EE330A Mid Sem 2018 - 19 Sem I

Monday 17th September, 2018

Answer all 6 questions.
Max. Marks: 60 Time: 2 hours
1. Answer the following briefly. (10)
(i) What is meant by ‘synchronization’ of an alternator? State the conditions necessary
for synchronization.
(ii) Draw a well labeled capability curve of a cylindrical pole synchronous generator.
(iii) What is Corona?
(iv) What is Skin effect?
(v) What is Ferranti effect? What causes such an effect?

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Solution:

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(i) ‘Synchronization’ of an alternator refers to the process of connecting an unloaded
alternator to an already loaded alternator or to an infinite bus. (1 mark)

o.
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The following conditions should be same for synchronization of unloaded alternator
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to already loaded alternator/ infinite bus: (1 mark)

a. Voltage magnitudes
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b. Voltage phase angles

aC s

c. Frequency
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d. Phase sequence

(ii) (2 marks)
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Y
KÀ Œr Æ ]š oš Œv š}Œ
~ìUsš~ (u Ærsš•ly•• hv Œr Æ ]š oš Œv š}Œ
sh is

hv]šÇ W}Á Œ & š}Œ

&] o
Th

µŒŒ vš
o} µ•
~sš/ u Æ Uì•
~ìUì•
W
~ìUrsîšly•• Œu šµŒ µŒŒ vš
o} µ•
^š Ç •š š
o} µ•

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 (iii) Corona is the event of ionization of surrounding air in a conductor due to high
voltage gradient at surface of the conductor, thus leading to breakdown of air and
associated flow of leakage current to nearby conducting medium. (2 marks)

(iv) Skin effect is the phenomena of high AC current distribution at the periphery of a
transmission line/ conductor than at the centre of the line/ conductor which leads
to high AC resistance of line than the measured DC resistance. This is due to high
inductance at the centre than at the periphery of conductor as more flux links the
centre than the periphery. (2 marks)

(v) ‘Ferranti effect’ refers to the phenomena of receiving end voltage magnitude being
more than the sending end voltage magnitude in a transmission line. (1 mark)
This happens when the line loading is less than its Surge Impedance Loading. In this
case, the line capacitive reactance (or line charging current) is dominant than the

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line inductive reactance and hence there is an excess of reactive power at receiving

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end which leads to higher receiving end voltage magnitude. (1 mark)

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2. A 12.47kV , 50Hz, 3φ balanced source supplies the following parallel loads through a
rs e
short line of per phase impedance (10 + 30j)Ω and per phase current capacity of 100A: (12)
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L1 : Inductive load - 60kW and 660kV Ar
L2 : Capacitive load - 240kW at 0.8 power factor
o

L3 : Resistive load - 60kW

aC s
vi y re

(i) Find supply current, source power factor and 3φ source complex power.
(ii) A balanced ∆ connected capacitor bank is to be connected at the source terminals
in parallel to the line so that the source power factor is 0.8 lagging with no change
ed d

in source voltage. Find the required capacitance in each ∆ capacitor bank leg.
ar stu

|V |
Solution: Given, |Vs,ll | = 12.47kV implies that |Vs | = √s,ll
3
= 7.2kV , Zline = (10 +
j30)Ω, SL1,3φ = (60 + j660)kV A as L1 is inductive, SL2,3φ = (240 − j 240 sin(cos−1 0.8)) =
sh is

0.8
(240 − j180)kV A as L2 is capacitive and SL3,3φ = 60kW . (2 marks)
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Thus, the total load at the receiving end of the line is Sr,3φ = SL1,3φ + SL2,3φ + SL3,3φ =
(360 + j480)kV A.
Let the load end phase voltage be Vr = |Vr |6 0°kV . Line current is (1 mark)
∗
Sr,3φ (120 − j160)
Ir = ∗
= A (1)
3Vr |Vr |

Let the source end phase voltage be Vs = |Vs |6 θ°kV where, |Vs | = 7.2kV and θ is

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 unknown. By KVL, (1 mark)
Vs = Vr + Ir × Zline
(120 − j160)
⇒ 7.26 θ° = |Vr |6 0° + × (10 + j30)
1000|Vr |
(6 + j2)
⇒ 7.26 θ° = |Vr | + (2)
|Vr |
6.32462
⇒ 7.22 = |Vr |2 + + 12
|Vr |2
6.3246 2
⇒ (|Vr | + ) = 7.22 − 12 + 2 × 6.3246
|Vr |
2
⇒ |Vr | − 7.2449|Vr | + 6.3246 = 0
⇒ |Vr | = 6.2298kV or 1.0152kV

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From (1), Ir = 32.10396 (−53.13)°A for |Vr | = 6.2298kV and Ir = 197.0036 (−53.13)°A

