UNIT III

MUSIC OF MINDANAO
Mindanao is known for its kulintang music. It is an instrumental music where different types of gongs
are used. The music of Mindanao is both vocal and instrumental. Vocal music express their thoughts and
emotions while instrumental music accompanies dances and rituals.

Lesson I. Music of Mindanao

Mindanao is known for their kulintang music. It is both vocal and instrumental. Gongs are generally
used in this ensemble. Among this indigenous group, kulintang music is used to serve as their means of
entertainment and to show their hospitality. It is also used in weddings, festivals, coronations, and to entertain
dignitaries. It is used in their healing ceremonies and also serves as a form of communication.
One may observe an endless variety of styles and singing. The Maguindanaos sing in long melismatic
phrases while the Mangyans sing mostly in monotonous turns at the end of their phrases.

Badjao
 Binua - Lullaby
Maranao/Maguindanao
 Bakbato - Children’s song
 Binalig - Instrumental solo
 Dikir - Funeral song
 Ib Paganakan - Love song
 Lakitan - Courtship song
 Sarongkawit - Courtship song
 Tonggonggu - Ritual song
Samal
 Tenis-tenis - Narrative song
Tausugs
 Aayil - Festive song
 Baat - Love song
 Luguh mahulu - Festive song
 Sindil - Love song
 Tarasul - Didactic song based on the Q’uran
Tiruray
 Balikbata Bae - Lullaby
 Legungen - Love song/lullaby

Lesson II. Musical Instruments of Mindanao

Although kulintang is the main instrument in Mindanao, other instruments are also deployed to be used
depending on type of music.
1. KULINTANG – is a set of graduated gongs widely used in Mindanao. They are tuned according to the
pentatonic scale.
2. AGONG – is the bronze gong of Mindanao, Sulu.
3. SAHUNAY – is a type of bamboo flute used by the Muslims of Sulu.
4. SUBING – is a Jew harp made of bamboo used by the Subanons of Mindanao.
5. GABBANG – is a wooden xylophone.
6. GANDINGAN – is a set of four large, hanging gongs used by the Maguindano as part of their kulintang
ensemble.

KULINTANG DABAKAN

AGONG SAHUNAY
 SUBING GABBANG

GANDINGAN KUDYAPI

KUDLUNG

Aside from the kulintang, other musical ensembles popular among the Marano are the tagongko and
kapanirong.
TAGONGKO is a parade or entourage music played by male musicians dressed in their festive fineries.
It is an outdoor music. Occasions or purposes for playing the tagongko include sending off or welcoming
dignitaries, honorific serving of betel quid, and wedding celebrations. The tagongko is also played in
ceremonies called kalilang sa tong to appeal to the spirits for a bountiful harvest or for a rich catch of fish.
KAPANIRONG is a serenade (from the root word sirong which means “to go beside a house”) by a
group of young bachelors who would come to a maiden’s house and play their music by the window. The house
occupants would then invite the serenaders into the house and here, courtship would take place among the
youngs.

Lesson III. Indigenous Practices

Indigenous practices in the Philippines are characterized by sacred rituals and celebrations, and made
more fervent and vibrant by the music that accompanies them.
In Mindanao, the sounds of the agum and guimbao signal the assembly of the participants in the
performance of sacrifices by indigenous groups. The miminsad, a dance song, is also chanted as they walk
before the altar.
Mindanao music is used in the following rituals and celebrations:
1. Rice Harvest
> Tud-ob – is a song composed of four notes from Agusan.
> Tagungo – an instrumental music of four gongs from Sulu.
2. Wedding Feast
Music plays a key role in this occasion. Some Muslim groups play music using small and large
kettle drums as accompaniment to dancing.
3. Courtship
> Sua-Sua – is a celebrated courtship song and dance from Jolo.
4. War Dance
>Sagayan epitomizes the gallantry of Muslim combatants. This war song is from Bukidnon.
5. Folk song and dance
> Estijaro
> Uruyan
Lesson IV. Contemporary Composers from Mindanao
Most Filipinos in the urban areas are aware of the so-called OPM (Original Pilipino Music), but very
few knows much about the true OPM that continues to be created in the regions. This music is of the highest
artistic and technical excellence, like the music of our Muslim brethren in Mindanao and Sulu.
Muslim Filipinos are among the most creative in arts. Their religion cultivated a mystical surrender to
God’s will. The music of Muslim Filipinos in Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan, blends West Asian mysticism with
indigeous Southeast Asian animism.
The following are some contemporary composers from Mindanao:

