Sample Solution if Capacitor is Variable

Let,
According to your ID calculate and answer the following questions:

(i) RMS value of operating voltage:

These values
V= (10 + 3m3+ 2m4) = = 67 V depends on your
ID
(ii) Maximum consumed power:
Pmax= (50 + 3m4 + 2m5) = = 112 W

(iii) Minimum value of selectivity:

Qsr(min)= (4 + 0.5m3 + 0.25m5) = = 12.75

(iv) According to m5 of ID, variable: Capacitor [if m5 = 1 or 3 or 5 or 7 or 9]

Solution: Given, fmin = 88 MHz = 88  106 Hz, fmax = 108 MHz = 108  106 Hz, V= 67 V, Pmax= 112 W, Qsr(min)=
12.75.

Since capacitor is variable, the value of resistor (R), the value of inductor (L) and the range of capacitor value
(Cmin and Cmax) are needed to be found.

Finding the Value of Resistor (R):

We know that,
V2
P= (1.1)
R
Since maximum value of P is given, according to Eq. (1.1) we have,
V2 V2 (67 ) 2
Pmax  R  = = 40.08  (1.2)
R Pmax 112
To fulfill the requirement of (ii) and according to Eq. (1.2), the value of resistance R should be greater than 40.08
ohm. From Table 2, the value of resistance R can be chosen as 47  i.e. R = 47 .

Finding the Value of Inductor (L):

We know that,
 XL
Qsr = (1.3)
R
Since minimum value of Qsr is given, according to Eq. (1.3) we have,
X
Qsr (min)  L X L  Qsr (min) R (1.4)
R

We know that, X L = 2fL (1.5)

Combining Eqs. (1.4) and (1.5) we have,

Qsr (min) R
L (1.6)
2f

For f = fmin = 88 MHz = 88  106 Hz, from Eq. (1.6) we have,

Qsr (min) R 12.75  47
L = H
2f 2  3.14  88  10 6
L  1.084  10 −6 H or 1.084 H (1.7)

For f = fmax = 108 MHz = 108  106 Hz, from Eq. (1.6) we have,

Qsr (min) R 12.75  47

L = H
2f 2  3.14  108  10 6
L  8.84  10 −5 H or 0.884 H (1.8)
To fulfill the requirement of (iii) and according to Eqs. (1.7) and (1.8), the value of inductance L should be greater
than 1.084 H. From Table 4, the value of inductance L can be chosen as 1.2 H i.e. L = 1.2 H = 1.2  10-6 H.

Finding the Range of Capacitor Value (C):

We know that, the resonance frequency can be expressed as follows:
1
f = (1.9)
2 LC
From Eq. (1.9) we have:
1
C= (1.10)
(2f )2 L

From the previous sections we have: R = 47  and L = 1.2 H = 1.2  10-6 H.

At f = fmin = 88 MHz = 88  106 Hz, using Eq. (1.10) the capacitance can be calculated as:
1 1
C= = = 2.73  10 −12 F 2.73 pF
(2f ) L (2  3.14  88  10 )  (1.2  10 )
2 6 2 −6

At f = fmax = 108 MHz = 108  106 Hz, using Eq. (1.10) the capacitance can be calculated as:
1 1
C= = = 1.81  10 −12 F 1.81 pF
(2f ) L (2  3.14  108  10 )  (1.2  10 )
2 6 2 −6

So, the range of capacitance can be written as follows: 1.81 pF  C  2.73 pF

Based on the chosen and calculated values of parameter the designed resonance circuit is shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: Designed series resonance circuit.

Solution: Given, resonance frequency, f= fsr = 90 MHz = 90  106 Hz

From the solution of Problem 1 we have, V = 67 V, R = 47  and L = 1.2 H = 1.2  10-6 H.

Calculation of resonance capacitance: Using Eq. (1.10) the resonance capacitance can be calculated as follow:
1 1
C sr = = = 2.61  10 −12 F 2.61 pF
(2f sr ) L (2  3.14  90  10 )  (1.2  10 )
2 6 2 −6

According to the instructions, 10 values of capacitance below the value of resonant capacitance (Csr) and 10
values of capacitance above the value of resonant capacitance (Csr) should be taken. Thus including the resonant
capacitance value, the total sample of data will be 21. By taking the difference between two values of 0.1 pF we
have:

Minimum value of Capacitance: Csr − 10Difference between two values = 2.61 − 100.1 = 1.61 pF
Maximum value of Capacitance: Csr + 10Difference between two values = 2.61 + 100.1 = 3.61 pF

Based on the above discussion the data table [using MS Excel] can be made as Table 2.1. The capacitive reactance
(XC), the magnitude of impedance (Z), the current (I), the voltage drop across inductor (VL) and the voltage drop
across capacitor (VC) are calculated by using the following equations:

Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C )2
1 V
XC = I= VL = I  X L VC = I  X C
2f sr C Z
where, X L = 2f sr L
 Table 2.1: Data Table to draw VL vs C and VC vs C graphs
SL # C [pF] XC [ohm] Z [ohm] I [A] VL [V] VC [V]
1 1.61 1098.93 423.31 0.16 108.52 175.83
2 1.71 1034.67 359.52 0.19 128.87 196.59
3 1.81 977.51 302.94 0.22 149.21 215.05
4 1.91 926.33 252.5 0.27 183.13 250.11
5 2.01 880.24 207.4 0.32 217.04 281.68
6 2.11 838.52 167.03 0.4 271.3 335.41
7 2.21 800.58 131.06 0.51 345.9 408.3
8 2.31 765.92 99.48 0.67 454.42 513.17
9 2.41 734.14 73.03 0.92 623.98 675.41
10 2.51 704.89 54.03 1.24 841.02 874.06
11 2.61 677.89 47 1.43 969.88 969.38
12 2.71 652.87 53.41 1.25 847.8 816.09
13 2.81 629.64 67.61 0.99 671.46 623.34
14 2.91 608 84.51 0.79 535.81 480.32
15 3.01 587.8 101.92 0.66 447.64 387.95
16 3.11 568.9 119.01 0.56 379.81 318.58
17 3.21 551.18 135.47 0.49 332.34 270.08
18 3.31 534.53 151.2 0.44 298.43 235.19
19 3.41 518.85 166.18 0.4 271.3 207.54
20 3.51 504.07 180.4 0.37 250.95 186.51
21 3.61 490.11 193.91 0.35 237.38 171.54

Using the data of Table 2.1, the graphs [using MS Excel] can be drawn as shown in Figure 2.1.
 Figure 2.1: VL vs C and VC vs C curves for designed resonance circuit

Explanation of Curves:
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Solution: Given, resonance frequency, f= fsr = 88.4 MHz = 88.4  106 Hz
From the solution of Problem 1 we have, V = 67 V, R = 47  and L = 1.2 H = 1.2  10-6 H.

Calculation of resonance capacitance: Using Eq. (1.10) the resonance capacitance can be calculated as follow:
1 1
C sr = = = 2.7  10 −12 F 2.7 pF
(2f sr ) L (2  3.14  88.4  10 )  (1.2  10 )
2 6 2 −6

Calculation of Current at resonance frequency: The current at resonance frequency ca be calculated as follows:
V 67
I= = = 1.43 A
R 47

According to the instructions, 10 values of frequency below the value of resonance frequency (fsr) and 10 values
of frequency above the value of resonance frequency (fsr) should be taken. Thus including the resonant frequency
value the total sample of data will be 21. By taking the difference between two values of 1 MHz we have:

Minimum value of frequency: fsr − 10Difference between two values = 88.4 − 101 = 78.4 MHz
Maximum value of frequency: fsr + 10Difference between two values = 88.4 + 101 = 98.4 MHz

Based on the above discussion the data table [using MS Excel] can be made as Table 3.1. The inductive reactance
(XL), the capacitive reactance (XC), the magnitude of impedance (Z), the current (I), the current at cut-off frequency
(IHPF) are calculated by using the following equations:
Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C )2
1 V 1
X L = 2f sr L XC = I = I max = I HPF = I max
2f sr C Z 2

Table 3.1: Data Table to draw I vs f graph

SL # f [MHz] XL [ohm] XC [ohm] Z [ohm] I [A] IHPF [A]
1 78.4 590.82 752.25 168.13 0.4 1.01
2 79.4 598.36 742.77 151.87 0.44 1.01
3 80.4 605.89 733.53 136.02 0.49 1.01
4 81.4 613.43 724.52 120.62 0.56 1.01
5 82.4 620.97 715.73 105.78 0.63 1.01
6 83.4 628.5 707.15 91.62 0.73 1.01
7 84.4 636.04 698.77 78.38 0.85 1.01
8 85.4 643.57 690.59 66.48 1.01 1.01
9 86.4 651.11 682.59 56.57 1.18 1.01
10 87.4 658.65 674.78 49.69 1.35 1.01
11 88.4 666.18 667.15 47.01 1.43 1.01
12 89.4 673.72 659.69 49.05 1.37 1.01
13 90.4 681.25 652.39 55.15 1.21 1.01
 14 91.4 688.79 645.25 64.07 1.05 1.01
15 92.4 696.33 638.27 74.7 0.9 1.01
16 93.4 703.86 631.44 86.33 0.78 1.01
17 94.4 711.4 624.75 98.58 0.68 1.01
18 95.4 718.93 618.2 111.16 0.6 1.01
19 96.4 726.47 611.79 123.94 0.54 1.01
20 97.4 734.01 605.5 136.84 0.49 1.01
21 98.4 741.54 599.35 149.76 0.45 1.01

Using the data of Table 3.1, the graphs [using MS Excel] can be drawn as shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: Current (I) vs frequency (f) curve.

After taking the graph, from the meet points of currents (I) and (IHPF) vertical lines (parallel to y-axis) have been
drawn. These lines meet in the frequency (x-axis) of 85.4 MHz and 91.4 MHz. Thus, the half-power frequencies
are 85.4 MHz (lower cut-off frequency) and 91.4 MHz (higher cut-off frequency).

The bandwidth can be calculated as follows: BW = f sh − f sl = 91.4 − 85.4 = 6 MHz

Answer:
Features of Designed Resonance Circuit for Stakeholders: The features of designed resonance circuit for
stakeholders are as follows:
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3. __________________________________________________________________________________
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Advantages of Designed Resonance Circuit for Stakeholders: The advantages of designed resonance circuit
for stakeholders are as follows:
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2. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________________________