Flora of Manila - Notes - Partial

The Plant and its Parts!
From “A Flora of Manila” by E.D. Merrill

Flora!
A work containing descrip=ons of the different
kinds of plants growing in a country, or within
some parts of a country, properly arranged
according to their rela=onships or assumed
rela=onships.
from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

2
Prepared by CDSNadal
The Plant!
Classification According to Their Habit of Growth!
!
Tree
-‐erect
-‐living from year to year
-‐large development of woody =ssue
-‐single dis=nct stem or trunk
-‐5-‐6m or more


3
The Plant!
!
Shrub
-‐really small trees
-‐tree-‐like plants less than 5m in height
-‐small, erect, woody plants which produce several
trunks from the base
-‐Undershrubs—less than a meter high


4
The Plant!
!
Herbs
-‐plants of various habit which contain but liOle
woody =ssue, and which at least the parts above
ground, persist for a year or less

5
The Plant!
!
Vines
-‐plants that climb either by twining, by means of
special organs for aOachment, or by sprawling
over other plants or objects.
-‐woody or herbaceous

6
The Plant!
!
Terrestrial
-‐growing on the earth, roo=ng in the soil

Aqua5c
-‐grow in water, en=rely or submerged

Epiphyte
-‐grow on other plants (no nourishment from it)

7
The Plant!
!
Parasite
-‐grows on other plants (taking part or all of the
nourishment from the host plant)

Saprophytes
-‐grow on decaying organic maOer and have no
green =ssue

8

The Plant!
!
Annual
-‐plants that live for a short =me, a few weeks or
months, and die aUer producing flowers and seeds

Biennial
-‐plants that live for two years and produce flowers
and seeds the second year and then dying.
-‐not common in the tropics

Perennial
-‐live from year to year like all trees and shrubs
9

The Stem!
!
•  The axis of the plant

•  Where all other parts are aOached
•  Stemless or acaulescent

•  plants that show no obvious stem above ground,
but bear only leaves and flower stalks.


10
The Stem!
!
•  Node
–  The place on the stem or its branches where one
or more leaves or branches are borne
•  Internodes
–  The space between nodes.

11
The Stem!
Special Kinds of Stems !
•  Culm !
–  The hollow or solid ! stems of the
grasses with well defined nodes and
internodes
•  Sucker
–  A branch arising from the stem or
from roots underground or from
adven==ous buds on the trunk or
larger branches of shrubs or trees, the
laOer being called stem-‐suckers.
•  Stolon
–  Branch from above ground that
becomes prostrate and strikes roots at
the =p or nodes, producing new
plants.

12
The Stem!
Stems according to Texture!
!
•  Herbaceous
–  Living for a short period of =me, forming no
permanent woody =ssue, dying aUer flowering
•  Suffrutescent
–  More or less woody or half-‐woody at least at the
base
•  Woody
–  Forms permanent woody =ssue las=ng from year to
year as in all shrubs and trees.
13
The Stem!
Stems according to Direction!
!
•  Erect !
–  Ascend perpendicularly from the base
•  Ascending
–  Rising obliquely
•  Decumbent
–  Reclining on the ground or near the base
•  Prostrate
–  Lying flat on the ground
14
The Stem!
Stems according to Direction!
!
•  Stems according to Direc5on
!
–  Creeping
•  Closely oppressed to the ground, roo=ng at nodes
–  Climbing/scandent
•  Ascending by means of support offered by other plants/
object whether by:
–  Tendrils (special spirally twisted organs)
–  Roothairs
–  Twining
•  Vines that climb by rolling about other stems or objects
15
The Stem!
Underground stems!
•  Rhizome/rootstock !
–  Modified creeping stem growing beneath the surface of the soil
!
–  Simpler form are slender, and consists of nodes and internodes, bearing
scales
–  ie. Ginger (luya), mint (yerba buena)
•  Tuber
–  Stout, thickened por=on of a rootstock, bearing buds (eyes) on the sides
–  ie. Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
•  Corm
–  Short, thick, fleshy, underground stem, usually sending off numerous
roots from the lower part, and leaves and flowers stalks at the upper
–  Taro/Gabi
•  Bulb
–  Small basal solid part, its bulk being made up of thickened scales; those
in which the scales closely enwrap each other are called tunicated bulbs,
i.e. onions, garlics, etc.
16
The Stem!
Stems according to Branches and Leaves!
•  Opposite !
!
–  2 borne at the same node, opposite side of the stem
•  Whorled/ver5cillate
–  3 or more borne at the same node, arranged regularly around the
stem
•  Fascicled/fasciculate
–  2 or more borne at the same node, same side of the stem
•  Alternate
–  One is borne at each node on one side, and the next above or
below on the opposite side of the stem
•  Dis5chous
–  when regularly arranged above another in 2 opposite rows
•  Secund
–  When all are turned towards one side.
17
The Leaves!
The COMPLETE LEAF !
!
•  Blade or Lamina
–  Broad thin part of ordinary leaves
•  Pe5ole
–  Leaf stalk
•  S5pules
–  Various shaped appendages at the base of the
leaf-‐stalk or at the nodes which may be leaf-‐like,
scale-‐like, or even represented by sheaths or by
spines.

