ECON 1003 Mathematics for Social Sciences I

UNIT TWO

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS

Definition: A relation is a rule that establishes a correspondence between elements of

different sets.

A relation between two objects is called a binary relation, and these give rise to ordered pairs.

If R denotes a binary relation between two objects a and b, then R gives rise to the ordered pair
(a, b). Note: a is the first element and b the second element.

Notation: aRb or (a, b)  R denotes a relation from a to b.

The Cartesian product of the sets A and B (in that order), is defined as:
A  B   a, b  a  A and b  B .

The set of all ordered pairs from the Set A to the Set B.

Example 2.0: Let A = {1, 2} and B = {a, b}.

Then A  B  1, a  , 1, b  ,  2, a  ,  2, b  .

By mapping diagram: A B

1 a

b
2

Note: A relation from a set A to a set B denoted by R : A  B , is a subset of A  B in which

aRb, for some a  A and b  B .

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Example 2.1: Let A = {2, 3} and B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,9}.

Define the relation from A to B by R  (a, b ) b is a multiple of a, where a A and b B

Determine

(a) R as a set of ordered pairs

(b) R as a mapping

Solution:

If b is a multiple of a then multiples of a where a=2 are 2, 4, 6, 8… Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9,

12…….

(a) R   2, 2  ,  2, 4  ,  2, 6  ,  3,3 , 3, 6  , 3,9  .

(b) A R B

2 2

3 4

Definition: The domain of a relation R : A  B , denoted by dom R, is defined as

dom R  a aRb  or the set of first elements in the ordered pair.
b

c
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ECON 1003 Mathematics for Social Sciences I

Definition: The range of a relation R : A  B , denoted by ran R , is defined as

ran R  b aRb  or the set of second elements in the ordered pair.

Definition: The inverse of a relation R : A  B , denoted by R 1 : B  A is defined as

R1   b, a  aRb  .

Using Example 2.1

dom R = {2, 3}

ran R = {2, 3, 4, 6, 9}

R-1 = {(2, 2), (4, 2), (6, 2), (3, 3), (6, 3), (9, 3}

FUNCTIONS

A function (mapping) from a set A to a set B is a relation from A to B in which each a  A is

assigned a unique b  B .

Notation: f : A  B where a  A maps to b  B .

f is a function from a set A to a set B where a is an element of A maps to B.

The element b  B is called the value of f at a  A or the image of a under f.

a is called the pre-image of b.

Note: For a function f : A  B , dom f = A and ran f  B .

f is a function from a Set A to a Set B, the domain of f equals A and the range of f
is a subset of B.

Example 2.2: Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = { 2, 3, 4}

Determine whether or not the following are functions from A to B. Give reasons for those which
are not functions.

f1 :1, 2  ,  3, 4  ,  5,3
f 2 :1, 4  ,  3,3
f3  1,3 ,  3,3 ,  5, 4 

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ECON 1003 Mathematics for Social Sciences I

f 4  1, 2  ,  3,3 ,(5,3),(3, 4)

f5 :1, 4  ,  3, 4  ,(5, 4)

Solution:

f1 is a function since each element in the domain A has an image in B. For the same reason f3 and
f5 are functions.

f2 is not a function since 5  A (domain) has more than an image in B.

f4 is a function since 3  A (domain) has more than one image in B.

k is not a function since b  A has no image in B.

Definition: A function f : A  B is called into iff f ( A)  B f : A  B (i.e. some elements

in the range has pre-images in the domain).

Definition: A function f : A  B is called onto iff f ( A)  B (i.e. all elements in the range
has pre-images in the domain).

Definition: A function f : A  B is called many-to-one (denoted M - 1) iff more than one

element in A has the same image in B.

Definition: A function f : A  B is called one-to-one (denoted 1 – 1) iff each b in the

range of f has only one pre-image under f.

Definition: Equality of functions: If f : A  B and g : A  B are two functions then

f = g iff f (a) = g (a) for all a  A .

Definition: A function is a constant function if f (a) = b where b is any constant.

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Using Example 2.2:

f1 is a one-to-one (1 – 1) and ONTO function.

f3 and f5 are Many-to-one(M – 1) and INTO functions.

Note: f5 is a constant function since all the elements in A map to the element 4.

