Lab # 02

Title: To study vernier caliper (Analogue and Digital) and inspection of the part
manufactured.

Objective:
 To learn about the vernier caliper, its parts and types and its use.
 To learn the inspection of parts through vernier caliper.

Introduction:

Vernier caliper: It is an extremely precise measuring instrument that can measure the length
upto 0.05mm or 1/20mm.

Analogue vernier caliper: This type of vernier caliper is operated manually by the user and
then the readings are calculated manually.

Figure 1.1

Digital vernier caliper: This type of vernier caliper has a display and direct give the
measured value through the LCD.

Figure 1.2
Least count: Least count is the minimum reading that a vernier caliper can measure
precisely.

Mathematically:

Least count= value of smallest division on main scale / Total no: of division on vernier scale

L.C= 1/20=0.05mm

Main Parts of vernier caliper:

Inside jaws: These jaws are used to measure the inside diameter of the cylindrical parts.
Thes are on the upper side of the vernier caliper.

Outside jaws: These jaws are used to measure the external diameter of the cylindrical parts
or the length of a part upto 0.05mm.

Depth probe / bar: This part of the vernier caliper is used to measure the depth of the hole
in the part.

Clamp screw: It is used to tightly close the vernier scale with main scale after taking the
measurement so that it cannot move from the original position.

Main scale: It is fixed and can’t move, it is graduated in either millimeter or tenths of
centimeter.

Vernier scale: It is movable and give more precise reading usually nearest to 0.02mm in
comparison to standard ruler.

Figure 1.3
Zero Error:

If the zeros of main scale and vernier scale are not coensides then it is called zero error of
the vernier caliper.

Zero error= (main scale reading when jaws are closed) x (no: of divisions of the vernier
scale)

Positive Error: If the zero of vernier scale is to the right side of the main scale zero then it is
called as positive error. i.e final reading – (+ve error)

Negative Error: If the zero of the vernier scale is to the left of the main scale zero, then it is
called negative error of the vernier caliper. i.e final reading + (-ve error).

Figure 1.4

Procedure and instructions for the use of vernier caliper:

 1st close the jaws tightly to check the zero error. If no error the do reading.
 If there is positive error then note it and subtract it from the final reading.
 If there is –ve error then note it and add it to the final reading.
 Now take the readings of all the dimensions and note them.
 Close the jaws lightly on the object to be measured.
 If you are measuring something with a round cross section, make sure that the axis of
the object is perpendicular to the caliper. This is necessary to ensure that you are
measuring the full diameter and not merely a chord.
 Ignore the top scale, which is calibrated in inches.
 Use the bottom scale, which is in metric units.
 Notice that there is a fixed scale and a sliding scale.
 The boldface numbers on the fixed scale are centimeters.
 The tick marks on the fixed scale between the boldface numbers are millimeters.
  There are ten tick marks on the sliding scale. The left-most tick mark on the sliding
scale will let you read from the fixed scale the number of whole millimeters that the
jaws are opened.

 Next we find the tenths of millimeters. Notice that the ten tick marks on the sliding
scale are the same width as nine ticks marks on the fixed scale. This means that at
most one of the tick marks on the sliding scale will align with a tick mark on the fixed
scale; the others will miss.

NOTE:=> Final Reading = M.S + V.S(division)(L.C)

Observations and Results:

Reading through analogue vernier calper:

Table: 1.1

S.NO: Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4 Reading 5

1.a 20.25 20.25 20.2 20.2 20.3
2.b 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9
3.c 40.7 40.75 40.7 40.7 40.7
4.f 106.6 106.6 106.6 106.6 106.7
5.R2 12.2 11.9 12.2 11.9 12.1

Reading through Digital vernier caliper:

Table:1.2

S.NO: Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4 Reading 5

1.a 20.27 20.16 20.21 20.25 20.29
2.b 21.72 21.78 21.62 21.75 21.75
3.c 40.69 40.69 40.69 40.70 40.70
4.f 106.54 106.58 106.68 106.71 106.68
5.R2 11.98 12.04 12.05 12.12 12.14
Comparison of analogue ang digital vernier caliper readings:

Table: 1.3

S.NO: Analogue vernier Digital Difference

caliper vernier caliper
1.a 20.25 20.16 0.004
2.b 21.9 21.78 0.2
3.c 40.7 40.69 0.016
4.f 106.6 106.58 0.018
5.R2 12.2 12.04 0.006

Conclusion: After this lab students are able to use the vernier caliper for measurement of
different parameters of the part.