1. Joey Ayala, whose real name is Jose Iñigo Homer Lacambra Ayala, was born on june 1, 1956 in Bukidnon.
He is the most successful regional song writer in the country. He popularized indigenous musical instruments.
His songs have been described as prophetic, poetic, ethnic and patriotic. He has found a formula for weaving
beautiful melody with poetry into song. He has a band named ‘Bagong Lumad’. Among his popular works in
clued 11 albums like, “Panganay ng Lupa”. He also wrote “Mandarafat”, “Organik”, “Basta May Saging”,
“Magkaugnay”, and the soundtrack of Engkantada.

2. Popong Landero is known as “Kaliweteng Gitarista” and “Davao’s Father of Reggae”. In his teens, he sang
his own songs, co-founded a music group named ‘Masang Himig’. A singer with a mind of his own, he would
insist on using his left hand to write, to hold an axe, and to play his guitar, in spite of his father’s insistence. He
would invert chord books while he was learning how to play the guitar. Some of his popular albums include,
“Ayayayayay”, “Laylay sa Sidlakan”, “Kamay ni Laan” and “Bahaghari Tayo”.

3. Grace Nono is one of the most renowned female vocalists in the Philippines. Nono was born in Agusan. She
holds a bachelor’s degree in Humanities and a Master’s Degree in Philippine Studies from the University of the
Philippines. Nono released her debut album “Tao Music”, described as “rooted” in traditional Filipino rhythms
and instrumentation but given modern touches in 1993. She combined Filipino and Western arrangements
making her a unique and vital artist and difficult to classify although her albums are often categorized as world
music.

4. Bayang Barrios was born on June 12, 1968 to parents of Lumad origin in Bunawan, Agusan del Sur. She
won in the prestigious Metro Manila Pop Music Festival in 2003 for the song “Malayo Man, Malapit Din”. She
is the voice behind the theme songs of hit television shows Encantadia, Etheria and Pinoy Abroad. Other works
include, “Alay Sa Aking Mga Kapatid”, “Ayoko Na”, “Bagong Umaga”, “Habang Narito Pa”, “Ka Tribo Ko”
and “Kay Tsong”.
 UNIT III
PRINTING AND NEW MEDIA
Lesson 1: Printing Using New Media
Technological advancements paved the way to mass production of printed materials in the Philippines.
From simple woodcut and lithograph printing during the Spanish colonization, printing of materials for schools,
offices and establishments become easier and readily available. The production of art becomes simple also and
easy due to the advent of photography, digital imaging, photocopying and scanning. Statistics shows that
worldwide information doubles every year because of the advances in technology unlike the rate of production
of arts, texts and other documents during the medieval times. This is particularly true in the Philippines where
the demand for printed copies is increasing.
Printing is both an art and industry. As an art, it requires creative expression using the available
materials arts, tools and equipment to produce printed copies of books, flyers, brochures, magazines, billboards,
posters and the likes. As an industry, it will need artists that are skilled and knowledgeable in the effective use
of art elements, principles of designs, and domains of the art – production, appreciation, history and criticism.
Graphic artists, web pge designers, cartoonists, illustrators, designers and animators are needed to make
visually-pleasing and persuasive digital layouts and formats that are essential in making printed copies for
business. Printing is a fast growing industry and the competition is rapidly changing as new breed of artists
discover new media and utilize varied ways to meet the demands of the business world. This will pose great
challenged to a 21st century would-be artists like you.

Printing in the Philippines Today

Technology changed the way Filipinos view and express art. Because of readily available materials and
new media, production of art shifted from traditional way to digitized lay outing and formatting of images to
create visually persuasive art pieces that range from simple gift tags to huge tarpaulin prints for billboards and
signage along the major thoroughfares around the country.
Below are some of the printing devices and equipments available in the Philippines today. These
printing equipments and devices are important in making, duplicating and creating copies of art in the easiest
way. Unlike the copies made through printmaking, printing copies are duplicates from the original.

Pre-Printing Devices
Pre-printing devices are used to capture images or photos such as digital cameras, memory storage
devices such as compact discs and flash disks, compact discs, camera phones, tablets, ipods, scanners and
similar equipment. These are devices that are used to take pictures or images and store them for future use.