Definition: The inverse of a function

The domain and range of any relation may be interchanged to form a new
relation. Each ordered pair in the new relation is obtained by interchanging
the elements of its corresponding ordered pair in the original relation. Two
such sets or ordered pairs are said to be inverse relations; each relation is
said to be the inverse of the other. If both relations are functions, they are
called inverse functions. The inverse of a function f is denoted by f –1.

Note: The inverse of a function f is denoted by f-1and is found by interchanging the

elements in the domain and range in order to form a new relation. The inverse of
a function may/may not be a function.

The rule for the inverse function can be evaluated by using the following steps:

(i) Let y = f(x)

(ii) Solve for x.

Example 2.2a: Given f  {(2,3), (4,5), (6,3)}

Note f 1 : (3, 2), (5, 4), (3, 6) and f 1is not a function sin ce 3 
domain has more than one image.

Example 2.3: Given f (x) = 2x – 3, find f -1(x).

Solution: Let y = 2x – 3

Solving for x y  3  2x
y  3 2x

2 2
y3
x
2

x3
Hence f 1 ( x)  where the y and x variables are interchanged.
2

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Example 2.4: Let A = {-4, 2, 3, 4} B = {4, 9, 16}.

Define the relation f : A  B by f   x, y  

y  x2 .

(i) Write f as a set of ordered pairs.

(ii) Write out f –1.
(iii) State whether or not f and f –1 are functions. Give reasons for your answer.
(iv) For the function(s) determine whether it is 1 – 1, M – 1, onto or into.

Solution:

(i) f   4,16  ,  2, 4  ,  3,9  ,  4,16 

(ii) f 1 : 16, 4  ,  4, 2  ,  9,3 , 16, 4 
(iii) f is a function since each element in A has a unique image.
f 1 is not a function since 16 an element of the domain has two images.
(iv) f is M – 1 and onto.

Definition: Given two functions f(x) and g(x) on the same domains, the sum of f(x) and
g(x) is the function f + g which is defined as follows (f + g) x = f(x) + g(x).

Example 2.6: Given f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = x2 + 4 both defined on the same real line R.

(f + g) x = f(x) + g(x)
= 2x + 1 + x2 + 4
= x2 + 2x + 5

where the domain of the function f + g is also the real line R.

Definition: Given two functions f(x) and g(x), defined on the same domains, the
difference of f(x) and g(x) is the function f – g which is defined as (f – g) x =
f(x) – g(x).

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Example 2.7: Given f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = x2 + 4 both defined on the real line R.

(f – g) x = f(x) – g(x)
= (2x + 1) – (x2 + 4)
= 2x + 1 – x2 – 4
= 2 x – x2 – 3
= – x2 + 2x – 3

Definition: Given two functions f(x) and g(x) defined on the same domains, the quotient
 f 
of f(x) and g(x) is the function    x  which is defined as f
g g
x  
f  x
g  x
provided that g  x   0 .

f  x 2x 1
Using Example 2.7 the quotient function is given by . Hence the quotient function
g  x x2  4
f  x 2x 1
h  x   .
g  x x2  4

Definition: A composite function (composition of one function on another) represents the

mapping of one function by another function. Hence, given two functions f(x)
and g(x) defined on the same domains, the composite of f(x) and g(x) is the
function f0g which is defined as (f0g) (x) = f (g(x)).

Also the composite function of two functions f : A  B and g : B  C is the function from A
to C given by g 0 f   a, c  c  ( g 0 f ) (a)  g f (a) .

Example 2.8: f: {(2, 1), (3, 2), (5, 2)}

g = {(1, 4), (2, 6), (3, 7)}

Represent (g 0 f) (x) as (i) a mapping; (ii) a set of order pairs.

