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Hot Jupiter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main page Hot Jupiters are a class of gas giant exoplanets that are inferred to be physically similar to Jupiter but that have very short
Contents orbital periods (P < 10 days).[1] The close proximity to their stars and high surface-atmosphere temperatures resulted in the
Current events moniker "hot Jupiters".[2]
Random article
About Wikipedia Hot Jupiters are the easiest extrasolar planets to detect via the radial-velocity method, because the oscillations they induce
Contact us in their parent stars' motion are relatively large and rapid compared to those of other known types of planets. One of the
Donate best-known hot Jupiters is 51 Pegasi b. Discovered in 1995, it was the first extrasolar planet found orbiting a Sun-like star.
51 Pegasi b has an orbital period of about 4 days.
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Help Contents [hide] Artist's impression of HD 188753 b, a

Community portal hot Jupiter
1 General characteristics
Recent changes
2 Formation and evolution
Upload file
2.1 Migration
Tools 2.2 In situ

What links here 2.3 Atmospheric loss

Related changes 3 Terrestrial planets in systems with hot Jupiters
Special pages 4 Retrograde orbit
Permanent link 5 Ultra-hot Jupiters
Page information 6 Ultra-short period planets
Cite this page
7 Puffy planets
Wikidata item
8 Moons
Print/export 9 Hot Jupiters around red giants

Download as PDF 10 Star-planet interactions

Printable version 11 See also
12 References
In other projects 13 External links
Wikimedia Commons

Languages General characteristics [ edit ]

‫العربية‬
Deutsch Though there is diversity among hot Jupiters, they do share some common properties.
Español Their defining characteristics are their large masses and short orbital periods, spanning 0.36–11.8 Jupiter masses and
Français
1.3–111 Earth days.[4] The mass cannot be greater than approximately 13.6 Jupiter masses because then the pressure
Bahasa Indonesia
and temperature inside the planet would be high enough to cause deuterium fusion, and the planet would be a brown
Bahasa Melayu
Português dwarf.[5]
Русский Most have nearly circular orbits (low eccentricities). It is thought that their orbits are circularized by perturbations from
中⽂文 nearby stars or tidal forces.[6] Whether they remain in these circular orbits for long periods of time or collide with their
32 more host stars depends on the coupling of their orbital and physical evolution, which are related through the dissipation of
Edit links energy and tidal deformation.[7]
Many have unusually low densities. The lowest one measured thus far is that of TrES-4 at 0.222 g/cm3.[8] The large radii
of hot Jupiters are not yet fully understood but it is thought that the expanded envelopes can be attributed to high stellar
irradiation, high atmospheric opacities, possible internal energy sources, and orbits close enough to their stars for the
outer layers of the planets to exceed their Roche limit and be pulled further outward.[8][9] Hot Jupiters (along left edge,
including most of planets detected using
Usually they are tidally locked, with one side always facing its host star.[10]
the transit method, indicated with black
They are likely to have extreme and exotic atmospheres due to their short periods, relatively long days, and tidal locking. dots) discovered up to 2 January 2014
Atmospheric dynamics models predict strong vertical stratification with intense winds and super-rotating equatorial jets
driven by radiative forcing and the transfer of heat and momentum.[11][12] The day-night temperature difference at the
photosphere is predicted to be substantial, approximately 500 K for a model based on HD 209458b.[12]
They appear to be more common around F- and G-type stars and less so around K-type stars. Hot Jupiters around red
dwarfs are very rare.[13] Generalizations about the distribution of these planets must take into account the various
observational biases, but in general their prevalence decreases exponentially as a function of the absolute stellar
magnitude.[14]

Hot Jupiter with hidden water[3]

Formation and evolution [ edit ]

There are two general schools of thought regarding the origin of hot Jupiters: formation at a distance followed by inward
migration and in-situ formation at the distances at which they're currently observed. The prevalent view is formation via orbital migration.[15][16]

Migration ​[ edit ]

In the migration hypothesis, a hot Jupiter forms beyond the frost line, from rock, ice, and gases via the core accretion method of planetary formation. The planet then
migrates inwards to the star where it eventually forms a stable orbit.[17][18] The planet may have migrated inward smoothly via type II orbital migration.[19][20] Or it may
have migrated more suddenly due to gravitational scattering onto eccentric orbits during an encounter with another massive planet, followed by the circularization
and shrinking of the orbits due to tidal interactions with the star. A hot Jupiter's orbit could also have been altered via the Kozai mechanism, causing an exchange of
inclination for eccentricity resulting in a high eccentricity low perihelion orbit, in combination with tidal friction. This requires a massive body—another planet or a
stellar companion—on a more distant and inclined orbit; approximately 50% of hot Jupiters have distant Jupiter-mass or larger companions, which can leave the hot
Jupiter with an orbit inclined relative to the star's rotation.[21]

The type II migration happens during the solar nebula phase, i.e. when gas is still present. Energetic stellar photons and strong stellar winds at this time remove most
of the remaining nebula. Migration via the other mechanism can happen after the loss of the gas disk.

