CAB3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

TP:ET

Energy Equation

-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change

How to develop energy equation

Effect of velocity on the energy
Effect of work done on the energy
Special cases of energy equation

-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change

-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change

 Rate of accumulati on   Net rate of internal   Net rate of heat 

     
 of internal and kinetic    and kinertic energy    addition by molecular 
 energy   in by convection   transport (conduction) 
     
 Rate of work   Rate of work 
   
 done on systemby   done on systemby 
   
molecular mechanisms external forces
   
 (by stress)   (by gravity) 
   

-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change

This a first law of Thermodynamics

Kinetic energy: energy associated with the fluid motion, i.e.

rn2 on a per unit volume basis.

Internal Energy: Energy associated with the random

translational and internal motions of the molecules plus the
energy of interaction between the molecules. The internal
energy depends on the local temperature and density of the
fluid.
-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change
Term 1: Accumulation
Let do this term by term

 Rate of accumulati on 
    ˆ 1 2
 of internal and kinetic   xyz   rU  rv 
 energy  t  2 
 

Where Û is the internal energy per unit mass.

-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change

Term 2: Convection

 Rate of internal   Rate of internal 

   
 and internal and kinetic -
  and kinetic 
 energy in by convection   energy out by convection 
   
 
yz vx  rUˆ  1 rv 2   1 
- v x  rUˆ  rv 2  
  2  x  2  x  x 
  
xz v y  rUˆ  1 rv 2   ˆ 1 2
- v y  rU  rv  
  2  y  2  y  y 
 
xy vz  rUˆ  1 rv 2   1 
- v z  rUˆ  rv 2  
  2  z  2  
z  z 

-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change

Term 3: Conduction

 Net rate of heat 

 
  yz  q x x - q x x  x

 by conduction 
 
xz  q y y - q y y  y  xy qz z - qz z  z 

-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change
Term 4/5: Work done on the surrounding
Let recall the following basic formula

 distance in the direction 

Work    force . 
 of the force 
 Rate of   velocity in the direction 
    force . 
 doing work   of the force 

Consist of two parts:

a. Work against the volume forces, e.g. gravity (term5)
b. Work against the surface forces, e.g. pressure & viscous
forces (term 4 (part 4a and part 4b))
-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change

Term 4a: pressure

 Rate of work



  yz   pvx  x - ( pvx ) x  x  
 due to pressure force 
 
xz  ( pv y ) y - ( pv y ) y  y  xy ( pvz ) - ( pvz ) z z 

-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change

Term 4b: viscous forces

 Rate of work 
  
 viscous forces 
 
yz  xx vx   xy v y   xz vz  -  xx v x   xy v y   xz v z  
 x x  x 

 
xz  yx vx   yy v y   yz vz  -  yx vx   yy v y   yxz vz  
 y y  y 

 
xy  zxvx   zyv y   zz vz  -  zxvx   zyv y   zzvz  
 z z  z 

-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change

Term 5: gravity

The rate of doing work on the system:

 Rate of work 
 
 on the system 
 due to gravity   r xyz (vx g x  v y g y  vz g z )
 
 force 
 

-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change
Putting all those terms into the shell energy balance equation, then dividing by
xyz, we get the following energy balance equation per unit volume:
  ˆ 1 2
 rU  rv  
t  2 
    ˆ 1 2  
 v x  rU  rv   
 x   2  
  
 ˆ 1 2   q x q y q z

-  v y  rU  rv    - (
 





)  r vx g x  v y g y  vz g z 
  
y 2   x y z
   
 1 
 v z  rUˆ  rv  
2
 z   2  
 


   x xx x
v    v   xz z  
v 
 

 yx v x   yy v y   yz v z 

   xy y
 
-   pv x   pv y   pv z  - 
y 
 x y z    
 
 zx v x   zy v y   zz v z  
 z 
-BA-
 CAB 3033 Transport Phenomena (Energy)

Equation of Change

Such a massive energy equation can be written in a compact

vector-tensor quantities:

  ˆ 1 2   ˆ 1 2 
rU  v   - .rvU  v  - .q   rv.g - . pv  - ..v
t  2    2 

The equation obtained above is fairly general.

-BA-