Solution:

(i) As a mapping:

(g 0 f) (x) f g
A B C

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2 1 4

3 2 6

5 3 7

(ii) As a set of ordered pairs:

(g0f) (x) = { (2 , 4), (3 , 6), (5, 6) }

Example 2.8b: Let f(x) = 2x+3 and g(x) = 4 – x

Evaluate: (i) gf(x) (ii) fg(x) (iii) gf(2)

Solution:

(i) gf (x) = g(2x+ 3)

= 4 – (2x+ 3)
= 4 – 2x – 3 = 1 – 2x

(ii) fg(x) = f(4 – x)

=2(4 – x) + 3
=8 – 2x + 3
=11 – 2x

OR

(iii) gf(2)
f(2) = 2(2) + 3
= 4+3=7

g + (2 )= g(7)
=4-7
=-3

(iv) gf(2)
gf(x) = 1 – 2x hence in (i)
gf(2) = 1 – 2(2)
= 1 – 4 = -3

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Example 2.9: Evaluating functions:

Given f : R  R defined by f (x) = 2x2 + x – 3

Evaluate: (i) f (0) (ii) f (2) (iii) f (a – 1)

Solution:

(i) f (0) = 2 (0)2 + 0 – 3 = - 3

(ii) f (2) = 2 (2)2 + 2 – 3 = 8 + 2 – 3 = 7

(iii) f ( a – 1) = 2 (a – 1)2 + (a – 1) – 3
= 2 (a2 – 2a + 1) + a – 1 – 3
= 2a2 – 3a - 2

Example 2.10: Let f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 2x – 3.

Evaluate: (i) (g 0 f) (x) (ii) (g 0 f) (1)

Solution:

(i) (g 0 f) (x) = g (f(x))

= g (x2 + 2)
= 2 (x2 + 2) – 3
= 2x2 + 4 – 3
( g 0 f) (x) = 2x2 + 1

(ii) (g 0 f) (1) = 2 (1)2 + 1

=2+1
=3

OR

(g 0 f) (1) = gf (1)
f(1) =12 + 2
=1+2=3

gf(1) = g(3)
= 2(3) – 3
=6 – 3
=3

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Definition: Compound Function

A function is called a compound function when it is defined in terms of more

than one expression.

Example 2.11: Let the function f : R  R be defined by

x  3 if x    4

f ( x)  3  2 if  4  x  1
2 if x  1


Evaluate: (i) f(-4) (ii) f(0) (iii) f(1) (iv) f(3) (v) ff(-6)

Note: The function f(x) is defined using three (3) functions:

f(x) = x +3 given values of x less than –4

f(x) = 3-2x given values of x greater than or equal to -4 and less than 1.

f(x) = 2 given x greater than or equal to 1.

Solution:

(i) f(-4) = 3 – 2 (-4)

= 3 + 8 = 11

(ii) f(0) = 3 – 2(0)

=3–0=3

(iii) f(1) = 2

(iv) f(3) =2 3

(v) ff(-6) (this is finding the composition function)

f(-6) = 6 + 3 = -3
ff(-6) = f(-3)
= 3 – 2(-3)
=3+6=9

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Graph of Functions

Definition: For a function f : A  B , there corresponds a subset of A  B given by

f   a, f (a)  a  A called the graph of f.

Example 2.12: Let the function f : A  B be defined by f = {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 2), (d, 3)}.

Then the graph of f is:

f
A B

a 1

b 2

c 3

Example 2.13: Let A = {1, 2, 3} and f : A  R be defined by f(x) = 2x + 1.

f = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 7)}

f(x)
8


6


4


1 2 3 4 x

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Example 2.14: Given

2 x  3 if x  2

f ( x)  1 if  2  x  3 where x  R
3x  4 if x  3


Graph f(x).

Solution:

One must graph three (3) separate functions.

(i) f(x) = 2x + 3 if x < -2 using values of x as –2 and any value less than –2.

Hence f(-2) = 2(-2) +3 ordered pairs

= -4 + 3 (-2, -1) this point is open
= -1

f(-3) = 2(-3) + 3
= -3 (-3, -3)

(ii) f(x) = 1 for values of x from –2 to 3.

(iii) f(x) = 3x – 4 for values of x greater than 3.

Using x = 3 f(3) = 3(3) –4

=9–4
=5 (3, 5)

x=4 f(4) = 3(4) –4

= 12 – 4
=8 (4, 8)

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Graph

f(x)

8 (iii)

2 (ii)

x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

(i)
4

Other special functions would be mentioned below. In many cases these functions would
give rise to equations.

Review of Concepts in Algebra

Any algebraic expression of the form f ( x)  ax n   bx3  cx 2  dx  f where a, b, c, d, and f

are constants and a  0 is called a polynomial of degree n in the variable x.

