What are the basic loads considered by the stress

engineer?
1. Primary Load (Sustained Load) – Refers to the type of load that
remains constant throughout the operating life of a piping system. This
includes the dead weight of the pipe, valves, insulation, flanges, snow,
other mechanical loads, and the live load represented by the flowing
commodity in the pipe.
2. Secondary Load (Thermal Load) – Refers to the type of load that goes
By computer analysis
through a cycle as the piping system heats up and cools down in its
normal course of operation. Loads due to thermal expansion, anchor or
structural movements due to wind or seismic, tank or equipment
settlement are secondary loads.
3. Occasional Loads – Refers to the type of load caused by wind, seismic,
psv discharge, water hammer, and slug flow effects. Pressure waves
due to weapons blast effects are also considered occasional
By manual in nature.
calculations

Exploring CAESAR II …
Highlight the system … to set up the highlight in Caesar II press P (plot), then
press O, and select which item to be highlighted.
Plan View … to set up the plan view in Caesar II, press P (plot), then press Y
Side View … to set up the side view in Caesar II, press P (plot), then press X or Z
By visual inspection