be changing and trying new
things that will probably not work anyway?“
Energy is too cheap

Many users see energy as a minor input cost, relative to raw material and labour, and tend
to concentrate on these. Very often, education and examples can provide the incentive for
these users to take another look at energy.
Lack of capital
Some energy efficiency measures involve the installation of expensive capital equipment.
Users are nervous that the promises made by zealous salespersons may not be realised.

1.6 Barriers to energy convervation (2)
Uncertainty regarding the future

Investors are sometimes reluctant to commit resources to long-term projects, given the
financial instability both internationally and within regions. Payback periods need to be
measured in terms of months rather than years, and this can exclude energy
efficiency investment opportunities.
Barriers could be addressed by:

• Providing education (training) around energy issues
• Creating capacity for energy auditing, monitoring and management.
• Disseminating information regarding best practices
• Using benchmarking, where the specific energy use of competitors
is made known (anonymously) for comparison within the industry
• Shifting risk from the plant to the proposer/contractor of the project
(capital cost being repaid from a portion of the realised energy cost saving)

1.7 Rebound Effect (1)
Increasing World Electricity Production
World electricity production
• “Jevon’s paradox” or “the energy efficiency paradox”
• Efficiency decreases resources needed for service
• Efficiency also decreases the cost of service, which…
• Induces income and substitution effects and…
• Likely other behavioral responses and drivers

Rebound effect is the reduction in expected gains from new technologies that increase
the efficiency of resource use, because of behavioral or other systemic responses.
• Energy efficiency measures

→ Decreases resources needed
for a particular process or service
• Monetary savings
→ Efficiency also decreases
cost of service
Backfire:
• Increased consumption Total elimination
→ Direct or indirect through production) of saving (or worse)
First described by William Stanley Jevons in his 1865. He observed that the invention of a more
efficient steam engine meant that the use of coal became economically viable for many new uses.
This ultimately led to increased coal demand and much increased coal consumption, even as the
amount of coal required for any particular use fell. (“Jevon’s paradox”)

Types of Rebound Effects
Category Description Example

Direct Homeowners use more of Consumer drives more with a more fuel
Rebound the more efficient service efficient car
Indirect Homeowners re-spending on Savings from efficient lighting spend on

Rebound other goods and services 2nd refrigerator
Economy- More efficient production and A more efficient steam engine

wide shifts in demand alter increases production changes structural
Rebound economic structure and relationships and leads to economic
growth growth
54 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader -

1.8 Classification Renewable Energy Sources
55 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader -

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Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction to Building Energy Science

1. INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING SCIENCE & ENERGY

2 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

1.1 Building Science and its significance

3 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

 Purpose: provide predictive capability to

4 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

 Physics, chemistry and biology such as capillary-action, absorption, condensation, thermal

 Building maintenance considerations

 Longevity/ building sustainability (e.g. environmental design, zero-energy buildings etc.)

 Internal Environmental Quality and occupant (physical) comfort/health

5 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

• Growth of world population 1750-2100

Source: Lecture Bader THI, IEA statistics

6 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

Source: Lecture Bader THI, IEA statistics

7 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

Petroleum most important resource of the industrialised countries

• Terms and Definitions

Source: Lecture Bader THI, IEA statistics

Increasing global petroleum shortage

8 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

Source: RET Lecture THI Bader

9 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

 First productive wells:

Bölkow-Stiftung, Download: www.energywatchgroup.org, Berlin, 2008

Typical production profile of an oil region

10 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

Energy Watch Group / Ludwig-Bölkow-Stiftung, Download: www.energywatchgroup.org, Berlin, 2008

Schindler, J.; Zittel, W.: Zukunft der weltweiten Erdölversorgung; Studie,

11 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

Energy Watch Group / Ludwig-Bölkow-Stiftung, Download: www.energywatchgroup.org, Berlin, 2008

Schindler, J.; Zittel, W.: Zukunft der weltweiten Erdölversorgung; Studie,

12 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

Energy Watch Group / Ludwig-Bölkow-Stiftung, Download: www.energywatchgroup.org, Berlin, 2008

Schindler, J.; Zittel, W.: Zukunft der weltweiten Erdölversorgung; Studie,

13 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

 Crude oil production

Source: Lecture Bader THI, IEA statistics

“Reserves-to-production ratio” [years] (also: reserve life index)

energy future, December 2011

15 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

Average global warming since 1900 around ~ 0,8 °C

Source: Potsdam Institute for climate research http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/

 Increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by 70% from 1970 to 2004

16 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

 Prognosis by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) for 2030 – 2100

Long-term development of CO2-concentration in atmosphere

17 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

18 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit: Erneuerbare Energien in

Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit: Renewable Energies –

Zahlen – Nationale und internationale Entwicklung, Internet-Update, Dezember 2008

Perspectives for a sustainable energy future, December 2011

Growth in energy consumption related CO2-emissions worldwide Years

19 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

 CO2 Emissions of selected industrial and development countries

20 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 10/01/2018

Possibly incresing yields in higher Decreasing yields in many developed

Source: M. Hegger, 2013, TU Darmstadt,Faculty Architecture, Energy Efficient Building

Extreme weather Extensive damages of

Global rise in Temperature [K]