1 DAY (24 HOURS) – it is
BLDG. MAT.
AASHTO – American
Association of State
Highway and Transportation
Officials.
ANSI – American National
Standards Institute.
ASTM – American Society
for Testing Materials.
DPWH – Dept. of Public
Works and Highways (Phil
Govt).
USCS – Unified Soil
Classification System.
CEMENT – first developed
by the Romans by mixing
slaked lime with pozzolana
(volcanic ash) which
hardened under water.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
– concrete when
strengthened by embedded
steel becomes ____.
SLUMP TEST – used for
measuring consistency of
concrete mix with the use of
a mood and a tape
measure.
1:2:4 – in forming a Class A
concrete which is the proper
cement to sand to gravel
ratio.
1:2.5:5 – in forming a Class
B concrete which is the
proper cement to sand to
gravel ratio.
1:3:6 – in forming a Class C
concrete which is the proper
cement to sand to gravel
ratio.
1:3.5:7 – in forming a Class
D concrete which is the
proper cement to sand to
gravel ratio.
fragments of stone and a
the curing period for
massive footings.
5 DAYS (120 HOURS) – it
is the curing period for slab
footings/ cantilever footings.
BOULDERS – above
75mm.
GRAVEL – 75mm to No.10
sieve.
COARSE SAND – No.10 to
No.40 sieve.
FINE SAND – No.40 to
No.200 sieve.
SILT-CLAY PARTICLES –
passing No.200 sieve.
FILL MATERIALS - soil,
crushed stone, and sand
used to raise an existing
grade, or as a man-made-
deposit.
GRANULAR FILL OR
FILTERS – soil materials
with sand equivalent of not
less than 50%; used to
prevent the movement of
fine particles out of soils and
other
natural
materials through which
seepage occurs; conforming
to
ASTM C 33, size
67.
BORROW FILL - selected
laboratory-approved pit-run
gravel, disintegrated granite,
sand, shale,
cinders or other
similar materials with not
more than 35% fraction
passing the No.
200 sieve.
BASE COURSE
MATERIALS - hard durable
filler of sand or other finely
divided mineral
matter, free from vegetable
matter and lumps of clay,
complying with the
following AASHTO
METHODS T-11 and T-26
Grading.
RIPRAP (ROCK LINING) –
a constructed layer or facing
of stone, placed to prevent
erosion, scour or
sloughing of a structure or
embankment.
GABION – wire-enclosed
riprap, consist of mats or
baskets fabricated from wire
mesh, filled with
small riprap, and anchored
to a slope.
GEOSYNTHETICS –
construction materials
consisting of synthetic
components made for use
with or within
earth materials generally
are referred to as
geosynthetics.
GEOTEXTILES – are the
most common
geosynthetics, and consist
of woven or nonwoven
fabric
made from polymeric
materials such as polyester
or polypropylene generally
used for
reinforcement, separation,
filtration, and in-plane
drainage.
GEOMEMBRANES – are
continuous polymeric sheets
that are impermeable.
GEOCOMPOSITES –
consist of a combination of
geosynthetic components;
are usually sheet or
edge
drains consisting of a
prefabricated core to which
a geotextile filter is bonded.
GEONET – is a type of
geosynthetic that consists of
a continuous extrusion of
polymeric ribs that form
void space through which
provide in-plane flow
capacity.
GEOCELLS – are three-
dimensional prefabricated
polymeric systems ranging
from 100 to 200 mm (4
to 8 inches) high. The
geocell systems are
collapsed for delivery to the
site.
SLOPE-EROSION
PROTECTION
MATERIALS - these include
materials used for both
temporary
and permanent
erosion protection.
TERMITE RESISTANT
SAND - a layer of sand with
uniform size particles. The
sand must be large
enough to prevent
the termite from moving
through it effectively and
of a consistency
that prevents its use in
"tunnel" construction.
TERMITE MESH – steel
mesh product that is fine
enough to keep even tiny
termites from passing
through it.
