Abutment - FreeStanding - LRFD FINAL

ABUTMENT DESIGN (LRFD)
1.0 GENERAL DESIGN CONDITION
The scope of this design report covers the calculations for the design of a free-standing
abutment on spread foundation. The abutment supports a superstructure with precast
girders designed to carry AASHTO LRFD Live Loads. Approach slab or transition slab is
carried by the backwall of the abutment. The superstructure translate lateral load
due to earthquake in the longitudinal direction.
1.1 Design Criteria

1.2 Specifications
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 2012
1.3 Materials Properties:
1.3.1 Reinforced Concrete
Compressive Strength of Concrete at 28th day, f'c = 28.00 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 4800 sqrt f'c = 25399 MPa
1.3.2 Reinforcing Steel
Reinforcing Steel for all Substructure shall be deformed bar with deformation
conforming to ASTM A 615 (AASHTO M 31) Grade 60, fy = 414 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel, Es = 200000 MPa
1.3.2 Reinforcing Steel Concrete Cover
a. backwall cover = 50 mm
b. stem back cover = 50 mm
c. stem front cover = 75 mm
d. footing cover = 75 mm
1.4 Unit Weight
a. Concrete , gc = 24.00 kN/m3
b. Soil , gs = 18.00 kN/m3
c. Steel, gst = 77.00 kN/m3
c. Asphalt, gw = 22.00 kN/m3

1.5 Live Load
a. HL - 93 Truck - Design Truck and Design Lane Load

Design Lane =
35kN 145kN 145kN 3.6m
4.27m 4.27 to 9.00m 0.30m 1.80m 0.60m
(deck (general)
overhang)
9.3 kN/m
Span Length Lane Load

distribution =
3.0m
b. HL - 93 Truck - Design Tandem and Design Lane Load
Design Lane =
110kN 110kN 3.6m
1.20 m 0.30m 1.80m 0.60m
(deck (general)
overhang)
9.3 kN/m
Span Length Lane Load

distribution =
3.0m
1.6 Design Methodology

1.6.1 Loading Condition
The abutment shall be designed to withstand the following forces :

Earth pressures
Weight of abutment and superstruture
Live load on superstructure and approach fill
Longitudinal forces due to friction or shear resistance of bearings
Longitudinal forces when bearings are fixed
Horizontal forces due to seismic action
Others - wind, movement of superstructure
1.6.1 Seismic Analysis

The method of analysis for the abutment follows the recommendations of the AASHTO LRFD
The seismic active earth pressure will be based on the pseudo-static Mononobe-Okabe analysis method.
On the other hand static active earth pressure is calculated using the Coulomb equation.
The structure is founded on spread foundation and pressures at the foundation level is checked.
Stability of the abutment wall is also verified for sliding and overturning.
The horizontal acceleration coefficient due to earthquake kh is taken as half of the acceleration
coefficient A or A/2 (where the ground acceleration coefficient is taken as A = 0.4g), therefore
kh = 0.20
1.6.2 Design
The design moments and shear forces for the abutment are calculated considering the different
load combinations including earthquake. The members are designed based on a "strip" of the
abutment or per linear length of the abutment.
1.7 Structure Data
The layout of the superstructure and the viaduct is shown in another set of drawings (refer to
the calculations for the design of the viaduct).
The layout dimension and cross-section of the abutment is shown below.
1.8 Soil Data
The soil profile and data used in the design of the abutment is shown below. The structure is
to be founded on adobe layer overlain by about 2.0 m of silty clay and silty sand. The
unconfined compression strength of the soil at the foundation level is taken to be
qu = 25.75 kg/cm2 (2.5 Mpa).
2.0 COMPUTATION OF LOADS
Approach tbw
2.1 Section Properties
Slab
Backwall tbw
thickness (tbw) = 400 mm
height (Hbw) = 1997 mm Embankment
Soil
Approach Hbw
Stem Slab
thickness (Ws) = 1600 mm
height (Hs) = 5589 mm Backwall
seat width (SWs) = SWs
1200 mm Bearing
Bearing Centerline Pad
from backwall = 700 mm
Footing Foundation Has Hs
base thickness (Tf) = 1400 mm H2 O
length of base (Lb) = Stem
6000 mm Footing WL
Footing
length of toe (Lt) = 2200 mm foundation
foundation
length of heel (Lh) = 2200 mm Existing Ground
Corbel Hps
depth = 600 mm Tf
width = 300 mm
length = 6700 mm
Tsk
Shearkey Lh Ws Lt
depth = 550 mm Lb
width = 450 mm
length = 1380 mm
quantity = 3 pcs Abutment Diagram Detail - Mid Sectio
Endblock
depth = 550 mm Lw
width = 840 mm
length = 1200 mm
d1
quantity = 2 pcs
Approach Slab d2
slab thickness = 300 mm
Asphalt thickness = 50 mm
w1
width = 8952 mm
length, Lw = 3000 mm
Wingwall
length, Lw = 3000 mm
depth, d1 = 924 mm
depth, d2 = 793 mm
width, w1 = 800 mm
thickness, w1 = 500 mm
quantity = 2 pcs
Height of Soil
Passive Soil (Hps) = 6057 mm
Active Soil (Has) = 8986 mm
Length of Abut. (L) 8700 mm
Water Level (WL) = 5097 mm Abutment Diagram Detail - Section @ Wingwall
2.2 Minimum Seat Width
Bridge's Empirical Seat width shall meet the following requirement:

Bearing seats at supporting the expansion ends of girders, shall be designed to provide a minimum support
length N measured normal to the face of an abutment or pier not less than the specified below:
a. ) Req'd N = ( 200 + 0.0017L + 0.0067H ) ( 1 + 0.000125 S²) in mm
100%N
b.) for A>.25g
where : N = support width measured normal to the
centerline of bearing ( mm. ).
Solution : L = length of superstructure from the
a.) L = 31100.0 mm abutment to the next expansion joint ( m..)
H = 5500 mm H = average height of columns or piers
S= 90 degrees supporting the superstructure from the
abutment to the next expansion joint ( m.)
S = skew of abutment ( in degrees )
N = 583 mm
b. ) N= 583 mm < 1200 mm Satisfied !!!
Design Loads :
1 Dead load from the weight of the abutment and bridge superstructure.
2 Live load on the superstructure or on the approach slab.
3 Transverse wind forces and longitudinal forces when the bearings are fixed and longitudinal
forces due to friction or shear resistance at expansion bearings.
4 Centrifugal forces for bridges on curves.
5 Earth pressures.
6 Other surcharges
2.3 Superstructure Section
Figure 1 - Cross Section
Figure 2 - Longitudinal Elevation
2.3 Superstructure Load Calculations
A. DEAD LOAD OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENT AND NON STRUCTURAL ATTACHMENTS (DC)
A.1. Cast in place Girders (DC)