Lay outing and Formatting Devices

Computer is the most popular device in the country today in making lay outs and formats for printing.
Software, programs, applications are needed to enhance and enable lay outing and formatting of images to
create designs for printing. The use of computer also made the use of texts and images in graphics and digital
designs easy and more enjoyable. AutoCad for example made interior designs and architectural designs and
enjoyable for computer literate persons to create.

Final Output Devices

These are devices that are used to make printed copies, such as printers that are directly connected to
computers, risograph, photocopier and other duplicating machines. Printers, regardless of type, remain the most
popular device to make a sample or final output that can be used for making duplicates. Special printers are also
available for making large formats such as tarpaulin printing used for billboards and signage. Specialized
printers are also used in making souvenir items such as cups, t-shirts and mugs. In making large quantities of
prints in the case of printing presses, offset printers and color separation printers are being used.
These are among the devices and equipment used by modern artists and even by ordinary people like
you who want to maximize the use of technology for creative and enjoyable activities for engaging in a
profitable business venture.

Lesson 2: Evolution of Philippine Printing

The early attempts of the Filipinos to communicate with other people using a written language can be
learned from the fragments of pre-Hispanic artifacts. The only written record in the Philippines with a date on it
is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription that dates back to 850 BC.
Another attempt to produce records that can be ready by other people is the ancient script with various
names around the archipelago. In the Tagalog region, it is called baybayin, kulitan in Kapangpangan, and surat
in the Visayas. The Hanunuo Mangyans of Mindoro and the Buhids retained their ancient script that are similar
to the baybayin of the Tagalogs.
The early printed books appeared during the Spanish times, as discussed in the earlier modules. For
centuries, printing of books in the Philippines were controlled by friars and the government although some
printers were able to make copies of novenarios, pamphlets and other reading materials using lithography and
woodblock printing.
Printing and printmaking in the Philippines today is quite different from the past. As an art, printmaking
gained popularity in the Philippines only in the 1960s and 1970s. Printing as means of creating cheap and
readily available or instant copies of artworks and other printed materials gained support from the general
public and the corporate world.

SCULPTURE
Lesson 1: Early Forms and Traditional Sculpture in the Philippines
Sculpture played an important role in the lives of the early Filipinos. It is evident with the appearance of
a low relief engraving of human and animal figures seen in a cave in Angono, Rizal (3000 BCE) which is
believed to be the oldest known art work in the Philippines and a highly significant cultural landmark in the
country.
It is the early attempt of the Filipinos to draw and record things around him. It is said that the turtles or
pawikan shown in the rock arts of the early Filipinos symbolized honor and prestige as defined in the
Vocabulario de la lengua tagala written by Father Pedro de San Buenaventura with the help of Filipino printers
– Tomas Pinpin and Domingo Loag.
In a burial site in Calatagan, Batangas, archaeological diggings recovered a stone figure made from
brain corals called liha palapat. This is an early sample of stone carving in the country using crude materials.
As civilization progressed, the use of clay as an important medium in pottery became so popular that in
many parts of the country, dozens of artifacts have been recovered. These artifacts are usually decorated with
flora and fauna motif but what makes ancient pottery interesting is the presence of anthropomorphic figures
such as those that are found in Leta-Leta Cave, Langen Island, Palawa. The effigy jar features a neck and lip of
a yawning man. The Manunggul Jar, a secondary burial jar found in Palawan also features on its lid a boat
with two men rowing of the sea and that in the Filipino cosmology, it is believed that the dead follows a long
journey to other world after completing his life on earth. The boatmen on the lid of Manunggul jar are believed
to be the souls of the dead traveling to other world.
In the jungle mountain of Pinol, Maitum in Sarangani, remains of anthropomorphic burial jars have been
discovered in Ayub Cave by a team of experts from National Museum in the late 20th century. The burial jars’
unique feature is the intricately carved head figures on the jar cover are the use of red coloring around the neck
and black ink as eyebrows. Hundreds of pieces of the broken jars are now on permanent display at the National
museum.
In the mountain region of the Cordilleras, woodcarving is an important art for it plays a significant role
in their belief system. The bul-ol is a wooden figure of a god that serves as guardian to rice granaries and
pathways. It is believed that this seated fgure will drive away evil and keep the owner away from bad luck and
bring good harvest.
On the other hand, the Muslim people in Mindanao, particularly the Maranaos carve the image of
sarimanok, a mythical bird in the Darangen and similar to the garuda bird in Indonesian mythology. This
figure is said to be a status symbol in the community. The art of sculpture is also popular among the Maranaos
as evident in their okir designs in the torogan, panulong, and their musical instruments.

