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HOA MODULE 2
History of Architecture Classical Architecture and the
Western Succession

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Early Christian (200-1025)

▪ The final phase of Romanarchitecture.
▪ Christianity became the state religion.

Early Christian ▪
▪
House-churches, early venue for religious practices.
Roman basilica form was adopted as the ground plan
for most churches: rectangular plan and a nave with
two side aisles.
▪ Basilican churches were constructed over theburial
place of a saint.
▪ Facades faced west.

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BASILICA
Basilica Papale San Paolo fuori le Mura.

An early Christian church, characterized

by a long, rectangular plan, a high
colonnaded nave lit by a clerestory and
covered by a timbered gableroof.

Early Christian Basilica. San Clemente, Rome; 4th century AD. (Opus Grecanicum, glass mosaicdecorations)

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Main Parts of anEarly

ChristianBasilica

▪ Apse,sanctuary.
▪ Bema, stage for clergy
▪ Altar, under the
baldacchino
▪ Nave, central aisle
▪ Atrium, forecourt
▪ Narthex, for the
penitents
▪ Choir, enclosed by a
cancelli
▪ Ambo,pulpit

Basilica of Maxentius (Basilica of Constantine, Basilica Maxentii), Rome, 306–312 AD.

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OTHER EARLY CHRISTIAN 1apse

TERMINOLOGIES: ▪ ORATORY – a small private
▪ AMBULATORY – the covered walk around
an atrium.
▪ ANTEPODIUM – a seat behind the choir
reserved for the clergy
▪ BEMA – a stage reserved for the clergy
▪ CHEVET – the apse, ambulatory, &
radiating terminal of a church
▪ CLERESTOREY – an upper stage in the
church w/ windows above the adjacent roof
▪ CLERGY – priest with the religious elders
▪ DAIS – a raised platform reserved for the
seating of speakers or dignitaries
15northern aisle, gospel side,
2cathedra, bishop’s throne
3 synthronos, synthronon
women’s side
16southern aisle, epistle side,
chapel furnished w/ an altar and (podium or benches)
a crucifix men’s side
5bema, altar platform
▪ REREDOS – an ornamental screen 6solea (raised floor, used by
17 side chapel
or wall at the back of an altar 18 sacristy, vestry, revestry, vestiary
the clergy)
▪ TRANSEPT –the portion of a 20exonarthex
church crossing the main axis at 7 choir screen
21 belltower
the right angle & forming a 8apsidiole (secondary apse)
cruciform plan 22 cloister
10 choir, schola cantorum
23atrium, atrium paradisus,
▪ TRIBUNE – a slightly elevated 11 cancelli
platform or dais for the speaker paradise
12 gospel ambo
24prothyron (space in front of the
▪ TRIFORIUM – roof over the
aisles below the clerestorey 13 epistle ambo
entrance)
14 nave
▪ SEPULCHER – a tomb or a
receptacles for relics especially in
a Christian altar
Early Christian Basilica. San Clemente, Rome; 4th centuryAD.

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CONSTANTINOPLE

Byzantine
Architecture

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Byzantine (300-1450) Byzantine (300-1450)

▪ Circular or polygonal plans for churches, tombs, and
baptisteries.
▪ Characterized by masonry construction, round arches,
shallow domes carried on pendentives, and the
extensive use of rich frescoes, and colored glass
mosaics to cover whole interiors.
▪ First buildings constructed were churches
▪ Dumped Early Christian style for new domical
Byzantine style
▪ Byzantine is still official style for Orthodox church
▪ Basilican plan - Early Christian
▪ Domed, centralized plan

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3 Types of Dome:
▪ SIMPLE DOME – dome & pendentives were part
of the same sphere.
▪ COMPOUND DOME – dome is not a part but rises
independently above them.
19 basket capital; 20 dosseret and basket capital; 21 dosseret and trapezoidal capital.
▪ ONION OR BULBOUS DOME – consist of curved
flutings which avoided the necessity of pendentives
Dosseret. A thickened abacus or supplementary capital set above a column capital to receive the thrust of an arch;
also called a pulvin, impost block or supercapital.