In situ [ edit ]

Instead of being gas giants that migrated inward, in an alternate hypothesis the cores of the hot Jupiters began as more common super-Earths which accreted their
gas envelopes at their current locations, becoming gas giants in situ. The super-Earths providing the cores in this hypothesis could have formed either in situ or at
greater distances and have undergone migration before acquiring their gas envelopes. Since super-Earths are often found with companions, the hot Jupiters formed
in situ could also be expected to have companions. The increase of the mass of the locally growing hot Jupiter has a number of possible effects on neighboring
planets. If the hot Jupiter maintains an eccentricity greater than 0.01, sweeping secular resonances can increase the eccentricity of a companion planet, causing it to
collide with the hot Jupiter. The core of the hot Jupiter in this case would be unusually large. If the hot Jupiter's eccentricity remains small the sweeping secular
resonances could also tilt the orbit of the companion.[22] Traditionally, the in situ mode of conglomeration has been disfavored because the assembly of massive
cores, which is necessary for the formation of hot Jupiters, requires surface densities of solids ≈ 104 g/cm2, or larger.[23][24][25] Recent surveys, however, have found
that the inner regions of planetary systems are frequently occupied by super-Earth type planets.[26][27] If these super-Earths formed at greater distances and
migrated closer, the formation of in situ hot Jupiters is not entirely in situ.

Atmospheric loss [ edit ]

If the atmosphere of a hot Jupiter is stripped away via hydrodynamic escape, its core may become a chthonian planet. The amount of gas removed from the
outermost layers depends on the planet's size, the gases forming the envelope, the orbital distance from the star, and the star's luminosity. In a typical system, a gas
giant orbiting at 0.02 AU around its parent star loses 5–7% of its mass during its lifetime, but orbiting closer than 0.015 AU can mean evaporation of a substantially
larger fraction of the planet's mass.[28] No such objects have been found yet and they are still hypothetical.

Comparison of "hot Jupiter" exoplanets (artist concept).

From top left to lower right: WASP-12b, WASP-6b, WASP-31b, WASP-

39b, HD 189733b, HAT-P-12b, WASP-17b, WASP-19b, HAT-P-1b and HD
209458b.

Terrestrial planets in systems with hot Jupiters [ edit ]

Simulations have shown that the migration of a Jupiter-sized planet through the inner protoplanetary disk (the region between 5 and 0.1 AU from the star) is not as
destructive as expected. More than 60% of the solid disk materials in that region are scattered outward, including planetesimals and protoplanets, allowing the
planet-forming disk to reform in the gas giant's wake.[29] In the simulation, planets up to two Earth masses were able to form in the habitable zone after the hot
Jupiter passed through and its orbit stabilized at 0.1 AU. Due to the mixing of inner-planetary-system material with outer-planetary-system material from beyond the
frost line, simulations indicated that the terrestrial planets that formed after a hot Jupiter's passage would be particularly water-rich.[29] According to a 2011 study, hot
Jupiters may become disrupted planets while migrating inwards; this could explain an abundance of "hot" Earth-sized to Neptune-sized planets within 0.2 AU of their
host star.[30]

In 2015, two planets were discovered around WASP-47. One was potentially a large terrestrial planet, of less than 22 Earth masses and 1.8 Earth radii. The other is
of similar mass at 15.2 Earth masses, but with 3.6 Earth radii it is almost certainly a gas giant. They orbit on either side of a previously discovered hot Jupiter, with
the smaller, terrestrial planet closer in.[31] A similar orbital architecture is also exhibited by the Kepler-30 system.[32]

Retrograde orbit [ edit ]

It has been found that several hot Jupiters have retrograde orbits, in stark contrast to what would be expected from most theories on planetary formation,[33] though it
is possible that the star itself flipped over early in their system's formation due to interactions between the star's magnetic field and the planet-forming disc, rather
than the planet's orbit being disturbed.[34] By combining new observations with the old data it was found that more than half of all the hot Jupiters studied have orbits
that are misaligned with the rotation axis of their parent stars, and six exoplanets in this study have retrograde motion.