Lesson 2: Philippine Sculpture During Spanish Period

The arrival of Spain in 1521 prompted the shift from indigenous techniques of woodcarving to a more
sophisti-cated carving of santos using a variety of media such as wood, stone, and ivory. The Spaniards found
that sculpture in the Philippines was less developed than the sculpture in India, Java, China, or Sumatra.
By the end of the 16th century, the establishment of Academy of Arts and Sciences by the Augustinians
made significant imprints in the Filipinos’ taste for sculpture. Our sculpture was severely hieratic, almost
archaic and Byz-antine in style in order to conform to the Christian ideals. The Chinese were the first artisans
employed by the Span-iards outside of Manila to carve santos for the Catholic Church. These santos were used
to adorn churches and homes of the well-to-do families in the lowland areas. It is said that the carving of santos
evolved from the pre-historic belief of the Filipinos in their ancestors that the spirits of the deceased continue to
influence the lives of the living. The practice of making altars at home for santos was similar to the ancestor
worship before the coming of the Spaniards. Santos are also called poon which was a clear indication that the
ancient beliefs remained despite of the persecution of the Catholic church. The santos of the Filipinos were
characterized by its simplicity of form and expressiveness.
Paete in Laguna is known for its fine artisans work-ing on a variety of biblical subjects such as the
creation, the crucifixion, the life of saints, the Virgin Mary, and many others.
Another form of sculpture during the Spanish colonization was the RETABLO or the church altars that are in
high relief. Beautiful retablos are found in some of the old churches in the Philippines such as San Agustin
Church in Intramuros, one of the churches in the Baroque style in the Philippines. Another is the St. Michael de
Archangel Minor Basilica in Tayabas, Quezon and the Taal Basilica. Old churches are of great significance in
towns and prov-inces and are found throughout the Philippines.

Lesson 3: Sculpture During the American Period Up To Present

Several artists emerged during the American period as a result of the abolition of Catholicism as a state
religion. It paved the way to more liberal themes and subjects in sculpture. Art movements in the west
influenced our Filipino artists and as a response, they developed their own style in conformity to the
international standards.
Philippine sculptures during the American period, were often symbolic and rep-resented events in
Philippine history like the UP Oblation, the Pieta, Cry of Balintawak, Bonifacio Shrine near Manila City Hall,
Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan, Gomburza monument in front of the National Museum, People Power
Monument along EDSA, Our Lady of Peace, also in EDSA, the Palo, Leyte Landing in Leyte, and many more.
A variety of media has been used by artists to express their art in addition to wood and stone such as
fiber glass, plastic, stainless steel, aluminum, and bronze. More creative and revolutionary artists used junk
material and organic materials to make art-works.
Some of the notable artists during the American period and in the modern period are Napoleon Abueva,
Guillermo Tolentino, Ed Castrillo, Jun Yee, Abdul Mari Imao, and many others who made significant
contributions in the development of new styles, forms, and expressions.

Classical style - Follows the Greek Roman style of carving a human body following standard measurements so
the result is an “ideal body” and face.
Abstract style - Sculptures that are abstract explore shapes, lines, textures and do not necessarily show a person
or object
Installation art - Are works created in and adapted to particular place. Often, the work is installed outside and
is exposed to the elements – rain, sUn, water, and the materials do deteriorate overtime.
 UNIT III
P.E. – BADMINTON
The game was played in China, Japan, India, and Greece. This is a game where you use the Battledore (a
paddle) to hit the Shuttlecock (a birdie) back and forth. This game can be traced back to mid-19th century British
India. It was very popular in the British garrison town Poona, the game soon became known as Poonai.
1873 - The birth of badminton is due to retired British Military Officers who, returning to England from
India, started playing a version of the Indian game “Poona.” They developed and set up the rules. With no ball,
they used a champagne cork with feathers in it.
In 1873, the Duke of Beaufort held a lawn party in his country place, The Badminton House,
Gloucestershire, England. A game of Poonai was played on that day and became popular among the British
society's elite. The new party sport became known as “The Badminton game."
The 1992 Olympic games in Barcelona saw the first appearance of badminton. Four (4) events were
held, with singles and doubles events for both men and women (no mixed doubles). Atlanta 1996, had 5 events
with the addition of mixed doubles (1 woman & 1 man)
Knowing the Rules of Badminton is important if you really want to advance in Badminton and enjoy
this game. In the event that a dispute occurs during a match, you'll be able to settle it.