a. Type IVB = 1826.89 kN
Area = 0.61 m2
Length = 31.1 m
Unit Wei = 24 kN/m3
Quantity = 4 pcs
b. Haunch = 80.61 kN
Area = 0.027 m2
Length = 31.1 m
Unit Wei = 24 kN/m3
Quantity = 4 pcs
A.2. Diaphragms (DC)
a. Abutment End Diaphragm = 113.14 kN
depth = 1.64 m
width = 0.30 m
Area = 0.49 m2
Length = 1.593 m
Unit Wei = 24 kN/m3
Quantity = 6 pcs
b. Intermediate Diaphragm = 69.51 kN
depth = 1.21 m
width = 0.25 m
Area = 0.30 m2
Length = 1.593 m
Unit Wei = 24 kN/m3
Quantity = 6 pcs
A.3. Deck Slab (DC)
a. At Interior Girder = 626.98 kN
depth = 0.20 m
width = 2.10 m
Area = 0.42 m2
Length = 31.1 m
Unit Wei = 24 kN/m3
Quantity = 2 pcs
b. At Left Exterior Girder = 337.37 kN
depth = 0.20 m
width = 2.26 m
Area = 0.45 m2
Length = 31.1 m
Unit Wei = 24 kN/m3
Quantity = 1 pcs
c. At Right Exterior Girder = 335.88 kN
depth = 0.20 m
width = 2.250 m
Area = 0.45 m2
Length = 31.1 m
Unit Wei = 24 kN/m3
Quantity = 1 pcs
A.4. SIDEWALK (DC)
a. Sidewalk = 447.39 kN
depth = 0.270 m
width = 1.11 m
Area = 0.30 m2
Length = 31.1 m
Unit Wei = 24 kN/m3
Quantity = 2 pcs
b. kerbs = 15.53 kN
depth = 0.260 m
width = 0.04 m
Area = 0.01 m2
Length = 31.1 m
Unit Wei = 24 kN/m3
Quantity = 2 pcs
TOTAL DEAD LOAD COMPONENT (DC), V = 3853.29 kN

SPAN LENGTH, L = 31.10 m.
EQUIVALENT UNIFORM LOAD, W = (V/L) = 123.90 kN/m
B. DEAD LOAD OF WEARING SURFACES AND UTILITIES (DW)
B.1. Wearing Surfaces

a. Asphalt Wearing Surface = 229.21 kN
depth = 0.05 m
width = 6.70 m
Area = 0.34 m2
Length = 31.10 m
Unit Wei = 22 kN/m3
Quantity = 1 pcs
TOTAL DEAD LOAD OF WEARING SURFACES AND UTILITIES (DW), V = 229.21 kN
SPAN LENGTH, L = 31.10 m.
EQUIVALENT UNIFORM LOAD, W = (V/L) = 7.37 kN/m
L
L
FIXED MOVEMENT
SUPPORT REACTIONS
FY FY
DC 1926.64 kN 1926.6 kN
DW 114.604 kN 114.6 kN
C. LIVE LOAD (LL)
C.1. HL - 93 Truck - Design Truck and Design Lane Load plus Pedestrian Load
Lane Load
Total Number of Lanes Considered = 2 Lanes
Multiple Presence Factor = 1 (for 2 lanes per deck width)
Design Lane Load = 9.3 kN/m
Total Design Lane Load = 18.6 kN/m
HL-93 Truck
Total Front Axle = 70 kN
Total Rear Axle 1 = 290 kN
Total Rear Axle 2 = 290 kN
Pedestrian Load
Sidewalk Width = 1.11 m.
No. of Pedestrian = 2 pcs
Pedestrian Load (for width>600mm) = 3.6 kPa (LRFD)
Pedestrian Uniform Load = 1.998 kN/m
Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) (for Design Truck and Tandem only)
IM = 1 + IM/100= 1 + 33/100 = 1.33
385.7 385.7 93.1

20.598
L
L
L
L
FIXED MOVEMENT
SUPPORT REACTIONS
FY FY
C.1 994.609 kN 510.49 kN
C.2. Design Tandem and Design Lane Load plus Pedestrian Load
Lane Load
Design Lane Load = 9.3 kN/m
Total Design Lane Load = 18.6 kN/m
Design Tandem
Total Front Axle = 220 kN
Total Rear Axle = 220 kN
Pedestrian Load
Pedestrian Width = 1.11 m.
No. of Pedestrian = 2 pcs
Pedestrian Load (for width>600mm) = 3.6 kPa (LRFD BDS 3.61.6)
Pedestrian Uniform Load = 1.998 kN/m
Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) (for Design Truck and Tandem only)
IM = 1 + IM/100= 1 + 33/100 = 1.33
292.6 292.6
20.598
L L
L L
FIXED MOVEMENT MOVEMENT
SUPPORT REACTIONS
FY FY
C.2 876.239 kN 349.6 kN
USE GOVERNING LOAD: HL - 93 Truck - Design Truck and Design Lane Load
D. BRAKING FORCE (BR)
Breaking Force Shall be taken as the greater of
a. 25% of Axle Weights of Design Truck

0.25*Front Axle = 17.5 kN
0.25*rear Axle 1 = 72.5 kN
0.25*rear Axle 2 = 72.5 kN
Total Braking Force = 162.5 kN
b. 25% of Axle Weights of Design Tandem

0.25*Front Axle = 55 kN
0.25*rear Axle = 55 kN
Total Braking Force = 110 kN
c. 5% of Axle Weights of Design Truck plus lane load

0.05*Front Axle = 3.5 kN
0.05*rear Axle 1 = 14.5 kN
0.05*rear Axle 2 = 14.5 kN
lane load = 18.6 kN/m
length ( 1- span considered) = 31.10 m
0.05 * lane load * length = 28.92 kN
d. 5% of Axle Weights of Design Tandem plus lane load

0.05*Front Axle = 11 kN
0.05*Rear Axle = 11 kN
lane load = 18.6 kN/m
length ( 1- span considered) = 31.1 m
0.05 * lane load * length = 28.92 kN
USE: MAXIMUM BRAKING FORCE, Fh 162.50 kN
E. WIND LOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE (WS)
a. Total Depth
Depth of Girder = 1.58 m
Depth of Slab = 0.20 m
Depth of Sidewalk = 0.27 m
Depth of Railing = 0.9 m
Cross Slope = 0.025 m
Total Depth, dtotal = 3.02 m
b. Tributary Span, Lspan = 15.55 m
c. Wind Area, Total depth x Tributary Span = 46.94 m2
d. Base Wind Pressure, PB for Various Angle attach and VB=160km/hr (LRFD)
Skew Angle of Wind Longitudinal Load

Lateral Load (MPa) (MPa)
Degrees
0 0.0024 0
15 0.0021 0.0003
30 0.002 0.0006
45 0.0016 0.0008
60 0.0008 0.0009 … USE
e. Wind load force (Longitudinal only)

PB * dtotal * Lspan = 42.25 kN
F. WIND LOAD ON LIVE LOAD (WL) (LRFD)

Skew Angle of Wind Normal Component Parallel
Component
Degrees (kN/m) (kN/m)
0 1.46 0
15 1.28 0.18
30 1.2 0.35
45 0.96 0.47
60 0.5 0.55 … USE
a. Wind load force (Longitudinal only)

0.55 * Lspan * Nlanes = 17.11 kN
G. UNIFORM TEMPERATURE LOADS, (TU)

a. Design Thermal Movements Dt = a L (TMaxDesign - TMinDesign )
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for Concrete, a= 1.08E-05 /0C
Expansion Length = 31100 mm
(TMaxDesign - TMinDesign ) = 30 0
C
Dt = 10.08 mm
b. Loads due to Temprature
Hload = G A Dt / hrt
G, Shear Modulus of Elastomeric Bearing Pad = 1.18 MPa
A, Area of pad in plan view = 0.18 m2
hrt, thickness of pad excluding steel = 0.022 m
Hload = 97.28 kN
Number of Bearing Pads = 10.00 pcs
Total Hload = 972.83 kN
H. CREEP (CR)
a. Shrinkage Effects Dshrink = b m L
Ultimate Shrinkage Strain, b = 0.0005 mm
0.0002 after 28 days
0.0005 after 1 year of drying
Restraint Factor, m = 0.8000
0 - for steel girders
0.5 - for precast prestressed girder
0.8 - for concrete box girder and T Beams
1.0 - for concrete flat slabs
Expansion Length, L = 31100 mm
Dshrink = 12.44 mm
b. Loads due to Temprature
Hload = G A Dt / hrt (LRFD)
G, Shear Modulus of Elastomeric Bearing Pad = 1.18 MPa
A, Area of pad in plan view = 0.18 m2
hrt, thickness of pad excluding steel = 0.022 m
Hload = 120.10 kN
Number of Bearing Pads = 4.00 pcs
Total Hload = 480.41 kN
c. Total Movement, Dtotal = Dt + Dshrink + Dbraking