Polynomials can be added, subtracted and multiplied. It is also possible to divide the polynomial
by another polynomial.

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If f(x) = 0, then we have a polynomial equation.

The degree of a polynomial is the same as the degree of its highest term (variable).

When the degree is zero, the polynomial is a constant function.

When the degree = 1, the polynomial is linear and of the form f(x) = ax + b where a and b are
constants. a  0 .

When the degree = 2, the polynomial is quadratic and of the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a,
b, c are constants. a  0 .

When the degree = 3, the polynomial is cubic and of the form f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d where a,
b, c, d are constants. a  0 .

Example 2.15: f(x) = 2x5 + 3x3 – x2 + 3 is a polynomial of degree 5.

Note: Linear, quadratic and cubic equations are all polynomial equations.

Solution to polynomials:

(i) Linear equations (review):

Solve 8x 14  2x  4 collect like terms

8x  2x  4  14 simplify
6 x 18

6 6
x  3

(ii) Quadratic equations: ax2 + bx + c = 0

When c = 0 form becomes ax2 + bx = 0

Factorize and solve x(ax + b) = 0

Hence x=0 or ax + b = 0
x=0 x  b
a

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When b = 0 form becomes ax2 – c = 0

Solve ax2 = + c
x2 = c
a
x= c
a

Form ax2 + bx + c = 0

b  b 2  4ac
Factorise or use formula x 
2a

Example 2.16:

(i) Solve 3x2 – 5x = 0

Solution: x(3x – 5) =0
x = 0 ; 3x – 5= 0
3x = 5
x= 5 Solution x =0, 5
3 3

(ii) Solve 5x2 – 75 = 0

Solution: 5x2 = 80
80
x2 =
5
x2 = 16
x = 16
x= 4, -4 Solution x = 4, -4

(iii)Solve x 2 – 5x –6 = 0

Solution: By factorizing
(x – 6) (x + 1) = 0
x – 6 = 0; x + 1 = 0
x = 6 x = -1 Solution x = -1; 6

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(iv) Solve 3x2 +2x = x + 4

Solution: 3x2 +2x – x – 4 =0

3x2 +x – 4 =0
(3x + 4) (x – 1) =0
3x + 4=0 ; x – 1=0
x = 4 x =1 Solution x = 4 ;1
3 3

(v) 2x2 +3x =3

Solution: 2x2 +3x – 3=0

a=2, b=3, c= -3

This quadratic cannot be factorized, hence use the formula

b  b 2  4ac
x
2a

3  32  4(2)(3)
x
2(2)

3  9  24 3  33
x 
4 4

3  5.74 3  5.74
x ; x
4 4

x  0.69 x  2.19

In order to solve polynomials of higher order than two one would need to establish the remainder
and factor theorems.

Dividing a polynomial by a polynomial can give the remainder or the remainder theorem can be
used.

Definition: The Remainder Theorem

The remainder theorem states that when the polynomial expression

ax n  bx n 1   cx  d is divided by the factor x – k, the remainder is equal
to the function f(k).

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Therefore, when x = k, the value of the function f(k) equals

ak n  bk n 1   ck  d .

i.e. the remainder when a polynomial f(x) is divided by x-k can be found by writing

xk  0
.
xk

And evaluating the polynomial when x=k that is also written by f(k)

Example 2.17: Find the remainder when f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + 3x +2 is divided by x – 1 using
both long division and the Remainder Theorem.

Solution: In the long division method we divide the dividend by the divisor, that is,
we divide f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + 3x +2 by x – 1 as follows:

Quotient
x x22

x  1 x  2 x 2  3x  2
3

  x3  x 2 

 x 2  3x
   x2  x 
2x  2
  2x  2
4
Remainder

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To do the division above, we followed these steps:

 Divide x3, the first term of the dividend by x, the first term of the divisor and get x2.

 Write x2 as the first term of the quotient.

 Multiply x2 by the divisor x – 1, getting x3 – x2.

 Subtract x3 – x2 from x3 – 2x2, getting –x2.

 Bring down the term +3x.

 Divide –x2 by x to get –x.

 Write –x as the second term of the quotient.