Byzantine capitals.

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Basilica di San
Vitale
Ravenna, Italy.

A Byzantine centralized church.

Prime example of Byzantinearchitecture
in the West.

Basilica di San Vitale, Ravenna,Italy.

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1 apse
3 synthronos, synthronon
5 bema, altar platform
25 prothesis, pastophorium (niche
reserved for objects used in worship)
26 diaconicon, pastophorium (for the
keeping of garments and vessels)

27 ambulatory (ground floor)

28 gallery (upper level)
29 narthex

San Vitale, Ravenna, 526–547. St. Mark’s Basilica; Venice, Italy. (Greek cross plan.)

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St. Mark’s
Basilica
Venice,Italy.

■ Greek cross plan

■ Golden mosaics (Church of Gold)
■ It lies at the eastern end of the
Piazza San Marco, adjacent and
connected to theDoge's Palace.

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, 532–537 AD, architect Anthemios of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus.

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Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia

▪ “Sacred wisdom” in Greek. Spatial configuration.
▪ Constructed by Emperor
Justinian; designed by
Anthemios of Tralles and A 30-meter square forms the
Isidorus of Miletus. center. At the corners, piers rise
▪ The interiors were beautified by up to support four arches,
richly colored marble pavements between which are pendentives
that hold a dome scalloped with
in opus sectile or opus forty ribs. Windows line the base
Alexandrinum. of the dome, making it seem to
▪ Used as a church, mosque, float.
and presently a museum.

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12 high altar
13 apse
2arcade, cloister
15 parecclesion: side chapel
3atrium paradisus: forecourt
16 pastophorium: clerical
4 cantharus, piscina:
chamber
fountain, font
17prothesis: table/niche
5 exonarthex: outer vestibule
18diaconicon: garments and
6 esonarthex: inner vestibule
vessels
10 navis media: nave
19 aisle
11 bema: altar platform
21 campanile: belltower
22 baptistery

Hagia Sophia (prior to addition of minarets), Constantinople (now Istanbul), Turkey, 532–537 AD, architect St. Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, Russia. Designed by Postnik Yakovlev and IvanBarma.
Anthemios of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus.

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Romanesque (800-1180)
▪ "Roman-like”

Romanesque ▪ Heavy articulated masonry construction with narrow

openings, round arches, barrel vaults, introduction of

Architecture central and western towers, and sparseornament.

▪ Churches gradually changed to cross-shapedplans
formed by wings called transepts and the choir.
▪ known in England as Norman architecture.

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Characters of Characters of
1. WALLS. Romanesque Architecture 2. BUTTRESSES. Romanesque Architecture
The walls of Romanesque buttresses are
Romanesque buildings are generally of flat square profile
often of massive thickness and do not project a great deal
with few and beyond the wall. In the case of
comparatively small aisled churches, barrel vaults,
openings. They are often or half-barrel vaults over the
double shells, filled with aisles helped to buttress the
rubble. nave, if it was vaulted.

Tum Collegiate Church, Poland Castle Rising, England

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Characters of Characters of
3. ARCHES and Romanesque Architecture 4. ARCADES. Romanesque Architecture
OPENINGS. a row of arches,
The arches used in supported on piers or
Romanesque architecture columns.
are nearly always
semicircular, for
openings such as doors
and windows, for vaults
and for arcades.

Rheims Cathedral
Speyer Cathedral; Romanesque Arches in the Nave

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Characters of Characters of
5. PIERS. Romanesque Architecture 5. ROMANESQUE Romanesque Architecture
In Romanesque PORTALS.
architecture, piers were The door, or portal, of a
often employed to support temple or sanctuary
arches. carries in itself a powerful
symbolism.

Saint-Pierre Cathedral

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ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
BAPTISTERY
▪ designed by Dioti Salvi
▪ 39.3 m circular plan in diameter
▪ Built of marble
▪ largest Baptistery in Italy
▪ The lower part is 12th century
Romanesque (with round
arches) and the upper parts are
predominantly 13th century
Gothic (with pointed arches)

The cathedral complex of Pisa; Tuscany, Italy.