Dt = 10.08 mm
Dshrink = 12.44 mm
Dbarking = Hload hrt / (G A ) = 0.56 mm
Hload = 162.50 kN
Hload / Nbearing pad = 5.42 kN per bearing pad
Dtotal = 23.08 mm
DGAP PROVIDED = 50.00 mm > Dtotal
SUMMARY OF FORCES ON TOP OF ABUTMENT SEAT
Forces (kN)
LOADS
Fy Fh Fy
A. Dead Load Component (DC) 1926.64
B. Dead Load of Wearing Surface (DW) 114.604
C. Live Load (LL) 994.609 Fh
D. Braking Force (BR) 162.50
E.. Wind Load on Superstructure (WS) 42.25
F. Wind Load on Live Load (WL) 17.11
G. Uniform Temperature Load (TU) 972.83
I. Creep (CR) 480.41
Diagram
2.5 Earth Pressures
H d f
EAE / PA /PP R
ha
a
Earth Pressure Parameters
The earth pressures are calculated based on the following :

(1) for the dynamic earth pressure due to earthquake, the psuedo-static Mononobe-Okabe
formula is used, and
(2) for the static earth pressures, the Coulomb equation for both the active and passive earth
pressures are used.
(a) Seismic Active Earth Pressures ( Mononobe-Okabe Principle) (LRFD BDS A11.1.1.1)
EAE = 1/2 g H² ( 1- Kv ) KAE
²
cos² ( f - q - b ) sin ( f + d ) sin ( f - q - i )
KAE = j= 1+
j cosq cos²b cos ( d + b + q cos ( d + b + q ) cos ( i - b )
(b) Static Active Earth Pressurs
PA = 1/2 g H² KA
²
sin² ( a + f ) sin ( f + d ) sin ( f - i )
KA = j= 1+
j sin²a sin ( a - d) sin ( a - d) sin ( a + i)
sin² ( a + f )
j sin²a sin ( a - d)
( c) Static Passive Earth Pressures
PP = 1/2 g H² KP
²
sin² ( a - f ) sin ( f + d ) sin ( f + i )
KP = j= 1-
j sin²a sin ( a + d) sin ( a + d) sin ( a + i)
where : g = unit weight of soil kh = horizontal acceleration coefficient

H = height of soil face kv = vertical acceleration coefficeient
f = effective angle of internal friction i = backfill slope angle
q = arc tan ( kh / 1 - kv ) b = slope of soil face
d = angle of friction between soil and abutment a = slope of wall
EAE = seismic active earth presure
PA = static active earth presure
PP = static passive earth presure
2.5.1 Soil Parameters
The following data are used to calculate the earth pressures based on the above formula :
The following data are used to calculate the earth pressures based on the above formula :
A = 0.2 (seismic acceleration coefficient)
Kh = 0.5A (Kh is taken as 1/2 A)
Kh = 0.1 (horizontal acceleration coefficient)
Kv = 0 (vertical acceleration coefficient)
Check horizontal acceleration coefficient

Kh = £ ( 1 - Kv ) tan ( f - i )
0.1 £ 0.58 Sufficient !
f f 30.0 deg.
q q 5.71 deg.
b b 0 deg. * vertical wall
a a 90 deg. * vertical wall
d d 0 deg.
i i 0 deg. * horizontal backfill
g g 18.00 KN/m³
h h 0.60 m * equiv. height for surcharge
2.5.2 Calculated Pressures and Forces
The earth pressure coefficients and earth pressures calculated based on the above formula are:
Seismic Active Earth Pressure Static Active Earth Pressure Static Passive Earth Pressure
j= 2.116 j= 2.250 j= 0.250
KAE = 0.397 KA = 0.333 KP = 3.000

EAE = 205.39 KN/m (for stem) PA = 172.64 KN/m (for stem) PP = 15.87 KN/m
EAE = 288.19 KN/m (for wall) PA = 242.24 KN/m (for wall)
2.6 Load Calculation
x
Approach Slab
Superstrucure Kh W 6
Load
x
Kh W4 Kh W 1 W
6
VEQ W1
W4 EAE
Psur
W11
Kh W 2
W2
y
PA
y
y
W10
y
PP
W3
x
x
Surcharge Active Earth Seismic Earth
x SOIL PRESSURE DIAGRAM
x
MID-SECTION
Kh W8
Kh W5 W8
W5 Kh W7
W7
SECTION AT WINGWALL
Forces on Abutment
The horizontal and vertical forces at different load conditions are presented in Table 2.6-1 and the
load combinations shown in Table 2.7-1
Table 2.6-1 Forces on Abutment
Fy (kN) FH (kN) Fy h(kN- FH y(kN-

Forces x (m) y (m)
m) m)
1. Dead Load of Structural Components (DC)
a. Substructure
Backwall W1 166.79 3.60 600.44
Breastwall W 2 1867.17 3.00 5601.52
Footing W 3 1753.92 3.00 5261.76
Shearkey W4 24.59 2.43 59.63
Endblock W 5 26.61 2.62 69.72
Corbel W 6 28.94 3.95 114.33
Wingwall - 1 W7 400.54 4.90 1962.65
Wingwall - 2 W8 25.35 6.40 162.26
Approach Slab W 9 96.68 3.95 381.89
b. Superstructure
Total Reaction Fy 1926.64 2.70 5201.94
2. Dead Load of Wearing Surface (DW)
a. Substructure
@ Approach Slab 14.77 3.95 58.34
b. Superstructure
@ Reaction Fy 114.60 2.70 309.43
3. Live Load (LL)
a. Superstructure
@ Reaction Fy 994.61 2.70 2685.44
4. Braking Force (BR)
@ Reaction Fh 162.50 6.99 1135.71
5. Wind Load on Superstructure (WS)
@ Reaction Fh 42.25 6.99 295.25
6. Wind Load on Live Load (WL)
@ Reaction Fh 17.11 6.99 119.55
7. Uniform Temperature Load (TU)
@ Reaction Fh 972.83 6.99 6799.11
8. Creep (CR)
@ Reaction Fh 480.41 6.99 3357.59
9. Vertical Pressure from Earth Fill (EV)
Earth at Toe W10 1604.43 1.10 1764.87
Earth at Heel W 11 2565.16 4.90 12569.27
10. Horizontal Earth Pressure (EH)
Active Earth PA 2168.57 3.00 6495.60
Passive Earth Pp -142.068 2.02 -286.84 (neglect)
10. Live Load Surcharge (LS)
Surcharge PSUR 290.04 289.59 4.90 4.49 1421.22 1301.14
11. Earthquake Force (EQ)
Seismic Active Ea EAE 2579.87 5.39 13909.65
Seismic Wall kh
W1 16.68 7.99 133.22
(kh = 0.20) kh W2 186.72 4.19 783.19
kh W4 2.46 7.26 17.86
kh W5 2.66 7.26 19.33
kh W7 40.05 5.19 208.00
kh W8 2.54 8.33 21.11
kh W9 9.67 8.64 83.49
Live Load VEQ 99.46 6.99 695.13
2.7 Combination of Loads
Table 2.7-1 Load Factors and Combination