Badminton Equipment:
 Racket
 Shuttlecock
 Standards/Badminton Poles
 Nets
How to Play
 In a singles match, you need 1 person on each team; in doubles you need 2.
 A coin toss determines who serves first.
 The server serves from the right side service court to the receiver on the opposite side. If playing
doubles, the serve must be served to the receiver on the diagonal side of the court.
 When serving the shuttlecock, the player must make contact with it below the waist.
How To Win
 The winner of the game is first side to score 15 points; you must win by 2 points.
 To win a match you must win 2 out of 3 games
 Only the serving side can score points.
 Points are scored when the opponent:
 hits the shuttle out of bounds
 faults
 fails to return the shuttlecock
Badminton Court

Events
Singles - A game played with two people, one on each side; Men’s singles are played to 15 points and
Women’s singles are played to 11 points using the inner sidelines and back boundary lines.

Doubles - A game played with four people, two on each side, ending when one side reaches 15 points; the
playing area uses the outer sidelines and back boundary lines.
SKILLS
FOREHAND GRIP
• A method of holding the racket.
• Shake hands with the racket. Form a “V” with the thumb and forefinger while gripping the racket
BACKHAND GRIP
 A method of holding the racket.
 Rotate the racket a quarter turn clockwise so that the “V” is over the top left bevel.
SERVE
 A shot that initiates play.
 The server must contact the shuttle below the waist.
 A “let serve” is a serve that hits the net and falls into the proper court. Server must serve again.
DRIVE SHOT
 A fast and low shot that makes a horizontal flight over the net.
OVERHAND CLEAR SHOT
 A shot that contacts shuttle slightly in front of body with racket open faced, tilted towards ceiling.
DROP SHOT
 A shot hit softly and with finesse to fall rapidly and close to the net on the opponent's side.
SMASH/KILL SHOT
 Hard hit overhead shot that forces the shuttle sharply downward

RALLY
A series of successful shots between two opposing players, starting with a serve and ending when the point is
won.
CARRY/THROW
An illegal act where the shuttlecock is held on the racket and thrown during the shot.

SHUTTLECOCK
The official name for the object that the players must hit; also known as the birdie
 UNIT III
HEALTH – SHIELDING THE BODY FROM COMMUNICABLE DISEASE INVADERS
I. HEALTH & DISEASE
Health
- State of complete physical , mental, intellectual, spiritual and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
DISEASE RELATED TERMS
Disease - It is a pathological condition that disrupt the normal functioning of the body. It is objective,
characterized by an abnormality in the structure or function of body organs.
Illness - It is the human response to disease. It is subjective because it is based on the experience of the patient.
Communicable Disease – disease which can be transmitted from one person to another
Non-Communicable Disease - Also known as chronic disease. It is not passed from one to another
Sign - is an objective physical manifestation of illness, injury or disease. Examples: rapid pulse, High
temperature, low blood pressure, muscle weakness.
Symptoms -it is what the patience experience about the illness, injury or disease. Examples: chills, numbness,
fatigue.
Endemic -infectious disease that occurs frequently and in cycles in a specific geographical area. Influenza is an
example.
Sporadic - disease that occurs singly, occasionally or in irregular intervals.
Epidemic- refers to a contagious, or viral illness that spreads to many people in one geographic region that
occurs in excess of number of cases that usually be expected.
Pandemic - contagious or viral illness that spreads in many areas across large region or across the globe.
Vector - is an infected insect/animal or insect/animal that carries and transfers infectious agent.
Fomite - is an inanimate (meaning it can not move itself) object which can possibly harbor infectious agent.