HOME CONSTRUCTION –
in particularly high-risk
termite environments,
homes are sometimes
designed on high concrete
pillars to physically separate
the home from the
distance
termites can travel from
their colony.
CHOKER – is a filter layer
of finer material that is
installed over a coarse road
base material.
HOT MIX ASPHALT or
ASPHALTIC CONCRETE –
a dark brown to black
cementitious material,
solid or
semi-solid.
COLD MIX ASPHALT OR
ASPHALTIC CONCRETE –
is asphaltic concrete
prepared with a relatively
light and slow-curing
asphalt, placed over a
prepared surface without
heat.
ASPHALTIC MACADAM –
paving for roads and other
surfaces formed by grading
and compacting
layers
of crushed stone or gravel.
ASPHALT OVERLAY –
when one or more courses
or layers of asphalt an
asphalt leveling course
made of an
asphalt and aggregate
mixture of variable thickness
to correct
the contour of
existing surface, are placed
on existing pavement.
LIME – one of the oldest
manufactured building
materials used as a mortar
and plaster by all the early
civilizations.
GYPSUM – like lime, was
used as a plaster by the
Egyptians, Greeks and
Romans.
CONCRETE – a
proportioned mixture of
cement, aggregate and
water.
AGGREGATES – inert
mineral fillers used with
cement and water in making
concrete.
ACCELERATORS – to
speed up setting time, to
develop earlier strength,
and to reduce length of
time
for protection.
RETARDERS – to slow
down the hydration of the
cement during very hot
weather. Principal
ingredients
include zinc oxide, calcium
lignosulfonate, derivatives of
adipic acid.
AIR-ENTRAINING
AGENTS – introduce
minute air bubbles to greatly
increase the resistance of
concrete to
freezing and thawing,
increase plasticity and
reduce bleeding.
INERT, FINELY DIVIDED
POWDERS SUCH AS
POWDERED GLASS,
SILICA SAND, STONE
DUST, HYDRATED LIME –
are added to improve
workability, used as per
manufacturer’s directions.
WATERPROOFING
(PERMEABILITY-
REDUCING) COMPOUNDS
- reduce the capillary
attraction of the
voids in the concrete or
mortar, but while it may
decrease water absorption
of the concrete or
mortar, it does not render
concrete waterproof.
COLORED PIGMENTS -
are mainly to use to give
color to concrete floors.
AEROCRETE - is a light–
weight, expanded structural
concrete produced by
adding a small amount of
metallic
aluminum powder to the
mixture of Portland cement
and sand of cinders.
GUNITE – is the mixture of
sand and cement deposited
under high pneumatic
pressure with a
machine manufactured
under the trade name
CEMENT GUN.
PORETE – a portland
cement concrete to which a
chemical foam is added to
generate gases in the
process of deposition,
resulting in light weight
precast or shop-made unit
in both hollow and
solid forms.
HAYDITE – this is
processed concrete added
with lightweight aggregate.
MORTAR – is cement mix
used to glue masonry units
to each other, or other
surface finishing
materials like
tiles, bricks, stones to a
receiving structure like a
wall or floor.
PLASTER – is mortar
applied to wall surfaces as a
preparation or a hard finish
coat.
CEMENT MORTAR – is a
proportioned mixture of
cement, fine aggregate and
water.
SGRAFFITO – is highly
decorative type of plaster
work developed in Italy
during the Renaissance.
MASONRY – is a built-up
construction or combination
of building materials as clay,
concrete, or stone
set in mortar; or plain
concrete.
BRICKS – are structural
units of clay or shale formed
while plastic and
subsequently fired.
CONCRETE HOLLOW
BLOCK – is a hollow
masonry unit, with two or
three cells or cores, made of
the following
ingredients: water, Portland
cement, and various
types of
aggregate such as sand,
gravel, and crushed stone.
“DURISOL” BLOCK – is
lightweight block made from
fiber and cement.
PLASTER BLOCK – also
known as gypsum partition
blocks, are usually made of
gypsum, vegetable
fibers as
binders, and reinforcement.
STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE
– are hollow masonry units,
open at two ends with
interior webs or
partitions 19mm (¾”) to
25mm (1”) dividing the block
into longitudinal
cells.
ALUMINUM – is a soft,
nonmagnetic silvery metal
characterized by its light
weight (1/3 that of iron,
brass or copper).
EXTRUSION – is the
process of shaping material
by forcing it to flow through
a shaped opening in a
die.
ALCLAD – is a term applied
to certain aluminum
products, refers to the
protective coating (cladding)
applied,
primarily for corrosion
resistance.
IRON – tough, malleable
silvery-white metal that is
soft and ductile as copper it
is easily magnetized.
CAST IRON - is an iron-
carbon alloy that contains
more than 1.7% carbon is
poured while molten into
forms it can
be easily cast into any
shape, but it is too hard and
brittle to be shaped by
hammering, rolling, or
pressing.
WROUGHT IRON - is
almost pure iron with less
than 0.1% carbon, usually
not more than 0.05%.
STEEL – the word “steel”
refers usually to plain
carbon steels which is
defined as alloys of iron and
 carbon which do
not contain more than 2%
carbon and which are made
in malleable or
ingot form.
STRUCTURAL STEEL – is
a medium carbon steel with
its carbon content controlled
to give both the
strength and
ductility necessary for its
use.
REINFORCEMENT OF
CONCRETE – usually
deformed bars of varying
grades and diameters.
COPPER - is ductile,
malleable, nonmagnetic
metal with a characteristic
bright, reddish brown color
has the highest
electrical and thermal
conductivity of any
substances except silver.
TIN – is a soft, ductile,
malleable, bluish-white
metal.
ZINC – is medium hard,
bluish-white metal
characterized by brittleness
and low strength readily
attacked by acids
and alkalis.
BRASS – fundamentally an
alloy of copper and zinc with
small quantities of other
elements
sometimes added to give
the special qualities.
BRONZE – is an alloy of
copper and tin which varies
only slightly from 90%
copper and 10% tin
composition.
CHROMIUM – is a steel-
white metal which takes a
brilliant polish and is harder
than cobalt or nickel.
NICKEL – is an inert silvery
metal resistant to strong
alkalis and to most acids.
LEAD – is a blue-gray, soft,
very heavy metal (the
heaviest of the common
metals).
SOLDERING – is a method
to join metals, to make
electrical connections, to
seal joints hermetically
with another lower
melting metal or alloy called
the solder.
BRAZING – is a type of
soldering in which the
operating temperatures are
higher (but lower than in
welding) and in
which stronger and higher-
melting alloys are used to fill
the joints.
WELDING - is the process
by which two metals are so
joined that there is an actual
union of the
interatomic bonds.
RIVETS – are devices used
to join or fasten the metals.
The rivet, a metal cylinder or
rod which has a head at
one end, is inserted through
holes in the materials being
joined, and then the
protruding end is
flattened to tie the two
pieces of material together.
BILLET-STEEL BARS –
are made by the open
hearth furnace by the acid
Bessemer furnace and
meet fixed
chemical compositions.
WIRE FABRIC – made of
cold-drawn steel wire is
widely used for the
reinforcement of concrete
slabs and floors,
as well as for stuccoed
work.
EXPANDED MESH – is
manufactured from solid
steel sheets. To form the
expanded mesh, the sheet
is first
cut or pierced in staggered
slots or patterns.
LATHS - in addition to the
various meshes mentioned
above, permanent centering
or self-centering
laths are produced in many
forms.
SOFTWOODS – come from
the conifers (evergreens)
which have needles instead
of leaves, e.g.
pine.
HARDWOODS – come from
the broad-leaved or
deciduous trees. Most
Philippine timber are of this
latter kind.
SAPWOOD – is the softer,
younger outer portion of a
tree that lies between the
cambium (formative
layer just under the bark)
and the heartwood.
HEARTWOOD – the older,
harder central portion of a
tree, usually contains
deposits of various
materials
that frequently give it a
darker color than sapwood.
DECAY – caused by the
attack of fungi. Their growth
depends on mild
temperatures and
dampness.