Load Factors
Strength I Strength III Strength V Extreme Event I Service I
Loads gmax gmin gmax gmin gmax gmin gmax gmin gmax gmin
DC 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.00 1.00
DW 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.00 1.00
LL 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00
IM 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00
BR 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00
EH 1.50 0.90 1.50 0.90 1.50 0.90 1.50 0.90 1.00 1.00
EV 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.00 1.00
LS 1.75 1.75 0.00 0 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00
WS 0 0 1.40 1.40 0.40 0.40 0 0 0.30 0.30
WL 0 0 0 0 1.00 1.00 0 0 1.00 1.00
TU 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0 0 1.00 1.00
CR 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0 0 1.00 1.00
EQ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00
Load Case S Fy (kN) S FH (kN) S RM S OM

Strength I, gmax 15967.7 4557.54 51359.6 18135.54
Strength I, gmin 12187.3 3341.64 39234.4 14930.74
Strength III, gmax 13719.6 3825.52 44172.9 14804.85
Strength III, gmin 9939.2 2609.62 32047.7 11079.60
Strength V, gmax 15453.8 4410.71 49716.9 17918.90
Strength V, gmin 11673.5 3194.8 37591.7 14193.64
Extreme Event I, gmax 14361.9 3166.16 46226.3 17089.42
Extreme Event I, gmin 10581.5 3166.16 34101.1 17089.42
Service I, gmax 11900.9 3961.62 38224.7 19010.44
Service I, gmin 11900.9 3961.62 38224.7 19010.44
3.0 STABILITY CALCULATION

3.1 CHECK ECCENTRICITY
The location and eccentricity of load resultant under different loading combinations is calculated below
The distance (x) of the resultant force

Ry is calculated form the equation ;
X e
S Fy X = RM - OM
Lb = 6.00
Lb
Lb / 6 = 1.00 middle two thirds
Lb / 4 = 1.80 middle eight tenths
(LRFD 11.6.5)
Design
Load Case X (m.) e (m.) eMAX (m.) Margin Remarks Press. Distribution
%
Strength I, gmax 2.08 0.92 1.80 48.93 OK R is within middle third trapezoidal
Strength I, gmin 1.99 1.01 1.80 44.12 OK R outside middle third triangular
Strength III, gmax 2.14 0.86 1.80 52.26 OK R is within middle third trapezoidal
Strength III, gmin 2.11 0.89 1.80 50.54 OK R is within middle third trapezoidal
Strength V, gmax 2.06 0.94 1.80 47.65 OK R is within middle third trapezoidal
Strength V, gmin 2.00 1.00 1.80 44.69 OK R is within middle third trapezoidal
Extreme Event I, gmax 2.03 0.97 1.80 46.04 OK R is within middle third trapezoidal
Extreme Event I, gmin 1.61 1.39 1.80 22.65 OK R outside middle third triangular
Service I, gmax 1.61 1.39 1.80 23.03 OK R outside middle third triangular
Service I, gmin 1.61 1.39 1.80 23.03 OK R outside middle third triangular
where: Design Margin % = (emax - e)/ emax x 100
3.2 CHECK SLIDING
(LRFD BDS 10.6.3.4)
where jt = resistance for shear resistance between soil and foundation

= 0.80 for Cast in place Concrete on Sand
= 0.85 for Cast in place Concrete on Clay
0.90 Soil on Soil
jep = resistance factor for passive resistance (neglect)
= 0.50 passive earth pressure component of sliding resistance
Rt = nominal sliding resistance between soil and foundation
= V tan ff
Rep = nominal passive resistance of soil available throughout the design life
Design
Load Case V tan ff Rt jt jtRt H Margin Remarks
%
Strength I, gmax 15967.71 0.577 9218.96 0.80 7375.17 4557.54 38.20 OK
Strength I, gmin 12187.35 0.577 7036.37 0.80 5629.09 3341.64 40.64 OK
Strength III, gmax 13719.56 0.577 7920.99 0.80 6336.80 3825.52 39.63 OK
Strength III, gmin 9939.20 0.577 5738.40 0.80 4590.72 2609.62 43.15 OK
Strength V, gmax 15453.85 0.577 8922.28 0.80 7137.83 4410.71 38.21 OK
Strength V, gmin 11673.49 0.577 6739.69 0.80 5391.75 3194.80 40.75 OK
Extreme Event I, gmax14361.89 0.577 8291.84 0.80 6633.47 3166.16 52.27 OK
Extreme Event I, gmin10581.53 0.577 6109.25 0.80 4887.40 3166.16 35.22 OK
Service I, gmax 11900.86 0.577 6870.97 0.80 5496.77 3961.62 27.93 OK
Service I, gmin 11900.86 0.577 6870.97 0.80 5496.77 3961.62 27.93 OK
where: Design Margin % = (jtRt - H) / jtRt x 100
3.3 CHECK BEARING
The actual distribution of contact pressure for a rigid footing with eccentric loading is determined
as follows:
Lb
for e < Lb / 6
qmax = FV [1 + (6 e / Lb)] / B Lb qmin

qmax
qmin = FV [1 - (6 e / Lb)] / B Lb Fv
Case of Trapezoidal
Pressure Distribution
Lb
for Lb / 6 < e < Lb / 2
L1
qmax = 2 FV / ( 3B [(Lb / 2) - e])
qmin = 0 q Case of Triangular

Pressure Distribution
Fv
L1 = 3 [ (Lb/2) - e ]
(length of footing under contact with soil for triangular distribution)
3.4.1 BEARING CAPACITY OF SOILS UNDER FOOTINGS
Bearing Resistance of Soil at Strength Limit State ( AASHTO LRFD 10.6.3.1 )
Bearing resistance shall be determined based on the highest anticipated position of groundwater level at the
footing location. The factored resistance, qR at strength limit state shall be taken as:
qR = f qn f= 0.45 Resistance Factor specified in Article 10.5.5

qn = Nominal Bearing Resistance ( MPa )
Nominal Bearing Resistance in Sand ( Using SPT )
qn = 3.2 x 10-5 Ncorr B ( Cw1 + Cw2 Df / B ) Ri ( AASHTO LRFD 10.6.3.1.3 )
where: Ncorr = 50 Average Value of Corrected SPT Blow count within the range of depth
from footing base 1o 1.5B below the footing ( blows/300 mm )
B= 6000 Footing Width ( mm )
Cwq, Cwy = Correction factors for ground water effect, as specified in table 10.6.3.1.2c-1
Cwq = 0.50 Cwy = 0.50
Df = Footing embedment depth taken to the bottom of the footing (mm)
= 6057 mm
qn = 3.2 x 10-5 Ncorr B ( Cwy + Cwq Df / B ) Ri = 9.6456 MPa

qn = 9645.6 KN / m²
Estimated Nominal Bearing Resistance in Soil
qR = f qn = 4340.52 KN/m²
Design
Load Case qmax(kPa) qmin(kPa) qR(kPa) Margin Remarks Press. Distribution L1
%
Strength I, gmax 587.10 24.69 4341 86.47 OK trapezoidal 6.00
Strength I, gmin 468.31 0.00 4341 89.21 OK triangular 5.98
Strength III, gmax 488.70 36.95 4341 88.74 OK trapezoidal 6.00
Strength III, gmin 359.94 20.88 4341 91.71 OK trapezoidal 6.00
Strength V, gmax 575.05 17.06 4341 86.75 OK trapezoidal 6.00
Strength V, gmin 446.28 0.98 4341 89.72 OK trapezoidal 6.00
Extreme Event I, gmax 542.35 7.91 4341 87.50 OK trapezoidal 6.00
Extreme Event I, gmin 504.36 0.00 4341 88.38 OK triangular 4.82
Service I, gmax 564.84 0.00 4341 86.99 OK triangular 4.84
Service I, gmin 564.84 0.00 4341 86.99 OK triangular 4.84
where: Design Margin % = (qR - qmax) / qR x 100
Note : If e is negative qmax is at heel side and qmin is ar toe side.
SO IL P R ES SU R E (k P a)
SO IL P R ESS U R E (kP a)
ACTUAL SOIL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ACTUAL SOIL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
Lb Lb 0
25
0 0
200 100
200
400
587 300
600 468 400
800 500
TOE HEEL TOE HEEL
Strength I, gmax Strength I, gmin
SO IL P R ESSU R E (k P a)
Lb Lb
37 21
0 0
100
200
200
489 400 360 300
600 400
TOE HEEL TOE HEEL
Strength III, gmax Strength III, gmin
SO IL P R ESS U R E (k P a)