II. COMMON BELIEFS ON HOW DISEASE IS BEING TRANSMITTED

Supernatural Belief
- Ancient times belief explained that disease is caused by a supernatural being ( a God or a dead ancestor),
or a person with special powers ( a witch or a sorcerer).
Poisonous Gas Belief
- Major beliefs during the 1800s. explained that disease (such as malaria) is caused by rotting plants or
bad vapour that came from swamps.
Malaria- came from mala aria meaning bad air.
Germ Belief
- Holds that microscopic organisms are responsible for infectious diseases.
Agent-Host-Environment Belief (Classic Agent)
- This belief explains disease as a product of the complex interaction among three factors ( agent, host and
environment)

III. FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE

Personal Factor - referring to a practices and etiquettes in managing disease.
Economic Factor - Relating to poverty that leads to a lack of accurate education and information about
nutrition, hygiene and disease management.
Cultural Factor - referring to beliefs that provide false sense of security and delaying healthcare and
appropriate treatment.
Environmental Factor - Referring to unsanitary conditions, presence of toxic chemicals, hazardous pollutants,
extreme weather condition that makes people weaken and vulnerable to a lots of
infection.
Political Factor - Referring to political issues, such as corruption that affect the provision of health care
services and resources to the people. In many cases people’s health is not given utmost priority.
Educational Factor - Disease transmission can also be due to misinformation or lack of information thus
education is crucial in disease prevention and control.

IV. CHAIN OF INFECTION

1. INFECTIOUS AGENT/ CAUSATIVE AGENT/ PATHOGENS -disease-causing organisms.The greater
the organism's virulence (ability to grow and multiply), invasiveness (ability to enter tissue) and pathogenicity
(ability to cause disease), the greater the possibility that the organism will cause an infection. Infectious agents are
bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites.
PATHOGENS
Virus
• Small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
• Infects all types of life forms.
Specific Disease Caused by a Virus
• AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, Chickenpox, Common cold, Dengue fever, Influenza,
Measles, Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Warts
Bacteria
• Single-celled
• No true nucleus
• Can be aerobic (needs oxygen) and anaerobic (does not need oxygen)
Specific Disease Caused by Bacteria
• Anthrax, cholera, diphtheria, gonorrhea, leprosy, Tetanus, tuberculosis
Protozoa
• Parasitic or free living (can survive outside the host)
• Has a variety of shapes and sizes
Specific Disease Caused by Protozoa
• Malaria, Amoebic dysentery
Fungus
• Thrive on dead or decaying matter
• Multicellular (like molds), or unicellular (like yeasts)
Specific Disease Caused by Fungus
• Tinea or ringworm (jock itch, athlete’s foot)
Parasitic Worm
• Largest among the pathogens
• Can either be flatworms or roundworms
Specific Disease Caused by Parasitic Worm
• Ascariasis , Elephantiasis, Enterobiasis, Schistosomiasis, Taeniasis
2. RESERVOIR This is the place wherein the infectious agent lives and multiplies. This can be living (animal,
human, plant) or non-living(air, water, food, utensils/equipment).
3. PORTAL OF EXIT A route or a place of exit providing a way for a microorganism to leave the reservoir. The
common most mode of exits are break in the skin, nose, mouth or anus and special body openings such as vagina,
penis, urethra, ears and eyes. It may be through the bite of mosquito or needle prick.
4. MODE OF TRANSMISSION Method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carried from reservoir to a
new host.
Direct Transmission - Through close contact or direct person to person contact
Indirect Transmission - Through an intermediate item or carrier.
Examples:
• Vector-borne transmission -bite of mosquito
• Vehicle-borne transmission -contaminated items (utensils), contaminated water, air, and 3F’s ( food, flies
and fingers)
5. PORTAL OF ENTRY An opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host. The mode of entry is same as
the mode of exit.
Examples: mouth, nose skin and urogenital organs.

6. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST This is a person who is vulnerable to disease due to weak immunity or a prior infection.
Children and elderly are more prone to a lot of infections. Immunization is one way to strengthen one’s immunity to
disease.

V. STAGES OF INFECTION
1. Incubation Stage - This is the time from the entry of germ to the appearance of the first sign of symptom.This can
last from several hours to several months or even years.
2. Early Symptom Stage - This is when the general signs and symptoms of the disease appear such as fever, nasal
discharge, and rashes. It is the early stage of the battle between the germs and the body. During this time, the disease
is highly contagious and diagnosis is difficult at this stage.
3. Clinical Stage - This is the height of the disease when the infection is very severe. During this period one is
obviously sick as characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease appear.
4. Recovery Stage - During this stage, there is a gradual return to health as signs and symptoms begin to disappear.
The body is now on its way to recovery. However when the body is unable to recover, disability or death may result.