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CHAPTER 2
Ordered Pair
A pair of numbers or elements grouped together in a definite order is known as ordered pair. If a and b are
any two numbers, then (a , b) is called ordered pair a, b. Here ‘a’ is known as first element or x element or x co-
ordinate or abscissa and ‘b’ is known as second element or y element or y co-ordinate or ordinate.
If A and B be any two non-empty sets, then the Cartesian product or cross product of A × B is the set of all
ordered pairs of elements from A to B and the Cartesian product or cross product of B × A is the set of all ordered
pairs of elements from B to A.
i.e., A × B = { (x , y) : x A, y B }.
And B × A = { (x , y) : x B, y A }
Note: If either A or B is a null set, then A × B will also be a null set, i.e., A × B = and B × A =
Note:
Two ordered pairs are equal, iff the corresponding first elements are equal and the second elements are also
equal. i.e., if a, b c , d a c and b d
If there are m elements in A and n elements in B, then there will be 'mn' elements in A × B.
i.e., if n(A) = m and n(B) = n, then n(A × B) = mn and n(B × A) = nm=mn elements.
If A and B are non-empty sets and either A or B is an infinite set, then A × B is also infinite.
If A = B, then A × B becomes A × A and is denoted by A2.
A × A = {(a, b) : a, b A}. Here (a, b) is called an ordered doublet.
A × A × A = {(a, b, c) : a, b, c A}. Here (a, b, c) is called an ordered triplet.
If set A has m elements and set B has n elements, then number of subsets of A B or A B 2mn .
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The Cartesian product R R x, y : x, y R represents the coordinates of all points in the two
RELATIONS
Relation means an association of two objects according to some property possessed by them.
E.g.:
Trivandrum is the capital of Kerala,
Sita is the wife of Rama,
12 is greater than 10,
{a} is the subset of {a,b}, etc..
Relation R from A to B
A relation R in a set A to a set B is the subset of A × B. If (x,y) is a member of a relation R, then we write xRy and
read x is the relation R to y.
Domain of R from A to B: The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in R from A to B is known as domain
of R.
Range of R from A to B: The set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in R from A to B is known as range of
R.
Co-domain of R: Set B is known as co-domain.
Consider a relation, R x, y : y x 1, x A and y B , where A={0,1,2} and B= {1,2,3,4}. Then
R 0,1 , 1, 2 , 2, 4 .
Domain of R ={0,1,2}
Range of R ={1,2,4}
Co-domain of R = set B ={1,2,3,4}
Note: Range Co domain
Relation R from B to A
A relation R in a set B to a set A is the subset of B × A. If (x,y) is a member of a relation R, then we write xRy and
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Domain of R from B to A: The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in R from B to A is known as domain
of R.
Range of R from B to A: The set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in R from B to A is known as range of
R.
Co-domain of R: Set A is known as co-domain.
Domain of R ={0,1,2,3}
Range of R ={1,2,5,10}
Co-domain of R = set A ={1,2,3,5,10}
Representation of a relation:
A relation can be expressed in:
a) Roster Method,
b) Set-builder Method,
c) Arrow diagram and
d) Graphical method.
Roster Method
R {(1,3), (2, 4)}
Domain ={1,2}
Range = {3,4}
Set-builder Method
R ( x, y) : y x 2, x A and y B
Arrow diagram:
R
A B
1 2
2
3
3
4
3
4
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Graphical Method
FUNCTIONS
Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. A relation from A to B is said to be a function if and only if,
i) if every x element has y element,
ii) the x element cannot be repeated.
or
Let R ( x, y) : y 2 x 1, x A, y B
Note: If a set A has ‘m’ elements and set B has ‘n’ elements, then,
n A
i. No. of functions from A to B n B nm
n B
ii. No. of functions from B to A n A mn
E.g.: If set A has 2 elements and set B has 3 elements, then number of functions from:
2
i. A to B 3 9
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3
ii. B to A 2 8
Note: The terms map or mapping are also used to denote function.
Types of functions:
Real function: A function f : R R is said to be a real function, if its domain is a real constant.
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x, when x 0
Modulus function: A function f : R R is said to be a modulus function, if f x x .
x, when x 0
Domain : R
Range : R+ (Positive real numbers)
Graph:
1, if x 0
Signum Function: A function f : R R is said to be a signum function,if f x 0, if x 0
6
1, if x 0
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| x|
or f x , x 0 and 0 for x 0 is known as signum function.
x
Domain : R
Graph
Domain :R
Range : Integer.
Graph
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Note:
[1] 0 x 1 0
[2] 1 x 2 1
[0] 1 x 0 1
[1.3] 1 x 1.3 1
[2.999] 2 x 2.999 2
[-2.3] 3 x 2.3 3
Domain :R
Range :R
E.g.: f x x3 2 x 5 ; g x 2 x2 3x 1 , etc..
