SUMMARY 629

SUMMARY 1. We have discussed the fundamental ideas and definitions in antenna theory. The basic
types of antenna considered include the Hertzian (or differential length) dipole, the
half-wave dipole, the quarter-wave monopole, and the small loop.
2. Theoretically, if we know the current distribution on an antenna, we can find the re-
tarded magnetic vector potential A, and from it we can find the retarded electromag-
netic fields H and E using

H=VX—, E = T, H X a*

The far-zone fields are obtained by retaining only \lr terms.

3. The analysis of the Hertzian dipole serves as a stepping stone for other antennas. The
radiation resistance of the dipole is very small. This limits the practical usefulness of
the Hertzian dipole.
4. The half-wave dipole has a length equal to X/2. It is more popular and of more practi-
cal use than the Hertzian dipole. Its input impedance is 73 + J42.5 fi.
5. The quarter-wave monopole is essentially half a half-wave dipole placed on a con-
ducting plane.
6. The radiation patterns commonly used are the field intensity, power intensity, and ra-
diation intensity patterns. The field pattern is usually a plot of \ES\ or its normalized
form flft). The power pattern is the plot of 2Pave or its normalized form/ 2 (0).
7. The directive gain is the ratio of U(9, <f>) to its average value. The directivity is the
maximum value of the directive gain.
8. An antenna array is a group of radiating elements arranged so as to produce some
particular radiation characteristics. Its radiation pattern is obtained by multiply-
ing the unit pattern (due to a single element in the group) with the group pattern,
which is the plot of the normalized array factor. For an TV-element linear uniform
array,

AF =

where \j/ = 13d cos 9 + a, 0 = 2%/X, d = spacing between the elements, and a = in-
terelement phase shift.
9. The Friis transmission formula characterizes the coupling between two antennas in
terms of their directive gains, separation distance, and frequency of operation.
10. For a bistatic radar (one in which the transmitting and receiving antennas are sepa-
rated), the power received is given by

4TT
rJ aPn •ad

For a monostatic radar, r, = r2 = r and Gdt = Gdr.