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for |Vr | = 1.0152kV . |Ir | = 197.003A is not acceptable as per phase current capacity of
line is 100A. Hence, Vr = 6.22986 0°kV and Ir = 32.10396 (−53.13)°A. (2 marks)

o.
rs e
Also, from (2), 7.2 sin θ = 2
|Vr |
⇒ θ = 2.5556°.
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(i) Source current Is = Ir = 32.10396 (−53.13)°A. (0.5 mark)
Power factor is cos(θ + 53.13°) = 0.5637 lagging as current lags voltage. (1 mark)
o

3φ source complex power Ss,3φ = 3Vs Is∗ = (390.9179 + 572.7548)kV A. (1 mark)

aC s

(ii) Given that the source voltage does not change, thus |Vs,ll | = 12.47kV . Also, a
vi y re

capacitor bank is to be connected, thus 3φ real power output of the source does
not change, i.e. Ps,3φ = 390.9179kW . For source power factor to be 0.8 lagging by
connecting a balanced capacitor bank, the new 3φ reactive power output of source
ed d

should be (1 mark)
ar stu

Ps,3φ
Qnew
s,3φ =× sin(cos−1 0.8) = 293.1884kV Ar
0.8
where, Qold
s,3φ = 572.7548kV Ar. Thus, the 3φ reactive power to be supplied by the
sh is

capacitor bank is (0.5 mark)

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Qcap = Qold new

s,3φ − Qs,3φ = 279.5664kV Ar

Let capacitive reactance in each ∆ connected capacitor bank leg be Xc,∆ . Then, 3φ
|V |2
reactive power supplied by the bank is Qcap = 3 Xs,ll
c,∆
. This implies (1 mark)
|Vs,ll|2
Xc,∆ = 3 = 1668.6651Ω
Qcap
Since, source frequency is given as 50Hz, thus capacitance in each ∆ capacitor bank
1
leg is C∆ = 100πX c,∆
= 1.9076µF . (1 mark)

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 3. Consider a 34.64kV , 60MV A, 3φ salient pole synchronous generator with Xd = 13.5Ω,
Xq = 9.33Ω and Ra = 0.1Ω. (8)
(i) Draw its phasor diagram indicating all voltage drops and currents.
(ii) Compute the torque angle and per phase internal emf when the generator delivers
rated power at 0.8 power factor lagging to a 34.64kV infinite busbar.

Solution:
(i) The phasor diagram of a salient pole type synchronous generator is as shown below
(

/‹y‹

m
/‹

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w sš

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} /y
/Z

o.
rs e /
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/
The per phase armature current is assumed to be lagging. Hence, θ is positive i.e.
o

Ia = Ia 6 (−θ) with respect to per phase terminal voltage Vt 6 0. (1 mark)

aC s
vi y re

(ii) From the phasor diagram, relationships along q axis and d axis are (1 mark)
Ef = Vt cos δ + Id Xd + Ia Ra cos(θ + δ) (3)
Vt sin δ + Ia Ra sin(θ + δ) = Iq Xq (4)
ed d

where (1 mark)
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Id = Ia sin(θ + δ) (5)
Iq = Ia cos(θ + δ) (6)
sh is

Therefore, (3) and (4) can be rewritten as

Ef − Vt cos δ = Iq Ra + Id Xd (7)
Th

Vt sin δ = Iq Xq − Id Ra (8)
(8) can be rewritten as (by using (5) and (6)) (2 marks)
Vt sin δ = Ia Xq cos(θ + δ) − Ia Ra sin(θ + δ)
Vt sin δ = Ia (Xq cos θ − Ra sin θ) cos δ − Ia (Xq sin θ + Ra cos θ) sin δ
(Vt +Ia Xq sin θ + Ia Ra cos θ) sin δ = Ia (Xq cos θ − Ra sin θ) cos δ
Ia (Xq cos θ − Ra sin θ)
δ = tan−1 { } (9)
Vt + Ia Xq sin θ + Ia Ra cos θ

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 V
Given, Vt,ll = 34.64kV implies that Vt = √t,ll3 = 20kV , Xq = 9.33Ω and Ra = 0.1Ω.
Also, S3φ = 60(0.8 + j0.6)MV A = (48 + j36)MV A. Thus, per phase armature
current (assuming Vt as reference) is (1 mark)
∗
S3φ
Ia = = 10006 (−36.87°)A
3Vt∗

Hence, Ia = 1000A = 1kA and θ = 36.87° (as per the above phasor diagram).
Substituting these in (9) gives torque angle δ = 16.0844°. (1 mark)
From (5) and (6), Id = 0.7982kA and Iq = 0.6025kA. Substituting relevant known
quantities in (7) gives per phase internal emf as Ef = 30.0525kV . (1 mark)

4. A 400V , 100kW , 2 pole, 60Hz synchronous generator has a no load speed of 3690rpm

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and full load speed of 3570rpm. It is operating in parallel with a 400V , 75kW , 4 pole,

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60Hz synchronous generator which has a no load speed of 1815rpm and full load speed

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of 1770rpm. They both supply a 100kW load at 0.8 power factor leading. (10)
(i) Find the system frequency and the power supplied by each generator.

o.
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(ii) If both were to generate same amount of power, then what should be the new no
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load frequency of 2 pole generator (ALFC of 4 pole generator does not respond)?