CHECKS – cracks or
lengthwise separation
across the annual rings of
growth caused by irregular
shrinkage
during drying. Checks are
formed when the
circumference shrinks more
than the interior
section of the log.
SHAKES – these are cracks
between and parallel to the
annual rings of the growth.
KNOTS – these are
irregular growths in the body
of a tree which interrupt the
smooth curve of the
grain.
PITCHPOCKETS – these
are well-defined openings
between annual rings
containing solid or liquid
pitch.
WANE – this is the lack of
wood on the edge or corner
of a piece.
WARPING – any variation
with the plane surface of the
piece caused by unequal
shrinkage of the
board.
BOARD FEET – it is the
unit measure of lumber.
AIR-DRYING – in which the
lumber is exposed to air.
KILN-DRYING – a method
of seasoning lumber in
which warm moist air or
superheated steam is
used to
heat the wood and drive out
moisture.
PLYWOOD – is the most
common wood composite. It
gets its name from its
construction, it is made
of several thin plies, or
veneers, of wood that have
been glued together.
HARDBOARD – is a
paneling material made by
reducing and refining wood
chips into small,
threadlike
fibers, and then pressing
them under heat in hydraulic
pressure into
dense, smooth,
and very rigid panels.
CHIPBOARD - is made by
bonding together wood
particles with an adhesive
under heat and
pressure to form a rigid
board with a relatively
smooth surface, often faced
with
veneer.
FIBERBOARDS – are
finishing materials made
from vegetable fibers such
as corn or sugarcane
stalks
pressed into sheets.
MEDIUM DENSITY
FIBERBOARDS – is a type
of fiberboard which is made
from wood fibers glued
under heat and pressure.
GYPSUM BOARDS – this is
a non-combustible building
board with a gypsum core
enclosed in tough,
smooth
paper. It is designed to be
used without addition of
plaster for walls,
ceilings or
partitions.
FIBERCEMENT BOARDS
– comprised of 72%
Portland Cement, 20%
mineralized cellulose fibers
derived from recycled
materials, and 8% calcium
carbonate.
PARTICLE BOARD – is
made of small wood chips
and base materials
including cotton stalk, rice
straw,
bagasse, conventional wood
chips and sawdust that have
been pressed
and glued together.
MILLWORK – consists of
finished lumber which is
further cut and processed at
a lumber mill. Millwork
includes doors, windows,
mouldings, trim and other
ornamental forms of wood.
ACRYLIC – popular brands
are “LUCITE” and
“PLEXIGLASS”, this
material combines the
transparency of
glass (but not scratch-proof
quality) with plastics’
shatterproof quality.
CELLULOSICS – primarily
cellulose acetate or
butyrate, used principally for
paints and lacquers, and
transparent sheeting.
POLYETHYLINE (PE) –
Ziegler PE is a hard, strong,
tough and rigid
thermoplastic for household
and
industrial
applications.
POLYSTYRENE – it is one
of most important
thermoplastics because of
its excellent transparency
and
rigidity and its easy
moldability.
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
(PVC) – is a largely
amorphous, rigid, tough,
solvent-resistant, flame-
resistant
thermoplastic. Used for
resilient floor tile, films,
pipes, and
for paint
lacquers, adhesives and
safety glass.
POLYCARBONATES – a
family of linear polyesters, is
a white, substantially
amorphous, very tough
and strong
material with good heat
resistance up to 150 deg C
and excellent
dimensional
stability.
POLYPROPYLENE – tough
plastic with good resistance
to heat and chemical action.
NYLONS - the term nylon
refers to a family of
polymers called linear
polyamides.
FLUOROPLASTICS - are a
class of paraffinic polymers
that have some or all of the
hydrogen
replaced by
fluorine.
ACRYLONITRILE
BUTADIENE STYRENE
(ABS) - is a styrenic resin
with improved toughness
and
heat resistance.
MELAMINE and UREA –
hard, durable and
dimensionally stable, these
similar plastics are resistant
to
chemicals, electric potential,
and heat.