Recent research has found that several hot Jupiters are in misaligned systems.[35][36] This misalignment may be related to the heat of the photosphere the hot
Jupiter is orbiting. There are many proposed theories as to why this might occur. One such theory involves tidal dissipation and suggests there is a single mechanism
for producing hot Jupiters and this mechanism yields a range of obliquities. Cooler stars with higher tidal dissipation damps the obliquity (explaining why hot Jupiters
orbiting cooler stars are well aligned) while hotter stars do not damp the obliquity (explaining the observed misalignment).[4]

Ultra-hot Jupiters [ edit ]

Ultra-hot Jupiters are hot Jupiters with a dayside temperature greater than 2200K. In such dayside atmospheres most molecules dissociate into their consituent
atoms and circulate to the nightside where they recombine into molecules again.[37][38]

Ultra-short period planets [ edit ]

Main article: Ultra-short period planet

Ultra-short period planets (USP) are a class of planets with orbital periods below one day and occur only around stars of less than about 1.25 solar masses.[39][40]

Confirmed transiting hot Jupiters that have orbital periods of less than one day include WASP-18b, WASP-19b, WASP-43b, and WASP-103b.[41]

Puffy planets [ edit ]

Gas giants with a large radius and very low density are sometimes called "puffy planets"[42] or "hot Saturns", due to their density being similar to Saturn's. Puffy
planets orbit close to their stars so that the intense heat from the star combined with internal heating within the planet will help inflate the atmosphere. Six large-
radius low-density planets have been detected by the transit method. In order of discovery they are: HAT-P-1b,[43][44] COROT-1b, TrES-4, WASP-12b, WASP-17b,
and Kepler-7b. Some hot Jupiters detected by the radial-velocity method may be puffy planets. Most of these planets are below two Jupiter masses as more massive
planets have stronger gravity keeping them at roughly Jupiter's size.

Even when taking surface heating from the star into account, many transiting hot Jupiters have a larger radius than expected. This could be caused by the interaction
between atmospheric winds and the planet's magnetosphere creating an electric current through the planet that heats it up, causing it to expand. The hotter the
planet, the greater the atmospheric ionization, and thus the greater the magnitude of the interaction and the larger the electric current, leading to more heating and
expansion of the planet. This theory matches the observation that planetary temperature is correlated with inflated planetary radii.[45]

Moons [ edit ]

Theoretical research suggests that hot Jupiters are unlikely to have moons, due to both a small Hill sphere and the tidal forces of the stars they orbit, which would
destabilize any satellite's orbit, the latter process being stronger for larger moons. This means that for most hot Jupiters, stable satellites would be small asteroid-
sized bodies.[46] Furthermore, the physical evolution of hot Jupiters can determine the final fate of their moons: stall them in semi-asymptotic semimajor axes, or
eject them from the system where they may undergo other unknown processes.[47] In spite of this, observations of WASP-12b suggest that it is orbited by at least 1
large exomoon.[48]

Hot Jupiters around red giants [ edit ]

It has been proposed that gas giants orbiting red giants at distances similar to that of Jupiter could be hot Jupiters due to the intense irradiation they would receive
from their stars. It is very likely that in the Solar System Jupiter will become a hot Jupiter after the transformation of the Sun into a red giant.[49] The recent discovery
of particularly low density gas giants orbiting red giant stars supports this theory.[50]

Hot Jupiters orbiting red giants would differ from those orbiting main-sequence stars in a number of ways, most notably the possibility of accreting material from the
stellar winds of their stars and, assuming a fast rotation (not tidally locked to their stars), a much more evenly distributed heat with many narrow-banded jets. Their
detection using the transit method would be much more difficult due to their tiny size compared to the stars they orbit, as well as the long time needed (months or
even years) for one to transit their star as well as to be occulted by it.[49]

Star-planet interactions [ edit ]

Theoretical research since 2000 suggested that "hot Jupiters" may cause increased flaring due to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the star and its orbiting
exoplanet, or because of tidal forces between them. These effects are called "star-planet interactions" or SPIs. The HD 189733 system is the best-studied exoplant
system where this effect was thought to occur.

In 2008, a team of astronomers first described how as the exoplanet orbiting HD 189733 A reaches a certain place in its orbit, it causes increased stellar flaring. In
2010, a different team found that every time they observe the exoplanet at a certain position in its orbit, they also detected X-ray flares. In 2019, astronomers
analyzed data from Arecibo Observatory, MOST, and the Automated Photoelectric Telescope, in addition to historical observations of the star at radio, optical,
ultraviolet, and X-ray wavelengths to examine these claims. They found that the previous claims were exaggerated and the host star failed to display many of the
brightness and spectral characteristics associated with stellar flaring and solar active regions, including sunspots. Their statistical analysis also found that many
stellar flares are seen regardless of the position of the exoplanet, therefore debunking the earlier claims. The magnetic fields of the host star and exoplanet do not
interact, and this system is no longer believed to have a "star-planet interaction."[51] Some researchers had also suggested that HD 189733 accretes, or pulls,
material from its orbiting exoplanet at a rate similar to those found around young protostars in T Tauri star systems. Later analysis demonstrated that very little, if any,
gas was accreted from the "hot Jupiter" companion.[52]