 Multiply –x by the divisor x – 1, getting –x2 + x.

 Subtract –x2 + x2 from –x2 + 3x getting 2x

 Bring down the term 2.

 Divide 2x by x to get 2.

 Write 2 as the third term of the quotient.

 Multiply 2 by the divisor x – 1, getting 2x – 2.

 Subtract 2x – 2 from 2x + 2 getting 4.

Applying the Remainder Theorem

f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + 3x + 2

Using the divisor x – 1 as the factor we get x – 1 = 0 hence x = 1.

Hence substituting for x = 1 in the polynomial f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + 3x + 2 gives f(1) = 13 – 2(1)2 +
3(1) + 2

Solution: For x + 1 to be a factor of f(x) the remainder must equal zero.

Hence x + 1 = 0
x = -1  f(-1) = 0

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3(1)3  2(1) 2  2b( 1)  3  0

3  2  2b  3  0
2  2b 0
2  2b
1 b Solution b  1

We conclude both long division and the Remainder Theorem give the same remainder.
However, the Remainder Theorem is shorter and requires less work.

Note: f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + 3x + 2 = (x – 1) (x2 – x +2) + 4.

That is, the dividend = (divisor) (Quotient) + Remainder.

Definition: The Factor Theorem

If the value of the polynomial ax n  bx n 1   cx  d is zero when x equals k

then x = k is a root of the polynomial and x – k is a factor of the polynomial
ax n  bx n 1   cx  d . That is, when the remainder equals zero x – k is a
factor of the polynomial. This theorem allows us to solve polynomials by first
finding their factors.

Application of Theorems

Example 2.18 a: Find the constants b such that x + 1 is a factor of the polynomial
f ( x)  3x3  2 x 2 2b  3

Solution:

For x+1 to be a factor of f(x) the remainder must equal zero.

Hence x +1=0
x = -1

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ECON 1003 Mathematics for Social Sciences I

f (1)  0
3  1  2  1  2b(1)  3  0
3 2

3(1)  2(1)  2b  3  0
 3  2  2b  3  0
2  2b
1 b
Answer b  1

Example 2.18b: Find the constants a and b such that x + 2 is a factor of

f ( x)  3x3  2ax 2 4 x  b and when f(x) is divided by x – 1 the remainder
is 9.

Solution:

f ( x)  3x3  2ax 2 4 x  b
x + 2 = 0 since x + 2 is a factor
x = -2 hence f (2)  0  3  2   2a  2   4  2   b  0
3 2

x–1=0
x = 1 hence f (1)  9  3 1  2a 1  4 1  b  9
3 2

Solving the equations gives

24  8a  8  b  0  8a  b  32 (1)

3  2a  4  b  9  2a  b  2 (2)

Solving the simultaneous equations gives

-6a = 30
a = -5 and b=8

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Example 2.19: Solve the equation x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 by first factorizing

f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6.

Solution:

One factor must be found by using the remainder theorem. This is done by choosing any factor
of the constant term in f(x) and evaluating the remainder.

The constant term is 6 and its factors are 1, 2, 3, 6 positive or negative.

Let x = 1 find f(1) = 13 – 2(1)2 – 5(1) + 6

=1–2–5+6=0

Hence x = 1 is a root of f(x) and x – 1 is a factor.

Long division is then applied to find the Quotient.

x2  x  6
x  1 x3  2 x 2  5 x  6

  x3  x 2 

 x2  5x
   x2  x 
 6x  6
6 x  6
0

Hence x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6 = (x – 1) (x2 – x – 6)

= (x – 1) (x – 3) (x + 2)

Solving x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 implies

(x – 1) (x – 3) (x + 2) = 0 hence

x – 1 = 0; x – 3 = 0; x + 2 = 0

x = 1; x=3; x = -2 .

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ECON 1003 Mathematics for Social Sciences I

Linear Equations and Linear Models in Economics

Review of Co-Ordinate Geometry

The general form of a straight line is ay + bx + c = 0. This can be written in the form y = mx + c
where m is the slope or gradient and c is the intercept on the y axis.

change in y y2  y1
m 
change in x x2  x1

Note: Parallel lines have the same gradient.

Perpendicular lines have a product gradient of –1.