EPOXY – used in buildings
for its remarkable adhesive
qualities. It may also be
used for special
paints that are
chemically resistant and for
special caulking
compounds.
ALKYDS – appear chiefly
as molded electrical parts,
and as the vehicle in paints,
lacquers, and
enamels.
PHENOLICS – used for
paints, baked enamels,
adhesives, impregnating
resins for paper and wood,
and finish
hardware.
POLYESTER – the plastic
most commonly used in
large glass-fiber reinforced
translucent panels that
are strong, rigid,
and impact-resistant.
URETHANES – used in
paint coatings, and as
foams, are self-adhesive.
SILICONES – used for
clear, water-repellant paints
for concrete and masonry
surfaces above grade.
SHEETS – usually made of
acrylate, polyester, or
polystyrene plastics, either
plain or reinforced with
glass-fiber, are available in
flat or corrugated sheets
and various deformed
shapes.
FILM SHEETS – as water
barrier or damp proofing
material, it is generally
made of polyethylene and
polyvinyl
and come in thicknesses
ranging from 1 to 10 mils
(0.001 to 0.01 inch) and
in rolls of
50’ length and 3’ to 40’
width.
FOAM – used as flotation
material, thermal insulators,
and shock-resistant
mountings. offers
possibilities for
lightweight materials of high
strength.
LAMINATION – is the
process applied to paper or
fabric impregnated with
thermosetting resins.
SILICONE SEALANT – is a
type of joint sealant and it is
commonly used for glass
panels for windows
and window
frames to avoid leaks and
movements.
BITUMINUOUS CEMENT –
is a black substance
available in solid, semi-
solid, or liquid states at
normal temperatures.
GLASS – is a hard, brittle,
chemically inert substance
produced by fusing silica
together with a flux
and a stabilizer into a mass
that cools to a rigid
condition without
crystallization.
FOAMED OR CELLULAR
GLASS – is used as rigid,
vapor proof thermal
insulation.
GLASS FIBERS – are used
in textiles and for material
reinforcement. In spun
form, glass fibers form
glass wool, which
is used for acoustical and
thermal insulation.
GLASS BLOCK – is used
to control light transmission,
glare, and solar radiation.
SHEET GLASS – is
fabricated by drawing the
molten glass from a furnace
(drawn glass), or by
forming a
cylinder, dividing it
lengthwise, and flattening it
(cylinder glass).
PLATE GLASS – is formed
by rolling molten glass into a
plate that is subsequently
ground and
polished after
cooling. Plate glass
provides virtually clear,
undistorted vision.
FLOAT GLASS – is
manufactured by pouring
molten glass onto a surface
of molten tin and allowing it
to cool
slowly.
ANNEALED GLASS - is
cooled slowly to relieve
internal stresses.
HEAT-STRENGTHENED
GLASS – is annealed glass
that is partially tempered by
a process of
reheating and sudden
cooling. Heat-strengthened
glass has
about twice the strength of
annealed glass of the same
thickness.
TEMPERED GLASS – is
annealed glass that is
reheated to just below the
softening point and then
rapidly cooled to induce
compressive stresses in the
surfaces and edges of
the glass and
tensile stresses in the
interior.
LAMINATED OR SAFETY
GLASS – consists of two or
more plies of flat glass
bonded under heat
and pressure to interlayers
of polyvinyl butyral resin that
retains
the fragments
if the glass is broken.
WIRED GLASS – is flat or
patterned glass having a
square or diamond wire
mesh embedded within it
to
prevent shattering in the
event of breakage or
excessive heat.
PATTERNED GLASS – has
a linear or geometric
surface pattern formed in
the rolling process to
obscure vision or to diffuse
light.
OBSCURE GLASS – has
one or both sides acid-
etched or sandblasted to
obscure vision. Either
process weakens the glass
and makes it difficult to
clean.
SPANDREL GLASS – is an
opaque glass for concealing
the structural elements in
curtain wall
construction,
produced by fusing a
ceramic frit to the interior
surface of
tempered or
heat-strengthened glass.