See also [ edit ]

Hot Neptune
List of exoplanets
Planetary migration

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External links [ edit ]

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Struve, Otto (24 July 1952). "Proposal for a Project of High-Precision Stellar Radial Velocity Work" .
Cain, Gay (September 2006). Hot Jupiters and pulsar planets . astronomycast.com (audio). Extrasolar Planets.

V ·T ·E Exoplanetology [hide]

Planet (Definition (IAU)) · Planetary science

Main topics Exoplanet · Methods of detecting exoplanets · Planetary system · Planet-hosting stars

Carbon planet · Coreless planet · Desert planet · Dwarf planet · Ice planet · Iron planet · Lava planet · Ocean planet · Mega-Earth ·
Terrestrial
Sub-Earth · Super-Earth
Eccentric Jupiter · Gas dwarf · Helium planet · Hot Jupiter · Hot Neptune · Ice giant · Mini-Neptune · Super-Neptune · Super-Jupiter ·
Sizes Gaseous
Super-puff · Ultra-hot Jupiter
and types
Brown dwarf · Chthonian planet · Circumbinary planet · Disrupted planet · Double planet · Eyeball planet · Giant planet · Mesoplanet ·
Other types Planemo · Planet/Brown dwarf boundary · Planetesimal · Protoplanet · Pulsar planet · Sub-brown dwarf · Sub-Neptune ·
Ultra-cool dwarf · Ultra-short period planet (USP)
Accretion · Accretion disk · Asteroid belt · Circumplanetary disk · Circumstellar disc · Circumstellar envelope · Cosmic dust · Debris disk ·
Detached object · Disrupted planet · Excretion disk · Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer · Exozodiacal dust ·
Extraterrestrial materials · Extraterrestrial sample curation · Giant-impact hypothesis · Gravitational collapse · Hills cloud · Interplanetary dust cloud ·
Formation
Interplanetary medium · Interplanetary space · Interstellar cloud · Interstellar dust · Interstellar medium · Interstellar space · Kuiper belt ·
and evolution
List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules · Merging stars · Molecular cloud · Nebular hypothesis · Oort cloud · Outer space · Planetary migration ·
Planetary system · Planetesimal · Planet formation · Protoplanetary disk · Ring system · Rubble pile · Sample-return mission · Scattered disc ·
Star formation

Systems Exocomet (Interstellar) · Exomoon (Tidally detached) · Exoplanet (Rogue planet · Retrograde · Trojan) · Mean-motion resonances · Titius–Bode laws

A · B · Binary star · Brown dwarfs · Extragalactic planet · F/Yellow-white dwarfs · G/Yellow dwarfs · Herbig Ae/Be · K/Orange dwarfs · M/Red dwarfs ·
Host stars
Planets in globular clusters · Pulsar · Red giant · Subdwarf B · Subgiant · T Tauri · White dwarfs · Yellow giants
Astrometry · Direct imaging (list) · Microlensing (list) · Polarimetry · Pulsar timing (list) · Radial velocity (list) · Transit method (list) ·
Detection
Transit-timing variation

Habitability Astrobiology · Circumstellar habitable zone · Earth analog · Extraterrestrial liquid water · Habitability of natural satellites · Superhabitable planet

Nearby Habitable Systems · Exoplanet Data Explorer · Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia · NASA Exoplanet Archive ·
Catalogues
NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
Exoplanetary systems (Host stars · Multiplanetary systems · Stars with proplyds)
Exoplanets (Lists · Discoveries · Extremes · Firsts · Nearest · Largest · Most massive · Terrestrial candidates · Kepler · Potentially habitable ·
Lists
Proper names)
Discovered exoplanets by year (before 2000 · 2000–2009 · 2010 · 2011 · 2012 · 2013 · 2014 · 2015 · 2016 · 2017 · 2018 · 2019 · 2020)

Carl Sagan Institute · Exoplanet phase curves · Fulton gap · Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets · Neptunian Desert ·
Other
Nexus for Exoplanet System Science · Planets in science fiction · Sudarsky's gas giant classification

Discoveries of exoplanets · Search projects

Authority control BNF: cb166645954 (data) · SUDOC: 167468332

Categories: Types of planet Hot Jupiters Giant planets

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