Solution: The no load and full load speed of 2 pole generator are Nnl1 = 3690rpm
o

and Nf l1 = 3570rpm, respectively. Hence, the no load frequency of the generator is

aC s

fnl1 = N120
nl1 p
= 61.5Hz. (0.5 mark)
vi y re

Nf l1 p
The full load frequency of the generator is ff l1 = 120
= 59.5Hz. (0.5 mark)
The rated load or full load of 2 pole generator is Pf l1 = 100kW . Hence, the droop or
ed d

speed regulation R1 is (1.5 marks)

ar stu

ff l1 − fnl1 1
R1 = = 0.02Hz/kW ⇒ = 50kW/Hz
Pf l1 R1
sh is

The no load and full load speed of 4 pole generator are Nnl2 = 1815rpm and Nf l2 =
1770rpm, respectively. Hence, the no load frequency of the generator is fnl2 = N120
nl2 p
=
Th

60.5Hz. (0.5 mark)

Nf l2 p
The full load frequency of the generator is ff l2 = 120
= 59Hz. (0.5 mark)
The rated load or full load of 4 pole generator is Pf l2 = 75kW . Hence, the droop or
speed regulation R2 is (1.5 marks)

ff l2 − fnl2 1
R2 = = 0.02Hz/kW ⇒ = 50kW/Hz
Pf l2 R2

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 (i) Both the generators supply a total real power load of Pd = 100kW . (1 mark)
Hence, the system frequency fs is (1 mark)

fnl1 − fs fnl2 − fs
Pd = +
R1 R2
100 = 50(61.5 − fs ) + 50(60.5 − fs )
⇒ fs = 60Hz

Real power supplied by generators are as follows: (1 mark)

fnl1 − fs
P1 = = 75kW
R1
fnl2 − fs
P2 = = 25kW

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R2

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(ii) Both generators have to generate the same amount of power to supply the Pd =

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100kW load i.e. each generator should generate 50kW real power.

o.
ALFC (Automatic Load Frequency Control) of 4 pole generator does not respond.
rs e
Thus, fnl2 does not change. Hence, system frequency is decided by 4 pole generator
ou urc
which is (1 mark)

fnl2 − fs
o

P2 = 50 = ⇒ fs = 59.5Hz
R2
aC s
vi y re

The no load frequency of 2 pole generator is (1 mark)

fnl1 − fs
P1 = 50 = ⇒ fnl1 = 60.5Hz
R1
ed d
ar stu

5. The one line diagram of a 3 phase system is shown in Fig. 1. The manufacturer’s data
for each element is given as follows:
sh is

G : 60MV A, 20kV, X = 9%
T1 : 50MV A, 25Y kV /250∆kV, X = 10%
Th

T2 : 50MV A, 240∆kV /24Y kV, X = 10%

M : 50MV A, 18kV, X = 8%

Line impedance is (120 + j200)Ω. Choose 100MV A and 22kV as base for generator. (10)
(i) Draw the impedance diagram with all impedances marked in per unit.
(ii) The motor draws 45MV A at 0.8 power factor lagging at rated terminal voltage.
Determine the line current in A.
(iii) Determine the internal voltage of generator in kV .

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 Figure 1: Figure for Question 5

Solution: Given that base MVA is SB = 100MV A and generator side base voltage is
VgB = 22kV . Hence, line base voltage is VlB = VgB × 250 25
= 220kV (base voltages on
either side of transformer must respect the ratio of line-line voltages). (0.5 mark)
24
Similarly, motor/ load side base voltage is VmB = VlB × 240
= 22kV . (0.5 mark)
2
VlB
Base impedance for line ZlB = SB
= 484Ω. (0.5 mark)

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(120+j200)
Hence, line impedance in pu is Zlpu = = (0.2479 + j0.4132). (0.5 mark)

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ZlB

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pu impedances of other elements are as follows. (0.5 × 4 = 2 marks)

