Fission-Track Ages of the Villavieja Formation of the Miocene

Title Honda Group in La Venta, Department of Huila, Colombia

Takemura, Atsushi; Takai, Masanaru; Danhara, Tohru;

Author(s) Setoguchi, Takeshi

Kyoto University overseas research reports of new world

Citation monkeys (1992), 8: 19-27

Issue Date 1992

URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199688

Right

Type Article

Textversion publisher

Kyoto University
 1
9
K
yotoUn
iver
sit
yOv
ers
easRe
sea
rch
R
epo
rtsofNewWor
ldMonk
eys(19
92)8
:19-
27
K
yotoUn
iver
sit
yPr
ima
teRe
sear
chIn
st
it
ut
e
Fiss
ion-Tra
ckAgesofth
eVill
avi
ejaF
ormati
on
oftheMioceneHondaGroupinLaVent
a,
DepartmentofHu
ila
,Colombia
AtsushiTAKEMURA
HyogoUn ルe r
siかofTeacherE ducati
on,
9
42- 】＇
1Shimokume， ash
iro,Hyogo6 7
3-14,Japan
MasanaruTAKAi
P r
imateResearchIn
stit
ute,KyotoUni ν
ers
iら
り
Inuyama,Aichi484,Japan
TohruDANHARA
KyotoF i
ssion-T
rackLtd
.,
3
3U me
zukita-
cho,U1わ10-k,Kyoto6
u 06,Japan
andTakeshiSETOGUCHI
P r
imateResearc
hI n
stit
ute,KyotoUnive
rsit
y,
Inuyama,Aichi484,Japan
INTRODUCTION
Tert
iaryc on
tinentals e
dimentsa r
ew idelye xposedalongthev al
leyo fMagdalenaR iver
betweent heCentralandE asternCordil
lera,inC olombia,S outhA merica. Manyf o
ssil
ve
rtebr
atesi n
cludingfoss
ilmonkeyso cc
urint heMioceneHondaG roup,andt he
sefoss
ils紅 C
knownast heLaV entaf auna(St
irto
n,1 9
51). Takemuraa ndDanh訂 a( 19
85)p r
esentedf
issio
n-
tr
ackageso ftheHondaG r
oup,w hichrangeda b
out1 6to15Mai nage
.
Ac ooperatingpaleontolog
icals urv
eyo rganize
dbyP rima
teR esearchInsti
tuteofKyoto
Univ
ersityandINGEOMINASwasc a
rriedoutin1 990. Moret han200f o
ssi
lso fmonkey
te
ethweree xcavat
edt hroughthi
ss u
rvey仕omt heTatacoaRedMember[ theUpperRedBedo f
Fie
lds(1959)]o ftheV il
laviej
aF ormationint h
eHondaG roup. However,t heTatacoaRed
Membero verl
iesothermemberso ftheVill
aviej
aF ormati
ond at
edbyt hefissi
on-t
rackmethod.
Althou
ghTakemuraa ndDanhara( 1
985)correla
tedtheLaV entaFaunat otheFria
sianStageof
SouthAmericanLandMammalAges( Mar
shalletal.
,1 977
),t h
ef o
ssilmonkeyso btai
nedby
th
issurveyshal
lb esomewhaty ou
nger.
Inthi
sp ape
r,wemaded etai
ledstrat
igrap
hicworkont h
eT ataco
aRedMemberandf issio
n-
tr
ackdatingofthreesam p
lesfromt hi
su n
it
.B ecaus
et heobta
inedagesr an
gefrom1 2.6to13.6
Ma,itisc oncludedt h
att heupperp訂 to ftheHondaGroupi ntheLaVentab adlandswas
dep
ositedduringMid d
l eMiocene.
GEOLOGICALSETTINGANDMATERIAL
Thestud
iedare
aint h
isp
aperi
ssi
tua
tedi
ntheLaVentabad
lands
,whichar
eloca
tedalong
t
hev a
lle
yo fMagdalenaRive
rbetw
eentheCe
ntra
landt h
eE as
ternCo
rdi
lle
ra,Colombian
 20
（
久
-PANAMA
。 500
』 km
PERU
F
igu
re1
.Lo
cal
ityo
fLaV
ent
ainC
olo
mbi
a,S
out
hAm
eri
cc
Andes( Fi
g.1 ）.百1 esamplingp o
intforf i
ssio
n-tra
ckd at
ingisa bo
ut5kme astofVilla
viej
a,
DepartmentofH ui
la( F
ig.2)
.
S
everallit
hos佐atigr
aphi
cs tud
ieshadb eenrepo口edo ntheHondaGroupi n出i sare
a.F ie
lds
(1959)proposeds tratig
raphi
cframeworko ftheHondaGroupexposedi nt h
eLaVenta
badlan
ds. VanHoutenandT ra
vis( 1968)andWellman( 1970)studie
ds trat
igrap
hyand
sedimentolo
gyo ft h
ewholeHondaGroupe xtendin
gfromG igantetoLaD orada,alongthe
MagdalenaV all
ey. However,t hestrat
igraph
yo fthesetwos tu
diesistooroughtod et
ermine
thehorizonsoff o
ssilloca
liti
esandd atingsamples. Takemura( 1983)hads tud
ieddetail
ed
S住atigr
aphyaroundt h
eK iotoSit
einL la
no sdeMolina( Fi
g.2).
TakaiandS etoguchi(1990)carrie
do utdetai
ledstrat
igra
phicworkont heupperpartofthe
HondaGroupe xposedintheLaV en
tab adla
nds. Theyh admodifiedthestr
atigr
aphymadeby
Fiel
ds( 1959)
. T akaie tal.( 1992)renamedt hes t
ratig
raphi
cu nit
so fF i
elds( 1959
)t o
format
ionsandmembers,b ec
auset h
eu n
itnamesd escri
bedbyF iels(
d 195
9)werei nform
al.
Weu sethes t
ratig
raph
icframeworkp roposedbyT akaietal
.( 1
992).
 久
〈
qz凶斗qQOq
ミ0∼
止