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ax b d
Rational Function: A function f : R R is said to be a greatest integer function, if f x ,x .
cx d c
2x 1 x 5
E.g.: f x , x 2 ; g x , x 1 , etc..
x2 x 1
2x 3
1. Find the domain of the rational function f x :
1 x
f x is defined, if 1 x 0 x 1 .
x 2 3x 5
2. Find the domain of the rational function f x :
x2 5x 6
f x is defined, if x2 5x 6 0 x 3 x 2 0 x 3 or x 2
domain R {2,3}
Let f x 4 x 2
4 x2 x2 4 x 2
x 2 and x 2
domain of f is 2, 2 or 2 x 2
From (1), y 0 ..............(2)
Let y 4 x 2
y 2 4 x2 x2 4 y 2
x 4 y2
In order to define x, let 4 y 2 0
4 y 2 y 2 4 y 2
y 2 and y 2 ...............(3)
From (2) and (3), we have
Range of f is 0, 2 or 0 x 2
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Algebra of functions:
f g f x g x x 2 2 x 1 x 1
2
f g f x g x x 2 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1
f .g f x g x x 2 2 x 1 2 x3 x 2
f f x x2 1
, x
g g x 2x 1 2
6. If a set A has 3 elements and set B has 2 elements, then number of relations from B to A is
a) 32 b) 16 c) 64 d) 32 e) None
7. If R 1,1 , 2,3 , 3,5 , 4,7 is a function and this is described by the formula that g x x ,
then the value of and is
a) 2; 1 b) 2; 1 c) 3; 1 d) 2; 1 e) 2; 1
8. If a set A has 3 elements and B has 2 elements, then the number of functions from B to A is ……..
a) 6 b) 9 c) 8 d) 4 e) None of these
3 3
9. If f x x x then f f is
2 2
1 3 5
a) 1 b) 2 c) d) e)
2 2 2
1
10. The domain of the function f x is
4 x2
a) 2 x 2 b) 2 x 2 c) 4 x 4 d) 4 x 4 e) x
1 x
11. If f x log , then the value of f a f b is
1 x
a b ab ab a b
a) log b) log c) log d) log e) None of these
1 ab 1 ab 1 ab 1 ab
12. The domain of the function x x 1 x 2 is
a) R {1} b) R {2} c) R {1, 2} d) R e) None of these
13. The range of the function f x sin x is
a) 1 y 1 b) 1 x 1 c) 1 y 1 d) 1 x 1 e) None of these
1 1
14. Let f x x 2 2 , x 0 , then f x equals
x x
a) x 2 b) x 2 1 c) x 2 1 d) x 2 2 e) None of these
15. The domain of the function f x x 1 x 2 is
1 1 1 1
a) 1, ,1 b) 1,1 c) , ,
2 2 2 2
1
d) ,1 e) None of these
2
16. The domain of x 1 8 x
a) [1,8) b) (8,8) c) [1,8] d) (1,8) e) None of these
x2
17. The range of the function y is
x 8x 4
2
11
1 1 1 1
a) , b) R , c) , e) None of these
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CHAPTER 2
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
ASSIGNMENT
Questions
Find x and y, if x 3, 5 6 , 2x y .
2.
If A={1,2,3}, B={3,4} and C={4,5,6}, find A B C
3.
4. Is the relation a function? Give reasons. f {1,3, 1, 5, 2, 3, 2, 5}
5. Let f x x2 and g x 3x 2 be two real functions. Then, find (f+g)(x)
6. x2 4
Let f : R {2} R be defined by f x and g : RR be defined by g(x) = x+2. Find
x2
whether f = g or not.
7. Let A = {1,3} and B = {2,3,4}. Find the number of relations from A to B.
8. If A B 3,2, 3,4, 5,2, 5,4 , find A and B.
9. Find the domain and range of the real function f x x 2
10. Find the domain and range of the real function f x x
11.
Find the domain and range of the real function f x
1
.
(1 x 2 )
12. If A={1,3,5} and B= {x,y} represent A B in arrow diagram
13. x2 9
Find the domain and range of the function f x
x 3
ii) Roster form. What is its domain and range and co-domain?
16. Find the domain and range of the function f x 1 x 3
17. Let A {x N : x 2 5x 6 0}, B {x W : 0 x 2} and C {x N : x 3} , then verify that
i) A B C A B A C
ii) A B C A B A C
18. Find the domain and range of the real function f x 4 x 2
19. Let R be the relation on Z defined by R {a, b : a, b Z , a 2 b 2 } . Find R, domain and range of R
20. Let A 1,2 , B 2,3, 4 write:
a) the number of relations from A to B.
b) the number of functions from A to B.
c) the number of functios from B to A.
21. Determine the domain and range of the relation R {x 2, x 4 : x {0,1,2,3,4,5}
22. Define a function f : R R by y f x x2 , x R. What is the domain and range of the function?
Draw the graph of f.
23. Find the domain and range of the function y x 2
24 Let A={1,2,3,4,5,6} Define a relation R from A to A by R {( x, y) : y x 2}
25. f
Let f x x and gx x 2 x be two real functions, then find f g x , f g x , fg x , x .
g
26. 1 x , if 1 x 2
The function f is defined on the set {1,2,3,4,5} as follows: f x 2 x 1 . if 2 x 4 .
3x 10, if 4 x 6
Find the range of the function. Find the value of f 1, f 3, f 5 .
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