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20 2 SB

o.
Zgpu = j0.09 × ( ) × = j0.1240
VgB 60
rs e 25 2 SB
ou urc
ZT 1pu = j0.10 × ( ) × = j0.2583
VgB 50
24 2 SB
ZT 2pu = j0.10 × ( ) × = j0.2380
o

VmB 50
aC s

18 2 SB
Zmpu = j0.08 × ( ) × = j0.1071
vi y re

VmB 50
(i) The impedance diagram of the system is (1 mark)
ed d
ar stu

•d퉵AiìXîñôï •o‰µA •dAiìXîïôì

•u‰µAiìXíìóí
•P‰µAiìXíîðì

~ìXîðóõ=iìXðíïî•
= í î =
sh is
Th

sPš suš

P r r u

18kV
(ii) The rated terminal voltage of the motor in pu is |Vmt | = VmB
= 0.8182. Let this
be the reference voltage i.e. Vmt = 0.81826 0°. (0.5 mark)

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 45(0.8+j0.6
3φ complex power drawn by motor in pu is Sm = SB
= (0.36 + j0.27). Thus,
the motor current in pu is (0.5 marks)
∗
Sm
Im = ∗ = 0.44 − j0.33 = 0.556 − 36.87°
Vmt

The same current flows through the line and is drawn from the source. The base
current for the line is IlB = √S3VB = 262.432A. (0.5 mark)
lB

Also, there should be a phase shift of −30° in current due to transformer T2 (current
on Y side is retarded by 30° for current on ∆ side). (1.5 marks)
Hence, actual line current is Il = Im IlB 6 − 30° = 144.33766 − 66.87°A = (56.6985 −
j132.7351)A. (1 mark)

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(iii) The pu internal voltage of generator is (0.5 mark)

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Eg = Vmt + (Zgpu + ZT 1pu + Zlpu + ZT 2pu )Im = 1.32206 16.3851°

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o.
The line-line internal voltage is Eg VgB = 29.08456 16.3851°kV . (0.5 mark)
rs e
ou urc
6. A 3φ transposed line is composed of four ACSR Pheasant bundled conductors per phase
with horizontal configuration as in Fig. 2. The bundle spacing is 45cm. As per the
manufacturer’s data sheet, diameter of one ACSR Pheasant conductor is 1.382in and
o

GMR is 0.0466f t. Determine (10)

aC s

(i) line inductance per phase

vi y re

(ii) line capacitance per phase

(iii) percentage change in line capacitance per phase due to earth when the transmission
line is 25m above earth.
ed d
ar stu
sh is
Th

Figure 2: Figure for Question 6

Solution: As per given data, radius of each conductor is r = 1.382

2
× 2.54 = 1.75514cm
and GMR = 0.0466 × 12 × 2.54 = 1.4204cm. Also, D31 = D12 + D23 = 28m.(0.5 mark)
GMD for the given horizontal configuration of 3φ transposed conductors is (1.5 mark)
GMD = (D12 D23 D31 )1/3 = (14 × 14 × 28)1/3 = 17.6389m

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 Effective GMR for inductance i.e. GMRL due to bundling of each phase is (1.5 mark)
√
GMRL = (45 × 45 × 45 2 × GMR)1/4 = 20.6843cm

Effective GMR for capacitance i.e. GMRC due to bundling of each phase is (1.5 mark)
√
GMRC = (45 × 45 × 45 2 × r)1/4 = 21.8080cm
(i) Line inductance per phase is (0.5 mark)
GMD
L = 2 × 10−7 × ln( ) = 8.8918 × 10−7 H/m = 1.431mH/mile
GMRL
(ii) Line capacitance per phase is (0.5 mark)
2πǫ0
C= GM D = 1.2658 × 10−11 F/m = 0.020371µF/mile
ln( GM )

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RC

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(iii) Conductors’ arrangement (with image conductors positions marked as 1′ , 2′ and 3′ )

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for considering the effect of earth on line capacitance is (1 mark)

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o.
rs e
í î ï
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Zïí
Zíï
Zî Zï
o

Zíî Zïî
ZíAñìu

ŒšZ
aC s
vi y re

Zîí Zîï
ed d
ar stu

í– î– Aíðu ï–

The marked distances are as follows (2 mark)

sh is

h1 = h2 = h3 =50m
Th

q
h12 = h21 = h23 =h32 = h21 + d2 = 51.923m
q
h13 = h31 = h21 + (2 × d)2 = 57.3062m
Line capacitance per phase with the effect of earth is (0.5 mark)
2πǫ0
Ce = }1/3
= 1.2865 × 10−11 F/m
GM D
ln( GM RC
) − ln( {h{h121hh232 hh331}1/3 )
Ce −C
Percentage increase in line capacitance is C
× 100% = 1.6353%. (0.5 mark)

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