ぐ
o 1 ・ 2km
F
igure2
.Topo
graphicmaparoun
dtheTata
coaDes
ertshowingth
eloc
ali
tie
sofsamp
lings
it
esfo
rf i
ssi
on-tr
ackd
atin
g
N
(
Ff-
site
)an
docc町 e
ncesoff
oss
ilmonkeys(x
).F
ill
edci
rcle
si n
dic
atet
heloc
ali
tie
softh
egeo
log
icalcolumnsshowninF
ig.3
. ド
ー
ー
 22
LasM
esi
tasFormation
TATACOAREDMEMBER
FTst
ie
zo −−↑ ︿E EOL

鶴蕗 r
ed,dar
kred
E認 b
rown,l
i
ghtred
E Bo
che
r,ye
llow
Eコgr
ey,l
ig
htg
rey
Eコwht
ie
︿ ﹁，凶一 ﹀ ︿ ﹂﹂一 ﹀

MasatoS
ite
Clay Sand A
一
B
関麟欝幽 町

"
'
一一

m
kd
一一

n
u
山

F
igu
re3.Columnarse
ctio
nsoftheTat
aco
aRedMemberi nth
e
T
ataco
aDes
ert.Thewidthofea
chlaye
rinthe
sec o
lumn
sindi
cat
es
t
hegra
ins
ize
.Thel o
cal
ityofea
chcolumnisshowninF
ig.
2.
TheHondaGroupi ntheLaV entab ad
landsi sdividedintothre
ef or
mation
s,t h
eC ervet
ana
Formation,theVil
laviejaFormationa n
d批 L asM esit
a sFormati
on,ina sc
endingorde
r.
TheLasM es
itasF ormationc orre
spondstot he” LasM es
i ta
sS andsandC lays"o fFiel
ds
(1959)a ndT akaiandS e
to g
uchi( 1990
),a ndt heC ervetanaF orm
ationc orrespon
d stothe
"CerbatanaGravelsan dClays"o fTakaian dSetoguchi( 199
0 )andthe” E
lL ibanoS and
sand
Clays"o fFiel
ds( 1959）.百1 eVillavi
ejaForma tionisd i
videdintofourmembers,t heMolina
Member,t h
eLosMangosRedMember,t heLa sLajasMemberandt h
eT atac
oaRedMember,
ina sce
ndingorde
r.
百1eT ataco
aRedMember,w h ichco汀espon dstothe" UpperRedBed"o fFields(195
9),is
exp o
s edatthesouthmostparto fthestudi
ed訂 e ao fTakaieta l
.( 1
992).T hi
sa reaisafair
ly
scenicplaceandisknowna stheTatacoaDesert( D
esiertodeLaT ataco
a,F i
g.2). Thes a
mples
forfissio
n-tr
ackdatin
gw ereo btai
nedf ro
mo neo utcropintheT a
tacoaDesert(Fi
g.2,FfS ite
).
TheT atacoaRedMembers tr
ikesaboutN80°Wt oEWa nddips°3to5 °
S.T hismemberc r
ops
oute xt
endinginE-Wd ir
ect
ion.
TheT atacoaRedMemberi scomposedo fr e
dc layston
ew ithi n
terca
latedsilt
ston
eand
sandstone(Fig
.3 )
. Thec laystones訂 eusuall
yr ed,dull-r
edo rbrownands omet
i mesgreyin
color
. Thes il
tst
onesandt h
es andst
ones紅 edull-re
d,b rown,yelloworgrey
,a nd紅 esometimes
 23
C
lay S
and
1
11