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ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
CAMPANILE
ROMANESQUE: EXAMPLES
CAMPANILE
▪ a circular structure 52 feet in
diameter
▪ ornamented with eight stories of
arcades
▪ During its erection the
foundations gave way, thus
causing the tower to lean about
11 feet from the vertical
▪ Architect: Bonanno Pisano

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The cathedral complex of Pisa

▪ Cathedral
▪ Baptistery

A space, area or separatebuilding

of a church or cathedral,
containing a font where baptism
takes place.

▪ Campanile

Bell tower, freestanding or

attached to abuilding.

▪ Camposanto

A cemetery surrounded by a
colonnade.
Plan, Cathedral of Pisa. SOUTH FRANCE. Notre Dame duPort.

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The 13th-century Romanesque cathedral in Ruvo di Puglia, Italy. SPAIN. Santiago deCompostela.

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SPAIN. Loarre Castle. Malmesbury Abbey, England,

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ENGLAND. Canterbury Cathedral. Notre Dame du Puy, le Puy en Velay, Worms Cathedral, Germany
France,

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Benedictine
Abbey of Corvey
1 apse
17atrium, atrium paradisus,
2 choir bay
paradise
3 presbytery
6crossing (crypt of Virgin
18 cloister Carolingian
20baptistery (chapel of John
Mary) Pertaining to the pre- and early
the Baptist) Romanesque art and Byzantine-
7 transept
21singers' gallery, minstrel influenced architecture in France.
9 altar screen
gallery
11 nave
23 imperial choir, capella
12 aisle Abbey
imperialis
13 narthex A community of monks overseen by an
abbot, or of nuns by an abbess; also the
main buildings of this community.

GERMANY. Benedictine Abbey of Corvey on the Weser.

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ENGLAND. Fountains Abbey;monastery. ENGLAND. Windsor Castle.

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MEDIEVAL EUROPE (5th to the 15th PARTS OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE

century)

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PARTS OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE

ALLURE
Allure
The allure is the wall-walk found at the top of a curtain wall and is
normally found on the inside of the wall. This allowed guards to look
over the top of the wall to look for enemies.
Armory
An important function of a castle was to store weapons for use in war
or in times of attack. They needed to be protected so that they didn't
fall into enemy hands.
Bailey BAILEY
As part of the Motte and Bailey castle, the bailey was the area next to
the motte (mound) that was enclosed by a ditch and palisade.

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PARTS OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE

Barbican
BARBICAN
This is a defensive element that protected an entrance to the castle. Some
barbicans consisted of a narrow passage that allowed a limited number of
attackers access to a gate, forcing them into a confined area where they could
be shot at by defenders.
Berm
This is the flat piece of land between the base of the curtain wall and the start
of the ditch that protects it.
Buttress
Rectangular sections of masonry built on the outside of walls to provide extra BUTTRESS
strength and support. Buttresses become thinner towards the top.

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PARTS OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE

Chapel
It was very common for there to be a chapel built within the keep or within the
bailey of the castle.
Cross-wall
The cross-wall is a masonry wall that divides the keep in two.
Curtain Wall
This refers to the outer wall of a castle. Technically it means the sections of wall
DITCHES
between the towers, but generally it refers to the entire wall including the towers.
Ditches
Ditches are the most common form of defense at a castle. Dug around the outside
the walls and the resulting earth used to create banks.
Galleries
The passage built into the thickness of the walls that runs around the upper part of
the hall of a keep is usually known as a gallery.