Lb 17 Lb 1
0 0
200 100
200
575 400
300
600 446 400
800 500
TOE HEEL TOE HEEL
Strength V, gmax Strength V, gmin
S O IL P R ES SU R E (k P a)
SO IL P R ESS U R E (k P a)
Lb Lb 0
8
0 0
200 200
542 400 504 400
600 600
TOE HEEL TOE HEEL
Extreme Event I, gmax Extreme Event I, gmin
200
542 400 504 400
600 600
TOE HEEL TOE HEEL
Extreme Event I, gmax Extreme Event I, gmin
Lb 0 Lb 0
0 0
200 200
400 400
565 565
600 600
TOE HEEL TOE HEEL
Service I, gmax Service I, gmin
Superstrucure Kh W 6
Load
Kh W4 Kh W 1 W6
VEQ
W1
W4 EAE
Psur
Kh W 2
W2
PA
y
y
y
y
P
V
Surcharge Active Earth Seismic Earth
M
SOIL PRESSURE DIAGRAM
Forces on Abutment
The horizontal and vertical forces at different load conditions are presented in Table 4-1 and the
load combinations shown in Table 4-2.
Table 4-1 Forces on Abutment
Fy h(kN- FH y(kN-
Forces Fy (kN) FH (kN) x (m) y (m)
m) m)
a. Substructure
Backwall W1 166.79 -1.40 -233.51
Breastwall W2 1867.17 0.00 0.00
Shearkey W4 24.59 0.58 14.14
Endblock W 5 26.61 0.38 10.11
Corbel W6 28.94 -0.95 -27.50
Approach Slab W 9 96.68 -0.95 -91.85
b. Superstructure
Total Reaction Fy 1926.64 -0.30 -577.99
a. Substructure
@ Approach Slab 14.77 -0.95 -14.03
b. Superstructure
@ Reaction Fy 114.60 -0.30 -34.38
3. Live Load (LL)
a. Superstructure
@ Reaction Fy 994.61 -0.30 -298.38
4. Braking Force (BR)
@ Reaction Fh 162.50 5.59 908.21
5. Wind Load on Superstructure (WS)
@ Reaction Fh 42.25 5.59 236.11
6. Wind Load on Live Load (WL)
@ Reaction Fh 17.11 5.59 95.60
7. Uniform Temperature Load (TU)
@ Reaction Fh 972.83 5.59 5437.15
8. Creep (CR)
@ Reaction Fh 480.41 5.59 2685.01
10. Horizontal Earth Pressure (EH)
Active Earth PA 1545.49 2.53 3908.04
Surcharge PSUR 289.59 3.79 1098.43
11. Earthquake Force (EQ)
Seismic Active Ea EAE 2579.87 4.55 11742.56
Seismic Wall kh W1 16.68 6.59 109.87
(kh = 0.20) kh W2 186.72 2.79 521.78
kh W4 2.46 5.86 14.42
kh W5 2.66 5.86 15.60
kh W9 9.67 7.24 69.96
Live Load VEQ 99.46 5.59 555.89

Load Factors
DC 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.00 1.00
DW 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.00 1.00
LL 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00
IM 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00
BR 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00
EH 1.50 0.90 1.50 0.90 1.50 0.90 1.50 0.90 1.00 1.00
LS 1.75 1.75 0.00 0 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00
WS 0 0 1.40 1.40 0.40 0.40 0 0 0.30 0.30
WL 0 0 0 0 1.00 1.00 0 0 1.00 1.00
TU 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0 0 1.00 1.00
CR 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0 0 1.00 1.00
EQ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00
Load Case S Fy (kN) S FH (kN) S RM S OM S M

Strength I, gmax 7106.4 3836.02 -1728.0 12995.39 11267.36
Strength I, gmin 5548.4 2908.73 -1369.6 11089.94 9720.37
Strength III, gmax 5365.9 3104.00 -1205.9 10253.69 9047.83
Strength III, gmin 3807.8 2176.71 -847.4 7908.87 7061.47
Strength V, gmax 6708.6 3689.19 -1608.7 12822.15 11213.47
Strength V, gmin 5150.5 2761.894 -1250.2 10477.3 9227.11
Extreme Event I, gmax 5863.2 5441.806 -1355.0 19895.5 18540.41
Extreme Event I, gmin 4305.1 4514.511 -996.6 17550.6 16554.04
Service I, gmax 5261.4 3480.606 -1253 14203.3 12949.89
Service I, gmin 5261.4 3480.606 -1253.4 14203.3 12949.89
Design Forces per meter strip width
Load Case S FH (kN) SM (kN-m)

Strength I, gmax 440.92 1295.10
Strength I, gmin 334.34 1117.28
Strength III, gmax 356.78 1039.98
Strength III, gmin 250.20 811.66
Strength V, gmax 424.04 1288.90
Strength V, gmin 317.46 1060.59
Extreme Event I, gmax 625.49 2131.08
Extreme Event I, gmin 518.91 1902.76
Service I, gmax 400.07 1488.49
Service I, gmin 400.07 1488.49
Design for Flexural Reinforcement
Strength Load Properties

Mu = MR = 2131.08 kN-m design width, b = 1000 mm
Vu = MR = 625.49 kN thickness, h = 1600 mm
Service Load Effective depth, d = 1509 mm
Ms = 1488.49 kN-m flexural diameter = 32 mm
Vs = 400.07 kN concrete cover = 75 mm
Concrete Properties
f'c = 24 MPa
fy = 414 MPa
Resistance Factor, f
flexure = 0.9
shear = 0.9
FLEXURE
Mu = MR = f Mn
Minimum Flexural Resistance

MR = 1.2*Mcr
Sc = Ig/yt = 0.427 m3
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete = 0.623 fc' = 3052.06 kPa
Ig = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about = 0.341 m4
centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement
yt = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, = 0.800 m
neglecting reinforcement, to extreme fiber in tension.
fcpe = compressive stress due to prestress = 0 kPa
Mndc = unfactored dead load moment = 1488.49 kN-m
Sc = section modulus, composite section = 0.43 m3
Snc = section modulus, non-composite section = 0.43 m3
Mcr = Sc ( fr + fcpe ) - Mdnc ( Sc / Snc - 1 ) > Sc fr