18
The Leaves!
Other Parts of a Leaf!
•  Base
–  End by which the leaf, or any other part of a plant
is aOached
•  Apex
–  The opposite free end.

19
The Leaves!
Other Terms!
•  Exs5pulate (s=pules are frequently wan=ng)
•  Sessile (pe=ole or leaf-‐stalk is frequently wan=ng)
•  Amplexicaul/stem clasping (leaf base clasps the stem)
•  Perforiate (lobes meet around the stem, so that the
blade appear as though it were pierced by the stem)
•  Decurrent (edges of the leaf extend downward along
the stem as ridges or wings)
•  Shea5ng (when the base of the blade or the pe=ole
forms a more or less closed ver=cal cylinder
surrounding the stem)

20
The Leaves!
According to Where they are Borne!
!
•  Cauline
–  When the leaves are inserted on a stem or a
branch
•  Radical
–  when they are or the flowers are borne on the
roots or rhizomes or very close to the base of the
stem
–  Rosulate—radical leaves the spread in a circle on
the ground forming a roseOe.
21
The Leaves!
Leaf Framework (Ribs and Veins)!
•  Midrib !
–  One main vein, much stronger than the others
•  Lateral Veins (nerves)
–  Primary division on each side
•  Veinlets (nervules)
–  Ul=mate divisions
•  Palmately/digitately
–  Several equally strong veins radiate from the top of
the pe=ole (if peltate, radiately nerved)

22
The Leaves!
Venation (Method of Arrangement of The Veins)!
•  2 principal kinds: !
–  Parallel-‐veined
•  The whole framework consists of slender ribs or veins that
run parallel to each other, either from the base to the apex,
or from midrib to the margins, not dividing and subdividing
and forming meshes.
–  NeXed-‐veined/re5culate
•  Veins branch and rebranch into finer and finer veinlets
which unite with each other to form meshes
•  Re#cula#on
*if the veins are not seen, they are spoken of as obsolete or wan#ng.
23
The Leaves!
Leaf Outline!
•  Linear !
–  Narrow and several =mes longer than wide and of about
the same width throughout, ! their margins nearly parallel.
•  Lanceolate
–  When 3 or more =mes as long as wide, widest below and
taper upwards or both upwards and downwards, shaped
more or less like a lance
•  Oblanceolate
–  Reverse of lanceolate, broadest above the middle and
tapering downwards.
•  Oblong
–  When 2 or 3 =mes as long as broad, and not conspicuously
narrowed, the sides nearly parallel.
24
The Leaves!
Leaf Outline!
•  Ellip5c !
!
–  Shaped like an ellipse, equally rounded at both ends
•  Ovate
–  When twice or less as long as broad, widest below the
middle and more or less narrowed upward.
•  Obovate
–  Reverse of ovate, widest above the middle and
tapering downwards.
•  Oval
–  Somewhat like ellip=c, but the breadth dis=nctly more
than one half the length.
25
The Leaves!
Leaf Outline!
•  Orbicular !
–  Circular in outline !
•  Spatulate
–  When narrow, more or less rounded above, and
tapering from near the apex to the base;
•  Cuneate/wedge-‐shaped
–  Broad above, tapering by nearly straight lines to
the base
•  Falcate
–  When more or less curved
26
The Leaves!
Leaf Outline!
•  Flabellate/fan-‐shaped
–  Broad and rounded at top, narrowed below like a
fan
•  Reniform
–  Broader than longer, like a kidney (shape)
*combina=on (i.e. oblong-‐ovate, oblong-‐lanceolate) are used to