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PARTS OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE PARTS OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE

Hall Moat
The moat is the water-filled ditch that surrounds all or parts of a castle. Rivers or
The hall is possibly the heart of the castle. Over the centuries its design has springs were diverted to provide the water for the moat and dams were built to
varied greatly but its purpose has not. provide a suitable depth of water. Moats made undermining of castles much more
difficult as digging a mine beneath the water could mean it getting flooded.
Fore building Motte
The entrance to the keep needed to be defended and the fore building was A mound of earth on which a wooden tower was built to act as defendable position
designed to do this important job. and a look-out point. The motte was constructed by building up layers of earth and
rocks to a height anywhere between 10 and a 100 feet. At the top of the motte was
Gatehouse built a wooden palisade and tower which was usually on stilts. Wooden steps or
As the main entrance to the castle, the gatehouse was probably the first part of ladders connected the top of the motte to the bailey below.
a castle to be completed. Palisade
Usually a wooden fence erected around the edge of a bailey or at the top of a
Keep OR Donjon motte. The posts were tightly packed so that there were no gaps between them and
The keep was probably the strong-point of the castle and was where the the tops were pointed.
defenders would retreat to if the rest of the castle fell into enemy hands.

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PARTS OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE PARTS OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE

Machicolation Portcullis
an opening between the supporting corbels of a projecting parapet or the A portcullis is a large wooden gate that was lowered through slots in
vault of a gate, through which stones or burning objects could be dropped on the gatehouse to defend the entrance to the castle. Made usually from many pieces
attackers. of horizontal and vertical oak beams with sharp spikes at the bottom, the portcullis
was strong and very heavy. Counterweights were sometimes used to make it easier
Merlon to raise a heavy portcullis.
the solid part of an embattled parapet between two embrasures. Postern
The postern is a small gate or doorway leading out of the castle and tend to be away
Crenel from the main gatehouse. They are small allowing just a single person to leave or
an indentation in the battlements of a fort or castle, used for shooting or firing enter at a time. Their purpose was most likely to allow a small number of people to
missiles through. secretly leave or enter the castle in times of siege.
Stables
The foundations of stables remain at several castles including Goodrich shown
above. Horses were the main means of transport in medieval times and it was
important to keep them close and safe.

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PARTS OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE

PORTICULLIS

POSTERN

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PARTS OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE

Tilting Yard
The foundations of stables remain at several castles including Goodrich shown above. Horses were the
main means of transport in medieval times and it was important to keep them close and safe.
Watergate
Watergates allowed the castle to be resupplied by sea. This was important when the castle was under

Well
siege and was a common feature in the castles built in the north of Wales by Edward I. The Tower of
London has a watergate leading to the River Thames and is known as the Traitors' Gate. Gothic
Architecture
The well could be situated in the courtyard or inside the keep. If the well was outside, a wooden
covering usually protected it from the elements. Water was needed for kitchens and was either
located near the kitchen or arrangements were made to get the water to the kitchen.
Zoo
The Tower of London contained a collection of exotic animals including an elephant. The keepers had
very little knowledge of how to look after the animals in their care so it is likely that they suffered
greatly.

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Gothic (1050-1530)
▪ “Style Ogivale”
▪ Progressive lightening and heightening of structure
Cathedral
(made possible by the flying buttress) A large and principal church of a diocese, the seat of
▪ Use of the pointed arch and ribbedvault. a bishop.
▪ Richly decorated fenestration.

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1 arcade

Amiens Cathedral 3 triforium

3b triforium, blind arcade
4 clerestory, clearstory
Amiens, France.
6 flying buttress
7 finial, pinnacle
8 gargoyle, water spout
9 buttress, pier
10 aisle
11 nave

Cathedral of Notre Dame, Amiens, France, c.1220–69, Robert of Luzarches, Thomas and Renault of Cormont (prior to
addition ofchapels in 16th century)

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9buttress, pier
21choir stalls
10 aisle
22 chapel, radiating chapel
11 nave
23 high altar
12 west end
24chancel aisle, apse aisle,
13 body
ambulatory, deambulatory The Seven Key Characteristics of
14 transept
15 chancel
25 parclose, perclose (a
screen in a church to
Gothic Architecture
16chevet, radiating chapels
seclude a chapel from the
17 arm, projecting transept
main space)
18 porch
26 Lady Chapel (chapel
19crossing
dedicated to the Virgin
20choir screen, rood
Mary)
screen

Cathedral of Notre Dame, Amiens, France, c.1220–69, Robert of Luzarches, Thomas and Renault of Cormont (prior to
addition ofchapels in 16th century)

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Grand, Tall Designs,

Which Swept Upwards
With Height and Grace Cologne Cathedral

The Flying
Buttress

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The Pointed The Pointed

Arch Arch

Durham Cathedral

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Light, Airy Interiors

through stained glass.

