Chemistry is the science of matter this may sound simple but chemistry is a complex and broad topic

that covers a wide variety of fields. Chemistry is the study of matter including its composition, properties
and structure how it changes and interacts with energy. Chemistry is anything and everything related to
matter involves chemistry.

The main branches of chemistry are the following:

 Analytical chemistry is the study involving how we analyze the chemical components of a
sample for example how much caffeine is there in a cup of tea, Are there drugs in an athlete’s
urine samples; examples of area using analytical chemistry includes forensic science,
environmental science and drug testing.
Analytical chemistry can be divided into two main branches: qualitative and quantitative
analysis; Qualitative analysis employs methods and measurements to help determine the
components of substances; on the other hand, quantitative analysis helps to identify how much
of each component is present in a substance but both types could use to provide important
information about unidentified sample and help identify what the sample is.
 Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms; everything in the body is
made up of atoms and molecules of different chemical compounds like carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen. Biochemistry can be divided into several disciplines such as enzymology (study of
enzymes which is the study of hormones; clinical biochemistry (study of diseases), molecular
biochemistry (study of biomolecules and their functions), organic biochemistry (study of carbon
compounds such as fuels, plastic, food additives, drugs).
 Organic chemistry with the study of carbon and the chemicals in living organisms, example is the
process of photosynthesis in a leaf because there is a change in chemical composition of the
living plants. There are several branches of organic chemistry including the study of ketones,
aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and alcohols.
 Inorganic chemistry deals with elements and compounds other than carbons or hydrocarbons. It
covers all materials that are not organic and termed as non living substances those compounds
that do not contain carbon hydrogen bond compound are studied by inorganic chemists include
crystal structure, minerals, metals, catalysts, and other elements on periodic table.
 Industrial chemistry is the branch which applies chemical and physical processes towards the
transformation of raw materials into products that are benefit to humanity.
 Nuclear chemistry(radio chemistry) is the study of the chemical and physical properties of
elements influenced by changes in structure of the atomic nucleus. Study of formation
elements in the universe to the design of radioactive drugs for diagnostic medicine.
 Theoretical chemistry seeks to provide explanation to the chemical and physical observation of
molecules. It includes the fundamental laws of physics, Coulomb’s law, kinetic energy, potential
energy, Planck’s law, and many others to explain and predict chemical observed phenomena.
HISTORY

Aristotle – (440 BC) = believed in 4 elements: fire, water, earth and air

Democritus (441 BC) = he believed that matter was made of small particles he name “atoms”.

Alchemists (800-900 BC) = their work is developed what is now modern chemistry.

John Dalton (1803) = described atoms as tiny particles that could not be divided.

JJ Thompson (1897) = discovered the electron via cathode ray

Ernest Rutherford (1911) = conducted the gold foil experiment to isolate the positive particles in an
atom.

Neils Bohr (1913) = proposed that electron traveled in fixed or definite paths around the nucleus.

Schrodinger and Heisenberg (20th century) = electrons travel around the nucleus in random orbits.

Matter – everything that has weight and occupies space.

- Is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

- Atoms usually join together in small groups called molecules.

Matter can be classified into 3 groups: elements, compounds, and mixtures

Elements and compounds are pure substances.

Element is matter that is made up of only one ingredient.

Matter has 3 main states: solid, liquid, gas as time goes by it has been added by 2 sates which are
plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate.