Respiration:

The physiological process by which plants and animals produce energy in cells by food
materials with or without oxygen is called respiration

Is defined as a biochemical process by which organisms produce kinetic energy by the oxidation
of food, with or without oxygen, producing water and carbon dioxide as byproducts.

Glycolysis:
It occurs in the cell cytoplasm (or cell cytosol)
The glucose is phosphorylated so it doesn't leave the less and so it is more soluble
1. Glucose + ATP →(hexokinase) Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP
2. Glucose 6-phosphate ⇄(phosphoglucoisomerase) Fructose 6-phosphate
3. Fructose 6-phosphate + ATP →(phosphoglucoisomerase) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate+ADP
4. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate ⇄(aldolase) 3PGAL + DHP
5. 3PGAL ⇄(dehydroxyginase) 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid + ATP
6. 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid + ADP ⇄(kinase) 3phosphoglyceric acid + ATP
7. 3phosphoglyceric acid ⇄ 2phosphoglyceric acid
8. 2phosphoglyceric acid ⇄(enolase) 2phosphoenol pyruvic acid + H​2​O
9. 2phosphoenol pyruvic acid + ADP → pyruvic acid + ATP

DHP= dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Pyruvic acid= pyruvate

Link reaction:

Pyruvate +CoA =(NAD+= NADH +H+) Acetyl CoA + CO2

One glucose is two pyruvates, combines with CoA(nucleoside + vitamin) to produce Acetyl CoA,
releasing CO2 and hydrogen. Pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated. Acetyl CoA is
needed for the next cycle, Kreb cycle.

Krebs cycle:

Occurs in the mitochondrion in the matrix, start with 4C molecule to 6C and goes through a
series of steps to slowly breakdown the molecule to 4C and 2 molecules of CO2 removed with 2
reduced NAD being formed too (NADH), its products are photons ( H+), CO2 and ATP.

Aerobic respiration is divided into 4 stages

1. Glycolysis
2. Link reaction (Formation of acetyl CoA)
3. Krebs cycle
4. Oxidative phosphorylation
Respiratory quotient ​= amount of CO​2​/ amount of O​2
Factors affecting respiration:

External factors:
● Respiration is dependent on O​2​ density.
● Respiration is also dependent on CO​2​ density, high density of CO​2​ decreases in
respiration as less O​2​ can enter.
● Effectiveness of enzymes regulated by change in temperature.
● Respiration in plants affected by light intensity.
● Water is needed for metabolic reaction.

Internal Factors:
● food can affect rate of respiration, lipids are harder to breakdown, so after consumption
of lipids rate of respiration decreases for a while
● Age of cells, cells with more protoplasm live longer and has the ability to respire more.
● Inorganic salt presence of greater amount of inorganic salts can increase rate of
respiration

O​2​ debt​: (O​2​ consumption during work) - ( O​2​ consumption at rest)

Difference between ATP and NAD:

ATP NAD

● Has 1 ribose ● Has 2 ribose

● Adenine base present ● Adenine is present
● No nicotinamide ● Nicotinamide is present
● Has 3 phosphate bonds ● Acts as hydrogen carrier
● Acts as coenzyme
● Has two phosphate bonds

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