Mcr = 1302.21 kN-m > 1302.21 kN-m
MR = 1562.66 kN-m
Design Mu = 2131.08 kN-m
Compute for Steel Ratio, r.
Rn = Mu / f bd² = 1.040
r = 0.85 fc'/fy [ 1 - sqrt( 1 - 2Rn/0.85fc' ) ] = 0.0026
As = r bd = 3892.1 mm2
Ab = p d2 /4 = 804.2 mm2
N = As / Ab = 4.8 pcs
Spacing, S = b / N = 206.6 mm
Use S = = 100 mm
Provide : 32 diameter bars, Vertical reinforcement at 100mm O.C.
Maximum Reinforcement: The maximum reinforcement requirements are presented in

AASHTO-LRFD 5.7.3.3.1 Reinforcements are considered under reinforced when c / d e < = 0.42
T = Asfy = 3329586 N
a = T / 0.85 f'c b = 163.21 mm
b = 0.85
Compression Depth Block, c = a / b = 192.02
c/de = 0.13 < 0.42 OK
Check for Crack Control
Control of Cracking by distribution of reinforcement
s < 123000 ge - 2dc = 160 mm > 100 mm OK

bs fss
which
bs = 1+ dc = 1.086
0.7 (h-dc)
ge = 0.75 exposed to water

dc = 91 mm
h = 1600 mm
fss = 248.4 MPa
Check for Shear

Vu = Vr = f Vn
Regions requiring transverse reinforcement

Vu > 0.5 f Vc
625.49 kN-m > 552.22 kN-m Provide shear reinforcement
where :
Vc = 0.083 b sqrt( f'c ) b d = 1227.16 kN-m
b = 2
vc = 0.083b(f'c)0.50
vc = 0.813 MPa
vu = 0.461 MPa
vu < vc … Provide Minimum Shear Reinforcement !

Computation of shear reinforcement :
Spacing, S = Avfyd/((vu-vc)(0.85bd))
Stirrup diameter, ds = 12.00 mm

No. of legs, N = 2 legs
Av = N(pds2/4) = 226.19 mm²
computed S = - mm
Use S = 400.00 mm
Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcements:

AASHTO LRFD 5.10.8. Reinforcements for shrinkage and temperature stresses shall be provided near
exposed surfaces of concrete exposed to daily temperature changes and in structural mass concrete.
Atemp = 0.75 b h
2 ( b + h ) fy
Atemp = 0.5574 mm2/mm > 0.233 mm2/mm ..Sastisfied

< 1.27 mm2/mm ..Satisfied
Use, temperature bar : 20 mm dia. Bar
Abar : 314.16 mm2
N = As / Ab = 2 pcs
Use S = 200 mm
Spacing Limits = 3h = 4800 mm ..Sastisfied

or = 450 mm ..Sastisfied
300 for h>1200 = 300 mm ..Sastisfied
Provide : 20 diameter bars, temperature reinforcement at 200mm O.C. both face

Approach Slab
Kh W 8
W8
Kh W7
W11 W7
W3 W3
MID-SECTION SECTION AT WINGWALL
Forces on Abutment
The horizontal and vertical forces at different load conditions are presented in Table 5-1 and the
load combinations shown in Table 5-2.
Fy (kN) FH (kN) Fy h(kN- FH y(kN-

Forces x (m) y (m)
m) m)
a. Substructure
Footing W3 643.10 1.10 707.41
Wingwall - 1 W 7 400.54 1.10 440.59
Wingwall - 2 W 8 25.35 2.60 65.92
Approach Slab W9 96.68 1.10 106.35
a. Substructure
@ Approach Slab 14.77 1.10 16.25
9. Vertical Pressure from Earth Fill (EV)
Earth at Heel W11 2565.16 1.10 2821.67
Surcharge PSUR 290.04 1.10 319.05

Load Factors
DC 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.00 1.00
DW 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.00 1.00
EV 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.00 1.00
LS 1.75 1.75 0.00 0 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00
Load Case S Fy (kN) S RM

Design Forces per meter strip width
Load Case S Fy (kN) SM (kN-m)


Concrete Properties
f'c = 24 MPa
fy = 414 MPa
flexure = 0.9
shear = 0.9
a. FLEXURE
Mu = MR = f Mn

MR = 1.2*Mcr
Sc = Ig/yt = 0.327 m3
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete = 0.623 fc = 3052.06 kPa

Mcr = 997.01 kN-m > 997.01 kN-m
MR = 1196.41 kN-m
Rn = Mu / f bd² = 0.776
r = 0.85 fc'/fy [ 1 - sqrt( 1 - 2Rn/0.85fc' ) ] = 0.0019
As = r bd = 2501.5 mm2
Ab = p d2 /4 = 804.2 mm2
N = As / Ab = 3.1 pcs
Use S = = 100 mm
Provide : 32 diameter bars, Horizontal Top reinforcement at 100mm O.C.

T = Asfy = 3329586 N
a = T / 0.85 f'c b = 163.21 mm
b = 0.85
c/de = 0.15 < 0.42 OK
s < 123000 ge - 2dc = 156 mm > 100 mm OK

bs fss
which
bs = 1+ dc = 1.099
0.7 (h-dc)

dc = 91 mm
h = 1400 mm
fss = 248.4 MPa
Check for Shear

Vu = Vr = f Vn
Vu > 0.5 f Vc
where :
Vc = 0.083 b sqrt( f'c ) b d = 1064.52 kN-m
b = 2
vc = 0.083b(f'c)0.50
vc = 0.813 MPa
vu = 0.532 MPa
vu < vc … Provide Minimum Shear Reinforcement !

Av = N(pds2/4) = 226.19 mm²
computed S = - mm
Use S = 400.00 mm

Atemp = 0.75 b h
2 ( b + h ) fy

Abar : 314.16 mm2
N = As / Ab = 2 pcs
Use S = 200 mm
Spacing Limits = 3h = 4200 mm ..Sastisfied

or = 450 mm ..Sastisfied
300 for h>1200 = 300 mm ..Sastisfied
Provide : 20 diameter bars, temperature reinforcement at 200mm O.C. Top & Bottom
be provided near
6.0 Load Calculation for Heel Design
Wsoil Wsoil
(neglected) (neglected)
W1 W1
Q1 Qmax Q1 Qmin = 0
Qmax Qmin
R1 Sect. B R1 Sect. B
Trapezoidal Pressure Distribution Triangular Pressure Distribution
Maximum Strength Load Pressure Distribution
qu max = 587.10 kPa ( Assume Uniform Distribution to calculate forces)

qs max = 564.84 kPa ( Assume Uniform Distribution to calculate forces)

Concrete Properties
f'c = 24 MPa
fy = 414 MPa
flexure = 0.9
shear = 0.9
a. FLEXURE
Mu = MR = f Mn

MR = 1.2*Mcr
Sc = Ig/yt = 0.327 m3
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete = 0.623 fc = 3052.06 kPa

Mcr = 997.01 kN-m > 997.01 kN-m
MR = 1196.41 kN-m
Rn = Mu / f bd² = 0.921
r = 0.85 fc'/fy [ 1 - sqrt( 1 - 2Rn/0.85fc' ) ] = 0.0023
As = r bd = 2982.0 mm2
Ab = p d2 /4 = 804.2 mm2
N = As / Ab = 3.7 pcs
Use S = = 100 mm
Provide : 32 diameter bars, Horizontal Bottom reinforcement at 100mm O.C.

T = Asfy = 3329586 N
a = T / 0.85 f'c b = 163.21 mm
b = 0.85
c/de = 0.15 < 0.42 OK
s < 123000 ge - 2dc = 156 mm > 100 mm OK

bs fss
which
bs = 1+ dc = 1.099
0.7 (h-dc)

dc = 91 mm
h = 1400 mm
fss = 248.4 MPa
Check for Shear

Vu = Vr = f Vn

Vu > 0.5 f Vc
where :
Vc = 0.083 b sqrt( f'c ) b d = 1064.52 kN-m
b = 2
vc = 0.083b(f'c)0.50
vc = 0.813 MPa
vu = 1.096 MPa
vu > vc … Provide Shear Reinforcement !