The Vaulted
Ceiling

Peterborough Cathedral, Cambridgeshire

Chartres Cathedral

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The Emphasis Upon the Decorative Style and

the Ornate

Ulm Munster, Germany

The Gargoyles of Cologne Cathedral Prague Castle

Gothic Architecture

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Abay
B haunch, hanche, rib
C cell, web, severy

Rib or Ribbed vault D groin

E transverse rib
F wall rib, forcement
A vault constructed of structural arched stone G diagonal rib, groin rib, ogive
members or ribs with an infill of masonry. H tierceron, secondary rib
K lierne, tertiary rib
L transverse ridge-rib
M longitudinal ridge-rib,ridge
rib

N boss, pendant
O compound pier

Anatomy of a ribbedvault.

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Parts of a Rib Vault Parts of a Rib Vault

▪ Diagonal Rib ▪ Lierne
A rib crossing a compartment of a rib vault on a diagonal. A tertiary rib in a vault often for decorative rather than
▪ Ridge Rib structural purposes.

A horizontal rib marking the crown of a vaulting ▪ Tierceron

compartment. A subsidiary rib which connects a point on the ridge rib or
▪ Boss central boss with one of the main springers or supports.

An ornamental, knob-like projection at the intersection of

ogives.

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Early English

English Gothic ▪ Also known as Lancet, First Pointed or Early

Plantagenet.
▪ Use of lancet-shaped arches and plate tracery
(tracery using masonry into which shapes has been
cut).

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Decorated Style
▪ Also Geometrical and Curvilinear, Middle Pointed,
Edwardian, or Later Plantagenet.
▪ Rich tracery, elaborate ornamental vaulting, and
refined stone-cutting techniques.

Worcester Cathedral. (Early English)

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Perpendicular
▪ Also Rectilinear, Late Pointed, or Lancastrian.
▪ Perpendicular tracery (use of a lacework of vertical
glazing bars), fine intricate stonework, and elaborate
fan vaults.

Westminster Abbey.(Decorated)

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Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester, England. (Perpendicular Gothic) Bath Abbey; Somerset, England; King's College Chapel; Cambridge, England.

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Three Phases of French Gothic

French Gothic ▪ Primarie: a lancettes, pointed arches and geometric

traceried windows.
▪ Secondaire: rayonnant, circular windows, wheel
tracery.
▪ Tertiaire: flamboyant, flowing and flamelike tracery.

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Notable Structures

Three Phases of French Gothic: A lancette, rayonnant, andflamboyant.

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England

Salisbury Cathedral

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Westminster Abbey
▪ Complex of church, royalpalace
and burial grounds

▪ Most important medieval building in

Britain

▪ widest (32 m) and highest vault in

England (102 ft)

Wells Cathedral Windsor Castle

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AMIENS
CATHEDRAL

France ▪ famous for its

carved woodwork in
the choir stalls

▪ Designed by
Robert de
Amiens Cathedral
Luzarches.
Amiens Cathedral

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REIMS CATHEDRAL
▪ coronation church of France
CHARTRES CATHEDRAL
▪ dominated by two contrasting
▪ west façade is famous for its 500 statues spires – a 105- meter plain
pyramid completed around 1160
and a 113-metre early 16th-
century Flamboyant spire on top
of an older tower
▪ famous for its 176 stained glass
windows

Chartres Cathedral
Rheims Cathedral

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NOTRE DAME, PARIS NOTRE DAME, PARIS

▪ One of the oldest French ▪ Façade features successive tiers
cathedrals of niches with statues: Christ
and French kings
▪ Begun by Bishop Maurice
de Sully ▪ Central wheel window

▪ Two western towers with high

pointed louvered openings

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Germany

Ulm Cathedral (Regarded as the tallest cathedral in .)