ー川トー 002 窟輯欄 r
edd
arkr
ed
ω
輔 踊 闇
j← 悶 b
r側 n
’li
g
h e
trd
工
；i悶 。 che
r
,
巳
ヨ grey,l
i
gh
tgr
ey
亡コ wh胎
Sm
）~010
‘
− 011
＝·•ー 001 003-
t
::-001132 o
F
igu
re4. Columnarsec
tionoftheFfS i
teands
ampl
ing
h
ori
zon
sf orfi
ssin−住a
o ckdat
ing.Thewidtho
feachl
aye
r
i
nth
iscolumnindic
ate
st h
eg r出nsiz
e.
tuf
faceo
us. Theo utcropsofthismembera reu s
uallyr e
dc l
iffswithmanyl i
ghtcolorbands
.
Theseb a
n dshavev ar
ioust hi
ckness
esandy ellow,gr e
yo rw hit
ec o
lor. Wec antracethese
bandsatmanyo utcrop
sandc anu s
et heseb andsaskeyb edst oaidcorre
l a
tionwithinthis
member( Fig
.3 )
. Atthew est
ernp a
rtoft heTatacoaD eser
ta roundtheMasatoS i（F
臼 ig.2,3)
,
athicks ands
tonel a
yerw ithcrosslaminationisi nterc
alatedint h
elowermostp訂 to fthi
s
member. However,thisremarkablesandstoneisnevero b
servedattheeaster
np紅 t.
Theu pperandt h
el owerlim
itsofthisunit訂 eeasilyrecognized(F
ig.3). Atmanyp oint
si n
th
eT atacoaDeser
t,theb oundarybetweent h
ismembera ndtheunderlyin
gLasL ajasMember
canb eobserved. Thec olorsofb edsv aryfromr edtoy ellowory ellowishbrowna tt h
e
lowermostpartofthi
su n
it,whichisu n
derlainbyg reys i
ltst
oneoft h
eL asLajasMemberw ith
adis
tinc
tb ounda
ry. 百1eu pperlim
itoft h
ismemberi sobservedintheoutcropjus
ts ou
thofFT
Si
te( Lo
calityC ofF i
g.2 )
.G rey
,f in
et omediums andsto
neo ftheLasM e s
itasF orma
t i
on
ov
erlie
sr edclays
toneoftheT ata
coaRedMemberw i
thad ist
inctboundar
y.
Threes amplesfromFTS itew ered a
t edbyt hef iss
ion-t
rackm eth
od.F ig
.4showst he
hor
izonsoft he
ses a
mplesint h
eo utc
ropo fFTS it
e. Thel itho
logyofSample002i sag reyand
red
dishbrownt uffa
ceoussilt
sto
ne.T hesetwoc olorsaremixedt oget
herirregu
larl
yw it
hin出i s
si
ltst
onelayerof75cmt hi
ck. Sample0 03isab luis
hg reytuffaceo
usc l
aystonewithirre
gular
re
dp atc
hes. Thet hickn
esso fthi
sl aye
ri s3 5cmandt h
islayerisoneo ft h
ed is
tin
ctw hit
e
bandsinthi
so ut
crop
. Wec antrac
et h
islayerinthee a
sternpartof出eT atacoaDesertandu sed
 24
~7.8士0.5 Ma(
Gig
ant
eFo
rma
tio
n)
L
ASMESITASFORMATION
Z O 一↑︿E E O L