Av = N(pds2/4) = 226.19 mm²
computed S = 389.110 mm
Use S = 400.00 mm

Atemp = 0.75 b h
2 ( b + h ) fy

Abar : 314.16 mm2
N = As / Ab = 2 pcs
Use S = 200 mm
Spacing Limits = 3h = 4200 mm ..Satisfied

or = 450 mm ..Satisfied
300 for h>1200 = 300 mm ..Satisfied
Provide : 20 diameter bars, temperature reinforcement at 200mm O.C. Top & Bottom
7.0 Design of Ledge / Corbel and Backwall
Dimensions :
P d1 = 300 mm
tbw L
d2 = 300 mm
APPROACH SLAB d3 = 1997 mm
d4 = 300 mm
d4 b= 300 mm
d1 tbw = 400 mm
d3 d2 L= 3000 mm
b
Loads per meter strip :
Earth Surcharge PDL = 21.60 KN (approach slab)
Pressure Pressure
PLL = 114.32 KN (wheel load)
Selfweight = 3.24 KN (corbel)
depth, d = 535 mm
Bar dia. f (main) = 16 mm
7.1 Design of Ledge / Corbel
a. Design Forces
Pu = Vu = 1.3 ( PDL + 1.67( PLL + I) )

Pu = Vu = 354.95 KN
Check against shear :
Mu = Pu * b/2 + Nu * 2*cover f Vc = f 0.17*(sqrt (fc'))* b*d
Mu = 63.89 KN-m f Vc = 409.07 KN
Rn = 0.25 f Vc > Vu OK !
b. Design of Corbel as Ledge beam
1. By shear friction
Vu m = 1.0
Req'd Avf =
f m fy
Req'd Avf = 1008.65 mm² per meter strip
2. By flexure
Mu = Pu * b/2 + Nu * 2*cover
Mu = 63.89 KN-m
Rn = 0.25
r= 0.0006
Af = 322.19 mm² per meter strip
3. By direct tension, Nu
Nu = 0.30 * Pu = 106.48 kN
An = Nu / f fy = 302.60 mm² per meter strip
4. Primary tension reinforcement
As = 2/3 Avf + An = 975.03 mm² governs !!

As = Af + An = 624.79 mm²
Thus shear reinforcement becomes :
Ah = 1/2 (As - An) = 336.22 mm² closed stirrups distribute w/in 2/3 d
5. Hanger reinforcement (add to backwall reinforcement)
Av = Vu / f fy = 1008.65 mm² vertical bars near the ledge
6. Minimum reinforcement
r min = 0.0033816
As min = 1810 mm² per meter strip > As calculated
Av
As
Ah
framing bar
Reinforcement Detail
As : 16 mm. dia. @ 110 mm

Av : 16 mm. dia. @ 190 mm
Ah : 12 mm. dia. 2 sets closed stirrup
Temp Bars: 12 mm. dia. 4 pcs. Long. Bars
Therefore use :
C1 : 16 mm f bars @ 125 mm
C2 : 12 mm f bars @ 300 mm 2 sets
C3 : 12 mm f bars @ 4 pcs
7.2 Design of Backwall
P (from approach slab)
Earth Surcharge
Pressure Pressure
Design Data
Soil Parameters (Sect. 2.2.2)
Active earth static coeff., KA = 0.333 Density, g : 18.00 kN / m3

Active earth seismic coeff. KAE = 0.397
Approach Slab Reaction
DL slab + ballast = 24.84 kN / m

LL at slab = 114.32 kN / m
EQ at slab = 7.45 kN / m
Table 7.2-1 Forces on Backwall per meter width
Forces FV (kN) FH (kN) y or x (m) M (kN-m)

1. Dead Load (DL)
back wall W1 19.17 3.60 69.02
approach slab SDL 24.84 -0.35 -8.69
2. Earth Pressure (E)
active PA 11.96 0.67 7.96
surcharge PSUR 7.19 1.00 7.18
3.0 Live Load (LL)
app. slab, vert VLL 114.32 -0.35 -40.01
app. slab, hor HLL 34.30 1.85 63.35
4.0 Earthquake (EQ)
seimic active earth EAE 14.23 0.67 9.47
seimic - wall k W1 4.79 0.9985 4.79
(kh = 0.25) k Wslab 6.21 1.85 11.47
live load LLEQ 17.15 1.85 31.67
Table 7.2-2 Load Combination per meter width
Load Case S FV (kN) S FH (kN) S M(Kn-m)

Case I 305.41 106.83 154.67
Case Ia 384.18 -98.09 -217.19
Case II 57.21 32.37 104.01
Case VII 57.21 38.36 127.69
Case VIIa * 181.31 75.59 196.46
Design Forces
Max Moment Max. Axial Force Max. Shear Force

Mu (max) 217.19 Pu (max) 384.18 Vu (max) 106.83
Vu -98.09 Vu -98.09 Pu 305.41
Pu 384.18 Mu -217.19 Mu 154.67
Reinforcement for Backwall
Concrete & Steel Parameters
a. Concrete b. Reinforcing Steel

fc' = 28.00 MPa Bar dia. f (main) = 20 mm
fy = 414.00 MPa Bar dia. f (temp) = 12 mm
f= 0.90 Concrete cover = 75 mm
b= 0.85 af = 70 degrees
Bar Area Ab (main) = 314.16 mm

Bar Area At (temp) = 113.10 mm
depth, d = 315 mm
m= 1.4
Design for a 1 meter strip :
Rn = Mu / f bd² r min = 1.4 / fy = 0.0034

Rn = 2.432 r bal = 0.85 b fc'/fy [ 600/ (fy +600 ) ] = 0.0289
r max = 0.75 r bal = 0.0217
r = 0.85 fc'/fy [ 1 - sqrt( 1 - 2Rn/0.85fc' ) ]

r= 0.0062 > r min
< rho(max), OK !
Vertical Bars : B1
As = 2964.78 mm²
No.of Bars = 10 - 20 mm. D
Spacing = 100 mm
Check for Shear
Shear Capacity :
f Vc = f 0.17*(sqrt (fc'))* b*d
f Vc = 240.86 kN
f Vc > 106.83 OK ! Shear reinforcement not needed
Horizontal Bars ( Rear face & Front face) : (AASHTO 7.5.2.2)
As = 1/8 in² per foot

As = 265 mm² per meter height

Spacing = 330 mm
As temp = 480 mm² per meter height

Spacing = 200 mm
Therefore use :
B1 : 20 mm f bars @ 125 mm
B2 : 12 mm f bars @ 250 mm
8.0 Design of Wingwall
b1
Kh W1 EAE PSUR
W1
PA
Breastwall
R
Backwall
y4
y1 Kh W2 y5
y3
y2 W2 x
pt. A
pt. A Wingwall
b2
PLAN
SECTION
Design Data
Soil Parameters (Sect. 2.2.2)
Active earth static coeff., KA = 0.333 Density, g : 18.00 kN / m3

Active earth seismic coeff. KAE = 0.364 KV = 0
Surcharge, Live load, PLL = 1.350 m
Surcharge, Dead load, PDL = 0.900 m
Wall Data
Height of wall, H = 3.79 m

b1 = 0.40 m
b2 = 0.60 m
x = 1.10 m
Table 4.5-1 Forces on Wingwall per meter width

