SMART MATERIALS

D.S.S.SUDHAKAR
FR.CONCEICAO RODRIGUES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BANDRA(W) , MUMBAI-40050
Smart materials are materials that have one
or more properties that can be significantly
changed in a controlled fashion by external
stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture,
pH, electric or magnetic fields
•Piezoelectric materials
•Shape Memory Alloys
•ER/MR Fluids
Piezoelectric materials
They produce an electric field when
exposed to a change in dimension
caused by an imposed mechanical
force (piezoelectric or generator
effect). Conversely, an applied
electric field will produce a
mechanical stress (electrostrictive
or motor effect
AIRFOIL
AIR FOIL SIMULATION
 3
-
t +V
2

V=0 V>0

d31 = piezoelectric moduli where 3 is the

direction of voltage applied and 1 is
the direction of the resulting normal
strain.

ε 11 = d 31v / t
• Smart Structures
Smart structures are structures which are able to sense,
respond and control their own characteristics and states.

• Smart Materials
The materials which help in achieving the built in
smartness in smart structures.
 Sensors Actuators
Structures ( SMA , PZT , ER )
( PZT, PVDF, Fibre Optics )

Control System
Definition of the problem
• To control the position at the tip of a
cantilever beam to follow a command signal
in the presence of hysteresis is
considered by using a pair of
piezoceramic actuators.
Application : Micro-positioning and
actuating applications.
Scope : Research
Dynamic modeling of flexible cantilever beam.
•Hysteresis modeling.
•Development and simulation of control strategy with feed-
forward compensation based on hysteresis model.
•Development and simulation of compensation of hysteresis by
Quantitative Feedback Theory.
•Comparison of both control strategies.
 Piezoelectric Width of beam = w
Z Actuator
Beam ta
tb
X ta
x1 lp
x2

M M

x=0 x=a x=b x=L

Flexible cantilever beam with collocated piezo-

actuators 1
M a = c a va ( x , t ) ; c a = Ea d 31 w(t a + tb )
2
Ea : Youngs modulus of piezo − actuator
ca : Geometric constant
 System Model
 The system model is derived from Euler – Bernouli partial
differential equations with associated boundary conditions.
 Assumed modes approach is adopted.
 The plant transfer function between input control voltage and
∞

∑
output displacement(cisΦgiven
Y ( x, s ) i =1 a
by′ ′
i ( x )[( Φi ( x1 )) − (Φi ( x1 + l p ))])
P( s) = =
V ( s) ρAL3 ( s 2 + 2ξiωi + ωi2 )
By considerin g the first two modes and the properties
of the beam , the transfer function is derived as
Y ( x, s ) 0.212 s 2 + 3.82 s + 7548
P( s) = = 4
V ( s) s + 73 .4 s 3 +15407 s 2 + 822550 s + 573670728
Response of the beam for sinusoidal input voltage
( Amplitude - 50 V to + 50 V)
Step response of the flexible cantilever beam
Mathematical Modeling of Hysteresis

u(t) y(t)
HT

Hysteresis Transducer (HT)

f α1
u(t) α1
α2 α2

β2
t u
β2
β1
β1

Input variation Multi branch non

-linearity
xd(k) Feed – ud(k)
Forward
Compensation

Flexible
+ + cantilever
e(k) PID ∆u(k) u (k) u(t) x(t)
beam
Σ Feedback Σ D/A
+ and
_ Controller
actuator
system
x(k)
A/D
CODE-
HYSTERESIS
ξ =1 / 2 cos αM (T −M f ) +1 / 2
αM =π/ M s −M f
What is MR fluid?
 Soft magnetic material in a carrier oil.
 Silicon oil or even corn syrup is mixed with the MRF to
prevent rust.
 Typical MR fluid contains 20-40% by volume of
relatively pure, soft iron particles.
 Rheology or to the phenomena of flowing matter
 Is type of rheological fluids whose yield stress can
be varied by an applied magnetic field.
 A typical MR fluid consists of micron sized
magnetizable iron/ferrous particles suspended in a
base fluid like silicone oil or water.
•Carbonyl Iron Particles -- 20 to 40 percent of the fluid is
made of these soft iron particles that are just 3 to 5
micrometers in diameter. A package of dry carbonyl iron
particles looks like black flour because the particles are
so fine.
•A Carrier Liquid -- The iron particles are suspended in a
liquid, usually hydrocarbon oil. Water is often used in
demonstrating the fluid.
•Proprietary Additives -- The third component of MR fluid
is a secret, but Lord says these additives are put in to
inhibit gravitational settling of the iron particles, promote
particle suspension, enhance lubricity, modify viscosity
and inhibit wear.
 Applications of MR Fluid
 Vehicle Suspension
Dampers

 The MR damper has a built-

in MR valve across which
the MR fluid is forced. The
piston of the MR damper
acts as an electromagnet with
the required number of coils
to produce the appropriate
magnetic field. Also the MR
damper has a run-through
shaft to avoid an
accumulator.
 Cont’ Applications
 MR Transmission Clutches

 They are used in automotive

power train to transmit torque
from the engine to the
transmission and the vehicle.
The MR sponge clutch may be
used to provide launch control of
an automobile thereby achieving
smooth vehicle launch.
The MRF clutch thus may
replace the existing torque
converters and therefore help
increase the fuel economy.
Thank you!
AIR FOIL SIMULATION