Example 2.20: Given the points A = (-2, 1) and B = (1, 4), find the gradient of AB and the
equation of the line which passes through A and B.

Solution:

y2  y1 4 1 3
The gradient m    1
x2  x1 1  (2) 3

Using m = 1 x = -2 y=1 find c

y = mx + c
1 = 1(-2) + c
3=c

Hence the equation is y = x + 3.

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ECON 1003 Mathematics for Social Sciences I

Linear Functions in Economics

General Form of Some Equations

(1) If F is the fixed cost, V the variable cost per unit and C the total cost of producing q units,
then C = Vq + F.

(2) If P is the selling price per unit and R the total revenue for selling q units, then the
revenue function is defined by R = Pq.

(3) If Pr is the profit from producing and selling q units, then the profit function is defined by

Pr = R – C
Pr = Pq – (Vq + F)
Pr = Pq – Vq – F
= (P - V) q – F.

Example 2.21: A firm’s fixed cost is $40,000. It costs the firm $100 to produce each unit
of its product, and it sells each unit for $120.

Find (a) The firm’s cost, revenue and profit functions.

(b) The firm’s cost, revenue and profit if it makes and sells
4000 units.

Solution: Assume the firm produces q units.

(a) Cost function = Vq + F

C = 100q + 40,000

Revenue function = Pq

R = 120q

Profit function = R – C

Pr = 120q – (100q + 40,000)

= 120q – 100q – 40,000
= 20q – 40,000
(b) q = 4000 units hence

C = 100 (4000) + 40,000 = $440,000

R = 120 (4000) = $480,000

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ECON 1003 Mathematics for Social Sciences I

Profit = R – C
= $480,000 - $440,000
= $40,000

OR 20 (4000) – 40,000
= $40,000

Break-Even Analysis

A firm with a linear cost function given as C = Vq + F.

Linear Revenue function R = Pq.

When the graphs of the cost and revenue functions intersect as shown below, the point of
intersection is called the break-even point and its q-coordinate is called the break-even quantity.
This can be solved by setting C = R and solving for q.

C = Vq + F
R = Pq

F
units
q

Break-even quantity

From Example 2.21 the break-even quantity can be evaluated when C = R OR

Pr = R – C = 0.

Hence 100q + 40,000 = 120q

40,000 = 20q
2000 = q

Hence the firm breaks even when 2000 units are produced and sold.

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ECON 1003 Mathematics for Social Sciences I

Additional Practice Questions

(1) Let A  2,3 and B  4, 6,8

(i) Find AxB

(ii) Let the relation R : A  B be defined by R  (a, b) / 2a  b a  A and b  B

Write R explicitly as a set of ordered pairs.

(iii) Is R a function? Give a reason for your answer.

(2) (i) Let A  1, 2,3, 4 and B  a, b, c, d 

State which of the following is not a function from A to B. Give reasons for your
answers.

f1  (1, a ), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d )

f 2  (1, a ), (2, c), (3, b), (4, a )
f3  (1, b), (2, c), (3, a), (4, c), (2, a)
f 4  (1, a ), (2, d ), (3, b), (4, c)

(ii) State which of the functions are 1 – 1, M – 1, onto or into.

(3) (a) Find the remainder when the polynomial

f ( x)  2 x3  3x 2  2 x  3 is divided by x  1

(b) Is x+1 a factor of f(x)? Give a reason for your answer.

(4) Solve the following

(a) 2 x2  x  1  0

(b) x 2  2 x  24

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ECON 1003 Mathematics for Social Sciences I

x 1
(5) Given f : x  and g : x  2x 1
2

Evaluate: (i) f(3)

(ii) g(0)
(iii) gf(3)
(iv) fg(x)

(6) Find the value of a and b if x-1 is a factor of the polynomial f ( x)  2 x3  ax 2  bx  5

and has a remainder of -16 when divided by x+1.

 x x  1
(7) If g ( x)  
3x  1 x  1

(a) Sketch the graph of g(x)

(b) Evaluate: (i) g(-1) (ii) g(-4) (iii) g(0) (iv) g(1)
(v) gg (2)

(8) Find the value of a if 2x – 4 is factor of the polynomial.

f ( x)  2 x3  4 x 2 2ax  8

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