describe intermediate forms.

27
The Leaves!
Leaf Apex!
!
•  Rounded
–  Broad or semicircular in outline
•  Truncate
–  Cut off square or nearly so
•  Acute
–  Ending in an acute angle with straight sides
•  Acuminate
–  When pointed but the tapering lines incurved
28
The Leaves!
Leaf Apex!
•  Obtuse
–  Blunt or narrowly rounded
•  Retuse
–  Slightly notched at the apex
•  Emarginate
–  More prominently notched
•  Obcordate
–  Inversely heart-‐shaped
29
The Leaves!
Leaf Apex!
•  Cuspidate
–  Tipped with a sharp point
•  Mucronate
–  Abruptly =pped with a small short point
•  Aristate
–  When mucronate point is extend into a longer
more or less bristle-‐like appendage.


30
The Leaves!
Leaf Base!
•  Cordate/heart-‐shaped
–  Turned-‐in end, part where pe=ole is aOached
•  Auricled
–  Eared, small projec=ons at the base.
•  SagiXate
–  Arrow shaped, acute ears and lobes and point
outwards.
•  Hastate
–  Basal lobes are acute and point outwards.
•  Peltate
–  Shield-‐shaped
31
The Leaves!
Leaf Blade!
•  Leaves are simple when the blade is of a

single piece, without regards to how much it
may be cut up.

32
The Leaves!
Leaf Blade!
•  Leaves are compound when the blade consists of
two or more separate parts on a common
pe=ole.
–  Leaflet—individual parts of the leaf blade
–  Pe5olules—stalk
–  Rachis—extension of the pe=ole above the lowest
leaflets
–  S5pels—subtends the pe=olules, usually small
appendages.
•  S5pellate when these organs are present in leaflets
•  Exs5pellate when they are absent
•  (S=pulate/exs=pulate as applied t the en=re leaf.)
33
The Leaves!
Leaf Margin!
•  En5re
–  Margin is a con=nous even line
•  Serrate
–  Cut into sharp teeth poin=ng forward like a teeth of a
saw
•  Dentate/Toothed
–  When the teeth are sharp and point outward, not
forward
•  Den5culate
–  Diminu=ve of dentate
•  Crenate
–  Teeth are rounded
34
The Leaves!
Leaf Margin!
•  Crenulate
–  Diminu=ve of dentate
•  Repand/Undulate
–  Margin forms a wavy line bending gently inward
and outward
•  Sinuate
–  Strongly undulate
•  Incise /Cut
–  When cut into deep, sharp, irregular teeth
35
The Leaves!
Leaf Margin!
•  Lobed
–  When deeply cut but the incision do not reach
more than halfway to the midrib
•  CleZ
–  Nearly the same as lobed, but incisions reach
more than halfway to the midrib
•  Parted
–  Extend nearly to the midrib
•  Divided
–  Extend quite to it.
36
The Leaves!
Special Forms of Leaves!
•  Equitant
–  When the leaves are ver=cal, each overlapping
the next beneath as if they were folded together
lengthwise
•  Cylindric
–  No defini=on between blade and pe=ole and
cylinder-‐shaped
•  Acicular
–  Very slender, and sharp like needles
37
The Leaves!
Other Terms!
•  Cladophylls / Cladodes
–  Leaves reduced to mere scales, axils of the scales
are borne green, variously shaped branchlets
which have the func=on and appearance of
leaves.