T
ataco
aRe
d
Mem
ber
L
asL
aja
s
M
emb
er
︿−

いM
M
ae

e
A
n門
OM
O
ω 一﹀︿﹂﹂一﹀

u
c
nHV

u
山崎引

巾
’

50m
M
oli
naM
emb
er
1
0
。
CERVETANAFORMATION
文 H_o~巾o~s
OTTOSSll
o
m
o
ft
n
h
K
el
e
ys
o
ca
li
ti
es Eヨgreysand mud &
匿lg即 吋 。me峨s
and&mud
Eヨredmud
Figur
e5 .Summarizeds廿ati
graph
yo fth
eHondaGroupi ntheLaVentaBadlands
withthef i
ssi
on−汀acka
ges
.Thes tra
tig
raphyi
saft
erTakaieta
l.(19
92),and出e
fi
ssion−住ackages訂 ea
fte
rTakemura& Danhara(1983
)( t
heGig
anteFormation)
andTakemura& Danhara( 198
5)(theMolinaandth
eLosMangosRedMembers).
th
isl a
yerfo
rt h
ec orr
elationamongmanyo utc
rops(Fi
g.3). Sample004wast a
ken仕omat h
in
(l
essthan5cmt h
ick)layerofwhitefi
net uf
faceou
ssandsto
ne.T hislaye
risinter
calat
edw i
thin
adisti
nctgre
ybando bservedintheuppermostpa口o fthi
so u
tcrop. Weu se
dt hes
esampleso f
tuffa
ceoussands
toneo rmudstone
,b ecausenop uret
ufflaye
risi n
terc
alat
edwithintheTatacoa
RedMemberi nthi
sa r
ea.
Wehadsampledm ate
rialsin12h o
rizonsinthisloc
alit
y( F
ig.4),washedtheseS白 np
lesby
waterandc oncent
ratedheavym ineralsbypanningi nVill
aviej
a. Botht heheavym ineral
frac
tionandt her ocksampleso feachm ateria
lwereb rough
tt oJapanandt hr
eesamples
mentionedabove
,whichc ont
aingoodz i
rcongra加s,wered at
edatKyotoF iss
ion-TrackLtd.
FISSION-TRACKDATING
Thet h
reesamplescollec
tedfromt h
eTatac
o aRedMemberwered atedbyt hefiss
ion−佐ack
method. Theresu
ltsoft h
isdati
nga r
eshowninTa b
le1 .
Zir
cong r
ainsofe ac
hsampl emountedinPFA( co
polymerofte町afl
u o
roehylen
e-per
fluoro-
alkoxyet
hylene
)s h
eetsweree tche
dbyam el
to fKOHandNaOHa t225°Cf or34h ou
rs.A fter
thi
se tch
ing,spontaneousfissi
on-tr
ack
sonb othextern
alandi nt
ern
als urf
acesoft hez i
rcon
grainswerec ounted
. PFAs heet
swerecoveredw ithexter
nalfiss
i o
n-tra
ckd etec
torsof
muscoviteandirrad
iatedintheTRIGAMarkI Inuclea
rr ea
cto
ro fS
t.Paul’
sUniversit
y(Rikkyo
 25
D
aigaku),Japan.I nducedf i
ssio
n-tr
acksw erecountedont hem uscovit
ed e
tecto
rs,whichwere
e
tchedwi出 h ydrofl
uorica c
id. Thet hermalneutronf l
uencewasm onitoredwitha nuranium
d
osimetergla
ss,NBS-SRM612.
Rece
ntly,I .U
.G.S.Subcommissiono nGeochro n
olo gyrecommendedt hestan
d ard
izati
ono f
f
issio
n-tra
ckc al
ibra
tion(H 町ford,1990a;1 99
0b). Weu sedherec al
ibrat
ionfactors(z-va
lues
)
o
f3 70±4forEDImethodand372±5f orED2,r eportedbyDanharae tal.(1991)f ortheRot紅y
SpecimenRacko fthereactorofSt.Paul’
sU n
ivers
ity.
Al
lt hes a
m plestreat
edh ereconta
inas i
gnifi
cantfractio
no fz i
rcongrainswi thex甘emely
h
ighd e
