FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: BDX 10402

COURSE NAME: METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT

SEMESTER/SESSION: 1-2021/2022

SECTION: 1

GROUP PROJECT: LABORATORY REPORT

LECTURER’S NAME: MR. NG CHUAN HUAT

1) MOHAMAD IMAN BIN MOHD YATIM

NAME & MATRIX NO
AD210078
2) MOHAMAD ARIF AIMAN BIN
KAMARUZZAMAN
AD210139
3) NOR ZAINAH BINTI JOESLI
AD210049
4) NUR AZIAH BINTI SUHAIDI
AD210111
GROUP LEADER NAME & MATRIX MOHAMAD IMAN BIN MOHD YATIM
NO AD210078
GROUP LEADER CONTACT NUMBER 0 11-2196 8595

TOTAL MARKS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Engineering metrology is the measurement of dimensions: length, thickness, diameter,
taper angle, flatness, profiles, etc. In engineering, there are various stages during which
inspection and measurement are required. Metrology becomes useful while raw material
inspection, during production, and after the parts are manufactured in other word-final
inspections of parts. Measurand is the physical quantity or property like length, angle,
diameter, thickness, etc. to be measured. In this experiment, we were using the Vernier caliper,
Dial caliper, and Digital caliper. These calipers are linear measuring instruments that measure
linear dimensions such as external measurement, internal measurement, and depth
measurement. Their circular jaws fit securely on either side of the circumference of round
objects.

A caliper (or, in the plurale tantum sense, a pair of calipers) is a device that is used to
measure the dimensions of an object. Many different types of calipers allow you to read a
measurement on a ruled scale, dial, or digital display. Some calipers are as straightforward as
a compass with inner or outward-facing points but no scale. The caliper's tips are adjusted to
fit across the spots to be measured, and the dimension is read by measuring between the tips
with a ruler or another measuring tool. Mechanical engineering, metalworking, forestry,
woodworking, science, and medicine are just a few of the fields where it's applied.
2.0 DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT

Measurement instrument Description

Vernier Calliper A vernier caliper is a measurement equipment that uses

mechanical interpolation to provide precise readings
between two graduation markings on a linear scale. A
vernier caliper features two scales: a fixed main scale and a
movable vernier scale. The main scale has standard
resolution with the least count of 1mm, while the vernier
scale is linked to the main scale and has finer divisions. If
these two scales are aligned on zero points, the division on
the vernier lags the main scale by 0.1mm, and the first mark
on the vernier scale is 1/10 shorter than the first mark on the
main scale.

Dial Calliper A dial caliper is a measuring tool with a dial indicator

that makes it easy for users to read the results. The dial
indicator is a mechanical mechanism made up of a rack and
pinion, with the internal gear moving the dial in one-
thousandth-inch increments. It is a type of measuring
instrument that converts the relative movement of two
measuring claws into the rotary movement of an indicator
pointer via a gear transmission system, and then reads the
distance separated by the relative movement of two
measuring claws using a ruler scale and indicator.

Digital Calliper A digital caliper is a tool that may be used to measure

length, inner and outer diameters, and depth. unlike dial and
vernier calipers, use capacitance sensors and circuit boards
to operate. Multiple rectangular plates engraved onto a
copper or glass strip are beneath the caliper's scale, and the
circuit board on the underside of the moveable jaw forms a
grid of capacitors with the copper plates. charge between
plates.
3.0 OBJECT MEASUREMENT
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 VERNIER CALLIPER

Internal Hole External Hole Depth

READING (mm) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Average

value
Internal hole 28.74 28.64 28.72 28.70 28.70

External hole 16.02 16.10 16.08 16.05 16.06

Depth 5.02 5.06 5.10 5.08 5.07

4.2 DIAL CALLIPER

Internal Hole External Hole Depth

READING (mm) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Average

value
Internal hole 28.90 28.87 28.78 28.85 28.85

External hole 16.04 16.09 16.03 16.07 16.06

Depth 5.14 5.07 5.09 5.10 5.10

4.3 DIGITAL CALLIPER

Internal Hole External Hole Depth

READING 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Average

(mm) value
Internal hole 28.76 28.87 28.79 28.85 28.82

External hole 16.01 16.03 16.03 16.01 16.02

Depth 5.00 5.01 5.00 5.01 5.01

READING (mm) Vernier Calliper Dial Calliper Digital Calliper % Error

Internal hole 28.70 28.85 28.82 0.002

External hole 16.06 16.06 16.02 0

Depth 5.07 5.10 5.01 0

 The information gathered from this experiment shows the readings obtained from measuring
with different measuring apparatus. The apparatus is a vernier caliper, dial caliper, and digital
caliper. Each type of caliper is used to measure the internal hole, external hole, and depth.

The data obtained by measuring apparatus vernier caliper, dial caliper, and digital caliper
were tabulated as shown results. The experiment is repeated four times for every part of the
object so it can be taken to calculate the average reading of each part.

For the vernier caliper, the four readings for the internal hole, external hole, and dept are
different so the average value is 28.70 mm, 16.06 mm, and 5.07 mm respectively. For dial
caliper, the average value of the measurement for the internal hole, external hole, and depth
is 28.85 mm, 16.06 mm, and 5.10 mm respectively. Lastly, by using a digital caliper, the
average value of the measurement for the internal hole, external hole, and depth is 28.82 mm,
16.02 mm, and 5.01 mm respectively.

Based on the table above, the percentage for internal hole by using vernier, dial, and
digital calipers is 0.002 while for external hole and depth are 0 percent respectively. This
showed that there are several errors such as parallax error because it is should be micrometer
is more accurate than calipers.
5. CONCLUSION
Each of the calibers listed above has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Vernier
calipers are tough, have long-lasting precision, are coolant resistant, are not influenced by
magnetic fields, and are essentially shockproof. They can be scaled in both centimeters and
inches. Vernier calipers, on the other hand, require good vision or a magnifying glass to see
and can be difficult to read from a distance or at odd angles. The last digit is relatively easy
to misunderstand.

Dial calipers are a lot easier to read, especially when you're trying to find the exact center
by rocking and watching the needle move. For comparisons, they can be adjusted to 0 at any
time. They are typically vulnerable to shock injury. They're also prone to acquiring dirt in the
gears, which may wreak

The conversion between centimeter and inch systems is simple using digital calipers. They
can easily be set to zero at any point with a full count in either direction, and they can take
measurements even if the display is completely hidden, either by using a "hold" key, or by
zeroing the display and closing the jaws, which will show the correct measurement, but it will
be negative. Mechanically and electronically, they might be delicate. They're also only
minimally shockproof, and dirt can get through. havoc on accuracy.

Based on the explanation given above, we can conclude that digital caliper is the most
accurate instrument for calipers types than vernier caliper and dial caliper. This is because the
digital caliper is bulkier and the easiest to read the scale.