INSULATING GLASS – is a
glass unit consisting of two
or more sheets of glass
separated by a
hermetically
sealed air space to provide
thermal insulation and
restrict
condensation.
TINTED OR HEAT-
ABSORBING GLASS – has
a chemical admixture to
absorb a portion of the
radiant
heat and visible light that
strike it.
REFLECTIVE GLASS –
has a thin, translucent
metallic coating to reflect a
portion of the light and
radiant heat that strike it.
LOW-EMISSIVITY (LOW-E)
GLASS – transmits visible
light while selectively
reflecting the longer
wavelengths
of radiant heat, produced by
depositing a low-e
coating either on the glass
itself or over a transparent
plastic
film
suspended in the sealed air
space of insulating glass.
NAILS – are straight,
slender pieces of metal
having one end pointed and
the other enlarged and
flattened for
hammering into wood or
other building materials as a
fastener.
METAL SCREW – a screw
often to fasten metal roofing
sheets to the purlins.
SCREWS – are metal
fasteners having tapered,
helically threaded shanks
and slotted heads,
designed to be
driven into wood or the like
by turning, as with a
screwdriver.
WOOD SCREW – should
be about 1/8” (3) less than
the combined thickness of
the boards being
 joined,
with ½ to 2/3 of the screw’s
length penetrating the base
material.
FINE-THREADED
SCREWS – are generally
used for hardwoods.
COARSE-THREADED –
ones are used for
softwoods.
SELF-TAPPING AND
DRYWALL SCREWS – are
designed to tap
corresponding female
threads as
they are driven.
BOLTS – are threaded
metal pins or rods, usually
having a head at one end,
designed to be inserted
through holes in assembled
parts and secured by a
mating nut.
CARRIAGE BOLTS – are
used where the head may
be inaccessible to the
placement of a nut or
where an exceptionally long
bolt would be needed to
penetrate a joint fully.
LOCK WASHERS – are
specially constructed to
prevent a nut from shaking
loose.
LOAD-INDICATING
WASHERS – have small
projections that are
progressively flattened as a
bolt is
tightened, the
gap between the head or
nut and the washer
indicating the
tension in the bolt.
EXPANSION BOLTS – are
anchor bolts having a split
casing that expands
mechanically to engage
the sides of
a hole drilled in masonry or
concrete.
MOLLY – is a trademark for
a brand of expansion bolt
having a split.
EXPANSIONS SHIELDS -
are lead or plastic sleeves
inserted into a predrilled
hole and expanded by
driving a
bolt or screw into it.
TOGGLE BOLTS – are
used to fasten materials to
plaster, gypsum board and
other thin wall
materials. They
have two hinged wings that
close against a spring when
passing
through a predrilled hole
and open as they emerge to
engage the inner surface of
a hollow
wall.
ADHESIVES - are used to
secure the surfaces of two
materials together.
Numerous types of
adhesives
are available, many of them
being tailor-made for use
with specific materials
and under specified
conditions.
STUCCO OR CEMENT
PLASTER FINISH – is a
mortar consisting of cement,
sand and water.
Hydrated lime is often
added to make the mortar
easier
to
work.
RUBBED FINISH – this
consists of grinding down
the surface of the concrete
a day or two after it is
poured, using a
brick of carborundum,
emery or soft natural stone.
BRUSHED FINISH – finish
is obtained by scrubbing or
brushing the concrete
surface with fiber or
wire brushes
and water to remove the
surface film or mortar,
leaving the coarse
aggregate
exposed.
TOOLED FINISH –
concrete surfaces may be
finished by tooling by any of
the methods employed for
dressing
or finishing natural stone.
SAND-BLAST FINISH – is
very much the same in
appearance as that
obtained by brushing the
concrete while it is
still green.
EXPOSED AGGREGATE
FINISH – the color is
obtained from exposed
aggregate and not by
adding
coloring
material to the mixture.
STEEL TROWELLED
FINISH – the surface is
leveled with a straight wood
screed, and given a wood
float finish. Before
the concrete finally sets, the
entire surface is
steel-trowelled.
