Professional Documents
Culture Documents
N. K. Sundareswaran
University of Calicut
nkswaran@gmail.com
Sanatsuj¡t¢ya the text
• It is one of the numerous subtexts of the Mah¡b¡rata, like
Bhagavadg¢t¡, Anug¢t¡ and ViÀ¸usahasran¡mastotra.
• It has got a separate identity.
• It is popularly known as a text on Advaita system of
Indian Philosophy
• It‟s popularity is due to the fact that áa´kar¡c¡rya has
written a commentary on it.
The bh¡Àya of áa´kar¡c¡rya
• áa´kar¡c¡rya‟s objective of writing a commentary on
this text is implicitly and explicitly expressed by himself .
• It is to establish that the purport of the text is the crux of
Advaita philosophy.
• He, as in the case of Bhagavadg¢t¡, leaves no stone
unturned to prove that it is the identity of individual soul
and the brahman that is dealt with in the text.
• And the doctrine that jµ¡na (knowledge) alone leads to
liberation is equally pet a view for him.
Impact of the bh¡Àya of áa´kar¡c¡rya
• His commentary has exercised a very strong impact on
the minds of laymen and scholars alike.
• Hence the text is usually taken for a work on Advaita
Ved¡nta.
• Though some scholars hold the view that it is
Am¤tyuv¡da (negation of death) that is dealt with, their
voice is feeble.
• ºÉxÉiºÉÖVÉÉiÉ EòÉ +¨ÉþiªÉÖ´ÉÉnù – iÉäVÉ´ÉÒ®ú ˺ɽþ SÉÉè½þÉxÉÂ
(Meharchand Lachhmandas, New Delhi, 1987)
Sanatsuj¡t¢ya the text
• But the fact is that the text contains many streams of
thought, including various philosophies, such as Dvaita,
S¡Ækhya and M¢m¡Æs¡. Even some ritualistic ideas and
practices of the Br¡hma¸a class of Vedic literature are
recorded .
• However the clarity of thought and simplicity of
expression of this great intellect, áa´kar¡c¡rya, are so
powerful that even scholars are mesmerized.
The text
• As has rightly been put by, K.T. Telang, who translated
the text into English for the SBE series, it is „one of the
numerous episodes of the Mah¡bh¡rata.’
• It is in the form of catechism given by Sanatsuj¡ta to
Dh¤tar¡À¶ra.
• Sanatsuj¡ta is another name for Sanatkum¡ra.
• The text appears in the Udyogaparvan of the
Mah¡bh¡rata. (Chapters 41-46)
The text is a clear case of later
interpolation into the main story of the epic
• xÉÒ±ÉEòh`ö& - iÉlÉÉ Êuù´Éänù& - “ uäù ¥ÉÀhÉÒ ´ÉäÊnùiÉ´ªÉä ¶É¤nù¥ÉÀ {É®Æú SÉ ªÉiÉ” <ÊiÉ
´ÉÉSªÉ´ÉÉSÉEòªÉÉä®ú¦ÉänäùxÉ ¶É¤nù¥ÉÀ¶É¤näùxÉ EÞòiºxÉÉä xÉɨɰü{ÉÉi¨ÉEò& |É{É\SÉ =SªÉiÉä, {É®Æú SÉ
iÉnùiÉÒiÉÆ <ÊiÉ uùªÉ¨ÉÊ{É ´Éäti´ÉäxÉ ´ÉnùÎxiÉ* BEò´ÉänùÉ& - “ BEòvÉè´ÉÉxÉÖpù¹]õ´ªÉÆ xÉä½þ xÉÉxÉÉκiÉ
ÊEò\SÉxÉ” <iªÉÉnùªÉ& BEò¨Éä´É ´ÉätÆ ´ÉänùªÉÎxiÉ* +xÉÞSɶSÉ - @ñSªÉiÉä ºiÉÚªÉiÉä <ÊiÉ @ñEÂò
<Ç·É®ú& ºÉ {ÉÞlÉCi´ÉäxÉ xÉÉκiÉ ªÉä¹ÉÉÆ iÉä +xÉÞSÉ& ¥ÉÀÉuèùiÉ´ÉÉÊnùxÉ&* BEò´ÉänùÉxÉÉÆ ´ªÉÖilÉÉxÉEòɱÉä
uèùiɨÉκiÉ ºÉ¨ÉÉvÉÉè iÉÖ ¤ÉÉÊvÉiÉÆ iÉnÂù¦É´ÉÊiÉ* +xÉÞSÉÉÆ iÉÖ +´ÉºlÉÉuùªÉä%Ê{É uèùiÉɦÉɴɺiÉÖ±ªÉ
<ÊiÉ ¦Éänù&* BiÉä¹ÉÉÆ ¹ÉhhÉÉÆ ¨ÉvªÉä +ÊvÉEÆò ¥ÉÚʽþ ªÉ¨É½Æþ ´Éänù VÉÉxÉÒªÉÉÆ ¥ÉÉÀhÉÆ ¥ÉÀÊ´Énù¨ÉÂ
<iªÉlÉÇ&*
… continued
+jÉ ¦ÉÚʪɹ`Æö VÉxÉ& <ÊiÉ |ÉlɨÉ& ºÉʴɶÉä¹ÉÉuèùiÉ{ÉIÉ&*
ÊuùiÉÒªÉÉä ÊxÉ®úÒ·É®ú{ÉIÉ& ºÉÉÆJªÉÉxÉÉÆ ¨ÉÒ¨ÉÉƺÉEòÉxÉÉ\SÉ*
ÊjÉ´ÉänùɺiÉÖ {ÉÉiÉ\VɱÉÉ& VÉÒ´Éä¶ÉVÉMÉiÉÉÆ ¦ÉänÆù ´ÉnùxiÉ&*
Êuù´Éänùɺi´ÉÉèbÖ÷±ÉÉä¨ÉÉ& EòɪÉÉÇi¨ÉxÉÉ ¦ÉänÆù EòÉ®úhÉÉi¨ÉxÉÉ +¦ÉänÆù SÉ
ºÉiªÉ¨Éä´É ´ÉnùxiÉ&* ………
Brahmacarya – curious concept.
• The nature of brahmacarya and ¡c¡rya, and the
disciplines of a ¿iÀya are dealt with at length.
• Brahmacarya is not studentship, as is usually understood.
It is something else. So is, also, the concept of ¡c¡rya.
An early concept of initiation. Studentship.
• The disciple is said to stay in the „garbha‟ of ¡c¡rya.
• To put it in other words, ¡c¡rya carries the new initiate
in him as a fetus.
The teacher becomes pregnant
• A stanza in this section runs as
+ÉSÉɪÉǪÉÉäÊxÉʨɽþ ªÉä |ÉʴɶªÉ ¦ÉÚi´ÉÉ MɦÉÈ ¥ÉÀªÉªÉÈ SÉ®úÎxiÉ*
<½èþ´É iÉä ¶ÉɺjÉEòÉ®úÉ ¦É´ÉÎxiÉ Ê´É½þÉªÉ näù½Æþ {É®ú¨ÉÆ ªÉÉÎxiÉ ºÉiªÉ¨ÉÂ**
Telang translates it as “ Those who entering (as it were)
the womb of a preceptor, and becoming (as it were) a
foetus, practising the life of Brahmac¡in-s, become in
this world authors of ¿¡stra-s, and they repair to the
highest truth, after casting off (this) body.
áa´kar¡c¡rya and N¢laka¸¶ha on this verse
SUNDARESWARAN