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Spain

Cologne Cathedral

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▪ Strong Moorish influences: the use of

horseshoe arches and rich surface
decoration of intricate geometrical and
flowing patterns
▪ Churches had flat exterior appearance,
due to chapels inserted between
buttresses
▪ Excessive ornament,
without regard to
constructive character

Burgos Cathedral

Seville Cathedral (Tallest cathedral in Spain.)

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Seville Cathedral (Tallest cathedral in Spain.) Burgos Cathedral

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Italy

Barcelona Cathedral

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Florence Cathedral or S. Maria del Fiore

▪ Designed by Arnolfo di Cambio
▪ Essentially Italian in character, without the vertical features of
Gothic
▪ Peculiar latin cross plan with campanile and baptistery
ITALY
▪ pointed dome added by Brunelleschi
▪ lantern in 1462 by Giuliano Majano Florence Cathedral
or S. Maria del Fiore

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Florence Cathedral or S. Maria del Fiore

The Florence Cathedral is composed of three
buildings: the "Duomo," which is famous for its
huge dome roof and is the fourth-biggest
cathedral in the world; the "Baptistery of San
Giovanni," an octagonal building famous for the
"Gates of Paradise;" and "Giotto's Bell Tower,"
which stands to the side of the Duomo. The white,
green, and red marble exterior of the Cathedral is
decorated with beautiful sculptures and mosaic
works from many different artists.

Siena Cathedral (Use of stripedmarbles)

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Other Building Types

Milan Cathedral. (Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy)

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CASTLES. Chateau D’Amboise, France. (Built on mounds above rivers, with thick walls and small windows.) PALAIS DE JUSTICE. Palais de Justice de Rouen, France.

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Renaissance
Architecture

MANOR HOUSE. Ightham Mote, England. (A moated merchant’s house)

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Renaissance (1420-1550) Renaissance (1420-1550)

▪ Developed during the rebirth of classical art and
learning in Europe.
▪ Initially characterized by the use of the classical
orders, round arches, and symmetrical proportions.
▪ Pure Renaissance architecture was based onregular
order, symmetry, and a central axis with grandiose
plans and impressive facades.
▪ Silhouettes were clean and simple, with flat roofs.
▪ Walls of large dressed masonry blocks gave buildings
an imposing sense of dignity and strength.
▪ Emphasis on horizontality.
▪ Ornamentation was based on pagan or classical
mythological subjects.

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Periods Periods
▪ Early Renaissance ▪ Early Renaissance: Period of learning designers
▪ High Renaissance or Proto-Baroque wereintent on the accurate Roman
▪ Baroque elements
▪ Rococo

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Periods Periods
▪ High Renaissance
▪ Renaissance became an individual style in its own right
▪ Baroque:
▪ Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in high respect (represented by ▪ Architects worked with freedom knowledge.
Andrea Palladio) ▪ The true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive
▪ Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in usingthe acquired vocabulary freely
style began to emerge
(represented by Michelangelo)
▪ Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and
▪ Mannerist, where practices which had no Romanprecedent were interspersed with
the minor arts being used in harmony to produce
the usual buildings, or entire buildings were conceived in a non-Roman way the unified whole
▪ Mannerists used architectural elements in a free,decorative and illogical way,

unsanctioned by antiqueprecedent

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Periods Architectural Features:

▪ Rococo ▪ Reintroduction of the (5) Classical Roman Orders of
▪ Style which is primarily French in origin Architecture. - Standardized by Renaissance
▪ Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped Architects; Palladio,Vignola, Scamozzi & Chambers.
shells
▪ Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation ▪ Use of the rusticated masonry.
▪ Light in color and weight
▪ Parapets are usually with balusters.

▪ Dome on a drum

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Architectural Character:
▪ Symmetry

▪ Proportion

▪ Geometry

St. Peter’s Cathedral, Vatican City.

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St. Peter’s Cathedral

▪ Officially the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano;
▪ Bramante was the first commissioned to design the
cathedral; Antonio da Sangallo the Younger;
Michelangelo (dome and colonnades)
▪ Bernini (baldacchino)

Plan of the Vatican in Rome.