38
The Leaves!
Special Terms!
(for not flat parts ie. fruits, some stems, some fleshy leaves, seeds, etc.)!
•  Ovoid
–  Egg-‐shaped; narrow end upward
•  Obovoid
–  Egg-‐shaped; broad end upward
•  Globose/Spherical
–  Shaped like a ball (orbicular to flat areas)
•  Ellipsoid
–  Ver=cal sec=on shows an ellipse
39
The Leaves!
Special Terms!
•  Turbinate
–  Shaped like a top
•  Conical
–  Equally tapering upward (circle in cross sec=on)
•  Obconical
–  Tapering downward (circle in cross sec=on)
•  Pyramidal / Obpyramidal
–  Like conical/obconical but showing square or
polygon in cross sec=on
40
The Leaves!
Special Terms!
•  Fusiform
–  Round and tapering at both ends
•  Terete
–  Transverse sec=on is a circle
•  Trigonous
–  3-‐angled in sec=on
•  Compressed
–  When more or less flaOened laterally
41
The Leaves!
Special Terms!
•  Depressed
–  FlaOened ver=cally.
•  Ar5culate
–  If at any period they separate into 2 or more parts
placed end to end.

42
The Leaves!
Leaf Consistence!
(also for other parts as well)!
•  Fleshy
–  Thick and soU
•  Succulent
–  Same, but with rather more juice
•  Coriaceous
–  Firm or tough like leather
•  Chartaceous
–  Paper-‐like in texture
•  Membranaceous
–  Thin or more or less flexible
43
The Leaves!
Leaf Surfaces!
(also for Stems, fruits, and other parts of the plant)!
•  Glabrous
–  En=rely smooth without hairs or projec=on of any kind
•  Rugose
–  Wrinkled and marked with irregular raised and depressed lines
•  Striate
–  Marked with parallel lines
•  Scabrid
–  Roughened by small projec=ons
•  Tuberculate
–  Covered with small wart-‐like projec=ons
•  Muricate
–  When the protuberance are hard and pointed
•  Echinate
–  When they are s=ffer and longer, almost awn-‐like.
44
The Leaves!
Leaf Covering / Indumentum!
•  Pubescent
–  SoUly hair
•  Puberulent
–  Very short and soU hair
•  Pilose
–  Hairs are long and soU
•  Hirsute
–  Hair are s=ff and spreading
•  Hispid
–  Are s=ll s=ffer
45
The Leaves!
Leaf Covering / Indumentum !
•  Strigose
–  Hairs are short and s=ff, and are closely appressed to the surface, all
poin=ng in one direc=on
•  Tomentose / Wooly / Lanate
–  Hairs are soU, and more or less maOed together.
•  Canescent
–  Grayish hairs and not dis=nct to the naked eyes.
•  Mealy / Farinose
–  Indumentum is of very shor thairs with the appearance of a meal,
readily rubbing off
•  Glaucous
–  Pale, bluish, oUen with a waxy bloom
•  Furfuraceous
–  Covered with small, spreading scales
46

Flora of Manila - Notes - Partial

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Flora of Manila - Notes - Partial

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Plant and its Parts!

From “A Flora of Manila” by E.D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

• The axis of the plant

• Stemless or acaulescent

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

*combina=on (i.e. oblong-­‐ovate, oblong-­‐lanceolate) are used to

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

• Leaves are simple when the blade is of a

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

from "A Flora of Manila" by E. D. Merrill

You might also like

•  The axis of the plant

•  Stemless or acaulescent

*combina=on (i.e. oblong-‐ovate, oblong-‐lanceolate) are used to

•  Leaves are simple when the blade is of a