1. Dead Load (DL)
wing wall W1 36.41 1.8965 69.06
wing wall W2 26.91 1.26 34.02
superimposed PSI 12.29 3.79 46.61
active PA 43.16 1.26 54.57
surcharge, LL PLL 30.72 1.90 58.27
surcharge, DL PDL 20.48 1.90 38.84
3.0 Earthquake (EQ)
seimic - wall k W1 11.00 1.8965 20.85
(kh = 0.25) k W2 6.73 1.26 8.51
superimosed PSI 3.07 3.79 11.65
live load LLEQ 6.61 3.79 25.06
Table 4.5-2 Load Combination per meter width
Load Case S FV (kN) S FH (kN) S M(Kn-m)

Case I 98.29 174.26 478.96
Case Ia 98.29 87.87 361.24
Case II 98.29 107.56 352.46
Case VII 98.29 141.19 464.41
Case VIIa * 98.29 155.54 518.81
Design Forces
Max Moment Max. Axial Force Max. Shear Force

Mu (max) 518.81 Pu (max) 98.29 Vu (max) 174.26
Vu 155.54 Vu 174.26 Pu 98.29
Pu 98.29 Mu 478.96 Mu 478.96
8.1.1 Base of Wingwall
Reinforcement for Wing wall


depth, d = 512.5 mm
m= 1.4
Rn = Mu / f bd² r min = 1.4 / fy = 0.0034

Rn = 2.195 r bal = 0.85 b fc'/fy [ 600/ (fy +600 ) ] = 0.0289
r max = 0.75 r bal = 0.0217
r = 0.85 fc'/fy [ 1 - sqrt( 1 - 2Rn/0.85fc' ) ]

r= 0.0056 > r min
< rho(max), OK !
Vertical Bars
As = 2855.26 mm²
Spacing = 160 mm
Check for Shear
Shear Capacity :
f Vc = f 0.17*(sqrt (fc'))* b*d
f Vc = 391.87 kN
Horizontal Bars ( Rear face & Front face) :


Spacing = 500 mm
8.2.1 Upper half of Wingwall
Consider upper half of wing wall anchored to the breast wall of abutment and calculate only effect of
horizontal forces.
Design forces are calculated for a height of H/2 = 1.90 m

Length of wing wall, LW = 2.70 m
Ave. Wall Thickness, tww = 0.45 m
Table 4.5-1 Forces on Wingwall

active PA 29.13 1.35 39.33
surcharge, LL PLL 41.48 1.35 55.99
surcharge, DL PDL 27.65 1.35 37.33
3.0 Earthquake (EQ)
seimic - wall k W1 12.29 1.35 16.59
(kh = 0.25) k W2 9.08 1.35 12.26
superimosed PSI 8.29 1.35 11.20
live load LLEQ 17.84 1.35 24.08
Table 4.5-2 Load Combination
Load Case S FH (kN) S M(Kn-m)

Case I 186.01 251.11
Case Ia 118.62 160.14
Case II 95.97 129.55
Case VII 138.99 187.63
Case VIIa * 177.71 239.91
Design Forces
Max Moment Max. Shear Force

Mu (max) 251.11 Vu (max) 186.01
Vu 186.01 Mu 251.11
Reinforcement for Wing wall -Breastwall Junction (Hor. Reinf.)


depth, d = 365 mm
m= 1.4
Rn = Mu / f bd² r min = 1.4 / fy = 0.0034

Rn = 1.104 r bal = 0.85 b fc'/fy [ 600/ (fy +600 ) ] = 0.0288
r max = 0.75 r bal = 0.0216
r = 0.85 fc'/fy [ 1 - sqrt( 1 - 2Rn/0.85fc' ) ]

r = 0.0027 < r min : use rho (min)
Horizontal Bars
As = 1234.30 mm²
No.of Bars = 4 - ###
Spacing = 250 mm
Check for Shear
Shear Capacity :
f Vc = f 0.17*(sqrt (fc'))* b*d
f Vc = 529.29 kN
Min. Horizontal Bars ( Rear face & Front face) :

No.of Bars = 3 - ###

Spacing = 630 mm
Therefore, use
W1 : 25 mm f bars @ 150 mm
W2 : 25 mm f bars @ 150 mm
W3 : 25 mm f bars @ 200 mm
W4 : 20 mm f bars @ 200 mm
W5 : 16 mm f bars @ 250 mm

Abutment - FreeStanding - LRFD FINAL

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Abutment - FreeStanding - LRFD FINAL

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ABUTMENT DESIGN (LRFD)

1.0 GENERAL DESIGN CONDITION

1.1 Design Criteria

1.3 Materials Properties:

1.3.1 Reinforced Concrete

Compressive Strength of Concrete at 28th day, f'c = 28.00 MPa

1.3.2 Reinforcing Steel

Modulus of Elasticity of Steel, Es = 200000 MPa

1.3.2 Reinforcing Steel Concrete Cover

1.4 Unit Weight

a. Concrete , gc = 24.00 kN/m3

b. Soil , gs = 18.00 kN/m3

c. Steel, gst = 77.00 kN/m3

c. Asphalt, gw = 22.00 kN/m3

a. HL - 93 Truck - Design Truck and Design Lane Load

Span Length Lane Load

Span Length Lane Load

1.6 Design Methodology

The abutment shall be designed to withstand the following forces :

1.6.1 Seismic Analysis

1.7 Structure Data

The layout dimension and cross-section of the abutment is shown below.

1.8 Soil Data

Bridge's Empirical Seat width shall meet the following requirement:

b. ) N= 583 mm < 1200 mm Satisfied !!!

Figure 1 - Cross Section

Figure 2 - Longitudinal Elevation

2.3 Superstructure Load Calculations

A. DEAD LOAD OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENT AND NON STRUCTURAL ATTACHMENTS (DC)

A.1. Cast in place Girders (DC)

TOTAL DEAD LOAD COMPONENT (DC), V = 3853.29 kN

B. DEAD LOAD OF WEARING SURFACES AND UTILITIES (DW)

B.1. Wearing Surfaces

C. LIVE LOAD (LL)

IM = 1 + IM/100= 1 + 33/100 = 1.33

385.7 385.7 93.1

IM = 1 + IM/100= 1 + 33/100 = 1.33

D. BRAKING FORCE (BR)

Breaking Force Shall be taken as the greater of

a. 25% of Axle Weights of Design Truck

b. 25% of Axle Weights of Design Tandem

c. 5% of Axle Weights of Design Truck plus lane load

d. 5% of Axle Weights of Design Tandem plus lane load

USE: MAXIMUM BRAKING FORCE, Fh 162.50 kN

E. WIND LOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE (WS)

b. Tributary Span, Lspan = 15.55 m

c. Wind Area, Total depth x Tributary Span = 46.94 m2

Skew Angle of Wind Longitudinal Load

e. Wind load force (Longitudinal only)

F. WIND LOAD ON LIVE LOAD (WL) (LRFD)

a. Wind load force (Longitudinal only)

G. UNIFORM TEMPERATURE LOADS, (TU)

c. Total Movement, Dtotal = Dt + Dshrink + Dbraking

SUMMARY OF FORCES ON TOP OF ABUTMENT SEAT

Earth Pressure Parameters

The earth pressures are calculated based on the following :

EAE = 1/2 g H² ( 1- Kv ) KAE

(b) Static Active Earth Pressurs

where : g = unit weight of soil kh = horizontal acceleration coefficient

2.5.1 Soil Parameters

Check horizontal acceleration coefficient

2.5.2 Calculated Pressures and Forces

j= 2.116 j= 2.250 j= 0.250