CTX Texture Application Note:: Setting The Standards

CTX TEXTURE APPLICATION NOTE:
TEST PRINCIPLE
Evaluation of the hardness and stickiness of clay-dough using a 6 mm cylinder probe (TA-41)
BACKGROUND
Texture Analyzers can be used to assess the textural properties of clay-dough and even monitor the effects
of formulation changes on the physical properties of the product such as hardness and adhesiveness. The
texture Analyzer achieves this by applying controlled conditions under compression or tension to a sample
and measuring the response of the sample to the applied conditions. The response of the sample allows us
to quantify the physical properties of the sample. Here we assess the hardness and stickiness of six sample
types using a 6 mm cylinder probe by compression.
METHOD
Instrument: CTX with 5 Kg

Probes/Accessories: TA-41 6mm Cylinder Probe
TA-BT-KIT Fixture Base Table
Software: Texture Pro Software
Test type: Compression

Pre-Test Speed: 1.0 mm/s
Test Speed: 1.0 mm/s
Post-Test Speed: 1.0 mm/s
Target Type: Deformation
Target value: 10 mm
Trigger Load: 20 g
SETTING THE STANDARDS in Texture Testing

TEXTURE APPLICATION NOTE:
1. Remove the sample from the place of storage just prior to testing.
1. Attach the cylinder probe to the probe shaft of the instrument
2. Place the fixture base table onto the base of the instrument and loosely tighten with the thumb
nuts to enable some degree of mobility
3. Insert the base plate onto the fixture base table and fasten into position using the thumb screws
4. Place the clay-do centrally onto the base plate
5. Lower the instrument arm so that the cylinder probe is a few millimeters from the clay-do surface
6. Re-position the base table such that the clay-do is centrally under the cylinder probe.
7. Once alignment is complete tighten the thumb nuts of the fixture base table to prevent further
movement
8. Start the test
9. After each test clean the cylinder probe before proceeding to the next test
Note:
The firmest sample is better tested first in order to anticipate the maximum testing range required
for subsequent samples. This will ensure that the force capacity covers the range for other future
samples.
A penetration distance other than the one chosen in this test can be used as long as this distance
can be applicable to other samples being tested. The chosen distance however should not exceed
80% of sample depth in order to avoid base effects.
To prevent tampering with the molecular structure of the product, whole samples have been tested.
Samples can be tested at various positions on the sample surface so long as the testing point is at
least 20 mm from the edge of the container.
When making comparisons, test conditions must be kept the same for all samples tested.

Brookfield Engineering Labs

200
Hardness
150
100
Load (g)
50
Adhesiveness
-50 Adhesive Force
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time (s)
Figure 1
The Load/Time graph for the hardness and adhesiveness of sample 1
Test results from four different positions of the same sample have been overlaid. The maximum peak force is a measure of
hardness, this value correlates with the force required to penetrate the sample. The negative peak is a measure of the adhesive
force as the probe withdraws from the sample. This gives an indication of the stickiness of the sample to the surfaces in contact with
it. The area under the negative peak is a measure of adhesiveness which is the energy required to separate the probe from the
sample during probe withdrawal.

200
Hardness
150
100
Load (g)
50
Work
Adhesiveness
-50
Adhesive Force
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance (mm)
Figure 2
The Load/Distance graph for the hardness and adhesiveness of sample 1
This graph shows the firmness, adhesive force, and adhesiveness of sample 1as in Figure 1. In addition, the graph shows the work
done to compress and penetrate the sample. This is seen as the area under the positive peak. The work done is the energy
required to overcome the strength of the internal bonds (structural make-up) of the sample.


140
Hardness
120
100
80
60
Load (g)
40
20
-20
-40 Adhesiveness
-60 Adhesive Force
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (s)
Figure 3
Test results from three different positions of the same sample have been overlaid. The graph shows the hardness, adhesive
force, and adhesiveness of the sample.

140 Hardness
120
100
80
Work
60
Load (g)
40
20
-20 Adhesiveness
-40
-60
Adhesive Force
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance (mm)
Figure 4
The graph shows the hardness, work done, adhesive force, and adhesiveness of the sample


Hardness
1000
800
600
Load (g)
400
200
-200
Adhesiveness
-400
Adhesive Force
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time (s)
Figure 5
Three tests from different positions of the same sample have been tested. The graph shows the hardness, adhesive

Hardness
1600
1400
1200
1000
Work
800
Load (g)
600
400
200
-200 Adhesiveness
-400
Adhesive Force
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance (mm)
Figure 6

Hardness
1000
800
600
Load (g)
400
200
Adhesiveness
-200
Adhesive Force
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time (s)
Figure 7

Hardness
1000
800
600
Work
Load (g)
400
200
Adhesiveness
-200
Adhesive Force
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance (mm)
Figure 8


Hardness
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Load (g)
600
400
200
0
Adhesiveness
-200
-400
Adhseive Force
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time (s)
Figure 9

Hardness
1600
1400
1200
1000
Work
800
Load (g)
600
400
200
0
Adhesiveness
-200
-400 Adhesive Force

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance (mm)
Figure 10


Hardness
1000
800
600
Load (g)
400
200
Adhesiveness
-200
Adhesive Force
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time (s)
Figure 11
Three tests from different positions of the same sample have been tested. The graph shows the hardness,
adhesive force, and adhesiveness of the sample.
Hardness
1000
800
600 Work
Load (g)
400
200
Adhesiveness
0
Adhesive Force
-200
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance (mm)
Figure 12

At the start of the test, when a trigger load of 20 g has been attained at the sample surface, the cylinder probe
proceeds to deform and penetrate the clay-do sample over a specified distance (in this test 10 mm) at a test
speed of 1 mm/s. A rise in force is seen as the probe compresses and penetrates the sample over this
distance. The maximum peak force value is a measure of clay-do hardness over the test distance of 10 mm.
The work done to deform and penetrate the clay-do over this distance is calculated from the load/distance
graph. From the load/distance graph, this is the area under the positive peak (see Fig.2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12).
This value correlates with the energy required to overcome the strength of the internal bonds within the clay-do
during the compression and penetration.
The negative peak is a measure of the adhesive force which is the force required to overcome the attractive
forces between the clay-do and probe at the start of probe withdrawal from the sample. This correlates with the
stickiness of the clay-do to the surfaces in contact with it. The area above the negative part of the graph is a
measure of adhesiveness which is the energy expended when pulling the clay-do away from the surfaces in
contact with it.
Sample Hardness Work Adhesive Force Adhesiveness

(g) (mJ) (g) (mJ)
Sample 1 201 ± 22 15.9 ± 1.9 86 ± 11 4.8 ± 1.0

Clay-Do Fob
Sample 2 139 ± 2 9.8± 0.3 72± 6 4.1 ± 0.4
Clay-do Heat
Sample 3 1179 ± 15 83.2 ± 1.5 476 ± 38 34.2 ± 3.6

Modeka
Sample 4 1113 ± 37 92.9 ± 3.7 299 ± 6 17.9 ± 2.1
Clay-Do Pell
Sample 5 1907 ± 394 168.4 ± 33.8 479 ± 63 21.7 ± 1.5
Clay-Do 5
Sample 6 1203 ± 99 88.4 ± 8.6 276 ± 74 6.1 ± 2.8
Clay-Do 6

CTX Texture Application Note:: Setting The Standards

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CTX Texture Application Note:: Setting The Standards

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CTX TEXTURE APPLICATION NOTE:

Instrument: CTX with 5 Kg

Test type: Compression

SETTING THE STANDARDS in Texture Testing

1. Attach the cylinder probe to the probe shaft of the instrument

4. Place the clay-do centrally onto the base plate

8. Start the test

SETTING THE STANDARDS in Texture Testing

Brookfield Engineering Labs

Brookfield Engineering Labs

SETTING THE STANDARDS in Texture Testing

Brookfield Engineering Labs

Brookfield Engineering Labs

SETTING THE STANDARDS in Texture Testing

Brookfield Engineering Labs

Brookfield Engineering Labs

SETTING THE STANDARDS in Texture Testing

Brookfield Engineering Labs

Brookfield Engineering Labs

SETTING THE STANDARDS in Texture Testing

Brookfield Engineering Labs

Brookfield Engineering Labs

-400 Adhesive Force

SETTING THE STANDARDS in Texture Testing

Brookfield Engineering Labs

SETTING THE STANDARDS in Texture Testing

Sample Hardness Work Adhesive Force Adhesiveness

Sample 1 201 ± 22 15.9 ± 1.9 86 ± 11 4.8 ± 1.0

Sample 3 1179 ± 15 83.2 ± 1.5 476 ± 38 34.2 ± 3.6

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