nsityo fspontaneousfissi
on住 民k s
.T h
es egrain
sc ane a
silybed isti
nguished仕omt h
e
o
therzircongrainsw i
thlowd ens
ityo fspontaneoustrack
s.I nt hi
sp ap
er,wer egardedthe
se
l
ow-densit
yg rai
nsase ss
entia
lo nesandu sedthemf o
rd ati
ng.
Wec alcul
a te
dt hefissi
on−官邸ka geso fb o
thED1( u
singi n
terna
ls ur
facesofz ircongrai
ns
a
nde xte
rnals urf
aceso fextern
ald e
tector
s)a ndED2( usinge x
ternalsurfac
eso fb othzirc
on
g
r出nsande xter
nald e
tecto
rs). Thef iss
ion位a ckdatao fzirconaresometimesi nfl
uencedby
u
nevend i
s甘ibutionofuraniumw ithi
ne achzirconcrys
tal( Danharaetal
.,1991). However,our
a
ged a
tashowt ha
tthea gevaluescalc
ulatedfromEDIandED2methodsa renear
l yequalinal
l
s
amples
.T h
erefore,weu s
et h
emeanv alueofbothED1andED2methodsi neachs ampleasa
g
eologi
cala geestimaei
t nthi
sp a
per. Ther e
sul
ts訂 easf ollowsindescendingorder:
Sample004 13
.6±0 .5Ma
Sample002 13
.6±0 .7Ma
Sample003 12
.6±0 .7Ma
T
abl
e1.R
esu
ltso
ffi
ssi
on-
tra
ckd
ati
ngi
nth
eTa
tac
oaRedMember.
M
ine
ralan
d S pon
tan
eou
s I nduc e
d D
osi
mete
r
S
amp
le numb
erof Ps (Ns) i (Ni) P
P χ
（2) Pd( N
d) r u Ag
e±l
σ（M
a) m
eth
od
N
o. cr
ys
tal
s ~cm勺 ~cm-22 ｛
%
｝ p
a4/c
m22
0
02 z
irc
on2 8 2
.74xl
a6666 3
.02xla67 34 46 8
.3
41 24
1 0
.6
16 2
88 ED1
4
I.
1±0
.9
0
02 z
irc
on3 0 8
.44xHP252 2
.08xla62 52 >
99 8
.5
81 27
0 0
.8
24 1
62 ED1
2
2.
9土1.
0
M
ean1
3.
6土0
.7
0
03 z
ir
co
n30 2
.36
xla
615
98 2
.9
3xla
619
81 9 8
.4
112
44 0
.6
70 2
80 1
2.
5±0
.6 E
DI
0
03 z
ir
co
n30 7
.70x
HP383 l
.91
xl
a6950 3
8 8
.5
912
70 0
.2
38 1
78 1
2.
9±0
.9 E
D2
M
ean1
2.
6±0
.5
0
04 z
ir
co
n30 2
.49
xla
624
03 2
.7
9xl
a62
698 <
1 8
.4
312
47 0
.8
19 2
66 1
3.
9士0
.6 E
Dl
0
04 z
ir
co
n30 8
.41x
HP4592.0
6xl
a61
12
6 76 8
.5
912
70 0
.7
49 1
93 1
3.
佐0.8 E
D2
M
ean1
3.
6±0
.5
(
1
)pa ndN ar
etheden
sit
ya n
dtheto凶 num
beroffi
ss
iontr
ack
scoun
ted，陀sp
ec
tiv
ely
.
(
2
)A n
alysesweremadebytheext
er
nalmetho
du s
ingg e
ome町f a
cto
rsof0.
5a n
d1f o
r2n/47
t(EDl）加d2π／π
2
匹D2),res
pec
tiv
el
y.
(
3
)A geswe問 ca
lcu
lat
edusin
gad o
sime
tergl
assSRM612andagec
ali
bra
tio
nfact
or
s~(EDl) =37
0土4and
C(ED2
)=3 72
±5.
(
4
)P χ
（2)is由eprob
abi
lit
yofObta
ini
ngtheX2-
val
uefo
rVd eg
ree
soffreed
om(wher
eV=numberOfcr
ys
ta
ls・1
)
.
(
5
)ris血ec or
rel
ati
oncoe
ffi
cie
ntbetwe
enPsandPi
.
(
6
)Ui s町 ani
umcont
en
t.
(
7
)S ampl
esw e
reirra
dia
tedusi
ngTRIGAMARKIn ucl
earre
act
orofSt
.Paul’
sUni
ver
sity(Rik
kyoDa
igak
u),
J
ap加．
 26
DISCUSSION
Ther es
ultin
gt hre
ea ges
,i nd
icati
ngM i ddleMiocenea gebyt hef i