INTEGRAL COLORED-
CEMENT FINISH – the
surface is leveled with a
straight wood screed. Then
a grease-
finish
coat of 1:3 plaster is
applied.
GRANOLITHIC FINISH –
this consists of a topping
with a mixture of 1-part
cement, 1-part sand and 1
part finely crushed stone. It
is called granolithic because
fine aggregate
chips
were originally used in the
aggregate.
TERRAZZO FINISH – is a
mixture of cement, marble
chip aggregates and water
laid as a topping or
as a wall
finish, and ground to a fine,
smooth surface.
CEMENT TILE FINISH –
manufactured by pressing in
moulds a plastic mixture of
cement and sand.
CERAMIC TILE FINISH –
are small surfacing units
made from clay or mixture
of clay with other
ceramic materials and fired
according various
processes.
UNGLAZED TILES – are
composed of the same
ingredients throughout and
derive their color and
texture from
the materials of which the
body is made.
GLAZED TILES – have a
glassy surface of ceramic
materials fused upon their
face to give them a
decorative
appearance and to make
the surface impervious to
moisture.
GLAZED INTERIOR TILES
– are non-vitreous product
made by the dust-press-
process.
CERAMIC MOSAIC TILES
– are tiles less than 6 sq. in.
in facial area,
preponderantly unglazed,
and
having fully vitrified or fairly
dense bodies.
QUARRY TILES – are
unglazed floor tiles made
from natural clays or shales
by the plastic method.
PAVERS - are standard
size unglazed tiles
resembling ceramic mosaic
tiles in composition and
physical
characteristics but usually
having facial area of 6 sq.
in. or more.
ASPHALT TILE & SHEET
FINISH - consists of
thoroughly bonded
composition of
thermoplastic
binder (asphaltic type for
standard asphalt tile and
resinous for
greaseproof asphalt tile),
asbestos and other fibers,
inert filler
materials (various stone
dust, diatomite, mica, etc.)
and inert
color pigments, formed
under pressure while hot
and cut to size.
VINYL TILE – is
recommended where a
colorful, textured, tough,
durable, easily maintained,
resistant type
of finish flooring is required
for areas of both light and
heavy human
traffic.
RUBBER TILE – are as a
rule made of neutral rubber
for greatest resilience.
LINOLEUM TILE – resilient,
waterproof floor covering
that consists of a backing
covered with a
relatively thick
layer of wearing surface.
STRIP FLOORING – this
type of flooring consists of
tongue-and-grooved (T&G)
boards 6” or less in
width. nominal
sizes of strips are 1” x 3”, 1”
x 4” and 1” x 6”, net (face)
widths are
2-1/4”, 3-1/4”, and 5-1/4”
respectively. net thickness
is 7/8”.
PLANK FLOORING – this
type of flooring consists of
square-edged boards 8” or
more in width as are
commonly
found in old spanish- period
houses.
PARQUET TILE
FLOORING – block flooring,
consists of square pieces or
blocks which have been
built up in several layers like
plywood and having a
veneered surface,
or
consists of several parquet
strips assembled at the
factory to form a
tile.
CEILING BOARD – are
ship lapped boards with a
bead running along the
center of the board and
along the joint,
hence it is often referred as
beaded ceiling board
(B.C.B.)
Thickness are 3/8 and ½ in.
Widths of boards are 4 and
6 in.
ACOUSTIC TILE – is used
for ceiling and wall finishes
in rooms where it is required
to control sound
by absorption.
CELLULOSE FIBER TILE –
are made from compressed
sugar cane or wood fibers
with perforations
on the
surface of the tile.
MINERAL WOOL TILE – is
flame retardant but will not
withstand rough usage and
cannot be painted.
It is
available in ½, 5/8, 2/4, 7/8
and 1 in. thickness. Sizes
are 12”x12”,
12”x24”
and 24”x24”.
GLASS FIBER TILE – are
made of glass fibers held
together by binder.
Thickness is 1-1/4”. Sizes
are 23-
3/4” x 23-3/4” or 47-3/4”.