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St. Peter’s Basilica’s 12 Architects St. Peter’s Basilica’s 12 Architects

1.) Donatello Bramante 7.) Michelangelo Bounarotti
• His design was selected from several entries in a competition • Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building owes
• He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to the Pantheon in Rome most of its outstanding features to him
2.) Giuliano da Sangallo • Greek-cross Plan and strengthen the Dome
• a student of Bramante, designed the Pauline Chapel 8.) Giacomo della Porta
3.) Fra Giocondo • Designed the cupola
• Strengthening the foundation 9.) Domenico Fontana
4.) Raphael Santi • Completed the dome in 1590
• Proposed a Latin cross plan 10. ) Vignola
5.) Baldassare Peruzzi • Added sided cupolas or side domes
• Reverted to Greek cross 11.) Carlo Maderna
6.) Antonio da Sangallo • Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the gigantic façade
• Slightly altered plan – extended vestibule and campanile, and elaborated the 12.) Gian Lorenzo Bernini
central dome. • Added the Cathedra Petri, and the Bronze Baldaccino.

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Leon Battista
Alberti
Architects Helped promote architecture from an
artisan’s trade to a profession by calling
for such intellectual requirements as
mathematics, geometry, and philosophy.
Wrote the book, "De Re Aedificatoria,"
which largely influenced men's minds in
favour of therevived Roman style.
Other works are Santa Maria Novella in
Florence and Sant'andrea in Mantua.

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Andrea Palladio
The Four Books of Architecture
Villa Rotonda, transforming a houseinto
a classical temple.
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da Vignola
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola
Author of "The Five Ordersof
Architecture."
Works include the Sant’andrea in Rome
and the two small cupolas at St. Peter.
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Brunelleschi
The Dome of Florence Cathedralwas
Brunelleschi's principal work.
Other works are the RiccardiPalace and
San Lorenzo church in Florence.
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Michelangelo
Buonarotti
A famous Florentine sculptor, and
painter of the roof of the Sistine Chapel
in Vatican.
He finished the Farnese Palace,and
carried out the Dome of St. Peter.
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Mannerism
A reaction against the classical perfection of the High
Renaissance; it either responded with a rigorous
application of classical rules, or flaunted classical
convention, in terms of scale and shape.

Uffizi Palace, Florence, Italy. Giorgio Vasari.

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Baroque
French word meaning bizarre, fantastic, or irregular. It
was deliberate in its attempt to impress, and was
most lavish of all styles, both in its use of materials
and in the effects it achieves.

The Versailles Palace in France.

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Rococo
-term Rococo from the French ROCAILLE
meaning shell.
-an exuberant and delicate flourish of
decoration
-was an essentially interior style—playfully
decorated with flowers, birds, ribbons, etc.
-vivid colors replaced by pastel shades
-also referred to as "Late Baroque"
Winter Palace, St. Petersburg – main staircase

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The Hermitage Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia. Sant'Agnese, Rome, Italy. Francesco Borromini.

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Terminologies: Terminologies:
▪ QUIONS – hard stone or brick used w/ similar ones to reinforce an ▪ CORTILE – Italian name for internal court surrounded by an arcade.
external corner or edge of a wall.
▪ ASTYLAR – a treatment of façade without column.
▪ SCROLL – contains spiral wind band or “ volutes’.
▪ PIANO NOBILE – several steps going up & 3 steps going down before the
▪ WREATH – or Swag or Festoon,twisted band,garland or chapletrepresenting principal flooring o an Italian palace.
flowers,fruits,leaves for decoration.
▪ PIETRA SERENA – a blue grey stone of fine quality.
▪ CHAINES –vertical stripe of a rusticated masonry.
▪ PIETA FORTE – a brown stone moresuitable for exterior
▪ BOSS– a lump or knob,projected ornament at the ▪ work.
intersection of the ribs of a ceiling.
▪ CANTORIA – a singer’s gallery or “choir”.
▪ RUSTICATION – a method of forming a stone work w/ roughened
surface & recessed joints.

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End of Module 2
Part 2

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