ssion−佐ackmethod ， 紅C
nearlyiden
tic
al. TakemuraandD anha ra(1985)r ep
ortedfis
sion-t
racka g
esfromt hreehorizons
int h
eV ill
aviej
aF ormation
. SampleLV1 3witha na geof1 5.7±
1.1Mawast ak
enfromt he
LosMangosRedMembera ndSampl esKS4a ndLV8w ithr es
pectiveag eso f14.6±1.1Ma
and1 6.1±0.9Mawerefromt heMol inaMembero fTakaieta l
.( 1992)
.A lth ought he
sea ge
valuesseemt ob esomewhato lde
rt hanthea gesobtainedinthispaper,al
lt hea ges紅 es imi
lar
considerin
gtheireπors
.
百1ef i
ssio
nt rac
ka gesinthi
sp ap
e rwe reobtainedfroms ampleso ftuffaceouss a
n dst
oneo r
mudstone.Thez irc
ong r
ainswithi
nt hesesamplesh adbeenmoreo rles住a
s nsporte
d仕omt h
eir
originsands ed im
entedi ntheLaV entab adland
s. T heref
o re
,t heg eologicala geo ft he
sedimentati
ono ftheTatacoaRedMembers h
ouldb esomewhaty oungerth anthef i
ssion町a ck
age
s .
TakemuraandDanhara( 1983)d atedp umice sinv ol
canics edimentsfromt heG igante
Format i
onandr e
portedfiss
iontrackag esof7.1士0 .
7Maand7 .8±0.5Ma. Thed ifferen
ceo f
thesetwov alue
sc orres
p o
ndstotwop o
ssiblewayso fgroupingthegr a
in-by-grainage swithin
thes a
m p
le. Thesetwov a
luesarenearlye qu
ala nd紅 ec onc
o r
da n
tw iththea geo ftheG igante
Formation( 8.
5±0.4Ma)r e
po口edbyVanH oute n(1976)usingt h
eK-Arm et hod.B eca usethe
GiganteF orm
ationu nconform
ablyo v
erliestheHondaGroup( Takemura,1 983),thegeological
ageo ftheHondaGroupi solde
rt hanthea geso bta
inedfromt h
eG iganteF orma t
io nofL ate
Miocenea ge.
Severa
ls tra
tigra
phics t
udie
sweremadeo nt heHondaGroupi nt heLaVentab adlands
(Fi
e l
ds,1 9
59;VanHoutena ndTravis,1968;Well man,1970;Tak 泊a ndS et
o guc
h i
,1 990;Tak 出
etal.
,1 992)
.A ccordingtot h
esestudies,neitherunconfo
rmitiesn ordistinctfaciesc hanges
occurw ith
int h
eHondaGroupi nthi
sa rea.T herefo
re,n olargeti m
e- g
aps h
ou ldexistwithin
theHondaG rou p
,andt hegeologi
ca la geoft heV il
lavie
jaF ormati onc anb er egardeda s
Mid d
l eMiocene( Ber
rgrenetαl,1
. 985;H arlandetal,1
. 990
).
ACKNOWLEDG九'IENTS
Wet h
ankMr.H iroy
ukiMaedao fD epar
tmentofGeologya ndM i
neralogy,Facu
ltyof
Sc
ience,KyotoUni
versi
tyf o
rhish e
lpins am
plingandpanninginVi
llav司a
i . Wea lsothan
k
Dr.MasaoKasuyao fKyotoF i
ssion-T
rackLtd.forcr
iti
cal
lyread
ingthemanus c
rip
tandDr .
Ke
ijiTakemurafo
rv a
luabl
ed is
cussi
ona n
dc omme
nts.
Thef i
rstaut
hore sp
ecial
lyt hanksProf
.A kiraTokuyama, Ass
ociateP r
of.Toshih
aru
Nishi
muraandDr.Yasuhir
oS hibu
ef o
rthei
ra s
sis
tanc
etocarryou
tthi
sstudy.
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