OIL WOOD STAINS –
pigments are derived from
various earth clays. after
they are dissolved in
linseed oil, the coloring
particles remain suspended
between the oil molecules.
WATER STAINS – these
are made from anilyne dyes
and mineral extracts which
have been
dissolved in hot
water.
SPIRIT OR ALCOHOL
STAIN – these are mixed
with alcohol-solution anilyne
powders and warmed
alcohol.
SHELLAC – is made by
refining seed lac and its
natural color is orange;
white shellac is obtained by
bleaching.
VARNISH – it is a resolution
of resin in drying oil (oil
varnish) or in a voltatile
solvent such as alcohol
or turpentine (spirit varnish).
LACQUER – is made
synthetically, and is closely
related to rayon or nylon
fabrics. It requires a
special thinner
sold by each manufacturer
for his own brand.
PAINT – is a mixture
containing a pigment and a
vehicle.
PIGMENT – is that solid,
finely ground portion which
gives to paint the power to
obscure, hide or color
the surface.
VEHICLE – is the fluid
portion of the paint.
OIL DRIERS – used in
powdered or crystalline form
such as litharge (monoxide
of lead), manganese
dioxide, borate.
LIQUID DRIERS – inorganic
compounds of lead,
manganese and cobalt,
which are dissolved in
turpentine or benzene and
which mix readily with the oil
at ordinary temperatures.
THINNERS – act as a
solvent both for the
materials of the paint and
for the resin in the wood
surface thereby
providing greater
penetration and anchorage
in the wood pores.
ALKYD-RESIN OR OIL-
RESIN EMULSION PAINTS
– where oil and resin
emulsified in water makes
a heterogeneous finishing
material by an
emulsifying agent such as
casein.
SYNTHETIC LATEX
(RUBBER-BASE) PAINTS
– is made from synthetic
latex which acts as the
pigment binder and
the film-forming material for
the paint.
PORTLAND CEMENT-
BASE PAINTS – a water-
based paint (where the
solvent is water) used for
painting
concrete and masonry
surfaces.
ENAMEL PAINTS – paints
which use varnish as a
vehicle. They have the
ability of levelling brush
marks, are
more resistant to washing
and rough usage, and have
a harder and
tougher film. They can have
either a glossy, semi glossy
or matt finish.
RUST-INHIBITING PAINTS
– protective paints for
ferrous metal.
EXCESSIVE OR
PREMATURE CHALKING
– too high a percentage of
volatile thinner forms a
porous film subject has
completely worn away. May
be
prevented by strict
adherence to high
standards of
paint
formulation and application.
SAGGING AND RUNNING
– marked by irregular wavy
lines that texture an
otherwise smooth finish
film.
STORM SPOTTING –
usually occurring after
continuous rains and
electric storms, are
characterized
by unsightly and irregular
color changes.
WASHING - is
characterized by streaking
on the surface, fading color,
the final exposure of the
original surface and
accumulation of pigment
particles below the painted
area.
STAINS - are surface
discolorations which often
disappear gradually as the
paint film wears.
Sometimes,
however, they go through
the film necessitating its
removal and subsequent
repainting.
CHECKING - characterized
by minute cracks on the
surface of elastic paint films.
Usually it is not a
serious film defect, for
checks do not extend
through the film.
ALLIGATORING – an
advance state of checking,
varying in degree to a
coarse texturing of the finish
film.
CRACKING AND SCALING
– characterized by irregular
cracks that subsequently
curl at the edge,
flake
and finally scale off. Over
wood, scaling is usually
most marked
in direction of
or across the grain.
BLISTERING AND
PEELING – characterized
by swelling of the entire film
which is usually followed
by a break in the
film and subsequent
peeling.
SPOT FADING –
characterized by color
changes and flatting of
gloss in irregular patches on
the film.
WRINKLING – is marked by
a tough, leather-like
texturing, cause is usually
when paint is put on too
thickly and not well brushed
out and may be contributed
to by formulation if too high
a proportion of
oil is used in finish coats.